One of 17 decapitated bodies found in an ancient Roman cemetery. The cemeteries held the burial of 52 people, and 17 beheaded bodies including 9 men and 8 women and all were over 25 years old at the time of death, a team of researchers reported in an article published online May 19 in the British journal Britannia. In many cases, the heads of the decapitated people were buried next to their feet and the pottery was placed in the position where their heads would normally have been. Some bodies were also laid face down in their graves. Researchers believe that those who were beheaded were executed. They note that the number of criminals in Roman law increased dramatically during the third and fourth centuries, around the time these skeletons were buried. Remains of archaeological evidence shows that the Roman army used Knobb’s farm as a supply center and they would take strict action if there was any violation. “During the third and fourth centuries, the penalties imposed under Roman law became more and more severe. The number of criminals applying the death penalty increased from 14 at the beginning of the third century to about 60 by Constantine’s death in 337 AD,” The researchers have noted that security concerns are one of the reasons for the increase in the death penalty. During the third and fourth centuries, there were many civil wars in the Roman Empire, many of which were fought to be crowned emperor. Despite the possibility of execution, individuals were still buried with ceramic pots and in some cases placed in coffins. Isabel Lisboa, the archaeologist who led the excavation, said: ‘A beheaded woman had the richest collection of tombstones, buried with two urns and a coal bead necklace. Pipe coal is a type of coal that is easy to glow. Under Roman law, family and friends could demand that the body of an executed criminal be returned for burial. Those executed were likely not slaves, as slaves had no status and likely would not have been buried. Scholars argue Even so, Simon Cleary, emeritus professor of Roman Archeology at the University of Birmingham in the UK, said: “What we know of the sites of Roman judicial executions suggests that they are mainly in cities and towns and have a deterrent effect. Knobb’s ranch is not near any major towns or cities.” Cleary adds that a law made by the emperor in Rome is difficult to enforce in a remote place. It is possible that these people were executed but Roman law may have nothing to do with why they were killed. By the fourth century, the Roman army had for centuries become a draconian rule, with no way back for the common man, says Cleary. Why most of the burials of decapitated people in the Roman Empire occurred in Britain is unclear. Roman Britain can be really weird at times, especially in its treatment of the dead, there are plenty of ritual practices other than beheading or burial that to our eyes look eerie. . To people’s eyes at the time, they could be completely conceivable.” Other scholars have also expressed doubt that Roman law had much to do with the burial of the decapitated. Caroline Humfress, director of the Institute for Constitutional and Legal Studies at St. Andrews in Scotland, said: “I personally think it is very unlikely that the executions on Knobb’s farm were related to Roman legal processes.” “If they have a judicial context, it’s more likely to be localized and involve executions carried out without trial,” Humfress said. However, other scholars argue that these people could have been executed according to Roman law. “The official execution seems to be the best explanation for the Knobb Ranch cases,” said Judith Evans Grubbs, a professor of Roman history at Emory University in Atlanta. He noted that women in the Roman Empire were often the target of accusations of witchcraft and adultery, both of which could have been considered crimes by the Romans. Stunned with the largest, deepest $ 211 million swimming pool in the world 08/06/2021

The expedition was directed by the University of Colorado, the University of Honduras and the Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History, led by American archaeologist Christopher Fisher. There are 52 archaeological specimens have been found. Among them was a statue of the head of a ‘jaguar-man’, probably the embodiment of a shaman. According to a team member, those specimens date back 1,000 to 1,400 years. “White City” or “Monkey City” has evoked passions for decades. The city is located in the middle of the tropical rainforest of Honduras, in the La Mosquitia region in the northeastern part of the country. In the 16th century, immigrant Hernán Cortés mentioned this ancient city in a letter to the king of Spain. In 1940, explorer Theodore Morde mentioned in his notes the existence of this city after an expedition in the Honduran jungle. The aborigines he met there mentioned a statue of a monkey god in the middle of the city. However, he did not give the exact location to avoid the city being plundered. By 2012, the ruins had been identified thanks to a survey led by researchers at the University of Houston and the Center for American Mapping. An aircraft equipped with an aircraft scanner flew over the valley and surveyed the site with a laser. The researchers made a 3D map showing the archaeological ruins. Honduran President Porfirio Lobo Sosa has stated that all coordinates related to the “white city” are state secrets. Currently this coordinate is still protected. “The Honduran government wants to protect the site, but it doesn’t have the funds. We urgently need an international help,” said Virgilio Pardes Trapero, director of the Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History. According to the magazine National Geographic , this discovery may be the most important in the early 21st century. The city’s civilization flourished 1,000 years ago and then disappeared. Among the ruins are an earthen pyramid, mounds, large squares, numerous statues and ceremonial chairs. The architecture and many of the items were found in extraordinary condition. State secrets may seem logical at first, but as we all know, in 1940 the explorer Theodore Morde came out of the Honduran jungles with many of the city’s belongings, but he committed suicide before the revelation. reveal the location of that city. On June 26, 1954, Theodore Morde was found hanged in his parents’ bathroom in Darmouth, Massachusetts. His death was concluded by the medical examiner as a suicide. Some reliable sources confirmed in a later report that Theodore Morde was hit by a car in London shortly after returning from Honduras. After the 2015 expedition, at the urgent request of scientists, the Honduran government sent troops to protect the site. Contrary to the Maya civilization that people know a lot about, this civilization is very little researched and still has many mysteries. Moreover, archaeologists have not yet named the civilization. The expedition team returned to the site in late 2015 and discovered an extraordinary hiding place containing many statues still intact. They also found about 50 remains, many delicately decorated dishes with snakes, hawks and animals. One of the most notable objects is a “jaguar” head. According to Oscar Neil Cruz of the Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History, the evidence dates back to at least the 15th century. In addition to the fear of looting, the team is also concerned that the consequences of deforestation are destroying flora and fauna, as well as archaeological treasures that may be hidden deep underground. The 52 archeological specimens found at the site are just the tip of the iceberg as archaeologists believe many other remains will be discovered underground, well preserved and undiscovered. But instead of a city of ruins, archaeologist Christopher Fisher believes that many other cities have been found, all belonging to a mysterious civilization unknown to experts, so it is not yet there. Name. The city of ruins was first mentioned in the 16th century by the explorer Hernán Cortés. At that time, the city may have been used as a refuge for people fleeing Spanish domination. Many expeditions followed in the 1920s. It was during that period that the name “White City” emerged, referring to the white stone structures observed by aviator Charles Lindbergh in 1927. It had to wait until 1940 with the successful expedition of Theodore Morde to emerge the name “The Lost City of the Monkey God”. The explorer returns home with thousands of artifacts and local Aboriginal testimonies. They say that before that there was a temple with a statue of the Monkey God on the top. Many sacrifices were also held at the foot of the statue, they said. Now, nothing remains of the site, and the mystery is well-kept. Temporarily!

Archaeologists examine the mummy. Everyone thinks this is an “unprecedented” archaeological find, but the truth is just a sophisticated scam. Shocking discovery In October 2000, police in Karachi, Pakistan received a tip that a man named Ali Akbar was selling a mummy for 600 million rupees, or about $11 million. According to the source, it was not an ordinary mummy, but “Princess of Persia”. Immediately, the police raided Akbar’s house, searched and questioned the suspect. Akbar then took the police to the home of his accomplice, Wali Mohammad Reeki, in the desert region of Baluchistan province. Here, the mummy in question along with the coffin was found. Reeki admitted to buying the artifact from a man named Sharif Shah Bakhi. This person told him that the body was discovered after an earthquake near Quetta, on the border between Iran and Afghanistan. Two men are arrested for smuggling antiquities, but the mystery of the mummy has only just begun. If it is true “Princess of Persia”, this will be a very important discovery, because no mummies of the Persians (present-day Iran) have been found. The mummy was brought to the National Museum in Karachi for experts to analyze and many mysteries surrounding this ancient man were revealed. The body was mummified in the Egyptian style, with a mask and a golden crown, placed on a reed mat. But the most interesting find was a breastplate covering the mummy’s chest, on which the ancient Persian inscription, “I am the daughter of the great king Xerxes. Mazereka protects me. I am Rhodugune.” In addition, the gilded wooden coffin is also decorated with carved lines also in ancient Persian letters. It all seems to show that this is indeed the Princess of Persia. Pakistani archaeologist, Ahmad Hasan Dani, of Islamabad’s Quaid-e-Azam University, excitedly announced in a press conference that, from what was recorded, the mummy was indeed a Ba princess. Tu, lived around 600 BC. This event sparked a dispute between Iran and Pakistan over the ownership of this unprecedented archaeological find. The Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization declared the “princess” to be a member of the royal family of Persia and demanded that Pakistan return the mummy, and even the Taliban movement in Afghanistan claimed it was their own artifact. Unexpected truth Mummy “Princess of Persia” in coffin. The fierce arguments between the parties have become a political problem, easily leading to conflicts. Meanwhile, some other archaeologists have raised doubts that this is the “Princess of Persia”, even a mummy. An independent examination was conducted and the archaeologists went from surprise to surprise. First of all, ancient linguists found that the writing on the mummy’s breast shield and the coffin was written by someone who was not fluent in the ancient Persian language, rife with grammatical errors, and even traces of pencil marks for inscriptions, which pencils were only invented in the 16th century. In addition, a piece of coffin was examined, it was only about 250 years old, and the carpet underneath the body was discovered to be only… 5 years old. Unusual signs were also found in the body of the “princess”, such as the delicate tendons and ligaments of the middle ear that were still intact, despite thousands of years and the mummification process. did not follow the strict methods of Egypt. For example, the heart was removed, which the Egyptians never did, as it was considered important to regenerate a person’s body when they went to the next world. Multiple CAT scans (computerized axial tomography), accelerated mass spectrometry dating, radiocarbon testing, and X-ray scans all proved this to be a hoax. delicate. In the end, scientists determined, there is no “Princess of Persia”, but this is the body of a 16-year-old girl, who may have died in 1996, not 600 BC. Not only that, there is evidence that the girl was murdered for this fraudulent purpose. Experts also discovered that the “mummy” had died from trauma caused by the force of the impact, which broke her cervical and back vertebrae. Her organs were removed, her body cavity filled with table salt and baking soda, a fake embalming process. All of this was likely done within 24 hours of her death. From an antiquities smuggling case to a murder case. It is said that a group of fake antiquities traders brutally killed this poor girl, or at least stole her body shortly after her death, to be processed into a donkey mummy. sell for money. However, although the police questioned everyone involved in the sale of the mummy, as well as several other suspects, it led to nothing. In the end, not only was no one arrested in connection with this young woman’s death, but the victim was also not identified. She languished in museums for a while, before being buried in 2008 by the Pakistan-based charity Edhi Foundation. Although she was finally laid to rest, she remained anonymous, unclaimed, and the cause of death was not clear, forever referred to simply as “Princess of Persia”.

The tombs will be built in a place where astronomy and geography are combined, showing the superior wisdom of the ancients. In China, there are many mysterious tombs that until now remain the inexplicable mysteries of the world. And until now when they lost their grave is still a mystery that scientists want to understand because of the mysteries inside. Those tombs are all solidly built, the owner of the tomb has spent a lot of effort to set up a complex complex of tombs that when approached there are many dangers for those who want to explore them. . Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Dubbed the impregnable tomb. According to Ancient Origins, 2,200 years ago, Emperor Qin Shi Huang was the first to unify China, after the Warring States period. Qin Shi Huang constantly sent people to find the elixir of life, but was also busy in building his own tomb. A 2017 study by Chinese archaeologists, based on ancient texts, shows that China’s first emperor always wanted to live forever. Ancient documents say that local officials reported not finding the elixir of life, but the search will continue. Elsewhere there is a mysterious herb that may be effective. Tomb of Qin Shi Huang was discovered more than 40 years ago, but so far has not been excavated. In fact, the construction of Qin Shi Huang’s tomb began before he ascended the throne. When he came to power at the age of 13, he immediately built an eternal resting place. But it was only when Qin Shi Huang became emperor that the process of building the tomb was accelerated and expanded. An estimated 700,000 people were involved in the construction of the mausoleum in Shaanxi province, which took 38 years to complete. It is worth mentioning that the mausoleum was only really completed after the death of Qin Shi Huang. Today, information about the Chinese emperor’s tomb is found in the records of the historian of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian. It was a burial chamber filled with rare treasures collected from all over. Inside the place where Qin Shi Huang’s remains are located, there are also models of large and small rivers on the ground, which look real thanks to mercury. Sima Thien also mentioned the night sky sparkling with moonlight from the glowing pearls used to decorate the dome of the tomb. In order to protect the mausoleum and help the emperor rest in eternal peace, the ancients built a series of traps including bows and crossbows, automatic arrows, etc. These weapons were designed to be able to kill anyone. anyone dares to trespass. Qin Shi Huang’s son also ordered to bury the childless concubines with his father, so that he could continue with him in the afterlife. After the funeral was over, the entrance to the tomb was sealed off. The people involved in the construction work were also locked inside so that no one could reveal the secret to the outside. Finally, plants were planted on the mausoleum to form an artificial hill. It wasn’t until 2,000 years later that a group of Chinese farmers stumbled upon a terracotta warrior. Large-scale excavations revealed a 2,000-man terracotta army. But that’s just the outside of the mausoleum. Archaeologists predict as many as 8,000 terracotta statues inside the emperor’s eternal resting place, which have never been excavated. China currently has no plans to excavate the tomb of Qin Shi Huang. Because more than 2,200 years have passed, it is likely that the pitfalls are still active. Another concern is the very high levels of mercury in the planet Earth. Mercury is inherently a toxic substance that threatens human life even in very small concentrations. In addition, current technology cannot help explore the vast ancient tomb area. Just exposing the artifacts to sunlight and air is enough to destroy them completely. Experts say that recklessly excavating Qin Shi Huang’s resting place could damage the balance of the underground structure, causing unpredictable losses. That is why China has so far not ventured to open the tomb seal. Tomb of Genghis Khan Dubbed the tomb not found. Legend has it that, before his death, Genghis Khan gave orders not to let others know the location of his tomb. That’s why he performed the secret burial. This secret funeral has been effective when after nearly 800 years of history, the resting place of the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan is still shrouded in secrecy. Over hundreds of years, many expeditions, archaeologists, tens of thousands of volunteers have made many journeys to find the location of the tomb of this legendary khan, but until today Today, the tomb of Genghis Khan remains a mystery. To this day, even the exact location of the tomb of Genghis Khan is still unknown According to explorer Marco Polo, when burying Genghis Khan’s coffin, the people carrying the coffin were killed, the tomb was buried deep below, in the middle of a large land, leaving no trace. All the grave diggers were also executed. It is hypothesized that the tomb of Genghis Khan in the Otog period belonged to the town of Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Another theory is that his grave is at Lu Ban Mountain in Ningxia Autonomous Region and a third is located in Altai Mountain, north of Xinjiang. Tomb of Vo Tac Thien It is known as the tomb that cannot be dug. Wu Zetian’s Tomb is located in Liangshan in Can County, Shaanxi Province, China. Inside the tomb there are countless treasures, so it has been visited by many tomb thieves, according to historical records, a total of 17 times the tomb was stolen, and there are countless times that are not recorded. Qianling, the resting place of Wu Zetian and Emperor Gaozong, is located on the top of Liangshan Mountain, now becoming a famous architectural work in Qian County, Shaanxi Province, China. In which, there are 3 most prominent tomb robbers. The first time was Huang Chao of the Tang Dynasty: to develop the army, Huang Chao sent an army of 400,000 people to dig the tomb of Wu Zetian, he quickly leveled half of the Liangshan mountain, but could not find it. the entrance to the tomb. The second time was the warlord Wen Tao of the Five Dynasties period, in order to complete the goal of stealing “18 tombs of the Tang Dynasty”, he also intended to dig Wu Zetian’s grave, but he constantly encountered bad weather. strange while preparing to steal the grave, scared the soldiers so much that they quickly ran away. The third time was when Sun Lien Trong during the Kuomintang sent the army to dig the grave, when he was about to go inside, 7 soldiers vomited blood and died on the spot in a very strange way. Today, the huge Tomb of Wu Zetian is visible in front of his eyes, attracting millions of visitors, but has not been excavated, so this is considered one of the most mysterious tombs in China.

Archaeologists survey Loong Cha cave, Chiem Hoa district. (Source: nhandan.vn) Over the past three decades, successive important archaeological discoveries have confirmed that Tuyen Quang is the land of survival of primitive people. According to Associate Professor-Dr. Trinh Nang Chung (Institute of Archeology, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences), so far, nearly 30 stone age relics have been discovered in Tuyen Quang, along with thousands of objects. very precious thing. This is a block of historical documents in kind to help historians reconstruct the life and culture of Cistercian Tuyen Quang. The process of excavating relics and statistics, diverging based on relics shows that, typically in the late Paleolithic period, dating from about 20,000 years ago today at 2 monuments: Temple Thuong hill (District 1, district 1, Binh Duong province). Chiem Hoa) and Goc Heo relic (Ham Yen district). Archaeologists have discovered many labor tools of the ancients, mainly made of pebbles, hewn, on the steps of the Co River, Lo River, and Gam River. Associate Professor-Dr. Trinh Nang Chung emphasized, along the Lo and Gam rivers, traces of prehistoric people here are definitely still many. Primitive man always strengthen the community closely with bonds of affection and responsibility from generation to generation. The development of ancient inhabitants Tuyen Quang The ancient Vietnamese in particular and the ancient Vietnamese in general were always associated with building beautiful and great things in this homeland. From here the dawn of the nation’s history always opens up new horizons, more civilized and more brilliant. In the early Neolithic period, there is typically Phia Vai cave dating from about 10,000 years ago. The hewn tools in Phia Vai are made quite simply, bearing the traditional style of the late Paleolithic period – Son Vi type and technique. The above similarity is probably traditional, but obviously Phia Vai is not a Son Vi site. The discovery of traces of primitive times dating back 20,000 years ago marked the earliest human presence in Tuyen Quang as well as in Vietnam. It is the first pages of history that opened the way for the exploration and occupation of the lands our ancestors used to live today. On the other hand, the study of Tuyen Quang prehistory has contributed a lot to precious archeological documents and real artifacts in the study of the history of formation and development of the Vietnamese nation. Associate Professor-Dr. Nguyen Lan Cuong (Vietnam Archaeological Association) said that the earliest but most valuable relic is Phia Muon cave. This is an archaeological site in the land of Na La village, Son Phu commune, Na Hang district. Scientists have discovered cultural layers belonging to Hoa Binh culture, including finely crafted stone tools and burial tombs, dating from about 3,500-4,500 years ago. Discovered a unique set of remains in Southeast Asia According to Associate Professor-Dr. Nguyen Lan Cuong (Vietnam Archaeological Association), in 2005, for the first time, archaeologists discovered a human skeleton at Phia Vai cave. According to initial assessment, this is an intact buried remains, not a reburied skeleton, also a typical and unique set of remains in Southeast Asia. In 2006, archaeologists sawed off the top plaster sarcophagus to obtain this priceless 10,000-year-old semi-fossil skeleton. This set of remains is believed to be the remains of a woman who died in the supine position, with her knees bound, her arms stretched out. Although the skeleton has only the head intact with a high degree of fossilization, the body and hands, the shin bones are almost gone, but based on the position of the talus (a small bone connecting the ankle and heel) and The left heel bone is located close to the hip pelvis, experts conclude that this burial position is one of the familiar burial postures of cultural residents of Hoa Binh, Da But, Quynh Van… In particular, the mourning of putting sea snails in the eyes of the deceased has provided archaeologists with the evolutionary process of the human race. Besides, the skull shape of this remains is a round skull completely different from the long skull of Hoa Binh cultural residents. While the Phia Vai relic is dated to Hoa Binh culture, placing sea snails in the eyes of the dead also changes archaeologists’ opinion of the Phia Vai inhabitants compared to other ancient populations in the area. zoned by distinctive features. Associate Professor-Dr. Nguyen Lan Cuong emphasized, looking back at the ancient skulls belonging to Hoa Binh culture that have been studied such as the cashew roof, Nuoc rock roof (Thanh Hoa province), Can cave, Chim cave, and Muoi cave. Hoa Binh province) and Nguom rock roof (Thai Nguyen province), archaeologists have never encountered this case. Ancient skulls of similar age discovered in Southeast Asia also do not show how to place snails in eye sockets. It can be said that Phia Vai is an early Hoa Binh relic, however, the issue of dating Phia Vai cave site will continue to be considered. The semi-fossil animal remains found at Phia Vai show the history of humans at the transition from Canh Tan to Toan Tan in Vietnam. In addition, relics such as graves, stone relics … help us understand more about burial customs and spiritual life of prehistoric inhabitants. Associate Professor-Dr. Trinh Nang Chung said that this is also an extremely important finding in many aspects. In terms of paleontology, this is the first ancient human skeleton discovered in Tuyen Quang province. In terms of thinking and spirituality, it is possible that the people of the Hoa Binh culture period here had the idea that death means entering a “new life”, the Phia Vai woman also needs two eyes. The excavations and research works of archaeologists have returned to history many things that time has buried deep in the earth, all archaeological evidences have proven man himself in the conquest. thousands of changes of nature have sketched the first vestiges of his community.

The song resounds in the summer wind: From the Lumbini garden the Buddha was born The fresh carefree flower blooms with the fragrance of the ten directions The city of Kapilavastu, the wind cheered, and the sky was bright People joyfully announce good news Prince Siddhartha was born. Lumbini – The sacred garden was officially recognized by Unesco as a world heritage site in 1997. Lumbini is located on a low hill at the foot of the Himalayas, about 25 kilometers east of the ancient Kapilavastu (now Kapilavastu), about 25 kilometers east of the Indian border. – Nepal 36 kilometers. Through the control gate, leave shoes outside, go inside, see a white building. White building At first, it was very strange to see the white building, but when I went inside, I realized that the building was built around to protect the excavated brick foundation to avoid further destruction. Because the camera could not be used, the crew could not record pictures, and memories could not be redrawn. Next to it is a stone that is said to be the footprints of the crown prince, protected in a glass cage. On the wall there is a stone bas-relief talking about the prince’s birth. Looking at the relief, you will see the queen with her hand on the branch of no concern and the birth of the crown prince on her side. Being able to sit quietly for a few minutes, no matter how far apart, the time apart seems to have not existed. But why this footprint is so respected, the answer lies at the base of the Bodhi tree by the Nile River. Next to the building is a stone pillar built by King Ashoka in 249 BC. King Ashoka Pillar Sit back here to meditate, more than 2500 years have passed, all traces remain, excavated and identified by archaeologists. If the location is not determined, everything is still there, but completely lost in the human mind. Confused about whether one person is present in this life, changing the outlook of many lives, just by saying one thing that everyone knows “blood is red, tears are salty” but it seems that everyone never knew. Called rebirth in the footsteps of Buddha. Following in the footsteps of Buddha… Looking across the lake is the Bodhi tree, formerly the tree of no concern. Legend has it that Queen Mada bathed in the pond, and when she went up to the tree to worry, she gave birth to a crown prince. There is no statue here, perhaps afraid of losing the beauty of the landscape, so the statue of the crown prince died and built another place. Came here without trying to walk a little more, so walking in the noonday sun, the group recorded a more brilliant golden image. Statue of the newborn Buddha Heaven and earth, Unique self. The world necessarily, Birth, aging, sickness and death. There are many ways to explain, if you don’t understand it, it’s okay, the conscious things can’t be separated, let life quietly answer. Is there anything outside the cycle of birth, aging, sickness and death? Leaving the garden of Lumbini, went to the city of Kapilavastu (Kapilavastu). Kapilavastu Citadel Kapila city lived peacefully in the life of the first king, who was happy Shakyamuni he had just been born. All the birds sing to celebrate the fragrant flowers and leaves. Bright rays of light shine throughout the mountains and rivers. Tree of no concern so far sentient beings are always reminded, where Lumbini still records how many happy days. Citadel of Ca-pil-la-vai is currently restoring the background of many brick foundations located at the palaces… Passing a place to see the prince standing in front of the room door, silently bid farewell. Once upon a time read Golden light by Uncle Vo Dinh Cuong, the passage about when the crown prince heard the voice: “ The hour has come! The hour has come!” Three times He went out, three times He came back. But the last time with determination, he put the hem of his shirt on his head, pulled back the curtain, and stepped out…” The places where the foundation of the citadel has been excavated, although it has not been determined where, but there is no place here that does not have that image. Go gradually to the gate of the East city, where the prince crossed the city to become ordained. Standing on the ruined brick floor looking to the East, imagine a Kien Trac horse soaring through the city gate like pictures cherished by many people since childhood, a way beyond the ceiling. Not enough time to get to the Anoma River, standing on the city floor and looking at the horizon. “The front is full of dark green water and forest! The majestic scene here makes people shiver: The Anoma River (Anoma) surges and waves. The message on the other side of the bank, each mountain range overlaps. on top of each other. Desolate, desolate, surrounded on all sides. Not a single human footprint has been left here! (Excerpt) Golden light – Vo Dinh Cuong) The Anoma stream undulating green reed banks, Looking at Shakyamuni’s azure water, his heart was steadfast, Come back, let me enjoy the golden light, I have determined to find the bright path to save sentient beings, … Anoma still remembers to set a shining example, We now vow to follow Compassion. Farewell to Kapilavastu, now also go to the East. The direction is sometimes not important, but the destination is in which direction. (Excerpt) “Travel to Indian Relics” – 2019)

The ruins of the ancient city of Tikal, where the Teotihuacan population was discovered. Autonomous zone in the city To the naked eye – and on archaeologists’ maps – the structure looks like a hill amid the undulating landscape of Tikal, the ancient Maya city-state in the lowlands of northern Guatemala. But when the researchers zoomed in on the image with a laser scanning device called LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), they saw a man-made pyramid structure. , hidden under the soil and vegetation accumulated for thousands of years. This structure is actually part of an old residential area, different from most structures that have existed in Tikal. It has a distinctive shape, orientation and architectural features commonly found in Teotihuacan, a powerful city-state belonging to another civilization, near present-day Mexico City, 1200km west of Tikal. Upon closer inspection, archaeologists found that the complex appeared to be a copy of the giant Citadel square in Teotihuacan but was only half the size. The new discovery of a massive monument at the heart of Tikal – one of the most widely excavated and studied archaeological sites on Earth, shows that LiDAR is revolutionizing archeology in Central America, where these sites The jungle often renders satellite imagery useless. From here, however, a difficult question also arises: What role does an area of ​​the remote Teotihuacan city-state play in the heart of this Maya capital? After studying images from LiDAR, Edwin Román-Ramírez, Director of the South Tikal Archaeological Project conducted excavations in the summer of 2020. Digging tunnels into the site, his team made the discovery. Building tools, funeral offerings, pottery, and weapons are typical of early fourth-century Teotihuacan. From censers decorated with the rain god Teotihuacan, to darts made of green obsidian in central Mexico, the site is likely a quasi-autonomous neighborhood in central Tikal. Román-Ramírez said: “We know that the Teotihuacans had some presence and influence in Tikal and nearby Maya areas before 378. But it is not clear how well the Mayans were associated with the most powerful kingdom in the region. . Now there is evidence that their relationship is even closer than that.” Relationship between two civilizations The ruins of the Citadel Square of the Teotihuacan civilization. Thomas Garrison – a geographer at the University of Texas – Austin (USA), specializing in the use of digital technology for archaeological research, said that the above findings proved to a certain extent that the America’s old town isn’t too different from today’s cosmopolitan cities. “There is a mixture of cultures and people of different backgrounds and languages ​​coexist, maintaining their identity in one city,” he said. A study funded by the Pacunam LiDAR Initiative, which published groundbreaking findings in 2018, reveals a vast network of ancient cities in the Maya lowlands, home to millions of people. people, more than previously thought. Scientists Edwin Román – Ramírez noted that the above findings do not confirm that the builders of the complex came from Teotihuacan. “But what we found shows that, for more than a century people who are more or less familiar with Teotihuacan culture and traditions have lived there, in their own region,” he said. Based on ceramic designs found in the ruins, the team estimates that construction at the site began at least 100 years before 378, an important date in Mayan history. According to the Maya inscriptions, the king of Teotihuacan sent a general called the Born of Fire to overthrow the king of Tikal, Jaguar Paw, and put his young son in charge of the country. Born of Fire arrived in Tikal on January 16, 378, the same day that Jaguar Paw “entered the water” – a Mayan metaphor for death. After being annexed, Tikal flourished for several centuries, conquering and pacifying neighboring cities, and spreading their culture throughout the plains. Tikal’s hegemony during this period is well documented, but it is not clear why, after decades of friendly coexistence, Teotihuacan turned his back on his former ally. Further excavations at Tikal may provide new insights, but a recent discovery in Teotihuacan suggests that cultural conflict may have sparked the breakup between these two powerful city-states. A team of scientists led by Nawa Sugiyama, an archaeologist at the University of California, Riverside (USA), has discovered a “Maya house” at Teotihuacan. The opulent buildings here are decorated with splendid Mayan murals, suggesting that the inhabitants were either elite diplomats or aristocratic families. But just before Tikal was annexed in 378, the murals were smashed to pieces and buried. A nearby pit was filled with shattered human skeletons, indicating the sudden shift from diplomacy to violent confrontation between the two city-states. “What went wrong in that relationship, when a bunch of elite Maya residents were massacred, their buildings were demolished, all their belongings were thrown away, and then their homeland was conquered. ruled by a child king?” asked Francisco Estrada-Belli, an archaeologist at Tulane University. It is also one of the great mysteries of Central America that scientists are trying to answer.

Ruins of the “golden city” of King Amenhotep III. What they found was very impressive, it was a labyrinthine city with mud-brick walls, creating an ancient metropolis built by King Tutankhamun’s grandfather King Amenhotep III. The work of the richest Pharaoh On the banks of the Nile, in the city of Luxor adjacent to the Valley of the Kings of Egypt, about 480km south of Cairo, a century ago, archaeologists discovered a very impressive tomb of the king. Tutankhamun. However, the “lost city of gold” built by King Amenhotep III is equally impressive. “Because the area is close to some major monuments and because it is a relatively flat desert, the wind accumulates sand on the surface very quickly and the mud brick walls also disappear easily” – Egyptologist Betsy Bryan of John Hopkins University talks about the city buried under the sand (she was not directly involved in this research). Within weeks of starting excavations, Hawass’s team discovered mud bricks stamped with the name of King Amenhotep III. That helps them estimate the city was built 3,400 years ago when King Amenhotep III ruled from 1391 BC to 1353 BC. “I call it the ‘golden city’ because it was built during the golden age of Egypt,” Hawass said. According to Betsy Bryan, King Amenhotep III was “the richest pharaoh”. He ruled in times of peace and this enabled him to amass unprecedented wealth. “He was never at war. All he did was sit down and count money for 40 years, so he kept building,” she said. However, the exact location of the “golden city” has not been found for nearly a century. “Many foreign missions have come looking for it and have never found it,” Hawass said in a press release, adding that it could be the largest ancient city ever found in Egypt. In 1934 and 1935, a French excavation team went to Luxor to find the “lost city of gold” but found nothing. According to Hawass, the attempt failed because archaeologists were looking in the wrong place. To date, Mr. Hawass’ team has discovered ruins of the city in an area of ​​at least 800 square metres, but it is likely that the city is much larger. It could extend straight to the king’s palace in Malkata, about 3km south of the twin statue depicting King Amenhotep III called Colossi of Memnon, according to Bryan. An unprecedented discovery The newly discovered city appears to be divided into industrial and residential areas. To the south, archaeologists found an ancient bakery with a cooking and meal preparation area, an oven, and pantry pottery. Another neighborhood has many workshops, a mud brick factory used to build temples and amulet factory. Another part of the city is the houses. Beyond the size of the city, Mr Hawass said the “huge amount of artifacts” his team discovered there made it an unprecedented archaeological find. It gives us a rare glimpse into the life of the ancient Egyptians at a time when the empire was at its richest. Buildings surround the street and have walls as high as 2.7 meters. Scattered throughout the buildings, Mr. Hawass’ team found rooms filled with pottery, glass, metalwork and weaving tools. The ancient Egyptians used these objects in their daily lives. However, they have not been touched for millennia. In addition, Mr. Hawass’s team also found a large cemetery north of the city. It is not known how large the cemetery is, but they have discovered a cluster of underground tombs with stairs leading to the entrance to the tomb. In one area of ​​the cemetery, they found a grave containing a skeleton with a rope wrapped around the knee. Mr Hawass is still looking into why the body was buried this way. “For those of us who care about people and how they do things, this place is a treasure trove,” Ms. Bryan said. Near the cemetery, Mr. Hawass’s team found a piece of pottery containing dried meat, possibly from a butcher at a slaughterhouse. The urn has an inscription indicating that the meat was for a festival commemorating the rule of King Amenhotep III. According to Ms. Bryan, the city’s residents are skilled craftsmen, making ceramic vases, glassware and temple decorations under the name Amenhotep III. In addition, Hawass’s research team has also discovered amulets, rings and wine caskets in the city. Many more mysteries will be revealed as the secret of the “golden city” continues to emerge, but what archaeologists have discovered so far, can see the wealth and bustle in a city. Egypt in its heyday.

Statue of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Photo: AFP. The figure of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, possibly the father of King Tutankhamun, has been digitally recreated. The remains were found in 1907 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt in tomb KV55, not far from Tutankhamun’s tomb. More than a century after the tomb was discovered, genetic analysis indicated the skeleton inside belonged to King Tutankhamun’s biological father. From other clues in the tomb, archaeologists believe that this remains is Akhenaten, a pharaoh who reigned from 1353 to 1335 BC and was the first pharaoh in Egypt to worship monotheism. However, some experts oppose these conclusions. They believe that the true identity of this remains cannot be definitively concluded. Re-identification of the remains took many months by scientists at the Research Center for Forensic Anthropology, Paleontology, and Archeology (FAPAB) in Sicily, Italy. The experts collaborated with Cicero Moraes – a Brazilian 3D forensic artist known for facial reconstruction. Unlike previous iterations of the KV55, the new model removes hair, jewelry, and other makeup to focus on facial features. King Akhenaten’s face has been recreated digitally. Photo: FAPAB . Research Center Akhenaten ascended the throne as Amenhotep IV, which means “Servant of Aten” – an Egyptian sun god. He then began to eliminate the priesthood of serving the gods of Egypt in order to establish a monotheistic creed of Aten, according to the Ohio State University Department of History. Archaeologists found KV55 in the tomb with bricks engraved with the incantation named Akhenaten. Another coffin contains the remains of a woman named Kiya, identified as Akhenaten’s concubine, and round jars containing the mummy’s organs, FAPAB announced on March 10. KV55 was mummified, but the preserved meat decomposed during excavation, leaving only the skeleton. Based on the objects in the tomb and the sex of the skeleton, some archaeologists conclude this person is Akhenaten. However, analysis of teeth and bones revealed that the man was younger than expected. This man died around the age of 26, possibly even between the ages of 19 and 22, while according to records, Akhenaten ruled Egypt for 17 years and had a daughter in the first year of his reign. . Francesco Galassi, director and co-founder of the FAPAB Research Center and an associate professor of archaeology at Flinders University in Australia, said: “Some archaeologists are inclined to suggest that Akhanaten began to reign as a young man. a young man rather than a child. For this reason, many attempts have been made to prove that KV 55 is older than the actual anatomical index.” Other experts suggest that the KV55 could be Akhenaten’s younger brother Smenkhkare, but there is little evidence that such a brother exists, Galassi said. Today, Smenkhkare is often thought to be not a real person, but an identity of Queen Nefertiti, who may have taken this name when she ascended the throne following Akhenaten’s death. Galassi says this will effectively rule out the “little brother” hypothesis for KV55. Genetic analysis indicates that KV55 is the son of Amenhotep III and the father of King Tutankhamun, providing further evidence for the theory that the remains are of King Akhenaten, according to a study published in 2010 in the journal JAMA . This conclusion is not without controversy, however, as the genetic data of Egyptian mummies can be “complicated” because inbreeding within families was a common practice during the Egyptian dynasties. Ancient Egyptian. A FAPAB representative said that a more detailed report on the reconstruction of the KV55’s identity will be published in 2021.

Li Bai (701-762) was one of the most famous poets of the Tang Dynasty in China. He is not only known as a great poet, he is also known as “Zu Trung Tien” because of his rare wine-loving style. In particular, in his poems, there was once a cup of wine that could not be exhausted no matter how he drank it: “The ladle of the falcon, the cup of the parrot, one hundred five thirty-six thousand days, one day should be inclined three hundred cups.” (Tuong Duong ca). The cup of wine “drinking forever” really exists in history. Photo: Sina Archaeologists have always been very interested in the “parrot cup” or “parrot cup” that Li Bai refers to, but such artifacts have never been excavated. It was not until the discovery of an ancient Jin Dynasty (317 – 420) tomb in 1965 that archaeologists found the strange wine glass described in these poems. Invention ahead of its time In 1965, archaeologists discovered a family tomb in Xiangshan, Nanjing. Based on the stele unearthed, the archaeological team judged that the owner of the tomb belonged to the Vuong family, one of the four largest clans of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Here, in addition to finding a large number of burial items, which are of great value to the study of family culture and funeral customs of the Wei and Jin dynasties, scientists were also very surprised. when unearthed a large snail shell in the grave . The cup was unearthed. Photo: Sina The appearance of the Anh Vu snail caused a lot of controversy in the professional world, because this was the first time they unearthed a strange artifact. Through research, the experts eventually discovered: It turns out that this is the famous “parrot cup” in history, this cup is originally made from Anh Vu snail shell. Perhaps, the owner of the tomb is also a person with a passion for wine like poet Ly Bach, so he decided to bring this cup to his final resting place. This is the first time people have unearthed a parrot cup, so experts are very interested and want to study why the parrot cup can contain such a large amount of alcohol, because from the outside, this is really a normal Anh Vu snail shell, nothing special. The secret inside To find out the answer to this problem, experts decided to take an X-ray of the cup, it turned out that the image of “300 cup tilting day” in Li Bai’s poetry was not a product of pompous tricks, it’s true. Inside the parrot cup there are lots of naturally created nets that occupy the dense interior of the prison and, all hidden nets are connected by small holes. When the ancients poured wine into the parrot cup, the wine would gradually seep into the net through small holes. In this way, when the ancients poured wine from a parrot cup, the wine inside would not be poured out all at once, but flowed out little by little under the influence of air pressure.In this way, it gives the illusion that the alcohol in it never runs out. Recreate the image inside the parrot cup. Photo: Sina After the experts learned this secret, they felt great admiration for the wisdom of the ancients. The working principle of the parrot cup is very similar to today’s activated carbon, it uses the spatial structure inside the object to achieve the purpose of slowing down the flow. Drinking with a small glass of wine with such a long pouring power is very elegant and rich in emotion, so the parrot cup is always sought after by antique wine lovers. The parrot cup is so popular, but why has it disappeared from history? Experts believe that the cause is due to the main material of the cup – the Anh Vu snail, which has a very small number. This animal lives on the seabed several hundred meters deep in the tropics and subtropics, so it is not easy to find.

Archaeologists have accidentally found female skeletons from hundreds of years ago at the bottom of the lake In ancient China, the status of women was very low. The ancient doctrine of “three submissions” comes from the book “Rite – mourning” by Boc Thuong. In the book, it is written that “at home, follow the father, when married, follow the husband, the husband follows the son” (At home, follow the father, marry, follow the husband, the husband dies with the children). Simply from this point of view, it can be seen that a woman is completely dependent, has no autonomy, can only obey her father, husband and son. The higher the status of men, the lower the status of women in the old society. They are only considered as a tool to give birth, not allowed to read books, only “take, exam, exam, draw” is enough because these abilities can be used to please men and become men. famous women. Ancient society had a mindset that limited women’s abilities. They even firmly believe that “A woman without any talent is a virtue”. This idea is so deeply ingrained that many women at the present time still agree with it. In “The Commandments of Women”, Ban Co once mentioned this point of view: “Men consider strength to be a precious thing, women take weakness to make beauty”. To a certain extent, this saying reflects Ban Co’s prejudice against women. She believes that women only go up to do things within the rules, but men must be stronger than women. In such a society, women are naturally subject to a lot of oppressive rules. If you do something wrong, you will face a great tribulation. We have to talk about these things today, because at the bottom of a lake in Guangdong, the bodies of many women have been found. After the archaeologists conducted investigative research, they also came to a conclusion about an extremely cruel fact in history. Women have almost no status in feudal society Every country has its own supreme basic principles named law. It not only limits people’s words and deeds, but can also be a powerful weapon for people to protect themselves, the key to helping society to be harmonious and stable. However, in ancient times, the law was not quite like that. Many of the provisions set forth in the ancient laws were cruel and draconian, imposing cruel punishments on prisoners, there were various types of death sentences, and more and more tortures. For women without status in ancient times, the punishments were even harsher. There are even punishments specifically designed to deal with women only, many of which involve the use of corporal punishment. Because of her low status, women always have to accept all their mistakes. Emotional misbehavior is all about women. For example, if a woman is close to men other than her husband, it will be considered a violation of her virginity and imprisonment, and the most serious of all types of punishment is imprisonment in a pig cage. In the past, a woman’s virginity was the most important thing, so if many people wanted to slander or harm a woman, attacking from this aspect would be a fatal knife. The punishment for this is to put the woman in a bamboo pig cage, then dump a lot of rocks and drown her in the water until she dies. Confinement in a pig cage is the heaviest punishment. Women who are no longer virgins will be dealt with in this way. Therefore, the bamboo cages originally used to carry pigs are called “soaked pig cage” is for this reason. Blue Cave Lake in Guangdong is very famous and is loved by many people to visit and explore because under the lake there are many extremely strange caves. By chance, a diver while exploring found a lot of skeletons on the bottom of the lake. The man panicked and went ashore and called the police. When police arrived at the scene to collect the bones, they discovered that the skeletons were more than a hundred years old. So they contacted archaeologists and asked them to send experts to survey the site. After experts arrived and examined them, they confirmed that these were the remains of women from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Experts have also discovered that these women are all locked in feudal pig cages. However, after the establishment of the Republic of China, this punishment was gradually abolished. The notion that men despise women is also decreasing, and more and more women in society protect their legitimate rights and interests, flourishing in many fields.

The 2,000-year-old marble head of Emperor Augustus has just been unearthed. Photo: CNN “While we were digging behind the wall, I saw the soil change color,” said Giancola. So we continued to dig carefully and discovered a block of marble. I immediately recognized it as the head of Emperor Augustus due to the hair and the shape and cut of the eyes.” According to archaeologist Maria Diletta Colombo of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage, the head of the statue is about 35cm high, possibly dating from 20 BC to 10 AD. This head may have been detached from the more than 2m tall statue, which is also made of Lunigiana marble. This statue most likely depicts the young Emperor Augustus Octavian. “This is a very important finding; However, archaeologists have not been able to determine why the head of Emperor Augustus is in that area. The head of this statue should have been placed in a temple or a certain area reserved for the Royal Family.” The town of Isernia, known as Aesernia in the ancient world, was the land of the Samnites, Italy. Later, the town became a Roman colony. In this land, scientists have discovered many archaeological remains, including medieval tombs and terracotta artifacts… Despite being heavily damaged in World War I 2, but this land has gradually revived strongly. Currently, the local government is promoting heritage promotion activities to attract tourists to visit. Augustus (63 BC – AD 14) was the first Emperor of ancient Rome. Augustus replaced the Roman republic with an effective monarchy. He laid a very important foundation on which to build a powerful Roman empire, stretching from Great Britain to Egypt.

1. Yerebatan Cistern – Where is the “Forgotten Underwater Palace” located? Icon Brother Icon France Icon Turkey The correct answer is answer C: Yerebatan Cistern (Basilica Cistern) is actually an ancient water tank left underwater in Turkey. This underground cistern is, in Greek, known as the “Basilica”. Archaeologists today call it “The Forgotten Underwater Palace”. 2. What year was Yerebatan Cistern built? Icon 531 Icon 532 Icon 533 The correct answer is answer B: Yerebatan Cistern was built in 532 under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. This ancient emperor built a cistern to store water for the Great Hall. In 1453, the cistern system was forgotten, when the capital Constantinople fell into the hands of the Ottoman Empire. In 1545, the French archaeologist Petrus Gyllius discovered the “underwater palace”. 3. In which city was the “Palace” Yerebatan Cistern built? Icon Istanbul Icon Besiktas Icon Ankara The correct answer is answer A: Yerebatan Cistern was built in the Turkish city of Istanbul. In this city, scientists found hundreds of water tanks, elaborately designed and built, of which the most famous is the Basilica Cistern. Not only an ordinary reservoir, Basilica Cistern is also known as the “Swallowed Palace”, hidden deep underground, which attracts a lot of tourists when visiting. 4. How many meters long is Basilica Cistern? Icon 140m Icon 143m Icon 145m The correct answer is answer B: “Palace” Basilica Cistern is the largest water tank in Istanbul with a length of 143 m, a width of 70 m, containing about 80,000 m3. 5. What kind of stone is Basilica Cistern built from? Icon granite Icon Magma Icon Jade The correct answer is answer C: This building is supported by 336 marble columns, creating beautiful domes like the famous synagogue in Europe. Some of the stone pillars are carved with the head of Medusa upside down. Currently, the Basilica Cistern is a popular tourist attraction in Istanbul. To help visitors admire the marble columns, as well as the devil’s head, in 1990, the city government installed a wooden platform system on a part of the water area to make a walking area inside the tank. . 6. Turkey’s Istanbul is Europe’s largest city? Icon It’s correct Icon Wrong The correct answer is answer A: According to World Atlas, with a population of more than 14 million people, an area of ​​more than 5.3 thousand square kilometers, Istanbul is the largest city in Europe. It is also one of the largest cities in the world. 7. What distinctive geographical feature does this city have? Icon Located on the islands Icon Located on 2 continents Icon Located on 7 hills The correct answer is answer B: Not only is the largest city in Europe, but Istanbul is also known as the only city in the world spanning 2 different continents including Asia and Europe. 8. Istanbul is also known as the city…? Icon Golden City Icon Diamond City Icon Cat City The correct answer is answer C: The forgotten city Istanbul is also known as the “cat city”. This city currently has more than 1 million cats living, making it the city with the most cats in the world. Result Please work harder! point

The Egyptian pyramids are a giant structure in the middle of the desert and can be seen from extraterrestrial satellites. Building these pyramids was certainly a huge task, so who did it? The pyramids could not have been built by Jewish slaves, as no archaeological remains that can be directly related to the Jews have been found in Egypt dating to 4,500 years ago, when the needles Giza pyramids were built, archaeological research has revealed. Also, the story told in the Hebrew Bible about the slavery of the Jews in Egypt refers to a city called “Ramesses.” A city called pi-Ramesses was founded during the 19th dynasty (circa 1295-1186 BC) and named after Ramesses II, who ruled 1279-1213 BC. This city was built after the pyramid construction period ended in Egypt. Furthermore, no archaeological evidence has been found of the lost city of Atlantis for any length of time, and many scholars believe the story to be fictitious. For aliens, this idea is said to be impossible. In fact, Egyptologists say, all the evidence suggests that the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. However, how the pyramid builders lived, how they were rewarded and how they were treated is still a mystery that researchers are still investigating. The pyramids and the people who built them Egypt has over 100 ancient pyramids, but the most famous include the first-order pyramid, built during the reign of pharaoh Djoser (circa 2630-2611 BC) and the first real pyramid. was built during the rule of pharaoh Snefru (circa 2575-2551 BC). The Great Pyramid was built at Giza during the reigns of pharaoh Khufu (circa 2551-2528 BC), and two of his successors, Khafre (circa 2520-2494 BC) and Menkaure (c. 2490-2472 BC), there are also pyramids built at Giza. The pharaohs gradually stopped building pyramids during the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC), choosing instead to be buried in the Valley of the Kings, about 483 km south of Giza. Over the past few decades, archaeologists have found new evidence that provides clues as to who the pyramid builders were and how they lived. Surviving records, including papyri manuscripts discovered in 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf on Egypt’s Red Sea coast, suggest that large groups of workers helped bring the materials to Giza. The papyri found at Wadi al-Jarf tells of a group of 200 men led by an inspector named Merer. This group of workers moved the stones by boat along the banks of the Nile, 18km from the Great Pyramid at Tura, where the stones were used to build the pyramid’s outer layer. Egyptologists have previously theorized that the pyramid builders were largely done by seasonal farmers, times of the year when there was little agricultural work to do. The papyri detailing the pyramid’s history is still in the process of being deciphered and analyzed, but the results indicate that the group led by Merer did more than help build the pyramid. These workers appear to have traveled through much of Egypt, possibly as far as the Sinai desert, carrying out many of the construction projects and tasks assigned to them. This raises the question of whether they are part of a permanent professional force, rather than a group of seasonal agricultural workers who will return to their fields. Pyramid builder treatment? According to Pierre Tallet, a professor of Egyptology at the University of Paris-Sorbonne in France, who is deciphering papyri manuscripts and co-leader of the team that found them, the workers were given a diet that included scrubs. is, vegetables, poultry and meat. In addition to a healthy diet, the papyri manuscript describes members of the working group regularly receiving textiles, which could have been seen as a reward at the time. In addition, officials in senior positions involved in the construction of the pyramids may have received land grants, said Mark Lehner, director of the Association for Ancient Egyptian Studies (AERA), a Massachusetts-based research institute. Historical records show that there were times in Egyptian history when officials were granted land. However, it is not known whether the land-granted officials were involved in the construction of the pyramid. Lehner’s team was excavating a town in Giza that was inhabited and frequented by several workers who were building the Menkaure pyramids. So far, archaeologists have found evidence that the ancient inhabitants of this town once baked large quantities of bread, slaughtered thousands of animals and brewed large quantities of beer. Based on animal bones found at the site, and considering the nutritional needs of workers, archaeologists estimate that about 1,800 kilograms of animals, including cattle, sheep and goats, were slaughtered on average. average daily, to provide food for workers. The remains of the workers were buried in the tombs near the pyramid, showing that the workers had healed their bones. This shows that they have access to medical care that is available at the time. The rich diet of the pyramid builders, combined with evidence of medical care and receiving textiles… has led Egyptologists to generally agree that workers did not must be slaves. However, this does not mean that all workers have equal accommodation. AERA excavations show that some of the more senior officials lived in large houses and had the best cuts of meat. In contrast, Lehner suspects, lower-level workers may have slept in simple houses or “rested” at the pyramids themselves.

Researchers have tried to contact many Roman scholars, but have been unable to determine what this monstrous mansion represents in Roman culture, nor have they been able to find anything similar. order to compare in all the relics of the empire that are scattered around the world. Aerial photos show the mansion occupying a large territory, each room as big as a small house – Photo: MAPARCH Above Daily Mail, Keith Emerick, a spokesman for Historic England, said it was a large complex of buildings, including a giant circular room in the center, with many paths leading to many auxiliary rooms. radiate in all directions. Even the villa’s bathroom is as large as a building, showing that the owner of the quaint architecture is very rich and has a high status in society. Close-up of the central building – Photo: MAPARCH Based on the excavated parts of the splendid structure, the archaeological team believes that it was originally built for residential or recreational purposes, but was later transferred to a mysterious religious organization. It is also possible that from the beginning it was built as a general architecture, part housing, part religious service. According to the Ancient Origins, the building was probably built during the 150 year period that the Roman government controlled England, i.e. 77 AD to 228 AD. It must have been built by the most talented architects and leading craftsmen of Northern Europe of that period. An archaeologist at the scene – Photo: MAPARCH According to the The Yorkshire Post Due to the great value of this archaeological treasure, the authorities are tightening security in the area. Keepmoat’s proposed housing project on the site will be put on hold indefinitely. Because this work is so precious and unique, the building will have to be redesigned to preserve the monument.

Panoramic cave area Panga ya Saidi, Kenya, where ancient tomb is excavated Despite being home to the earliest indications of modern human behavior, early evidence of African burials is scarce and often ambiguous. Therefore, very little is known about the origin and development of the continental burial practices that gave birth to mankind. Pang ya Saidi has been an important site for the study of human origins since excavations began in 2010 as part of a long-standing collaboration among archaeologists from the Max Planck Institute on the Faculty. Study Human History (Jena, Germany) and National Museum of Kenya (Nairobi). Repeated excavation seasons at Pang ya Saidi now help establish it as a key site on the East African coast, with a special 78,000-year record of cultural, technological and iconic activities. original human. Parts of the child’s bones were first found during the excavation at Pang ya Saidi in 2013, but it wasn’t until 2017 that the feature of the small bone-filled pit was completely revealed. About three meters below the existing cave floor, the shallow, round hole contains bones that have decomposed tightly and are very difficult to decompose, and should be stabilized and plastered at the scene. New findings in the laboratory After being reassigned, the remainder was taken to the National Museum in Nairobi and then to the National Research Center for Human Evolution (CENIEH) laboratories in Burgos, Spain, for further excavation and analysis. Two teeth were exposed during the initial laboratory excavation, leading researchers to suspect that the remains could be human. Subsequent studies at CENIEH confirmed that the teeth belonged to a child between 2.5 and 3 years old, later nicknamed ‘Mtoto’, meaning ‘child’ in Swahili. Through months of intense excavation in CENIEH’s laboratories, spectacular new discoveries have been made. Professor María Martinón-Torres, director of CENIEH, explained: “We started to explore parts of the skull and face, with the intact joint of the lower jaw and some uneven teeth. The articulation of the spine and ribs is also surprisingly preserved, even preserving the curvature of the chest. It showed that it was an intact burial and the decomposition of the body took place in the hole where the bone was found. ” Microscopic analysis of the bones and surrounding soil confirmed that the body was quickly covered after burial and decomposition took place in the pit. In other words, Mtoto was intentionally buried shortly after death. The researchers also suggest that Mtoto’s bent body, found to be reclined to the right with the knees pulled towards the chest, represents a tightly wrapped burial with deliberate preparation. Martinón-Torres noted that this community may have performed some form of honor ceremony. The burial was different among modern humans and Neanderthals The child’s date (Mtoto) is 78,000 years ago and it is the oldest known human burial site in Africa. Later periods from the Stone Age of Africa also included many children, perhaps signaling special treatment of children’s bodies in this ancient period. Human remains have been found on an archaeological level with mid-African Neolithic stone tools, a distinct type of technology believed to be more involved than hominins. Ndiema noted: “The link between this child burial tool and the Stone Age played an important role in proving that Homo sapiens was the exact producer of these particular industries, in contrast to other hominin species ”. Professor Michael Petraglia of the Max Planck Institute in Jena noted: “The burial of Pang ya Saidi shows that the dehumanization of the dead is a cultural practice shared by Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. This finding raises questions about the origins and evolution of corpse burial rituals between the two human species is closely related and the extent of this behavior is far from that of people today.

The famous Roman arena in Italy Referring to the Roman arena, people often talk about a large area that can accommodate tens of thousands of people with ancient and beautiful designs in Italy. But recently archaeologists discovered a Roman arena in Turkey, very similar to the famous one in Rome but much smaller in size. Arena in Turkey used to host gladiator matches about 1,800 years ago with a capacity of 20,000 people. Meanwhile, the Roman arena in Rome began construction in AD 70, when the Vespasian emperor, with a total capacity of about 50,000 to 80,000 spectators. Archaeologists locate the arena amidst the ruins of the ancient city Mastaura, Aydin province. The arena was partially buried and obscured by vegetation. Ancient roman arena discovered in Turkey The building has gladiator lounges and guest rooms. The whole monuments are preserved in good condition. Like the Roman arena in Italy, the arena in Turkey was built in the shape of a circle, instead of the typical semicircle of many ancient buildings.
Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz of Adnan Menderes University, who led the study, said the discovery was unique. Sedat Akkurnaz said: “This is the only example of such a solid existence in Anatolia. The structure is difficult to detect because it is heavily obscured by bushes, wild trees. Most of the arena is below ground. The arena is very sturdy as if it had just been built, meanwhile, the rest of the structure is on the ground, consisting of several rows of arena seats and external support walls. The dome-building technique of Roman architecture looks very good. Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz also explained that the arena is the venue for gladiator battles and wildlife. Near the old city of Mastaura, there are many major cities in western Anatolia such as Aphrodisias, Miletus, Priene, Magnesia and Ephesus. Therefore, people from neighboring cities also come to Mastaura to witness the battles with their own eyes. Part of the wall of the ancient arena in Turkey Experts believe that the arena in Turkey was built during the reign of Severan dynasty, during the Roman empire. This royal lineage includes the infamous Caracalla, his father Septimius Severus, who died in York after his campaign to conquer Scotland. Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz said: “We do not know exactly who the emperor was. But through the stone construction, the construction of the building, I think it was at the same time as the Severus dynasty. The city of Mastaura was very prosperous and prosperous. It was during this period that the Roman administrators greatly helped the city. There was a considerable increase in the number and variety of Mastauran coins during this period ” . Although the arena in Mastaura cannot match the structures in Rome in terms of scale, it is still a remarkable area. Sedat Akkurnaz said: “At this stage, it is difficult to accurately or approximate the audience. Our initial estimate was between 15,000 and 20,000. The gladiators had their own lounges, the audience was excellent. first has entertainment room “. In the near future, with the support of the local authorities, they will take action to conserve the parts most at risk of failure. According to Sedat Akkurnaz, there are cracks in the walls of the building, some of the stones are falling.

From legend to reality In the summer of 2020, the owner of the pub Cervercería Giralda decided to renovate his property during a time of absence due to road construction and the impact of the pandemic. After layers of paint, plaster and ceiling, characteristic colorful geometric patterns and stars gradually emerged. The 12th century Islamic-style sauna was discovered in a famous pub in Seville, Spain. Photo: El Pais. Before that, many local legends and some historical documents suggest that the site may have been an ancient sauna. However, the majority of respondents believe that Giralda’s nostalgic architecture has a hint of neomudéjar style (a type of Moorish architecture commonly found in the Iberian peninsula), or Islamic style. This pub and hotel was rebuilt by architect Vicente Traver on the structure of an old building in the early 1920s. Antonio Castro, one of four co-owners of Giralda, said: “It is rumored that there are many old bathhouses here. However, not all historians agree with that hypothesis, some people did not accept it until later. We are doing some reconstruction work, some archaeologists have participated, and that’s how this bathhouse was discovered. ” “A fateful arrangement of differences” Archaeologist Álvaro Jiménez was one of those who believed that ancient bathhouse rumors were just myths. However, in July 2020, his team was gouging plaster on the ceiling when they discovered many eight-pointed star-shaped skylights. “As soon as we saw the openings in the ceiling, we knew immediately what the precursor of this room was. It cannot be anything but a bathroom, ”Mr. Jiménez said. Eight-pointed star-shaped skylights characterize 12th-century Muslim bathhouses. Photo: Álvaro Jiménez. According to the Guardian The design dates back to the 12th century, when the Almohad Muslim empire ruled much of what is today Spain, Portugal and parts of North Africa. “Generally speaking, this bathhouse has more intact decorations than any known bathhouse on the Iberian peninsula,” said archaeologists. “Everything here is decorated, and fortunately, they still exist today. The base of the wall is white mortar, engraved on it with geometric lines, circles and squares. The most characteristic of the bathrooms is the paintings of red ocher painted with stars and eight-pointed asterisks. These two motifs are interleaved with each other, corresponding to them are sky well holes of similar shape ”, Mr. Jiménez described. The star-shaped pattern and the eight-pointed asterisk that decorated the bathroom were covered with plastering lime. Photo: Álvaro Jiménez. Currently, Giralda still needs to be chiseled out of the lime coating to be able to reveal all the underlying architecture. This old sauna and pub is undergoing further maintenance and repair. It will reopen within two or three weeks. Mr. Jiménez described this finding as “a fateful arrangement of differences”. He said Giralda is reborn to become a miracle. Mr. Castro and his partners expect this discovery to open a new chapter to Giralda’s history. They also hope the pub will bring a new experience to customers. “This place used to be just a pretty famous pub. But now, people will enjoy beer or wine in a 12th-century pub and sauna. It’s great that the architect who built this pub in the 1920s respected the architecture of the bathhouse. . Had it been in someone else’s hands, this place might have been leveled and rebuilt. We are grateful to him, ”he shared.

Accordingly, scientists have studied and analyzed two of the 15 ancient tombs discovered in the 1920s on the Valsgärde farm, suburban Uppsala city, central Sweden. Specifically, two ancient tombs are the resting places of two warriors from the 7th century. They are buried in boats with protective helmets, shields and weapons elaborately decorated, even pieces of puzzle pieces. play. The boats carrying the remains of two warriors have a length of more than 9m each, with 4-5 pairs of paddles. Warrior Helmets … and elaborately decorated weapon found in ancient tombs. The remains of the two warriors are placed on a smooth cushion, stuffed with feathers of a variety of birds. Researchers believe that the ancients prepared these items in the hope that the deceased’s journey to the underworld would be easier. Microscopic analysis showed that feathers in cover cover were obtained from geese, ducks, grouse, crows, sparrows, wading birds (swamp birds) and even eagle owls. More strangely, in one tomb, there was an Asian-European wild owl whose head was cut off. Horse bones and other animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, snow owls, black grouse, ducks, geese and northern pike) were also found near the boat when they were buried about 1,400 years ago. There are also artifacts related to animals, including 20 horseshoes, a saddle, four reins, and 4-5 dog leashes. “The warriors seem to be equipped to row into the afterlife, while also being able to land with the help of horses. We guess the choice of feather stuffed with blankets could have a deeper, more symbolic meaning, ”said Professor Birgitta Berglund of the NTNU University Museum in Trondheim, Norway. Feather used as a blanket for the dead Various animals and related artifacts were buried with boats. According to Nordic folklore, feathers stuffed in a blanket for the dying person are very important. Professor Berglund explained that the ancients believed that using feathers, owls, birds of prey, pigeons, crows and squirrels would help prolong the time of “fighting” with death. “In some parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, goose feathers are considered the best item to help the soul escape from the body,” he points out. The soft feathers in the Valsgärde tombs, the oldest known to be found in the Scandinavian Peninsula, show that the two warriors were among the highest classes of Iron Age society here. The wealthy Greeks and Romans had been lying in bed for the past hundred years, said Berglund, but that the rich in Europe probably did not use it widely until the Middle Ages. Berglund believes that the beheaded owl has implications for burial rituals. According to the researchers, keeping birds of prey like eagle owls has long been a status symbol. “Maybe the owl’s head was cut off to prevent it from coming back,” the professor referred to the swords that were bent in front of the Viking-era tomb to prevent the dead from using weapons if they returned from the realms. died. The dead warriors are well equipped for their journey to the afterlife. Valsgärde was excavated in 1928 by archaeologists from the University Museum of Uppsala today. Here discovered more than 90 tombs from the Iron Age, of which 15 tombs of warriors were buried in the form of boats from the end of the Iron Age (AD 570–1030). The two graves that are the focus of a new study called Valsgärde 7 and 8, both date to the 7th century. According to Professor Berglund, Valsgärde 7 was unearthed in 1933, while Valsgärde 8 was unearthed. in 1936. Besides revealing the Iron Age burial ceremony, the new study also identified feathers as buffers for warriors who were imported or obtained from local birds. If it is imported feathers, this will open up the assumption about a certain historical trade route. Making feather materials is time consuming and challenging for many reasons, said study co-author Jørgen Rosvold, from the Norwegian Institute of Natural History (NINA). “I am still amazed at how well preserved the feathers are despite the fact that they have been lying underground for more than 1,000 years,” he said. The study results showed that the feathers were obtained from different local birds, not through the import route. “The feathers provide new perspectives on the relationship between humans and birds in the past. Archaeological excavations have rarely found traces of birds other than those used for food, ”concluded Mr Berglund.