The construction date of the Shiofune Kannon-ji Temple is still unclear but is estimated to be between 645 and 650 AD, more than 1,300 years old. (Photo: AQUA Geo Graphic) According to legend, a mysterious Buddhist nun known as Yao Bikuni founded the temple by enshrining a wooden thousand-armed Kannon statue in the valley. The nun is said to have lived to be 800 years old. In Japanese mythology, eating mermaid can make a person immortal. This incredible longevity of Yao Bikuni is attributed to the fact that she accidentally ate mermaid meat when she was young. (Photo: Travels With Nano) Shiofune Kannon-ji is hidden in a valley whose entrance is led from the streets of a rural town. During the festival, visitors are greeted by stalls selling food in front of the temple such as ice cream, fried yakisoba noodles or takoyaki octopus cakes. The entrance of the temple is vividly decorated with small lanterns and colorful flags and banners. (Photo: Travels With Nano) The best time to visit Shiofune Kannon-ji is during the azalea blooming season which peaks between mid-April and early May. On this day, many events are organized, such as walking on the mountain. fire that anyone can join. The area around the shrine is home to about 3,000 rhododendron trees of about 100 different species, including rare varieties like the black rhododendron. (Photo: Masayuki Nazaki) The rhododendron bushes on either side of the valley are adorned with beautiful vibrant colors, from pink to red, purple and white. Many paths go down and up through azalea bushes that immerse you in the brilliant colors of the sky. The area at the foot of the large statue of Shiofune Heiwa Kannon offers a view of the entire valley covered with azaleas, contrasting greatly with the gray urban buildings in the distance. (Photo: Kanpai-japan) (Photo: Japanvisitor) (Photo: Japanvisitor) In addition to rhododendrons, the temple is also famous for hydrangeas in June, lilies in July, and September and October is the time of birches. Therefore, the temple is also known as “flower temple”.

Chopsticks date from around 1,800 BC. At first, large chopsticks were often used for cooking. By about 200 BC, chopsticks began to become common utensils in Eastern meals. Traditional Vietnamese chopsticks Traditional Vietnamese chopsticks are mainly made of wood, have a round body for carpentry, are not painted or decorated, and the tip of the chopsticks is usually not too small, but somewhat longer than Japanese and Korean chopsticks. And in Vietnam alone, chopsticks also have certain differences between regions because of cultural characteristics. The northern countryside is associated with the image of the bamboo ramparts at the top of the village, so people often use old bamboo stalks to make chopsticks. Usually chopsticks in the North are somewhat shorter than in the South. In the South, where there are many rivers and rows of coconut trees, chopsticks are also made from coconut. More than an everyday item, chopsticks contain many cultural meanings Chopsticks are not only a permanent item in every daily meal, but also contain deep values ​​about Vietnamese people’s thoughts, feelings and culture. In the past, grandparents used to use the phrase “Learn to eat, learn to speak, learn to pack, learn to open” to teach children the basics of life. Accordingly, eating does not just stop at the instinctual aspect but also contains the rules people need to learn. At the beginning of the meal, it is necessary to compare the chopsticks and pay attention to whether the tip of the chopsticks is placed in the correct direction. Besides, in traditional meals, to show care and share in a subtle way, people use clean chopsticks to pick up the inviting food “a round” around the tray. During a meal, when you want to pick up food for someone else, it is usually polite to turn the end of the chopsticks to pick it up with the other end. After a meal, chopsticks should be put down neatly, should not be staggered or skewed. If you can’t hold the chopsticks properly, also pay attention to your fingers, don’t straighten your index finger when holding the chopsticks because it looks like you’re pointing directly at the opposite person. Besides, children are also taught not to suck and suck on chopsticks because this shows impoliteness on the table. When picking up food, don’t rummage through the whole plate to find something you like. When conversing during meals, do not talk while chewing, holding chopsticks while dancing and telling stories. When dipping food, you should also pay attention not to let your chopsticks touch the dipping sauce and do not let the dipping sauce get dirty on the table, nor should you use your chopsticks to stir the sauce or stir it into the soup bowl. These things are small but show the sophistication and culinary culture of the Vietnamese people. In addition, according to folklore, Vietnamese people believe that knocking chopsticks during a meal will cause hungry ghosts to come and disturb them. For a country with a long history and diverse cuisine like ours, chopsticks no longer stop at the aspect of serving food, but above all, it contains many cultural stories. hereditary life.

Ruins of the “golden city” of King Amenhotep III. What they found was very impressive, it was a labyrinthine city with mud-brick walls, creating an ancient metropolis built by King Tutankhamun’s grandfather King Amenhotep III. The work of the richest Pharaoh On the banks of the Nile, in the city of Luxor adjacent to the Valley of the Kings of Egypt, about 480km south of Cairo, a century ago, archaeologists discovered a very impressive tomb of the king. Tutankhamun. However, the “lost city of gold” built by King Amenhotep III is equally impressive. “Because the area is close to some major monuments and because it is a relatively flat desert, the wind accumulates sand on the surface very quickly and the mud brick walls also disappear easily” – Egyptologist Betsy Bryan of John Hopkins University talks about the city buried under the sand (she was not directly involved in this research). Within weeks of starting excavations, Hawass’s team discovered mud bricks stamped with the name of King Amenhotep III. That helps them estimate the city was built 3,400 years ago when King Amenhotep III ruled from 1391 BC to 1353 BC. “I call it the ‘golden city’ because it was built during the golden age of Egypt,” Hawass said. According to Betsy Bryan, King Amenhotep III was “the richest pharaoh”. He ruled in times of peace and this enabled him to amass unprecedented wealth. “He was never at war. All he did was sit down and count money for 40 years, so he kept building,” she said. However, the exact location of the “golden city” has not been found for nearly a century. “Many foreign missions have come looking for it and have never found it,” Hawass said in a press release, adding that it could be the largest ancient city ever found in Egypt. In 1934 and 1935, a French excavation team went to Luxor to find the “lost city of gold” but found nothing. According to Hawass, the attempt failed because archaeologists were looking in the wrong place. To date, Mr. Hawass’ team has discovered ruins of the city in an area of ​​at least 800 square metres, but it is likely that the city is much larger. It could extend straight to the king’s palace in Malkata, about 3km south of the twin statue depicting King Amenhotep III called Colossi of Memnon, according to Bryan. An unprecedented discovery The newly discovered city appears to be divided into industrial and residential areas. To the south, archaeologists found an ancient bakery with a cooking and meal preparation area, an oven, and pantry pottery. Another neighborhood has many workshops, a mud brick factory used to build temples and amulet factory. Another part of the city is the houses. Beyond the size of the city, Mr Hawass said the “huge amount of artifacts” his team discovered there made it an unprecedented archaeological find. It gives us a rare glimpse into the life of the ancient Egyptians at a time when the empire was at its richest. Buildings surround the street and have walls as high as 2.7 meters. Scattered throughout the buildings, Mr. Hawass’ team found rooms filled with pottery, glass, metalwork and weaving tools. The ancient Egyptians used these objects in their daily lives. However, they have not been touched for millennia. In addition, Mr. Hawass’s team also found a large cemetery north of the city. It is not known how large the cemetery is, but they have discovered a cluster of underground tombs with stairs leading to the entrance to the tomb. In one area of ​​the cemetery, they found a grave containing a skeleton with a rope wrapped around the knee. Mr Hawass is still looking into why the body was buried this way. “For those of us who care about people and how they do things, this place is a treasure trove,” Ms. Bryan said. Near the cemetery, Mr. Hawass’s team found a piece of pottery containing dried meat, possibly from a butcher at a slaughterhouse. The urn has an inscription indicating that the meat was for a festival commemorating the rule of King Amenhotep III. According to Ms. Bryan, the city’s residents are skilled craftsmen, making ceramic vases, glassware and temple decorations under the name Amenhotep III. In addition, Hawass’s research team has also discovered amulets, rings and wine caskets in the city. Many more mysteries will be revealed as the secret of the “golden city” continues to emerge, but what archaeologists have discovered so far, can see the wealth and bustle in a city. Egypt in its heyday.

Bust of Prince Khaemweset. Photo: Keith Schengili-Roberts Ramesses II was one of the most famous rulers of ancient Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC. He was the third Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty. He had 50 sons and between 40 and 53 daughters. During this period, Egyptian princes held important positions in the court, such as becoming high priests or commanders of the army, and Khaemweset was no exception. Khaemweset’s childhood is detailed on reliefs in three temples in Nubia. He grew up during a tumultuous period in ancient Egyptian history, when his grandfather and father waged war against the Hittite Empire to restore and expand the territory. During the famous Battle of Kadesh – the battle between Ramesses II and the Hittite king Muwatalli II – Khaemweset was also present and acted as an important assistant to his father. He was even tasked with managing prisoners of war. In temple paintings and hieroglyphs, we see him participating in many other major campaigns such as the Battle of Dapur to conquer Syria and the Siege of Qode. In 1263 BC, Khaemweset became a priest of the Temple of Ptah in Memphis when he was only 18 years old. The priest was a very important position in the temple system. They are responsible for performing sacrifices, worshiping and reciting funeral mantras. As a priest, Khaemweset presided over many important ceremonies, including the embalming and burial of several Apis bulls. This is a sacred animal worshiped in Memphis, because the Egyptians believed that they were the sons of the goddess Hathor. Khaemweset was responsible for overseeing the daily rituals in Memphis, mainly in honor of the god Ptah. He redesigned the Serapeum temple in Saqqara, where Apis bulls were buried. He dug a long and wide tunnel beneath the temple. There are many burial chambers on both sides of the tunnel [một dạng phòng trưng bày], where Apis bulls would be buried in a lavish and rich manner. In 1850, the French archaeologist Auguste Mariette thoroughly excavated the temple of the Serapeum. However, most of the rooms built on Khaemweset’s orders were empty, and most likely they were looted in ancient times. During his time, Khaemweset restored the famous pyramid of Djoser. Photo: Charles James Sharp. Khaemweset left an important mark on the history of ancient Egypt, not only in his time but also in the present day. During his lifetime, he repaired and restored countless temples, ancient ruins, and burial sites. Because the history of Egypt spans many centuries, many old monuments and burial places of early Pharaohs or courtiers are lost and ruined. Khaemweset spent a lot of time and effort identifying their identities and restoring these monuments and structures, making them as magnificent as before. The most prominent of them is the tomb of Pharaoh Shepseskaf [người cai trị Ai Cập khoảng năm 2510 trước Công nguyên]; pyramid of Pharaoh Unas [người trị vì Ai Cập năm 2345–2315 trước Công nguyên]; pyramid of Pharaoh Sahure in the early 25th century BC; Userkaf’s pyramid; and the famous pyramid of Djoser. This is how he revived the history of Egypt and kept it from being forgotten. Khaemweset’s great merits are recorded on the walls of the pyramids he restored. Some hieroglyphic texts also describe him bringing gifts and offerings to the deceased gods and pharaohs. This shows his understanding of the importance of worship in ancient Egypt. In many ways, Khaemweset is known as the first Egyptologist, as well as one of the first archaeologists in history. Miriam Lichtheim, the famous translator of many ancient Egyptian texts, wrote of Khaemweset as follows: “Khaemweset was an archeology enthusiast. As a priest, he inspected many damaged tombs and rebuilt them. We know him as a wise scholar, dedicated to the study of ancient monuments and documents.” So far, archaeologists have not been able to determine Khaemwese’s final resting place. It is also not known exactly when or how he died. He most likely died before his father, around 1225 BC. He was about 55 years old then. During excavations of the Serapeum temple in Saqqara, French archaeologist Auguste Mariette discovered the collapsed part of a tunnel. After blowing away debris with gunpowder, he found a coffin, inside was a mummy with a gold mask that seemed to represent a dead man. The rich jewelry accompanying the mummy all bears the name of Prince Khaemweset, son of Ramesses II. However, this mummy is not human but a mass of myrrh and some scattered bones, most likely belonging to a bull. It is therefore speculated that this mummy was essentially a sacrificial Apis bull. It was created to look like a human body, specifically Prince Khaemweset. This leads scholars to believe that this is not the exact burial place of the prince. After his death, Khaemweset and his deeds lived forever in the memory of the Egyptian people. He became the central figure of several heroic stories in later centuries of Egypt, mainly during the Hellenistic period, such as “Setne Khamwas and Naneferkaptah”, “The Tale of Setne Khamwas”, “The Story of Setne Khamwas”. and Si-Osire”. In these stories, Khaemweset is called Setne Khamwas.

The 2,000-year-old marble head of Emperor Augustus has just been unearthed. Photo: CNN “While we were digging behind the wall, I saw the soil change color,” said Giancola. So we continued to dig carefully and discovered a block of marble. I immediately recognized it as the head of Emperor Augustus due to the hair and the shape and cut of the eyes.” According to archaeologist Maria Diletta Colombo of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage, the head of the statue is about 35cm high, possibly dating from 20 BC to 10 AD. This head may have been detached from the more than 2m tall statue, which is also made of Lunigiana marble. This statue most likely depicts the young Emperor Augustus Octavian. “This is a very important finding; However, archaeologists have not been able to determine why the head of Emperor Augustus is in that area. The head of this statue should have been placed in a temple or a certain area reserved for the Royal Family.” The town of Isernia, known as Aesernia in the ancient world, was the land of the Samnites, Italy. Later, the town became a Roman colony. In this land, scientists have discovered many archaeological remains, including medieval tombs and terracotta artifacts… Despite being heavily damaged in World War I 2, but this land has gradually revived strongly. Currently, the local government is promoting heritage promotion activities to attract tourists to visit. Augustus (63 BC – AD 14) was the first Emperor of ancient Rome. Augustus replaced the Roman republic with an effective monarchy. He laid a very important foundation on which to build a powerful Roman empire, stretching from Great Britain to Egypt.

Field of Chum. The Mystery of the Plain of Jars The most famous in Xieng Khouang is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Plain of Jars with more than 2,000 stone jars of all shapes and sizes, dating from about 500 BC to 500. A.C. The stone jars are scattered in many places in Xieng Khouang, however, only 3 places around Phonsavan town have been put into tourism; the first site has about 250 jars, the second site has 100 jars and the third site has more than 100 jars. The remaining areas are still being studied because there are many mines that have not been cleared thoroughly. The average height of the jars is 1-2m, some are up to 3.5m high, weighing tens of tons. Most of the jars do not have lids, some are raised above the ground, some are partially submerged in the ground, the mouth of the jar is elliptical, square, round… The strange thing is that there are no rocky mountains around this area. Where did ancient people carve out these giant jars and how to transport them to Xieng Khouang, that is still an unanswered question. There have been many theories as to how the jars were created to hold wine to celebrate the victory during the reign of King Khun Cheung. There is an opinion that because in the dry season, in Xieng Khouang there is a serious lack of water, so the ancients made these giant jars to store water. Archaeologists believe that these are urns related to prehistoric burial rituals when many remains, burial items and ceramics were discovered around the stone jars. The Plain of Jars is located at the intersection of the Mekong and Red River systems, so it has favorable conditions for trade and cultural exchange. The distribution of stone jars throughout Xieng Khouang is said to be associated with the routes. overland trade and trade and they are the most striking evidence of Iron Age civilization. Explore the ancient kingdom of Tai Phuan Talking about the ancient kingdom of Tai Phuan, it is impossible to forget the town of Khoun, 36km southeast of Phonsavan. In the 14th century, Tai Phuan was once a busy commercial center in the area and later belonged to the kingdom of Laos Lane Xang. Since then, Tai Phuan has become a center of Buddhist architectural art with many temples built everywhere, and perhaps, the most famous is the sitting Buddha statue at Wat Phia Wat. After that, the French came and brought their culture into the architecture of this land. Sitting Buddha statue Wat Phia Wat. Despite being heavily destroyed by bombs during the war, you can still tour the ruins of different eras around the town. Wat Phia Wat is said to have been built in 1322 but it was destroyed by the French and Americans between 1953 and 1966 respectively. The Buddha statue here may not be beautiful when one eye is missing, right cheek and lip scarred. However, this is a testament to the resilience and ability of the people to rise up after almost total destruction. Perhaps that is the reason why the statue is so revered by many people, who often come to worship. In addition to the Buddha image, you can visit That Foun stupa – said to be the place to keep the ashes of the Buddha, and the 500-year-old That Chompet tower covered with green grass. Waterfalls and hot springs Kha is a famous waterfall near Khang Phanieng village, Nong Het district. Thac Kha is hidden in limestone cliffs and cascades over 100m long, alternating with steep waterfalls. In addition, Tad Kha waterfall near Tajok village is also very interesting. You will have to walk along the forest trail to reach the falls. This is a popular destination for locals, especially during the Lao New Year holidays. Located in Kham district, about 50km north of Phonsavan, is a hot spring with very few tourists. Ideally you would walk 3-4 hours along the Mat river valley to the Plain of Jars. Afterwards, head back for a refreshing dip in the hot springs. Not vibrant, not majestic, Xieng Khouang brings a sense of peace and comfort. This land attracts tourists mainly by the simplicity, freshness and hospitality of the local people. Going to Xieng Khouang, you will see an attractive Laos with many unspoiled landscapes, fresh and primitive nature.

The Egyptian pyramids are a giant structure in the middle of the desert and can be seen from extraterrestrial satellites. Building these pyramids was certainly a huge task, so who did it? The pyramids could not have been built by Jewish slaves, as no archaeological remains that can be directly related to the Jews have been found in Egypt dating to 4,500 years ago, when the needles Giza pyramids were built, archaeological research has revealed. Also, the story told in the Hebrew Bible about the slavery of the Jews in Egypt refers to a city called “Ramesses.” A city called pi-Ramesses was founded during the 19th dynasty (circa 1295-1186 BC) and named after Ramesses II, who ruled 1279-1213 BC. This city was built after the pyramid construction period ended in Egypt. Furthermore, no archaeological evidence has been found of the lost city of Atlantis for any length of time, and many scholars believe the story to be fictitious. For aliens, this idea is said to be impossible. In fact, Egyptologists say, all the evidence suggests that the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. However, how the pyramid builders lived, how they were rewarded and how they were treated is still a mystery that researchers are still investigating. The pyramids and the people who built them Egypt has over 100 ancient pyramids, but the most famous include the first-order pyramid, built during the reign of pharaoh Djoser (circa 2630-2611 BC) and the first real pyramid. was built during the rule of pharaoh Snefru (circa 2575-2551 BC). The Great Pyramid was built at Giza during the reigns of pharaoh Khufu (circa 2551-2528 BC), and two of his successors, Khafre (circa 2520-2494 BC) and Menkaure (c. 2490-2472 BC), there are also pyramids built at Giza. The pharaohs gradually stopped building pyramids during the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC), choosing instead to be buried in the Valley of the Kings, about 483 km south of Giza. Over the past few decades, archaeologists have found new evidence that provides clues as to who the pyramid builders were and how they lived. Surviving records, including papyri manuscripts discovered in 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf on Egypt’s Red Sea coast, suggest that large groups of workers helped bring the materials to Giza. The papyri found at Wadi al-Jarf tells of a group of 200 men led by an inspector named Merer. This group of workers moved the stones by boat along the banks of the Nile, 18km from the Great Pyramid at Tura, where the stones were used to build the pyramid’s outer layer. Egyptologists have previously theorized that the pyramid builders were largely done by seasonal farmers, times of the year when there was little agricultural work to do. The papyri detailing the pyramid’s history is still in the process of being deciphered and analyzed, but the results indicate that the group led by Merer did more than help build the pyramid. These workers appear to have traveled through much of Egypt, possibly as far as the Sinai desert, carrying out many of the construction projects and tasks assigned to them. This raises the question of whether they are part of a permanent professional force, rather than a group of seasonal agricultural workers who will return to their fields. Pyramid builder treatment? According to Pierre Tallet, a professor of Egyptology at the University of Paris-Sorbonne in France, who is deciphering papyri manuscripts and co-leader of the team that found them, the workers were given a diet that included scrubs. is, vegetables, poultry and meat. In addition to a healthy diet, the papyri manuscript describes members of the working group regularly receiving textiles, which could have been seen as a reward at the time. In addition, officials in senior positions involved in the construction of the pyramids may have received land grants, said Mark Lehner, director of the Association for Ancient Egyptian Studies (AERA), a Massachusetts-based research institute. Historical records show that there were times in Egyptian history when officials were granted land. However, it is not known whether the land-granted officials were involved in the construction of the pyramid. Lehner’s team was excavating a town in Giza that was inhabited and frequented by several workers who were building the Menkaure pyramids. So far, archaeologists have found evidence that the ancient inhabitants of this town once baked large quantities of bread, slaughtered thousands of animals and brewed large quantities of beer. Based on animal bones found at the site, and considering the nutritional needs of workers, archaeologists estimate that about 1,800 kilograms of animals, including cattle, sheep and goats, were slaughtered on average. average daily, to provide food for workers. The remains of the workers were buried in the tombs near the pyramid, showing that the workers had healed their bones. This shows that they have access to medical care that is available at the time. The rich diet of the pyramid builders, combined with evidence of medical care and receiving textiles… has led Egyptologists to generally agree that workers did not must be slaves. However, this does not mean that all workers have equal accommodation. AERA excavations show that some of the more senior officials lived in large houses and had the best cuts of meat. In contrast, Lehner suspects, lower-level workers may have slept in simple houses or “rested” at the pyramids themselves.

Domestic geese are fatter than natural geese because when domesticated, people have chosen large geese, domestic geese can weigh up to 10kg while wild swan geese are only 3.5kg and or gray geese are 4.1kg. Although stout, domestic geese can basically fly. The earliest records of domesticated geese suggest they were raised for fattening and sacrifice, but in Roman times geese were also bred for eggs and bred for specific traits such as calm personalities. or for beautiful, luxurious fur. It was not until 390 BC that geese were raised to become a guardian animal in Roman life. It is said that once at the temple of the goddess Juno, there was a flock of geese, they were considered sacred animals and no one dared to eat them. In 390 BC, Rome was besieged by the Gauls, and late one night, Gaul soldiers sneaked up the Capitoline hill where the temple of the goddess Juno was to surprise Rome. The dogs raised by the inhabitants of Rome were not alarmed because they were easily bribed with fresh meat. With the exception of the geese, they immediately noticed the unusual disturbance and began to call loudly. Thanks to the cry of the geese, the Roman soldiers were awakened and successfully defended their city. Since this event, the geese are considered heroes, sacred animals, and an annual festival is held – dressed in purple and yellow geese costumes and teasing them. Dogs because of “greed for food” forgot their guard duty. Goose has aggressive behavior Aggressive geese – this behavior is related to their size – a large and clumsy bird. Geese are difficult to hide when threatened, so they will display aggressive and aggressive attitudes to avoid danger. Goose tolerates extreme weather well, even when it snows, it still likes to be outside grooming. The ability to protect themselves well plus preferring to be outside rather than indoors, geese are often raised by farmers with flocks of chickens, ducks and geese to protect themselves. Day vision (nearly blind at night) and hearing of geese are extremely sharp, they can sense movements long before humans realize. While most birds do not respond to things they see in favor of humans, geese are the opposite. It emits a loud and aggressive sound – these are ideal sentinel and protective attributes. Geese are also territorial, they know where their home is and protect it. Not many domesticated birds are territorial, and fewer are aggressive in the face of intruders. Goose is more aggressive during mating season or when it is with “wife” and cubs. The male goose will immediately stretch his neck to its full length, turn his head to look at you with one eye and be ready to attack, no matter who the threat is. The goose’s protective behavior for mates and young remains unchanged from that of its wild ancestors. The goose lives with one mate for life and it is very loyal to its owner, not forgetting the people and other animals it lives with. Geese are not affected by food, no matter how good the food is. Therefore, many farmers in the world prefer to keep geese to guard the house and protect other animals than dogs. Vegetarian goose Unlike chickens and ducks, which prefer insects, crickets and protein-rich foods, geese prefer to eat plants, very voracious but all plants. When combining raising geese with suitable plants, they will eat all the weeds around and absolutely do not touch agricultural products. Goose has a good memory, it remembers people, distinguishes who is who by shape, gestures and voice, it also knows which chicken and dog friends are next to him and remembers situations and surroundings. around. So what is unusual, disturbing even small, strangers appear, they will welcome with cries and aggressive attitude. *In 1986, the US military purchased 750 geese from German farmers to protect their military bases. Or in Dumbarton, Scotland, the famous whiskey company Ballantine used geese to guard during 1959 until 2012 when it was replaced with security cameras. These geese are called “Scotch Watch”.

Researchers have tried to contact many Roman scholars, but have been unable to determine what this monstrous mansion represents in Roman culture, nor have they been able to find anything similar. order to compare in all the relics of the empire that are scattered around the world. Aerial photos show the mansion occupying a large territory, each room as big as a small house – Photo: MAPARCH Above Daily Mail, Keith Emerick, a spokesman for Historic England, said it was a large complex of buildings, including a giant circular room in the center, with many paths leading to many auxiliary rooms. radiate in all directions. Even the villa’s bathroom is as large as a building, showing that the owner of the quaint architecture is very rich and has a high status in society. Close-up of the central building – Photo: MAPARCH Based on the excavated parts of the splendid structure, the archaeological team believes that it was originally built for residential or recreational purposes, but was later transferred to a mysterious religious organization. It is also possible that from the beginning it was built as a general architecture, part housing, part religious service. According to the Ancient Origins, the building was probably built during the 150 year period that the Roman government controlled England, i.e. 77 AD to 228 AD. It must have been built by the most talented architects and leading craftsmen of Northern Europe of that period. An archaeologist at the scene – Photo: MAPARCH According to the The Yorkshire Post Due to the great value of this archaeological treasure, the authorities are tightening security in the area. Keepmoat’s proposed housing project on the site will be put on hold indefinitely. Because this work is so precious and unique, the building will have to be redesigned to preserve the monument.

His arguments include Phoenician mining activities along rivers, Biblical names in mining-related areas, to passages in the Hebrew Scriptures that seem to be related. to King Solomon and the seafaring Phoenicians, a potential Spanish city famous for its rich mineral wealth in the Hebrew Bible. King Salomon, a rich king according to the Hebrew Scriptures. If this claim is true, it means King Solomon was an ancient shipping tycoon. The Hebrew Bible says that King Salomon was extremely rich and undertook many construction projects and his role in transportation could explain his wealth. Arguments for the Solomon’s mining expeditions The Phoenicians flourished throughout the Mediterranean world from about 1,500 BC to 300 BC. According to present-day Lebanon, they sailed across the Mediterranean, establishing settlements and trading networks as far back as Portugal. Kingsley started his research about 10 years ago. It seemed that King Salomon had been wise in his maritime plans, he noticed. He recorded the trips from Jerusalem and the Phoenician sailors took all risks at sea. Archaeological excavations over the past century have unearthed remains of Phenicia mining operations near the Rio Tinto River in southwest Spain, he said. Some places today along the river of Spain have biblical names – such as “Solomon’s Hill”, says Kingsley. Furthermore, he claims, silver artifacts found in Israel contain lead isotope patterns suggesting that silver came from Spain. However, researchers have done the analysis that silver from Spain did not come to Israel during King Solomon’s time, but after he ruled. Then there is a Hebrew Bible, which describes how David and his son Solomon took raw materials for construction projects from a man named Hiram, the king of a Phenicia city named Tire in present-day Lebanon. . Kingsley hypothesized that Hiram would send mining expeditions to Spain with the financial assistance of Solomon. Passages in the Hebrew Bible also mention a place called Tarshish, where the Bible says there are many minerals. This is also the place where Johna tried to run away when God told him to come to Nineveh, according to the Hebrew Bible. Tarshish claimed that Tarshish was located in what is now Spain and Solomon financed Phenicia’s travels to the area. Kingsley argued that passages in the Hebrew Bible discuss how Hiram provided materials for David and Solomon for their construction projects, giving the idea that Solomon had sponsored Phoenician journeys. . Confirming Tarshish’s place in the Bible, Kingsley notes that a Phoenician inscription, dating back to the ninth century BC and found in Sardinia, refers to a Phenicia military force fleeing to Tarshish. after a failure. Ancient Greek records also mention a city called Tartessos – sounding similar to Tarshish – thrived in southern Spain, Kingsley wrote in an article in Spain. From historical research, Kingsley said he could say that biblical landmarks (like the Solomon Hills) were in use since at least the 17th century and possibly much earlier. Skeptic scholars Some archaeologists and historians believe they were skeptical of Kingsley’s claims. While no one doubts that the Phoenicians were present in Spain, scholars note that there is no direct evidence regarding King Solomon to the region. “It’s still not clear that there is a Solomon kingdom,” said Steven Weitzman, director of the Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Morphological Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. “I don’t know any evidence of an Israeli presence in Spain at this time,” Weitzman said. There are Phoenician settlements in Spain as early as around 1100 [trước Công nguyên] and certainly for many centuries to come, but it would be too much to argue that the source of Salomon’s wealth came from there. ” In fact, the Bible says that King Salomon sent ships to the East, not to the West. Solomon’s ships were dispatched from a place called Ezion-Geber, a port town on the Red Sea, and they returned from a place called Ophir, filled with gold and other treasures. Wherever the Ophir was located, the ships Weitzman explained would go in the opposite direction from Spain, east not west. Archaeologists also rejected Kingsley’s arguments regarding silver artifacts found in Israel and Spain. “Based on all available scientific data, silver in the Solomon era,” said Ayelet Gilboa, professor of archeology at the University of Haifa, Israel. [thế kỷ 10 trước Công nguyên] not coming east from Iberia ”. Only after that, after King Salomon ruled, did silver from Spain begin to reach Israel. Gilboa worked with Tzilla Eshel, a researcher specializing in antique silver analysis at the University of Haifa, to determine the origin of ancient silver in Israel, and they published an article on this topic in 2019. that silver came from Sardinia to Israel in the 10th century BC but it was not until the ninth century BC that silver came from Spain.

Chufut-Kale consists of two fortresses linked together by small underground passageways and caves below. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) The Karaites Jewish chapel was built in the 14th century inside the Chufut-Kale fortress. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) Chufut-Kale’s western fortress was built by the Alans of the mighty Sarmatian tribe on the Crimean peninsula in the 7th-8th century. (Photo: Duy Trinh / VNA) The large caves inside the Chufut-Kale fortress are used as the residence of the Karaites. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) The multi-layered cave system creates the mystery of the Chufut-Kale fortress. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) Around the 14th century, the Karaites settled in the fortress, expanding the eastern part of the fortress, named Yany-Kale (meaning New Fort). (Photo: Duy Trinh / VNA) The Karaites settled in the fortress around the 14th century, creating new settlement caves inside Chufut-Kale fortress. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) Chufut-Kale is considered a cave city, one of the most interesting monuments on the Crimean peninsula. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) The ancient fortress Chufut-Kale was built on Mount Burunchak, surrounded by steep cliffs and a multi-layered battle cave system. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) The southern side of the fortress is a sloping slope, easy to access, but there are many anti-intrusion traps. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) From Mount Burunchak, visitors can panoramic eyes to observe a large area of ​​the Crimean peninsula. (Photo: Duy Trinh / VNA) The eastern rampart of the fortress was built around the 14th century. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) The three sides of the fortress are steep cliffs, creating a natural defense, inviolable. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) Mount Burunchak is surrounded by steep cliffs and a multi-layered cave system inside, is a tourist attraction. (Photo: Duy Trinh / VNA) Unique souvenirs of the Tartar Crimea are sold to visitors visiting Chufut-Kale fortress. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA) The exclusive road connecting the ancient fortress Chufut-Kale with Bakhchisarai town center is about 3km away. (Photo: Tran Hieu / VNA)

A manuscript of the “Dead Sea Scroll” is displayed in Hong Kong. The analysis showed that the two scribes wrote in such a way that the difference between the two could not be seen with the naked eye, a detail that the note takers may have had the same training, yes can be at a school or in a social setting. “This is just the first step,” said lead investigator Mladen Popović, professor of the Hebrew Bible and ancient Judaism at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, said. new ability to study all of the scribes behind the “Dead Sea Scroll” and put us in a new position and better able to understand the manuscript collection. ” The “Dead Sea Scroll” was first discovered in the late 1940s, when a young shepherd searching for a stray goat found several manuscripts in a cave in Qumran, on the West Bank. Over the next decade, researchers and local Bedouins found more than 900 manuscripts in 11 caves. These manuscripts are the oldest surviving surviving texts of the Hebrew Bible, dating from the fourth century BC to the second century AD, but who is unknown or even how much. many wrote them, because the scribes did not sign them. That doesn’t stop Bible scholars from guessing how many people participated in writing the various drafts of the Dead Sea Scroll. Researchers will try to find clues in handwriting, such as a very specific feature in a letter that will identify the scribe. Popović, director of the Qumran Institute at the University of Groningen and his colleagues used a different approach: AI and statistics to investigate the Great Isaiah Scroll, one of seven original scroll manuscripts found. by the shepherd Bedouin. The well-preserved scroll, dating to about 125 BC, is 7.3 m long and 26 cm high and contains 54 columns of Hebrew text. In particular, a point caught Popović’s eye; Between columns 27 and 28, there is a small gap in the text and a new “page” where the two sheets have been stitched together. Other researchers have debated whether the scroll was written by one or two scribes, and Popović’s team wants to see if they can solve the mystery. In fact, the team wanted to determine whether slight differences in writing should be considered normal variations in one scribe’s handwriting or similar scripts written by two other scribes. each other or not. The researchers’ methods have uncovered subtle and nuanced differences in handwriting that we cannot discern with the naked eye, Popović said. The discovery of two collaborative notes in the Great Isaiah Scroll, he said, suggests that ancient scribes were working in groups. The ancients knew how to work in groups When designing the algorithm, researchers must train artificial intelligence to distinguish text, or ink, from the background – animal skin or papyrus. This difference, called binarization, was designed by co-researcher Maruf Dhali, a PhD student in the department of artificial intelligence at the University of Groningen, who created an artificial neural network. This neural network recorded early ink traces on the manuscript, even as these ancient letters were transformed into digital images. Senior researcher Lambert Schomaker, professor of computer science and artificial intelligence at the University of Groningen, said: “This is very important because ancient ink traces are directly related to the motor movement of one person and characterize each person ”. Neural network analysis revealed that 54 columns of text in the “Great Book of Isaiah” split into two separate groups, with a half-way transition in the manuscript. In this second analysis, Schomaker looked at small pieces, or sections of letters that would be more precise, distinctive, and informative to find a significant difference in shape compared to the symbols. full order. Next, the team performed a visual analysis by creating a “heat map”. These maps incorporate all variations of a given letter, such as the Hebrew letter aleph (א), found in the scroll. They then create an average version of the letter from the first 27 columns and another from the last 27 columns. They then compared these averaged letters and found that they could easily spot the difference between the two letters. Furthermore, the difference was statistically significant. Popović and his colleagues have other investigative plans, possibly revealing different backgrounds or training different scribes. These analyzes may also shed light on the communities that wrote the “Dead Sea Book”. This helps to better understand the so-called cultural evolution of the Hebrew Bible. The new research was published online April 21 in the journal PLOS One.

The famous Roman arena in Italy Referring to the Roman arena, people often talk about a large area that can accommodate tens of thousands of people with ancient and beautiful designs in Italy. But recently archaeologists discovered a Roman arena in Turkey, very similar to the famous one in Rome but much smaller in size. Arena in Turkey used to host gladiator matches about 1,800 years ago with a capacity of 20,000 people. Meanwhile, the Roman arena in Rome began construction in AD 70, when the Vespasian emperor, with a total capacity of about 50,000 to 80,000 spectators. Archaeologists locate the arena amidst the ruins of the ancient city Mastaura, Aydin province. The arena was partially buried and obscured by vegetation. Ancient roman arena discovered in Turkey The building has gladiator lounges and guest rooms. The whole monuments are preserved in good condition. Like the Roman arena in Italy, the arena in Turkey was built in the shape of a circle, instead of the typical semicircle of many ancient buildings.
Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz of Adnan Menderes University, who led the study, said the discovery was unique. Sedat Akkurnaz said: “This is the only example of such a solid existence in Anatolia. The structure is difficult to detect because it is heavily obscured by bushes, wild trees. Most of the arena is below ground. The arena is very sturdy as if it had just been built, meanwhile, the rest of the structure is on the ground, consisting of several rows of arena seats and external support walls. The dome-building technique of Roman architecture looks very good. Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz also explained that the arena is the venue for gladiator battles and wildlife. Near the old city of Mastaura, there are many major cities in western Anatolia such as Aphrodisias, Miletus, Priene, Magnesia and Ephesus. Therefore, people from neighboring cities also come to Mastaura to witness the battles with their own eyes. Part of the wall of the ancient arena in Turkey Experts believe that the arena in Turkey was built during the reign of Severan dynasty, during the Roman empire. This royal lineage includes the infamous Caracalla, his father Septimius Severus, who died in York after his campaign to conquer Scotland. Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz said: “We do not know exactly who the emperor was. But through the stone construction, the construction of the building, I think it was at the same time as the Severus dynasty. The city of Mastaura was very prosperous and prosperous. It was during this period that the Roman administrators greatly helped the city. There was a considerable increase in the number and variety of Mastauran coins during this period ” . Although the arena in Mastaura cannot match the structures in Rome in terms of scale, it is still a remarkable area. Sedat Akkurnaz said: “At this stage, it is difficult to accurately or approximate the audience. Our initial estimate was between 15,000 and 20,000. The gladiators had their own lounges, the audience was excellent. first has entertainment room “. In the near future, with the support of the local authorities, they will take action to conserve the parts most at risk of failure. According to Sedat Akkurnaz, there are cracks in the walls of the building, some of the stones are falling.

https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ On the map, the “little gem” Kastellorizo ​​with an area of ​​9km², resembles a dot in the Mediterranean Sea. For centuries, Kastellorizo ​​is the intersection of all major civilizations in the world with a volatile history spanning many colonial empires. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The beauty of culture and nature here always attracts those who have once set foot here. Megisti was the official name, but for the Greeks, Kastellorizo ​​was the most common name for the smallest island in the Dodecanese archipelago. The serene beauty, the hospitality, the heroic history, the fascinating legends, all of these have made the name of Kastellorizo ​​shine on the tourist map of Greece. Especially, after the film Mediterraneo set in Kastellorizo ​​won the Oscar in 1991, Kastellorizo ​​is becoming a real must-visit tourist destination in Greece and the world. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ In addition, the local people always proved that they were followers of the god Zeus, the god of hospitality. And once visitors to Kastellorizo ​​will have the opportunity to enjoy the slow pace of life and throw away all worries. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Coming to Kastellorizo, the first impression on visitors is probably the prosperity of the past, which is clearly shown in the restored villa located along the small harbor. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The lovely two-storey old houses in neoclassical architecture with vibrant colors are built in layers along the high hills to create the image of theater-like steps, overlooking the romantic blue sea. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Among the houses were small roads that passed through square yards of pebbles filled with flowers and descended into the harbor. In some towns in the center of Kastellorizo, you feel like you are going back to the last century. You can visit the archaeological museum located in a temple, which recreates the history and folk art forms and unique crafts of Kastellorizo. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ If you start your journey into Kastellorizo’s past from the Castello Rosso – the castle set up by the knights of St. John on the red earth hills, but now it’s only a part, you might get a feeling go back to the 14th century. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Step up the narrow iron stairs, where the Greek flag is fluttering in the wind, what awaits you is the shimmering sight of the harbor below. At the foot of the castle, there is a very splendid Lycian tomb carved in stone from the 4th century BC, which has been carefully preserved. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ To the east is the magnificent view of the harbor of Mandraki, above is the churches of St. Constantine and Helena with pointed arches – typical of Gothic architecture. Going west is Palaiokastro, the island’s oldest and most important point. It is still an old residential area consisting of several buildings, rainwater tanks and a castle named Dorian built in the 3rd century BC. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ In the Limenari area, there are giant stone walls of the ancient palace called the Mycenaean. One of the most interesting experiences in Kastellorizo ​​is that the Blue Grotto (also known as the Parasta or Fokiali cave), located in the south of the island, is one of the caves with the most beautiful beaches in the Mediterranean, once a pirate paradise. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ A 30-minute boat ride from Kastellorizo ​​port, Green cave hides an impressive color palette from the reflection of the sun and 75m long stalagmites in the cave and clear turquoise water. https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ The beauty in winter of Kastellorizo ​​makes visitors ecstatic. But spring is the perfect time in Kastellorizo. In spring, the weather is not too hot and the colors become more vibrant when the blue of the sea blends with the green of the plants and the pink of confetti, you can admire this scene everywhere. on the island … https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/ Despite having only a few hundred residents, Kastellorizo ​​is home to many traditional events and festivals taking place in May, July and September. And there are no noisy bars or discos but you can go out all night in pubs along the harbor … https://dulich.petrotimes.vn/

Oos Lions, hyenas and other predators still stalk the wildebeest, preventing them from eating too much of the plant. The variety of plants and grass supports other species, from fish birds to insects. In turn, these animals carry seeds or pollen throughout the plains, creating conditions for many types of plants to reproduce. Humans also appear there, but with relatively meager density. This is a prime example of an intact ecosystem: complex relationships that together maintain the rich diversity of the Earth. According to a survey of the ecosystems on Earth, most of the land on Earth – about 97% – no longer qualifies for ecological integrity. Researchers announced on April 15 in the journal Frontiers in Forest and Global Change: in the past 500 years, too many species have been either extinct or in decline. Specifically, scientists set the year 1500 AD, which means that only parts of the world are ecologically intact like 500 years ago with the addition of species of similar abundance. can be considered a wilderness. As a result, only 2.8% of planet Earth’s surface matches the description. These “wild plaques”, each with an area of ​​10,000 square kilometers or more, are scattered in various parts of the world. Of the few intact ecosystems, only about 11% of the land is in existing protected areas. These include Nouabale-Ndoki National Park in Congo, Serengeti-Ngorongoro in Tanzania, Alto Rio Negro indigenous territory in the Amazon forest, Great Siberian Polynya in northern Russia, and Kawésqar National Park in southern Chile. These are very rare and special places to be preserved, but only 11% of them are in protected areas. “Those are the best of the best, the last places on Earth have not lost a species as we know it,” said Oscar Venter, a conservation scientist at the University of North British Columbia. . It is important to identify such places, he said, especially for areas under development threats that need protection, such as the Amazon rainforest. Conservation scientists have long tried to map places that have not been affected by human activity. Researchers estimate that 20-40% of the Earth’s soil surface can be considered ecologically intact. But what can be detected by satellite is the ugly reality of the true extent of wildlife habitat. Beneath the seemingly intact tree canopy, the extinction of mammals and large birds from hunting, invasive species or disease has undermined the biodiversity of the areas. wild in the world. Biologist Andrew Plumptre, University of Cambridge said: “Hunting, impact of invasive species, climate change – these can harm ecosystems, but they are not easily detected. right through the satellite ”. Plumptre and his colleagues began looking for habitats that fully retain natural species, in abundance, in 1500 AD. That is the basis that the International Union for Conservation of Nature uses to evaluate the extinction of species, even though humans have changed their ecosystems by wiping out many large mammals over the past thousands of years. Overall, the amount of ecologically intact soil “is much lower than we expected,” said Plumptre. This shows how terribly man has affected nature. Some scientists question whether study authors are too strict in their definition of ecosystem integrity. Many ecosystems around the world have lost one or two species, but they remain vibrant, diverse communities. The decline of some species may not cause a catastrophe to the entire ecosystem, as other species may replace the role of lost species. The researchers calculated that while only 3% of the land is currently ecologically intact, bringing in up to five species lost could restore 20% of the land as before. This helps the ecosystem gradually return to balance.

Canadian designer duo Coryn Kempster and Julia Jamrozik designed a playful, youthful all-green cafe in a centuries-old building in Buffalo, New York. The Tipico cafe is a place that promotes social interactions and supports local craftsmanship. The furniture is inexpensive, the headlights are recycled from the string lights of the construction site. The cafe seats are inspired by university lecture halls. The cafe’s main bar is made up of ten recycled wooden tables purchased from the classifieds website Craigslist. The tables are stitched together and painted blue, forming a unified bar that runs along the cafe’s wall. The open bar has swivel chairs arranged around the customer-side protruding blue countertops allowing easy communication between customers and employees. Olive green furniture can be used indoors and outdoors. Olive green, the green of the trees and the blue of the restaurant are in harmony, creating a fun and impressive overall. “We wanted to use a vibrant color to visually tie the bar and bench together to create continuity in the space and create a visual accent for the bar,” says the designer. The stairs deceive the customers’ eyes, creating a sense of multidimensional space./.

Over the past time, Xuan Dinh ward has stepped up the propaganda work widely among the people in many forms about regulations on preservation. environmental sanitation , content criteria on urban civilization, roadside management, pavement, advertising activities, writing and placing signs. Especially propaganda about the Law on Advertising … In addition, the mass organizations, the functional forces in the ward organized many waves of propaganda, urge, remind and strictly deal with cases of incident. situation violating the rules. Thanks to that, the urban face in the ward has been progressively more pronounced compared to previous years. Numerous functional forces, unions, people participate in environmental sanitation However, due to the fact that there are a number of corporate organizations and a small part of the people who are not well aware, recidivism is caused by recidivism such as: Encroaching on the roadside, on the sidewalk to do business, advertising, writing and placing. bad signs, advertising boards, arbitrary waste disposal still happens, affecting traffic safety, urban beauty and environmental sanitation, requiring the whole political system to participate regularly and strongly. powerful with many effective solutions. Implementing the Plan No. 03 / KH-UBND of Bac Tu Liem district, Xuan Dinh ward organizes the rush stage to implement urban civilization and order with the participation of functional forces and unions. and People in the ward to well implement the contents of the plans of the People’s Committees of districts and wards. The opening ceremony once again clearly demonstrated the construction and preservation of a neat, airy, clean and beautiful environment, ensuring urban civilization is the right and responsibility of both the political system and the People. the whole ward. Therefore, in order to achieve high results, there must be a strong and serious involvement of the functional forces in the ward, the leaders of the Fatherland Front, the staff of the Fatherland Front, the members of the mass organizations in the propaganda and advocacy. , urging reminders as well as checking violation handling. At the ceremony, Chairman of the People’s Committee of Xuan Dinh Ward Tran Trung Tuyen launched the rushing campaign to implement urban civilization in the ward with the following objectives: General cleaning and cleaning the environment for all alleys, living places. community culture, garbage feet if any to ensure clean weather. To thoroughly handle cases of illegal use of pavements, roadbeds (including spaces) for the private interests of organizations and individuals. Handling cases of placing signs, advertisement boards in contravention of regulations. After the launching ceremony, the TDPs actively propagated and continued to do general cleaning of the environment in each sub-division so that Xuan Dinh ward would really clear and beautiful. After the military launch, each individual is responsible for the management and regular maintenance of environmental sanitation and urban civilization. Xuan Dinh ward suggested all departments and unions to participate with the highest determination and sense of responsibility to achieve high efficiency, in order to build and maintain a neat, clean, green and clean landscape and environment of the whole ward. , pretty. Immediately after the launching ceremony, 335 officers and members of the Women’s Union, veterans, youth, police, self-governing, street protection, construction inspection … participated in environmental sanitation and removal. advertising advertisements, handling boards and signs in contravention of regulations on the implementation of urban civil order and order in the ward. Some pictures of Bac Tu Liem district working on environmental sanitation, removing classified ads to celebrate the election day: Functional forces remove classified advertisements, handle boards and signs in contravention of regulations. The Youth Union of Xuan Dinh ward participated in environmental sanitation and removed advertising ads.

Dau pagoda was awarded as “the first great fame”, and still preserves the flourishing architectural style of the Le dynasty (17th century). Dau Pagoda is one of the four largest pagodas of worship (cloud, rain, thunder, lightning) in the North, possessing two full body statues of two famous Zen monks at home and abroad; Tam Quan Dau pagoda is also a two-storey bell tower with eight roofs. The roof is tiled with five comedy tiles, the pillars are carved with dragons, the pillar pedestals are carved with lotus flowers. (Photo source Dinh Lang Viet village) Recently, many items of Dau pagoda relic have deteriorated, so Tam Quan and Huu Mac house have been renovated. (in the photo: After the restoration, the Three Bodhisattvas put on a new paint color and sculpted poses that are no longer as sophisticated as before) From the position of Tam Quan looking at the pagoda, on the left hand side, also the entrance is a large lake, with giant solid works built, according to the diagram to visit Dau Pagoda, this location is the Tower of Guan Yin. Next to the Quan Yin Tower is the Mandala Stupa, Thuy Dinh Di Lac, newly built right next to Am Pagoda (one of the items in the overall architecture of the old Dau pagoda). These three floating structures are connected by a concrete bridge with two points adjacent to the area known as the Zen garden. From the position of the Three Bodies, looking at the pagoda on the right hand side also appeared a new building, with a monumental roof, a wall from Tam Bao. According to the diagram to visit the monument, this is the Lecture Hall Not only Quan Yin Tower, Mandala Stupa, Maitreya Water Palace, but also the door system, surrounding walls were also newly erected. Lame with the quiet look of the Tien Duong, Tam Bao, To …, is the category of ancient relics. The ancient temple was built with a very large overall scale, structured in the way of “internal public, foreign”. That is, in the temple grounds, the architectural works worshiping pre-Buddha and the post-saint are arranged like the word “work”. Surrounded by other architectural clusters forming the shape of the word “quốc” in the Chinese sense. Dau Pagoda was ranked as a national monument in 1964 Recently, the Department of Culture and Information has coordinated with other agencies to inspect the relic and noted that the garden on the right of the entrance to the pagoda has made the way to the relic and has signposts indicating the parking area; The entrance road in front of the Tam Quan category, at the front of Tam Bao, has been corrected and sealed the old passageway, the area in front of the pagoda. Many large-scale construction items show signs of violation of the Cultural Heritage Law as well as current regulations on the protection and promotion of the value of monuments. According to the reporter, the new construction took place in the last 2 years, the temple has built many new projects, 40 days of workers work continuously. During the weekend, there are still more than 10 workers surveyed at the pagoda, digging, digging; excavating machinery for making roads around the temple area Many tourists after 20 years returning to visit the relic are surprised with the new monument.

Episode 12.

Just like in Greece, the process of birth, development and completion of the republic was associated with a long and fierce class struggle. Until the 3rd century BC, the state reached a complete level. The aristocratic Republic of Rome consisted of the following bodies:

1.Garitan Congress: The Congress of Military Units and also the Congress of the People, the highest authority of the Roman State, consists of 193 military units. The Franciscan congress is held twice a year, in Mac-fiber Square (Mars the god of war). This congress has the powers and duties of electing generals annually, electing high-ranking state officials, deciding domestic and foreign affairs of the country, issues of war and peace.

2. Consul: Is the head of state, is a high-ranking official in the ranks of Roman officials. In Rome there were usually two consuls. This position was elected by the Congress of Zion, selected from among the great nobles, for a one-year term. The two consuls had great military and civil power, the commander-in-chief of the army, and the power to convene the Senate Congress and the Scottish Congress.

3. Senate: Inherent from the monarchy, including powerful aristocrats. It was an office of the gentile clan, had between 300 and 600 people, and by the end of the republic had up to 900 people. It was a quasi-permanent organ of the Franciscan Congress, great power at times overwhelming that of the Xenturi Congress. The Senate has the power to approve the appointment of high-ranking officials of the Warsaw Congress, to pass congress resolutions, to administer state property, to interpret laws, to recommend building new rule. The Senate also has the power to formulate and direct domestic and foreign policy, the right to appoint a court, and order preliminary investigations of cases. The Senate also oversees the Roman religious affairs.

4. Consular Council: An executive body, elected annually by the Geneva Congress, consisting of high-ranking officials in the ranks of mandarins. This agency has the power to manage all state affairs, oversee law enforcement, has the power to fire subordinate bureaucrats, and to command the military.

5. Council of Judges: A council of seven people, elected by the annual Congress of Zion. This is the jury of the Roman court, specializing in criminal and civil cases. In addition, when the Consular Council is absent, the Council of Judges performs the duties of the Consular Council.

6. Supervisory Institute: Also known as the important people, is an important agency in the Roman state apparatus. This House has the right to suspend the implementation of all decisions of the Senate and of the Franciscan Congress if those decisions harm the interests of the people. The Institute also has the power to arrest public officials suspected of crimes.

In addition, there were many different high-ranking officials in Rome. All are responsible for their actions, if they commit crimes, they will be prosecuted before the law.

The clergy plays an important role in the political life and in the state apparatus. From the founding of the country until before 313 BC, Rome followed polytheism due to the religious influence of the Greeks. Accordingly, the god Jupiter (Jupiter) is considered the supreme god, creator and ruler of the universe. Juno) in charge of marriage, family, Venus (Venus), goddess of beauty and love, Mac-fiber (Mars): in charge of war, and so on.

But in 63 BC, Rome conquered the Palestinian region. So Judaism and later Christianity entered Rome. By AD 314, the Roman slave owner officially adopted Christianity as the state religion.

In short, the Roman State was a slave-headed aristocratic republic, in which the power of the gentile clan was still very strong. So in the class struggle, the popular posture and the industrial and commercial aristocracy were not capable of a complete victory over the gentile nobility, leading to in the 1st century BC, the generals, the gentlemen. the clan overthrew the republic again, established a dictatorship and monarchy.

In 82 BC, Xila established a dictatorship and declared dictatorship for life. In 46 BC, after defeating two political opponents, Crassals, Pom-pe (Pompey), Judi-ut Caesar (Julius Caesar) established a military dictatorship. But in 44 BC, Caesar was stabbed to death by an enemy while presiding over the Senate meeting. Shortly thereafter, all authority in Rome was in the hands of Ogre-via-buttons (Octavinus). In the year 27 B.C., Oc-ta-via-knot received the title Ogut, meaning the one of dignity, that is, Snail-ta-node, became Emperor. The republic collapsed and Rome entered a monarchy.

The change in Roman state institutions was also in the force correlation of the class struggle. At that time, due to the invasion, the Roman land expanded, the economic power of the land slave owner was strong, the Roman colony existed to popularize the form of large estate, a great estate to use. thousand of labor slaves. The strong economic power made the agricultural aristocrats to win the political struggle, to establish a dictatorship and monarchy.

Slaves in the 1st century BC together rose up to fight against the brutal exploitation of the slave master, such as the Nazi-cut revolt (Spartacus 73-71 BC). Although the rebellion was fiercely suppressed by the Roman slave owner, thousands of slaves were killed and their heads were piled on the great road from Rome to the periphery. However, slavery and the Roman state after that great uprising also collapsed. Besides the enslaved insurrection, there is also the struggle movement of peoples invaded and enslaved for self-liberation. To have the power to suppress slaves and the colonial people, Rome needed a strong government: dictatorship and monarchy.

Following Snail-node, Rome underwent emperors such as Ciligua – the insane king, Co-Diuu-fiber (Claudius) – the weak king, Nero– the greatest tyrant in the ancient history of the world. He slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians, killed wives and children, killed his brother, murdered the famous idealist and philosopher Sehemiah (Seneca) and eventually killed the Queen Queen. , the mother of y.

In 476, the Roman Empire perished. Europe ended slavery and entered a new socio-economic form: Feudalism was born during the dissolution and collapse of the giant Roman empire.

II.The Law

1. Roman law of the republic: The law of 12 pounds

Due to the struggle movement of the common people and the master of slaves and the mercenaries against the arbitrary manipulation of the judiciary in the judiciary, in 450 BC, a committee of 5 common people and 5 nobles was formed to write draft a written law. By 449 BC, this commission had finished drafting the law. The code is engraved on 12 bronze planks (the number 12 is the lucky number from the European point of view) and is placed in a public place for all to see, so the code is called the “Rule of 12”.

The 12-pound law clearly reflects the economic and social relations of early Rome in the republic. The main content of this law is to protect the property rights of wealthy slave owners. The law stipulates that anyone who trespasses on other people’s property such as theft, crop damage, home trespassing (burning a house) will be executed. If a thief enters a house, if he is killed, it is legal to kill the person.

The law sets out the cruel penalties for debtor. If the debtor fails to pay the debt on time, the court allows the creditor to arrest the debtor. During the 60 days of detention, the debtor was taken to the square three times on the day of the fair for the court to judge. After 60 days of detention, still unable to pay the debt, the creditor took the debtor out of the way. If you’re unlucky and still can’t pay the debt, the debtor can either be killed or sold overseas. Where the debtor owes many creditors and cannot repay, the creditors have the right to hash the debtor into pieces.

In terms of marriage and family, a man’s power is absolute. The husband manages the property. When a daughter gets married, it depends on her husband and father-in-law. The father has the right to sell his child as a slave. If sold for the third time, the son will be free from the bonds of the father. The law allows fathers to strip children of inheritance. The dying person is left with property for anyone. In order to protect the rights of an heir under the will, Zionariah has the authority to oversee the distribution of that property.

The 12-table law has a number of provisions on civil proceedings, but these provisions are cumbersome, cause difficulties and troubles in the process of adjudication and do not create favorable conditions for commodity economy. develope.

2. Late Roman republican law

The last period of the republic started from the 3rd century BC until the destruction of the republic (1st century BC). That was the peak period of the Roman empire. The territory covered from the West to the East, the commodity economy was thrived, the agriculture of a large estate was strong. All of them are the basis for the development of the law and vice versa, the economy and social relations themselves also need a comprehensive legal system to serve that infrastructure itself.

In the late republic, the sources of Roman law included:

– The decisions of the consuls. The consular documents were later codified by the famous jurists in the East Roman imperial advisory council and submitted to the emperors for application.

– Decisions of a powerful agency like the Senate.

– The court decisions: sometimes the judgment is just using customary law and it becomes the source of law.

– The decisions of the governor of the provinces.

– Legal practices: Ethnic customs in localities are raised into legal norm by the state.

– The works and works of Roman jurists while summarizing, summarizing and codifying the law.

On the basis of a rich source of law, Roman law includes the following contents:

– Institution on civil law

In Roman law, the civil institution was the most developed, the widest scope of regulation. These are the institutions of property rights, contractual relationships, and inheritance of property. The content of the institutions is rich and detailed.

+ About ownership: Roman law introduces the concept of ownership. It is the absolute right of use and disposition over that property. But the owner is still restricted by law, or by coercion by the state. For example the state wants to let a canal carry water through the land of the owner, who is forced to accept, etc.

+ Ownership: It is the ownership and the will to exercise that right over the property of others to serve its own benefit. The most common form of tenure at that time was land possession. The person entitled to possession may use the benefits brought about by the land and must pay the land rent to the owner. More specifically, possession means the right to rent the property of others for use (renting land, renting shops, etc.).

(There’s more)

CVL