Dwarka City, India: Dwarka is in the harbor area of ​​Dwarka city, Gujarat state, India, located at a depth of 21.3m. This city was built between 9,000 and 12,000 years ago. This place used to be a flourishing city because of the remnants of the foundation, walls, sandstone steps and the remaining network of streets and seaports. The most notable structures are the ruins of temples dating from the reign of King Pallava, 7th century BC. Lion City, Lake Tiandao, China: The Lion City was built during the Eastern Han period (circa 25-200) at the foot of the Five Lions Mountain. When China carried out the project to build the Tan An dam at Tiandao Lake in 1959, the city was submerged under water. In this city before it was flooded, 290,000 people were displaced from the place where their ancestors lived for 1,300 years. The structure is believed to be a miniature version of the city of Atlantis and is part of a collection of miniature versions of the wonders of the world in China. Baiae City, Italy: Once considered the Las Vegas of the Roman Empire, Baiae city was considered a resort for the rich in ancient times. 1,700 years ago it began to sink into the waters of the Gulf of Naples, Italy. In the 8th century, Saracen troops occupied Baiae, by 1500 the city was deserted and most of the ancient ruins were submerged in the shallow waters of a bay near the Naples range. Pavlopetri, Greece: Pavlopetri was a prosperous port city of the Mediterranean region for many centuries. Located off the southern Greek island of Laconia, Pavlopetri was formed during the Mycenaean period, dating to about 1600-1150 BC. Currently, this city still has the foundation of buildings, streets, temples and about 37 stone tombs. Yonaguni Ancient Ruins, Japan: This is one of the mysterious sites on Yonaguni Island in Okinawa Japan, which may be up to 10,000 years old. In the 1980s, divers found stone platforms with a stepped-like structure with flat surfaces and clear angles that resonated in the scientific world later. This monument is also known as “Atlantis of Japan”. Antirhodos City, Alexandria, Egypt: This ancient underwater island is believed to have been submerged by an earthquake around the 4th century and was found in 1996 near the harbor of Alexandria. Explorers have found a marble palace in the 3rd century BC, believed to have belonged to Cleopatra’s time, along with some jewelry, traces of ancient cargo ships, stone houses and wells. Atlit-Yam, Israel: Atlit-Yam was formed in the Neolithic period (7,550-8,000 years ago), is a densely populated area along the coast of Carmel. The city was completely destroyed by a tsunami but today visitors can still see the remains of the foundations of houses, roads and wells. Here also found about 65 sets of adult and child remains.

Human anatomy documents were found in the tomb of Lady Xinzhi who lived during the Han Dynasty of China. Photo: Ancient Origins. A research team at Bangor University (UK) and Howard University (USA) conducted an analysis of an ancient document discovered in 1973, when archaeologists unearthed the tomb of Madame Tan Truyen. [một quý tộc sống trong thời Hán] at the Ma Vuong Doi burial ground in Hunan province, China. They concluded that this is the oldest manuscript on human anatomy dating from the 3rd century BC (BC) to the 2nd century BC, about 2,200 years ago. The study results were published in The Anatomical Record in September 2020. The document is written on silk in the dialect of the Han Dynasty which is difficult to understand. This makes it difficult for experts to interpret the content. “People discovered the document more than 40 years ago, but no one knew it was an anatomy book,” the team said. “We spent a lot of time learning ancient languages ​​to read and understand the characters written on silk, and also performed anatomical investigations to review the body structure to which the text refers.” The document discovered at Ma Vuong Doi is the precursor to the famous acupuncture text Hoang Di Kinh. Although the text does not explicitly mention acupuncture points, it does describe the meridians and the working pathways of the whole body qi and blood. These are basic concepts that are still widely used in traditional Chinese medicine today. The scientists compared the physical features detailed in the brochure with modern observations of the human body. For example, the literature describes a meridian that begins at the center of the palm, travels along the tendon of the forearm to the armpit, and connects to the heart. The team believes that this description actually refers to the passage of the ulnar artery, the main blood vessel of the forearm. Another example is a brochure describing a foot meridian. It starts at the big toe and runs along the muscles that connect the ankles, knees, thighs, and abdomen. This meridian actually describes the path of the long saphenous vein, the tube that carries blood from the legs back to the heart. The research team said that the document was created with the purpose of providing a concise description of the human body structure for practitioners of medicine in ancient China. “This work lays the foundation for the practice of acupuncture for the next two millennia,” said the team. “It challenges the popular belief that acupuncture is not based on anatomical science, by showing that the first physicians to write about acupuncture knew quite well the anatomy of the body. people”. Although evidence-based studies have confirmed acupuncture’s ability to manage chronic pain, in Western medicine it is still doubtful that acupuncture is an effective method to treat many patients. other diseases. The ancient Chinese document is not simply a mystical work based on unfounded ideas, but a legitimate attempt to describe the structure of the human body from the perspective of a person living in the background. ancient oriental culture. “We approach the ancient manuscript from a slightly different angle from modern Western medicine’s view of the individual system of arteries, veins and nerves in the body. We looked at the body from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, based on the philosophical concept of the opposites and complements of yin and yang,” said Vivien Shaw, a member of the research team at the School of Science School of Medicine at Bangor University, said. In ancient China, the development of anatomy was generally considered unrelated to dissection. This is due to Confucian ideas of filial piety, which make people afraid to touch the bodies of the deceased, especially the remains of ancestors. On the other hand, this thought had far-reaching influence during the Han Dynasty. Therefore, many people believe that any description of the human body in contemporary Chinese medical texts is not based on an internal examination of the human body. However, the team says the bodies of law-breakers are not always respected. It is likely that ancient Chinese medical researchers dissected the bodies of executed prisoners to help them understand the structure of the human body. For example, in the content of the Han Shu book series, which mainly tells the history of the Han Dynasty, the dissection of the criminal Vuong Ton Thanh in 16 AD is also recorded. “We were able to show significant similarity between the descriptions in the ancient literature and the human anatomical structure. Interestingly, some of these structures can only be seen during dissection. This is evidence that the Chinese have begun dissecting bodies for medical research,” said Izzy Winder, a member of the research team. To date, it is believed that the oldest human anatomy atlas originates from ancient Greece. Their authors are famous physicians such as Herophilus (335 – 280 BC) and Erasistratus (304 – 250 BC). However, these works are now lost and they are known only through the accounts of other ancient authors. “Therefore, the ancient Chinese manuscript is the oldest surviving work on human anatomy. Its content is built not on the paranormal but on empirical investigations,” the team wrote. In addition, the research results also show the outstanding achievements of the ancient Chinese in terms of science and medicine. “The Han Dynasty was a period of constant learning and innovation in the arts and sciences. So it’s not surprising that this kind of anatomical science was born in this context,” said Vivien Shaw, a member of the research team.

Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco. The photo was taken by NASA using the ASTER (a high resolution imaging tool, using technology to measure reflected radiation and heat emission) on NASA’s Terra satellite. The mountain range formed about 80 million years ago, when the African continent and Eurasian continent collided. The mountain range includes diverse components, such as limestone, sandstone, plaster and granite, according to CNN. Qinghai Lake, China’s largest lake, viewed from above through NASA’s EarthKAM lens. Qinghai Lake is located on the Tibetan Plateau, stretching over 4,300 square kilometers and about 25.6 meters deep, according to CNN. Paris, France looks strange when taken from NASA’s Terra satellite. The Empty Quarter Desert, Saudi Arabia. NASA’s EarthKAM captured a beautiful intersection between the suburbs of As Sulayyil Sulayel and the Rub ‘al Khali Desert in Saudi Arabia (Empty Quarter). It is considered the largest uninterrupted sand desert in the world. Grand Canyon is America’s most famous national park, stretching about 446 km. Seen from NASA’s Terra satellite, the red rock patterns in the mountain look like a work of art, according to CNN. Patagonia, Chile. NASA has been using ASTER to keep track of shrinking glaciers. This is a warning of global warming problem. China’s Great Wall, spanning more than 2,000 kilometers, is believed to have been built in the 3rd century BC. This ancient fortress is currently one of the most visited heritage sites in the world. Photo: NASA. The Rio Gurupi, Brazil is part of the Gurupi biological reserve. The river flows through a coastal plain, home to a vibrant ecosystem, including dozens of islets, mangroves, sand dunes, lagoons, lagoons and beaches. Photo: NASA. Danube Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine. As the longest river in Europe, the Danube River winds through 19 countries, including Germany, Austria, Hungary and Ukraine. NASA’s Earth Observatory captured the Danube delta, where the river pours into the Black Sea. This area is recognized by the United Nations as a world heritage site, and as a center of biodiversity, with more than 300 species of birds. Grand Bahama Coast. The image is a deep-water area of ​​Tongue of the Occean – an underwater gorge. Photo: NASA. Andes Mountains in South America through NASA EarthKAM lens. Off the Russian island of Sakhalin taken from NASA’s EarthKAM. St Anthony’s Monastery, Egypt, looks like a red spot between the desert and the Red Sea mountains. St Anthony’s Monastery is the oldest Christian monastery in the world. Photo: NASA. Persian Gulf with famous rivers such as Tigris, Euphrates, Shatt al-Arab and Karun. Photo: NASA. Outback region, Australia. Image taken by NASA EarthKam in the area adjacent to the rocky desert of the Outback region with the edge of a lake.

https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ On the map, the “little gem” Kastellorizo ​​with an area of ​​9km², resembles a dot in the Mediterranean Sea. For centuries, Kastellorizo ​​is the intersection of all major civilizations in the world with a volatile history spanning many colonial empires. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The beauty of culture and nature here always attracts those who have once set foot here. Megisti was the official name, but for the Greeks, Kastellorizo ​​was the most common name for the smallest island in the Dodecanese archipelago. The serene beauty, the hospitality, the heroic history, the fascinating legends, all of these have made the name of Kastellorizo ​​shine on the tourist map of Greece. Especially, after the film Mediterraneo set in Kastellorizo ​​won the Oscar in 1991, Kastellorizo ​​is becoming a real must-visit tourist destination in Greece and the world. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ In addition, the local people always proved that they were followers of the god Zeus, the god of hospitality. And once visitors to Kastellorizo ​​will have the opportunity to enjoy the slow pace of life and throw away all worries. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Coming to Kastellorizo, the first impression on visitors is probably the prosperity of the past, which is clearly shown in the restored villa located along the small harbor. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The lovely two-storey old houses in neoclassical architecture with vibrant colors are built in layers along the high hills to create the image of theater-like steps, overlooking the romantic blue sea. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Among the houses were small roads that passed through square yards of pebbles filled with flowers and descended into the harbor. In some towns in the center of Kastellorizo, you feel like you are going back to the last century. You can visit the archaeological museum located in a temple, which recreates the history and folk art forms and unique crafts of Kastellorizo. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ If you start your journey into Kastellorizo’s past from the Castello Rosso – the castle set up by the knights of St. John on the red earth hills, but now it’s only a part, you might get a feeling go back to the 14th century. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Step up the narrow iron stairs, where the Greek flag is fluttering in the wind, what awaits you is the shimmering sight of the harbor below. At the foot of the castle, there is a very splendid Lycian tomb carved in stone from the 4th century BC, which has been carefully preserved. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ To the east is the magnificent view of the harbor of Mandraki, above is the churches of St. Constantine and Helena with pointed arches – typical of Gothic architecture. Going west is Palaiokastro, the island’s oldest and most important point. It is still an old residential area consisting of several buildings, rainwater tanks and a castle named Dorian built in the 3rd century BC. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ In the Limenari area, there are giant stone walls of the ancient palace called the Mycenaean. One of the most interesting experiences in Kastellorizo ​​is that the Blue Grotto (also known as the Parasta or Fokiali cave), located in the south of the island, is one of the caves with the most beautiful beaches in the Mediterranean, once a pirate paradise. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ A 30-minute boat ride from Kastellorizo ​​port, Green cave hides an impressive color palette from the reflection of the sun and 75m long stalagmites in the cave and clear turquoise water. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The beauty in winter of Kastellorizo ​​makes visitors ecstatic. But spring is the perfect time in Kastellorizo. In spring, the weather is not too hot and the colors become more vibrant when the blue of the sea blends with the green of the plants and the pink of confetti, you can admire this scene everywhere. on the island … https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Despite having only a few hundred residents, Kastellorizo ​​is home to many traditional events and festivals taking place in May, July and September. And there are no noisy bars or discos but you can go out all night in pubs along the harbor … https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/

Dau pagoda was awarded as “the first great fame”, and still preserves the flourishing architectural style of the Le dynasty (17th century). Dau Pagoda is one of the four largest pagodas of worship (cloud, rain, thunder, lightning) in the North, possessing two full body statues of two famous Zen monks at home and abroad; Tam Quan Dau pagoda is also a two-storey bell tower with eight roofs. The roof is tiled with five comedy tiles, the pillars are carved with dragons, the pillar pedestals are carved with lotus flowers. (Photo source Dinh Lang Viet village) Recently, many items of Dau pagoda relic have deteriorated, so Tam Quan and Huu Mac house have been renovated. (in the photo: After the restoration, the Three Bodhisattvas put on a new paint color and sculpted poses that are no longer as sophisticated as before) From the position of Tam Quan looking at the pagoda, on the left hand side, also the entrance is a large lake, with giant solid works built, according to the diagram to visit Dau Pagoda, this location is the Tower of Guan Yin. Next to the Quan Yin Tower is the Mandala Stupa, Thuy Dinh Di Lac, newly built right next to Am Pagoda (one of the items in the overall architecture of the old Dau pagoda). These three floating structures are connected by a concrete bridge with two points adjacent to the area known as the Zen garden. From the position of the Three Bodies, looking at the pagoda on the right hand side also appeared a new building, with a monumental roof, a wall from Tam Bao. According to the diagram to visit the monument, this is the Lecture Hall Not only Quan Yin Tower, Mandala Stupa, Maitreya Water Palace, but also the door system, surrounding walls were also newly erected. Lame with the quiet look of the Tien Duong, Tam Bao, To …, is the category of ancient relics. The ancient temple was built with a very large overall scale, structured in the way of “internal public, foreign”. That is, in the temple grounds, the architectural works worshiping pre-Buddha and the post-saint are arranged like the word “work”. Surrounded by other architectural clusters forming the shape of the word “quốc” in the Chinese sense. Dau Pagoda was ranked as a national monument in 1964 Recently, the Department of Culture and Information has coordinated with other agencies to inspect the relic and noted that the garden on the right of the entrance to the pagoda has made the way to the relic and has signposts indicating the parking area; The entrance road in front of the Tam Quan category, at the front of Tam Bao, has been corrected and sealed the old passageway, the area in front of the pagoda. Many large-scale construction items show signs of violation of the Cultural Heritage Law as well as current regulations on the protection and promotion of the value of monuments. According to the reporter, the new construction took place in the last 2 years, the temple has built many new projects, 40 days of workers work continuously. During the weekend, there are still more than 10 workers surveyed at the pagoda, digging, digging; excavating machinery for making roads around the temple area Many tourists after 20 years returning to visit the relic are surprised with the new monument.

Episode 12.

Just like in Greece, the process of birth, development and completion of the republic was associated with a long and fierce class struggle. Until the 3rd century BC, the state reached a complete level. The aristocratic Republic of Rome consisted of the following bodies:

1.Garitan Congress: The Congress of Military Units and also the Congress of the People, the highest authority of the Roman State, consists of 193 military units. The Franciscan congress is held twice a year, in Mac-fiber Square (Mars the god of war). This congress has the powers and duties of electing generals annually, electing high-ranking state officials, deciding domestic and foreign affairs of the country, issues of war and peace.

2. Consul: Is the head of state, is a high-ranking official in the ranks of Roman officials. In Rome there were usually two consuls. This position was elected by the Congress of Zion, selected from among the great nobles, for a one-year term. The two consuls had great military and civil power, the commander-in-chief of the army, and the power to convene the Senate Congress and the Scottish Congress.

3. Senate: Inherent from the monarchy, including powerful aristocrats. It was an office of the gentile clan, had between 300 and 600 people, and by the end of the republic had up to 900 people. It was a quasi-permanent organ of the Franciscan Congress, great power at times overwhelming that of the Xenturi Congress. The Senate has the power to approve the appointment of high-ranking officials of the Warsaw Congress, to pass congress resolutions, to administer state property, to interpret laws, to recommend building new rule. The Senate also has the power to formulate and direct domestic and foreign policy, the right to appoint a court, and order preliminary investigations of cases. The Senate also oversees the Roman religious affairs.

4. Consular Council: An executive body, elected annually by the Geneva Congress, consisting of high-ranking officials in the ranks of mandarins. This agency has the power to manage all state affairs, oversee law enforcement, has the power to fire subordinate bureaucrats, and to command the military.

5. Council of Judges: A council of seven people, elected by the annual Congress of Zion. This is the jury of the Roman court, specializing in criminal and civil cases. In addition, when the Consular Council is absent, the Council of Judges performs the duties of the Consular Council.

6. Supervisory Institute: Also known as the important people, is an important agency in the Roman state apparatus. This House has the right to suspend the implementation of all decisions of the Senate and of the Franciscan Congress if those decisions harm the interests of the people. The Institute also has the power to arrest public officials suspected of crimes.

In addition, there were many different high-ranking officials in Rome. All are responsible for their actions, if they commit crimes, they will be prosecuted before the law.

The clergy plays an important role in the political life and in the state apparatus. From the founding of the country until before 313 BC, Rome followed polytheism due to the religious influence of the Greeks. Accordingly, the god Jupiter (Jupiter) is considered the supreme god, creator and ruler of the universe. Juno) in charge of marriage, family, Venus (Venus), goddess of beauty and love, Mac-fiber (Mars): in charge of war, and so on.

But in 63 BC, Rome conquered the Palestinian region. So Judaism and later Christianity entered Rome. By AD 314, the Roman slave owner officially adopted Christianity as the state religion.

In short, the Roman State was a slave-headed aristocratic republic, in which the power of the gentile clan was still very strong. So in the class struggle, the popular posture and the industrial and commercial aristocracy were not capable of a complete victory over the gentile nobility, leading to in the 1st century BC, the generals, the gentlemen. the clan overthrew the republic again, established a dictatorship and monarchy.

In 82 BC, Xila established a dictatorship and declared dictatorship for life. In 46 BC, after defeating two political opponents, Crassals, Pom-pe (Pompey), Judi-ut Caesar (Julius Caesar) established a military dictatorship. But in 44 BC, Caesar was stabbed to death by an enemy while presiding over the Senate meeting. Shortly thereafter, all authority in Rome was in the hands of Ogre-via-buttons (Octavinus). In the year 27 B.C., Oc-ta-via-knot received the title Ogut, meaning the one of dignity, that is, Snail-ta-node, became Emperor. The republic collapsed and Rome entered a monarchy.

The change in Roman state institutions was also in the force correlation of the class struggle. At that time, due to the invasion, the Roman land expanded, the economic power of the land slave owner was strong, the Roman colony existed to popularize the form of large estate, a great estate to use. thousand of labor slaves. The strong economic power made the agricultural aristocrats to win the political struggle, to establish a dictatorship and monarchy.

Slaves in the 1st century BC together rose up to fight against the brutal exploitation of the slave master, such as the Nazi-cut revolt (Spartacus 73-71 BC). Although the rebellion was fiercely suppressed by the Roman slave owner, thousands of slaves were killed and their heads were piled on the great road from Rome to the periphery. However, slavery and the Roman state after that great uprising also collapsed. Besides the enslaved insurrection, there is also the struggle movement of peoples invaded and enslaved for self-liberation. To have the power to suppress slaves and the colonial people, Rome needed a strong government: dictatorship and monarchy.

Following Snail-node, Rome underwent emperors such as Ciligua – the insane king, Co-Diuu-fiber (Claudius) – the weak king, Nero– the greatest tyrant in the ancient history of the world. He slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians, killed wives and children, killed his brother, murdered the famous idealist and philosopher Sehemiah (Seneca) and eventually killed the Queen Queen. , the mother of y.

In 476, the Roman Empire perished. Europe ended slavery and entered a new socio-economic form: Feudalism was born during the dissolution and collapse of the giant Roman empire.

II.The Law

1. Roman law of the republic: The law of 12 pounds

Due to the struggle movement of the common people and the master of slaves and the mercenaries against the arbitrary manipulation of the judiciary in the judiciary, in 450 BC, a committee of 5 common people and 5 nobles was formed to write draft a written law. By 449 BC, this commission had finished drafting the law. The code is engraved on 12 bronze planks (the number 12 is the lucky number from the European point of view) and is placed in a public place for all to see, so the code is called the “Rule of 12”.

The 12-pound law clearly reflects the economic and social relations of early Rome in the republic. The main content of this law is to protect the property rights of wealthy slave owners. The law stipulates that anyone who trespasses on other people’s property such as theft, crop damage, home trespassing (burning a house) will be executed. If a thief enters a house, if he is killed, it is legal to kill the person.

The law sets out the cruel penalties for debtor. If the debtor fails to pay the debt on time, the court allows the creditor to arrest the debtor. During the 60 days of detention, the debtor was taken to the square three times on the day of the fair for the court to judge. After 60 days of detention, still unable to pay the debt, the creditor took the debtor out of the way. If you’re unlucky and still can’t pay the debt, the debtor can either be killed or sold overseas. Where the debtor owes many creditors and cannot repay, the creditors have the right to hash the debtor into pieces.

In terms of marriage and family, a man’s power is absolute. The husband manages the property. When a daughter gets married, it depends on her husband and father-in-law. The father has the right to sell his child as a slave. If sold for the third time, the son will be free from the bonds of the father. The law allows fathers to strip children of inheritance. The dying person is left with property for anyone. In order to protect the rights of an heir under the will, Zionariah has the authority to oversee the distribution of that property.

The 12-table law has a number of provisions on civil proceedings, but these provisions are cumbersome, cause difficulties and troubles in the process of adjudication and do not create favorable conditions for commodity economy. develope.

2. Late Roman republican law

The last period of the republic started from the 3rd century BC until the destruction of the republic (1st century BC). That was the peak period of the Roman empire. The territory covered from the West to the East, the commodity economy was thrived, the agriculture of a large estate was strong. All of them are the basis for the development of the law and vice versa, the economy and social relations themselves also need a comprehensive legal system to serve that infrastructure itself.

In the late republic, the sources of Roman law included:

– The decisions of the consuls. The consular documents were later codified by the famous jurists in the East Roman imperial advisory council and submitted to the emperors for application.

– Decisions of a powerful agency like the Senate.

– The court decisions: sometimes the judgment is just using customary law and it becomes the source of law.

– The decisions of the governor of the provinces.

– Legal practices: Ethnic customs in localities are raised into legal norm by the state.

– The works and works of Roman jurists while summarizing, summarizing and codifying the law.

On the basis of a rich source of law, Roman law includes the following contents:

– Institution on civil law

In Roman law, the civil institution was the most developed, the widest scope of regulation. These are the institutions of property rights, contractual relationships, and inheritance of property. The content of the institutions is rich and detailed.

+ About ownership: Roman law introduces the concept of ownership. It is the absolute right of use and disposition over that property. But the owner is still restricted by law, or by coercion by the state. For example the state wants to let a canal carry water through the land of the owner, who is forced to accept, etc.

+ Ownership: It is the ownership and the will to exercise that right over the property of others to serve its own benefit. The most common form of tenure at that time was land possession. The person entitled to possession may use the benefits brought about by the land and must pay the land rent to the owner. More specifically, possession means the right to rent the property of others for use (renting land, renting shops, etc.).

(There’s more)

CVL