One of 17 decapitated bodies found in an ancient Roman cemetery. The cemeteries held the burial of 52 people, and 17 beheaded bodies including 9 men and 8 women and all were over 25 years old at the time of death, a team of researchers reported in an article published online May 19 in the British journal Britannia. In many cases, the heads of the decapitated people were buried next to their feet and the pottery was placed in the position where their heads would normally have been. Some bodies were also laid face down in their graves. Researchers believe that those who were beheaded were executed. They note that the number of criminals in Roman law increased dramatically during the third and fourth centuries, around the time these skeletons were buried. Remains of archaeological evidence shows that the Roman army used Knobb’s farm as a supply center and they would take strict action if there was any violation. “During the third and fourth centuries, the penalties imposed under Roman law became more and more severe. The number of criminals applying the death penalty increased from 14 at the beginning of the third century to about 60 by Constantine’s death in 337 AD,” The researchers have noted that security concerns are one of the reasons for the increase in the death penalty. During the third and fourth centuries, there were many civil wars in the Roman Empire, many of which were fought to be crowned emperor. Despite the possibility of execution, individuals were still buried with ceramic pots and in some cases placed in coffins. Isabel Lisboa, the archaeologist who led the excavation, said: ‘A beheaded woman had the richest collection of tombstones, buried with two urns and a coal bead necklace. Pipe coal is a type of coal that is easy to glow. Under Roman law, family and friends could demand that the body of an executed criminal be returned for burial. Those executed were likely not slaves, as slaves had no status and likely would not have been buried. Scholars argue Even so, Simon Cleary, emeritus professor of Roman Archeology at the University of Birmingham in the UK, said: “What we know of the sites of Roman judicial executions suggests that they are mainly in cities and towns and have a deterrent effect. Knobb’s ranch is not near any major towns or cities.” Cleary adds that a law made by the emperor in Rome is difficult to enforce in a remote place. It is possible that these people were executed but Roman law may have nothing to do with why they were killed. By the fourth century, the Roman army had for centuries become a draconian rule, with no way back for the common man, says Cleary. Why most of the burials of decapitated people in the Roman Empire occurred in Britain is unclear. Roman Britain can be really weird at times, especially in its treatment of the dead, there are plenty of ritual practices other than beheading or burial that to our eyes look eerie. . To people’s eyes at the time, they could be completely conceivable.” Other scholars have also expressed doubt that Roman law had much to do with the burial of the decapitated. Caroline Humfress, director of the Institute for Constitutional and Legal Studies at St. Andrews in Scotland, said: “I personally think it is very unlikely that the executions on Knobb’s farm were related to Roman legal processes.” “If they have a judicial context, it’s more likely to be localized and involve executions carried out without trial,” Humfress said. However, other scholars argue that these people could have been executed according to Roman law. “The official execution seems to be the best explanation for the Knobb Ranch cases,” said Judith Evans Grubbs, a professor of Roman history at Emory University in Atlanta. He noted that women in the Roman Empire were often the target of accusations of witchcraft and adultery, both of which could have been considered crimes by the Romans. Stunned with the largest, deepest $ 211 million swimming pool in the world 08/06/2021

One of them is the tomb of Trieu Van Vuong – the son of Trieu Trong Thuy, the grandson of Trieu Da! Discovered the tomb of Trieu Van Vuong – Trong Thuy’s son In June 1983, a worker was working on a construction site at the foot of Xianggang Mountain, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, when his foot fell into a pit. This pit is very deep, when colleagues shine their lights on, they only see a pitch black color like a “bottomless pit”. The other worker was lucky to be uninjured and was quickly pulled up, after which he said there were huge copper cauldrons underneath the hole. Understanding that this was an ancient tomb, the construction team quickly reported it to the Guangzhou Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau. The mausoleum is located 17m underground. Photo: 360doc. The first house is located 17m deep underground and is built of giant stone slabs. Preliminary excavation shows that the tomb has a total of 7 rooms, walls up to 12m high, on the walls there are frescoes depicting the sun and moon gods. Fortunately, this tomb has never been looted, inside there are still 10,000 cultural relics such as bronze pots, ceramics, lacquerware… The heavy heavy stone gate and 15 skeletons of people who were buried with them (concubines and servants) indicate certainly the grave of someone of the highest rank – a king. The seal revealed the identity of the South Vietnamese king Trieu Van Vuong. Photo: 360doc. Finally, the archaeological team found a seal that showed The owner of the tomb is the second king of the Trieu Dynasty of Nam Viet – Trieu Van Vuong. Trieu Van Vuong called Trieu Mat, the eldest grandson of Trieu Da, the son of Trieu Trong Thuy, who ascended the throne in 137 BC. Trieu Van Vuong’s tomb is very elaborately decorated. The king’s body lies in a 1.73 meter long jade mourning robe, made of 2291 pieces of jade, silk and linen. Jade robe is the most advanced burial costume under the Han Dynasty (contemporary with Nam Viet), only for people of noble status with superstitious belief that jade has the effect of preserving bones, keeping the body of the dead person is whole and waiting for the opportunity to be reborn. The set of jewels of Trieu Van Vuong. Photo: 360doc Trieu Van Vuong’s tomb is also buried with huge jade treasures, gold inlaid swords, bronze bells and thousands of overwhelming treasures. Currently, these relics are on display in the Emperor Zhaowen Museum in Guangzhou, China. Who is Trieu Van Vuong, son of Trong Thuy? Nam Viet was founded in 204 BC an area in Guangdong province and intersected with Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The kingdom lasted for 93 years and in turn experienced 5 kings. Trieu Da, a former general in the military regime of Qin Shi Huang, was the founder of the kingdom. According to the “Dai Viet History of the Complete Book”, Because Trieu Trong Thuy (Trieu Da’s son, An Duong Vuong’s son-in-law) had died before his father, Trieu Mat was chosen as the successor to King Nam Viet. The Emperor Zhaowen Museum in Guangzhou City, China is the place to keep a huge treasure in the tomb of the King of South Vietnam. Photo: 360doc. In his reigning life, Trieu Van Vuong did not have too many achievements, compared to his predecessor, Trieu Da, was also considered to be lack of determination and weakness. He ruled the country of Nam Viet for 12 years, always keeping the agreement with the Han Dynasty, wanting to use justice to sympathize with the neighboring country, repel the enemy, and keep the border at peace. About Trieu Van Vuong’s mother, many people will question whether Trieu Van Vuong’s mother is Princess My Chau? There are not many documents about who Trieu Van Vuong’s mother is, but the book “Thien Nam Luc Luc” – An anonymous work written in Nom script, born around the end of the seventeenth century, records that My Chau had a son. This boy is very much loved by his grandfather, An Duong Vuong, and the king plans to pass the throne to him in the future. However, this boy was brought home by Trong Thuy when he used the excuse to visit his parents, but expressed that in case someone inherits his family line, something should happen. In this case, it is possible that Trieu Van Vuong’s mother is Princess My Chau! Let’s look at the burial items in the tomb of Trieu Van Vuong: The mausoleum owns more than 10,000 burial items. Photo: 360doc.

Gate to Dong Dau Archaeological Site (Yen Lac – Vinh Phuc). Photo: Tien Dung. Lesson 1: Used to be the largest ancient Vietnamese residence in the Northern Delta Reviewing the historical process, Yen Lac is a land rich in potential for historical relics. In Binh Dinh commune, a relic of Go Gai (also known as Dong Gai) has been found in Coc Lam village, a site of Phung Nguyen culture. In Dong Cuong commune, there is Quan Doi (also known as Quan Doi Dong) at the junior high school area, with vestiges of Phung Nguyen culture. Also in Dong Cuong commune, there is Ma Hon, in Chi Chi village, with vestiges of the Metal Age. Right in Yen Lac town, there is a famous archaeological site of Dong Dau, with vestiges of the culture of Phung Nguyen, Dong Dau, and Go Mun. Also in this area was found the site of Go Chua Bien Son with vestiges of the Phung Nguyen culture. In Nguyet Duc commune, there is Dinh Xa site, in Dinh Xa village, Dong Dau cultural site has been discovered. In this commune, there is also a site of Hai Cay bronze with traces of the Metal Age… Archaeologists have initially sketched a panorama of ancient times in this place thanks to excavations, survey and reconnaissance in Yen Lac district and Vinh Phuc province. Panorama of Dong Dau archaeological site (Yen Lac – Vinh Phuc). Photo: Tien Dung. While the district has just formed 5 industrial clusters but has not yet formed an industrial park like other areas in the province, Yen Lac advocates exploiting its strengths in culture, especially historical and cultural relics to preserve , promote, first of all to serve sustainable tourism development in order to break out of the purely agricultural district. On the basis of information provided by leaders of Yen Lac district, at the beginning of the year of Tan Suu (2021), we went to survey Dong Dau archaeological relic which was ranked as a National Historical and Cultural relic by the State. from April 21, 2000. This relic is 1.5 Km east of Yen Lac district center, completely located on a mound about 6 m high compared to the surrounding lowland field, with a total area of ​​8.5 ha, in Dong village, Yen town. Lost. Since its discovery (in 1962) until now, Dong Dau archaeological relic has been protected, serving for excavations, research, study tours of specialized scientific agencies, scientists and researchers. domestic and foreign scientists and students from local schools. Stone axes and bowls were discovered at Dong Dau archaeological site in 1999. Photo: Vinhphuc.gov.vn/ Dong Dau relic has undergone 7 major exploration and excavation times in the years: 1965-1966, 1967, 1968-1969, 1984, 1987, 1999 and 2012, with a total area of ​​758m2, concentrated on the southern slopes. East, South, West and the top of the mound with an average thickness of cultural layer over 3m (up to 6m in some places). The 7th excavation was held in December 2012 with the participation of 3 agencies, namely the Department of Archeology, Faculty of History, University of Science and Humanities – Hanoi National University, the Vietnam Archaeological Association and the Department of Archeology. Culture Sports Tourism Vinh Phuc province. Bronze artifacts discovered at Dong Dau archaeological site in 1999. Photo: Vinhphuc.gov.vn Through 7 excavations, many archaeological remains have been discovered with thousands of specimens, tons of pottery pieces of all kinds, extremely rich in materials, types, diverse in types and designs. symbols of 3 cultures: Phung Nguyen – Dong Dau – Go Mun made of stone (axe, chisels, grinding tables, rings, jewelry beads), bronze (ax, file, arrow, hook, javelin) ceramic ( pieces of pots, jars, forks, stringers, ceramic balls and many tools made of bones and horns, animal remains such as pigs, deer, deer, buffalo, cows, dogs, tigers… and quite a few fish bones. At the same time, there are also images of buffaloes, cows, chickens and many animal bones found, for the first time, burnt rice grains have been found, proving that wet rice farming has existed for a long time and plays an important role. important in the life of ancient Vietnamese residents. Dong Dau Go is a precious relic, contributing to affirming in the historical process of the nation spanning about 2 millennia, the ancient Vietnamese people stopped and settled in Dong Dau, creating the Northern Delta. and created the Red River civilization, especially built a brilliant wet rice civilization. Compared to all other archaeological sites (usually with a cultural layer of about 40-50cm), Dong Dau has the thickest cultural layer up to 6m and has a bottom-up evolution over time. Archaeologists have discovered 4 cultural layers of this archaeological site. The bottom (oldest) layer unearthed many stoneware, pottery, horn tools and many animal remains. Notably, in 1999, the Vietnam History Museum in collaboration with the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vinh Phuc conducted the 6th excavation and discovered a burial tomb, still retaining human remains of the Phung Nguyen culture. This excavation, although only 25m2, but also discovered a tomb located at a depth of 3m. Archaeologists have found very clear tomb borders. The tomb is almost intact except for the missing left femur – possibly due to later people digging a hole to hit the grave and also not ruling out the destruction of the termite nest. The reason is unknown, but found evidence that the right fibula was broken but healed. In particular, there is the custom of dyeing the teeth black and the custom of extracting the upper front teeth and the entire lower front teeth. Obviously, this is not a lost tooth, because if it falls out, the arch must leave traces of tooth points. Meanwhile, this skeleton saw that the lower arch of the jaw where it was extracted had healed to form a sharp edge. The ancient human remains found in Dong Dau were dated by radiocarbon dating (C14) method, showing that the earliest class in Dong Dau dates back to 3,500 years ago. In the remaining three cultural layers, more bronze artifacts were discovered. From the discovered archaeological relics, through the research process, up to now, it is possible to recognize the basic Dong Dau archaeological relics: Dong Dau is the largest ancient Vietnamese residence site in the center of the Northern Delta region, the largest distribution area, the thickest cultural layer, containing a huge amount of archaeological artifacts. and rich. Overview of the excavation pit at Dong Dau relic, 1969. The stages of archaeological culture following the continuous progression at the archaeological site of Dong Dau have confirmed very clearly that: The earliest class was from Phung Nguyen, followed by Dong Dau, Go Mun and finally Dong Son. And because of that, from the Dong Dau relic, Vietnamese archaeologists have a scientific basis to determine the criteria for the stages of cultural development in the Red River basin: The earliest humans present here belong to the late stage of Phung Nguyen culture, they have reached the peak of primitive stone processing techniques, polished, beautiful, sophisticated stone jewelry, began to appear. copper metallurgy. Pottery made by turntable, elegant, balanced, beautiful, typical pattern is the project of carving lines, dots, and symmetry. Wet rice farming has developed, many rice grains and rice burned in coal ash have been discovered. Next is the Dong Dau period with typical elements of reduced stone tools, thick pottery, high calcination, decorative patterns with music staff motifs, brushed into projects: letter S, number 8, symmetry ; bones, horns develop; copper casting technique became the dominant factor. The third layer belongs to the Go Mun culture period, the remaining stone items are few, the horn bones are rare, the pottery is rough, the calcination is higher than the previous two stages, mainly the broken mouth, the main decorative pattern. on the mouth. The top layer belongs to the Dong Son culture period, because the surface of the site has been plowed since it has not been discovered, but the discovered relics are scattered in the scope of the site, mainly bronze artifacts: Axes. Xeo, spear, and knife are typical of Dong Son culture. With 4 periods of archaeological culture present on the same site, the development is continuous, representing a stable and long-term settlement process of ancient Vietnamese residents to form the first State of the people. Ethnicity- State of Van Lang in the Hung King era This is the greatest value of the archaeological site of Dong Dau, not only for Vinh Phuc but also for Vietnam and Southeast Asia. These are extremely valuable evidences to learn about the customs, practices and especially the anthropological composition of the ancient Vietnamese in the Red River basin. The discovery of ancient human remains in Dong Dau will contribute to scientific documents that gradually shed light on the issue of “Vietnamese origin” that many scientists are still trying to find and research. From that, it can be affirmed that Dong Dau along with other archaeological vestiges system in Yen Lac and Vinh Phuc province is from Phung Nguyen culture to Dong Son culture, which brought the process of opening the period of Hung Vuong building the country from the mythical age of Vietnam. history but is being forgotten, wasted, not studied, preserved and promoted to serve sustainable socio-economic development. (There’s more)

Archaeologists survey Loong Cha cave, Chiem Hoa district. (Source: nhandan.vn) Over the past three decades, successive important archaeological discoveries have confirmed that Tuyen Quang is the land of survival of primitive people. According to Associate Professor-Dr. Trinh Nang Chung (Institute of Archeology, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences), so far, nearly 30 stone age relics have been discovered in Tuyen Quang, along with thousands of objects. very precious thing. This is a block of historical documents in kind to help historians reconstruct the life and culture of Cistercian Tuyen Quang. The process of excavating relics and statistics, diverging based on relics shows that, typically in the late Paleolithic period, dating from about 20,000 years ago today at 2 monuments: Temple Thuong hill (District 1, district 1, Binh Duong province). Chiem Hoa) and Goc Heo relic (Ham Yen district). Archaeologists have discovered many labor tools of the ancients, mainly made of pebbles, hewn, on the steps of the Co River, Lo River, and Gam River. Associate Professor-Dr. Trinh Nang Chung emphasized, along the Lo and Gam rivers, traces of prehistoric people here are definitely still many. Primitive man always strengthen the community closely with bonds of affection and responsibility from generation to generation. The development of ancient inhabitants Tuyen Quang The ancient Vietnamese in particular and the ancient Vietnamese in general were always associated with building beautiful and great things in this homeland. From here the dawn of the nation’s history always opens up new horizons, more civilized and more brilliant. In the early Neolithic period, there is typically Phia Vai cave dating from about 10,000 years ago. The hewn tools in Phia Vai are made quite simply, bearing the traditional style of the late Paleolithic period – Son Vi type and technique. The above similarity is probably traditional, but obviously Phia Vai is not a Son Vi site. The discovery of traces of primitive times dating back 20,000 years ago marked the earliest human presence in Tuyen Quang as well as in Vietnam. It is the first pages of history that opened the way for the exploration and occupation of the lands our ancestors used to live today. On the other hand, the study of Tuyen Quang prehistory has contributed a lot to precious archeological documents and real artifacts in the study of the history of formation and development of the Vietnamese nation. Associate Professor-Dr. Nguyen Lan Cuong (Vietnam Archaeological Association) said that the earliest but most valuable relic is Phia Muon cave. This is an archaeological site in the land of Na La village, Son Phu commune, Na Hang district. Scientists have discovered cultural layers belonging to Hoa Binh culture, including finely crafted stone tools and burial tombs, dating from about 3,500-4,500 years ago. Discovered a unique set of remains in Southeast Asia According to Associate Professor-Dr. Nguyen Lan Cuong (Vietnam Archaeological Association), in 2005, for the first time, archaeologists discovered a human skeleton at Phia Vai cave. According to initial assessment, this is an intact buried remains, not a reburied skeleton, also a typical and unique set of remains in Southeast Asia. In 2006, archaeologists sawed off the top plaster sarcophagus to obtain this priceless 10,000-year-old semi-fossil skeleton. This set of remains is believed to be the remains of a woman who died in the supine position, with her knees bound, her arms stretched out. Although the skeleton has only the head intact with a high degree of fossilization, the body and hands, the shin bones are almost gone, but based on the position of the talus (a small bone connecting the ankle and heel) and The left heel bone is located close to the hip pelvis, experts conclude that this burial position is one of the familiar burial postures of cultural residents of Hoa Binh, Da But, Quynh Van… In particular, the mourning of putting sea snails in the eyes of the deceased has provided archaeologists with the evolutionary process of the human race. Besides, the skull shape of this remains is a round skull completely different from the long skull of Hoa Binh cultural residents. While the Phia Vai relic is dated to Hoa Binh culture, placing sea snails in the eyes of the dead also changes archaeologists’ opinion of the Phia Vai inhabitants compared to other ancient populations in the area. zoned by distinctive features. Associate Professor-Dr. Nguyen Lan Cuong emphasized, looking back at the ancient skulls belonging to Hoa Binh culture that have been studied such as the cashew roof, Nuoc rock roof (Thanh Hoa province), Can cave, Chim cave, and Muoi cave. Hoa Binh province) and Nguom rock roof (Thai Nguyen province), archaeologists have never encountered this case. Ancient skulls of similar age discovered in Southeast Asia also do not show how to place snails in eye sockets. It can be said that Phia Vai is an early Hoa Binh relic, however, the issue of dating Phia Vai cave site will continue to be considered. The semi-fossil animal remains found at Phia Vai show the history of humans at the transition from Canh Tan to Toan Tan in Vietnam. In addition, relics such as graves, stone relics … help us understand more about burial customs and spiritual life of prehistoric inhabitants. Associate Professor-Dr. Trinh Nang Chung said that this is also an extremely important finding in many aspects. In terms of paleontology, this is the first ancient human skeleton discovered in Tuyen Quang province. In terms of thinking and spirituality, it is possible that the people of the Hoa Binh culture period here had the idea that death means entering a “new life”, the Phia Vai woman also needs two eyes. The excavations and research works of archaeologists have returned to history many things that time has buried deep in the earth, all archaeological evidences have proven man himself in the conquest. thousands of changes of nature have sketched the first vestiges of his community.

The ruins of the ancient city of Tikal, where the Teotihuacan population was discovered. Autonomous zone in the city To the naked eye – and on archaeologists’ maps – the structure looks like a hill amid the undulating landscape of Tikal, the ancient Maya city-state in the lowlands of northern Guatemala. But when the researchers zoomed in on the image with a laser scanning device called LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), they saw a man-made pyramid structure. , hidden under the soil and vegetation accumulated for thousands of years. This structure is actually part of an old residential area, different from most structures that have existed in Tikal. It has a distinctive shape, orientation and architectural features commonly found in Teotihuacan, a powerful city-state belonging to another civilization, near present-day Mexico City, 1200km west of Tikal. Upon closer inspection, archaeologists found that the complex appeared to be a copy of the giant Citadel square in Teotihuacan but was only half the size. The new discovery of a massive monument at the heart of Tikal – one of the most widely excavated and studied archaeological sites on Earth, shows that LiDAR is revolutionizing archeology in Central America, where these sites The jungle often renders satellite imagery useless. From here, however, a difficult question also arises: What role does an area of ​​the remote Teotihuacan city-state play in the heart of this Maya capital? After studying images from LiDAR, Edwin Román-Ramírez, Director of the South Tikal Archaeological Project conducted excavations in the summer of 2020. Digging tunnels into the site, his team made the discovery. Building tools, funeral offerings, pottery, and weapons are typical of early fourth-century Teotihuacan. From censers decorated with the rain god Teotihuacan, to darts made of green obsidian in central Mexico, the site is likely a quasi-autonomous neighborhood in central Tikal. Román-Ramírez said: “We know that the Teotihuacans had some presence and influence in Tikal and nearby Maya areas before 378. But it is not clear how well the Mayans were associated with the most powerful kingdom in the region. . Now there is evidence that their relationship is even closer than that.” Relationship between two civilizations The ruins of the Citadel Square of the Teotihuacan civilization. Thomas Garrison – a geographer at the University of Texas – Austin (USA), specializing in the use of digital technology for archaeological research, said that the above findings proved to a certain extent that the America’s old town isn’t too different from today’s cosmopolitan cities. “There is a mixture of cultures and people of different backgrounds and languages ​​coexist, maintaining their identity in one city,” he said. A study funded by the Pacunam LiDAR Initiative, which published groundbreaking findings in 2018, reveals a vast network of ancient cities in the Maya lowlands, home to millions of people. people, more than previously thought. Scientists Edwin Román – Ramírez noted that the above findings do not confirm that the builders of the complex came from Teotihuacan. “But what we found shows that, for more than a century people who are more or less familiar with Teotihuacan culture and traditions have lived there, in their own region,” he said. Based on ceramic designs found in the ruins, the team estimates that construction at the site began at least 100 years before 378, an important date in Mayan history. According to the Maya inscriptions, the king of Teotihuacan sent a general called the Born of Fire to overthrow the king of Tikal, Jaguar Paw, and put his young son in charge of the country. Born of Fire arrived in Tikal on January 16, 378, the same day that Jaguar Paw “entered the water” – a Mayan metaphor for death. After being annexed, Tikal flourished for several centuries, conquering and pacifying neighboring cities, and spreading their culture throughout the plains. Tikal’s hegemony during this period is well documented, but it is not clear why, after decades of friendly coexistence, Teotihuacan turned his back on his former ally. Further excavations at Tikal may provide new insights, but a recent discovery in Teotihuacan suggests that cultural conflict may have sparked the breakup between these two powerful city-states. A team of scientists led by Nawa Sugiyama, an archaeologist at the University of California, Riverside (USA), has discovered a “Maya house” at Teotihuacan. The opulent buildings here are decorated with splendid Mayan murals, suggesting that the inhabitants were either elite diplomats or aristocratic families. But just before Tikal was annexed in 378, the murals were smashed to pieces and buried. A nearby pit was filled with shattered human skeletons, indicating the sudden shift from diplomacy to violent confrontation between the two city-states. “What went wrong in that relationship, when a bunch of elite Maya residents were massacred, their buildings were demolished, all their belongings were thrown away, and then their homeland was conquered. ruled by a child king?” asked Francisco Estrada-Belli, an archaeologist at Tulane University. It is also one of the great mysteries of Central America that scientists are trying to answer.

The 2,000-year-old marble head of Emperor Augustus has just been unearthed. Photo: CNN “While we were digging behind the wall, I saw the soil change color,” said Giancola. So we continued to dig carefully and discovered a block of marble. I immediately recognized it as the head of Emperor Augustus due to the hair and the shape and cut of the eyes.” According to archaeologist Maria Diletta Colombo of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage, the head of the statue is about 35cm high, possibly dating from 20 BC to 10 AD. This head may have been detached from the more than 2m tall statue, which is also made of Lunigiana marble. This statue most likely depicts the young Emperor Augustus Octavian. “This is a very important finding; However, archaeologists have not been able to determine why the head of Emperor Augustus is in that area. The head of this statue should have been placed in a temple or a certain area reserved for the Royal Family.” The town of Isernia, known as Aesernia in the ancient world, was the land of the Samnites, Italy. Later, the town became a Roman colony. In this land, scientists have discovered many archaeological remains, including medieval tombs and terracotta artifacts… Despite being heavily damaged in World War I 2, but this land has gradually revived strongly. Currently, the local government is promoting heritage promotion activities to attract tourists to visit. Augustus (63 BC – AD 14) was the first Emperor of ancient Rome. Augustus replaced the Roman republic with an effective monarchy. He laid a very important foundation on which to build a powerful Roman empire, stretching from Great Britain to Egypt.

His arguments include Phoenician mining activities along rivers, Biblical names in mining-related areas, to passages in the Hebrew Scriptures that seem to be related. to King Solomon and the seafaring Phoenicians, a potential Spanish city famous for its rich mineral wealth in the Hebrew Bible. King Salomon, a rich king according to the Hebrew Scriptures. If this claim is true, it means King Solomon was an ancient shipping tycoon. The Hebrew Bible says that King Salomon was extremely rich and undertook many construction projects and his role in transportation could explain his wealth. Arguments for the Solomon’s mining expeditions The Phoenicians flourished throughout the Mediterranean world from about 1,500 BC to 300 BC. According to present-day Lebanon, they sailed across the Mediterranean, establishing settlements and trading networks as far back as Portugal. Kingsley started his research about 10 years ago. It seemed that King Salomon had been wise in his maritime plans, he noticed. He recorded the trips from Jerusalem and the Phoenician sailors took all risks at sea. Archaeological excavations over the past century have unearthed remains of Phenicia mining operations near the Rio Tinto River in southwest Spain, he said. Some places today along the river of Spain have biblical names – such as “Solomon’s Hill”, says Kingsley. Furthermore, he claims, silver artifacts found in Israel contain lead isotope patterns suggesting that silver came from Spain. However, researchers have done the analysis that silver from Spain did not come to Israel during King Solomon’s time, but after he ruled. Then there is a Hebrew Bible, which describes how David and his son Solomon took raw materials for construction projects from a man named Hiram, the king of a Phenicia city named Tire in present-day Lebanon. . Kingsley hypothesized that Hiram would send mining expeditions to Spain with the financial assistance of Solomon. Passages in the Hebrew Bible also mention a place called Tarshish, where the Bible says there are many minerals. This is also the place where Johna tried to run away when God told him to come to Nineveh, according to the Hebrew Bible. Tarshish claimed that Tarshish was located in what is now Spain and Solomon financed Phenicia’s travels to the area. Kingsley argued that passages in the Hebrew Bible discuss how Hiram provided materials for David and Solomon for their construction projects, giving the idea that Solomon had sponsored Phoenician journeys. . Confirming Tarshish’s place in the Bible, Kingsley notes that a Phoenician inscription, dating back to the ninth century BC and found in Sardinia, refers to a Phenicia military force fleeing to Tarshish. after a failure. Ancient Greek records also mention a city called Tartessos – sounding similar to Tarshish – thrived in southern Spain, Kingsley wrote in an article in Spain. From historical research, Kingsley said he could say that biblical landmarks (like the Solomon Hills) were in use since at least the 17th century and possibly much earlier. Skeptic scholars Some archaeologists and historians believe they were skeptical of Kingsley’s claims. While no one doubts that the Phoenicians were present in Spain, scholars note that there is no direct evidence regarding King Solomon to the region. “It’s still not clear that there is a Solomon kingdom,” said Steven Weitzman, director of the Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Morphological Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. “I don’t know any evidence of an Israeli presence in Spain at this time,” Weitzman said. There are Phoenician settlements in Spain as early as around 1100 [trước Công nguyên] and certainly for many centuries to come, but it would be too much to argue that the source of Salomon’s wealth came from there. ” In fact, the Bible says that King Salomon sent ships to the East, not to the West. Solomon’s ships were dispatched from a place called Ezion-Geber, a port town on the Red Sea, and they returned from a place called Ophir, filled with gold and other treasures. Wherever the Ophir was located, the ships Weitzman explained would go in the opposite direction from Spain, east not west. Archaeologists also rejected Kingsley’s arguments regarding silver artifacts found in Israel and Spain. “Based on all available scientific data, silver in the Solomon era,” said Ayelet Gilboa, professor of archeology at the University of Haifa, Israel. [thế kỷ 10 trước Công nguyên] not coming east from Iberia ”. Only after that, after King Salomon ruled, did silver from Spain begin to reach Israel. Gilboa worked with Tzilla Eshel, a researcher specializing in antique silver analysis at the University of Haifa, to determine the origin of ancient silver in Israel, and they published an article on this topic in 2019. that silver came from Sardinia to Israel in the 10th century BC but it was not until the ninth century BC that silver came from Spain.

According to the excavation team of the Archeology Institute, this architectural vestige is completely located in the cultural class of Tran dynasty, below the culture class of the Le so, Le Trung Hung and Nguyen dynasties at a depth of 1.95m, from the ground ground. current area. This cultural layer is dense with Tran tiles, including red cover tiles, lotus-nosed tiles, and pointed tiles. Round architectural traces Architectural vestiges of the Tran dynasty are circular in shape under the Tran dynasty clay and brick layers, about 0.4m – 0.6m thick and built entirely of cover bricks. Round architectural brick cover bricks are all rectangular, bright red bricks arranged in two staggered rows and only one layer, the outer row is lower than the inner row. Outside the circle in the East – West – South directions are a number of pebbles with many different sizes arranged relatively flat but not in a certain shape. Implementing the direction of the Standing Committee of the City Party Committee and Hanoi People’s Committee at Notice No. 152-TB / TU dated March 6, 2021 at the meeting with the Thang Long Heritage Conservation Center – Hanoi; Decision No. 3624 / QD-BVHTTDL dated December 4, 2020 of the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism on archaeological excavations at Thang Long Citadel Center – Hanoi, Heritage Conservation Center Thang Long – Hanoi has coordinated with the Archeology Institute to conduct excavation and exploration in the East – North area of ​​Kinh Thien electrical base relic with a total area of ​​nearly 1,000m2. The exploration excavation in 2021 is considered to have the largest scale in more than 10 years, the Archeology Institute conducted the excavation at Thang Long Citadel – Hanoi. Exploring the circular architecture found that the clay foundation mixed with the Tran debris was compacted firmly. There are a few bricks on the face that are arranged in an East-West direction, but they are no longer neat. In this group of bricks, the first brick from the West, at the edge has two Chinese characters “Thuong Tan Quoc”. In the past, I met at 18 Hoang Dieu a brick in the Tran dynasty with the word “Thuong Tan Quoc”. At the same time, there was another brick with the word “Thuong Tan Vien”. At a depth of 0.7m compared to the circular architecture, there is a small rock base in the Tran dynasty that no longer has its original position. Outside, to the south, 78cm from the circular architecture, there is a large terracotta pot (mouth diameter 1.2m, depth 55cm) bright red, good materials, the outer rim of the mouth is decorated with lotus flowers, apricot flowers and “Lien Chau” is characteristic of the Tran dynasty. The pot has a drainage hole set on one side of the perineum. This is probably the largest terracotta pot ever in the Tran dynasty. Outside the round vestige to the East there are traces of two underground sewers in the Tran dynasty: one was built of brick cover, the other was built by specialized circular water pipes. The brick sewer is 3.64m far from the circular architectural vestige to the East and 0.35m lower, and 4.64m long running in the North – South direction. The sewer section in the North was cut by architectural foundations of the Nguyen Dynasty. The culvert consists of three parts of the cap, wall and bottom. The manhole cover and bottom are placed horizontally, the sides of the manhole are placed vertically on the two edges of the bottom and the manhole cover forms the sewer with a cross-section of nearly square as the space for drainage. The type of brick used to build the culvert is a rectangular red cover brick with a cut surface of the brick (characteristic of architectural materials of the fourteenth century). Currently the sewer has been destroyed, so the actual length in the past has not been determined. The manhole cover is covered with a single row of remaining 6 bricks, the North is left with 5 bricks, the first 2.28m long, bolted by broken rectangular bricks (21cm wide, 6cm thick) printed with Han characters, Vinh Ninh Truong. The male is left with one 40cm long pill. The round water sewer is 3.5m from the brick sewer to the East. The two ends of the sewer that were cut by the late architecture remain only a section of 2.97m in length, running in the East-West direction. There are still 8 round terracotta water pipes, the head is wider than the tail, the end of the tube has a ledge to assemble so that it fits from the end of one tube to the other. Terracotta sewer pipes are 37-39cm long, 13-15cm in diameter. This sewer appears in the same strata as the brick sewer and is 0.35m lower than the circular architecture. Chronology and values According to the results of stratification of Thang Long culture, the relic has a circular structure in the Tran cultural class. Two large underground culverts and terracotta pots distributed around circular architecture all date to the Tran dynasty. Relevant relics in the area revealed such as bricks, tiles, and chinaware all dating back to the Tran dynasty. Therefore, it is possible to initially identify vestiges of circular architecture dating back to the Tran dynasty in the XIII-XIV century. For those who directly excavated, the round structure of Tran dynasty that appeared this year in the Northeast of Kinh Thien Palace could be classified into a type of “strange” architecture. The status quo, this circle is intact, the structure is quite simple. Other traces appeared around such as large terracotta pots, brick sewers, circular underground sewers with the same age, but it is not possible to confirm whether they are related to each other or not. The current state of the monument has not seen any signs that can remind the excavators of the architecture’s function. The area is under further excavation Some people suggest that this could be a small flower garden scene in the Tran Palace. Is there also the thought of a structure related to some kind of spiritual ritual? However, all that are just initial speculations without any evidence to explain. Previously, the round architecture of Tran dynasty was met by archaeologists in a few places. In 1998, excavation in the North of Doan Monmon discovered a circle of late Tran dynasty cut into the vestiges of the wall / or the road with frill lines “lemon flowers” dating back to the earlier Tran dynasty in the southwest position. This circle is noteworthy because there are vertical bricks inside in the style of “diagonal triangles” filling the round architectural surface. At Bao An pagoda (Gia Lam), archaeologists also encountered a type of circle with the form close to the circle in Doan Mon. Thus, at least in archeology, at present, there have been 3 circular structures in Tran dynasty in three different places, in which the structure in Doan Mon is somewhat closer than the round structure in Bao An pagoda. The circular structure in the Northeast of Kinh Thien is not clear whether it is the same as the two above structures because the surface layer has been destroyed, only the circle is dashed. However, they have the same circle and have two nearly the same vertical brick lines, so it can be deduced that they have nearly the same structure. But all three of these architectural vestiges are functionally unknown. The three circular structures in 3 different places also show that there seems to be a style of building brick circles in the architecture in the Tran dynasty, as well as in the Le Lieu period. . “What is that structure to do and what it reflects in Tran architecture in Thang Long or in a temple (Bao An pagoda) is still a mystery that needs to be studied for a long time. Therefore, archaeologists temporarily consider traces of circular architecture in the Northeast of Kinh Thien Palace in 2021 as a remarkable “strange” architecture type of Tran Dynasty in Thang Long Palace area. It also shows that Thang Long Palace still has many unexpected undiscovered values ​​under the ground of a World Heritage, ”said the excavation team of the Archaeological Institute. Hope to soon restore Kinh Thien Palace If in 2019, with an excavated area of ​​900 square meters, the Vietnam Archeology Institute discovered many traces of gardens, lakes, and artifacts with architecture of the Le primitive and Le Trung Hung dynasties, making the hypothesis of Thuong ien garden, Can Chanh power was first discovered at the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long – Hanoi, in 2021, the results of exploration and excavation revealed more unique evidences, artifacts and relics. With the narrowed position of archaeological results in 2021 is considered to have touched the space of Can Chanh Palace, an overall part of the overall space of the Kinh Thien Palace in the Le early period. Previously, Hanoi also made specific moves with the project of restoring Kinh Thien power, which is the introduction of a roadmap: Phase 1 (2020 – 2025) completing pre-feasibility study report, reporting feasibility study report and basic design; Phase 2 (2025 – 2030) to implement the project of restoring Kinh Thien power. According to scientists, experts, architectural traces and relic systems discovered in the excavation in 2021 continue to reflect the complex evolution of historical and cultural relics Thang Long – Hanoi. underground. Thereby, it has contributed more documents to clarify the great, rich and diversified values ​​with three globally outstanding criteria of the World Heritage Site Center of Thang Long Citadel. At the same time, contribute some valuable materials to serve the research on recovering the space of Kinh Thien main hall. The new discoveries create favorable conditions for scientists, speed up the recovery process, and satisfy the aspirations of the masses of people and researchers. Posts and photos: Bao Thoa

The extinct prehistoric mammoth was believed to be prehistoric human prey. A controversial new study found that the first humans were large predators who took down prey with skilled hunting skills. In a new research paper, the scientists argue that humans and close relatives have been adept hunters from a very early age, starting at least 2 million years ago. Miki Ben-Dor and Ran Barkai, researchers at Tel Aviv University in Israel, and Raphael Sirtoli, a PhD student at Minho University in Portugal. “Until now, efforts to recreate the Stone Age human diet have been based mainly on comparison with 20th century hunter-gatherer societies,” says Ben-Dor. Of course, this comparison is lame, because 2 million years ago, hunter-gatherer societies could hunt and consume elephants and other large animals, while hunter-gatherers today. It can’t be like that. The whole ecosystem has changed, and the conditions cannot be compared. ” Scary evidence Fossil evidence from earliest human ancestors is scarce. But based on archaeological evidence, Ben-Dor said, it was clear that Homo sapiens and their close relatives ate anything that was edible. But how much of their diet consists of plants versus animals is the bottom line. Many animals that are considered omnivores actually have the diet in one way or another. Chimpanzees, for example, are technically omnivores, but meat makes up only about 6% of their diet. Dogs and wolves are predominantly carnivorous but sometimes also nibble on grain, leading to a debate over whether they should be classified as omnivores or predators. According to Ben-Dor, ancient humans Homo habilis ate meat at least 2.6 million years ago. Another primitive human species, Homo erectus, appeared to be an avid carnivore 1.8 million years ago; Their teeth and intestines shrank compared to their previous ancestors, adapted to digest meat instead of plants, and it used stone tools capable of grinding meat. Ben-Dor and Barkai argue in their paper, published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, that meat is not just a reward for these humans and the early Homo sapiens. Instead, the authors believe, large animals weighing more than 1,000 kg, such as elephants, hippos and rhinos … make up the bulk of the human diet. The elephants 500,000 years ago could weigh 12 tons, compared with 4 to 6 tons today. Eat a lot of meat, human brain evolution? According to the researchers, these animals can eat fatty meat, which is very suitable to feed the energy-hungry human brain. The authors argued in another recent article that hunting large prey could be the driving force behind human brain evolution. However, the idea is controversial, and researchers disagree on how huge amounts of meat would be useful to hunter-gatherers in the days before refrigeration, as well as about ancient humans skilled in taking down prey that other predators like lions, struggled to defeat. “There are some archaeologists who say, they hunted elephants once, but it’s like a once in a lifetime hunt; that’s what grandparents often tell their children,” John said. “There are people who say that elephant meat can last a long time without preserving, but it’s part of their routine,” said Hawks, a paleontologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. important to them. ‘” Ben-Dor and his colleagues wrote in their article that eating large, fatty animals would be a benefit to humankind at the earliest, because losing so many calories on a hunting trip – instead of repeatedly trying to stalk smaller prey. Humans exhibit this high-fat adaptation, researchers say. Archeologically speaking, it was difficult to classify humans and their relatives as carnivores before about 50,000 years ago. That’s because the only reliable biochemical way to distinguish an animal as the top predator or lower in the food chain is a method known as stable nitrogen isotope analysis, requires collagen testing for molecules that are taken orally into the body. Despite the limited evidence of humankind’s early evolution, the researchers say, much remains to be done to prove whether the human ancestor was indeed carnivores. This could include more research on the abundance of animals of different sizes during the Pleistocene, exploring genetic changes over time that could alter the digestibility of species. Different human feeds and comparison of prey size trends over time.

The famous Roman arena in Italy Referring to the Roman arena, people often talk about a large area that can accommodate tens of thousands of people with ancient and beautiful designs in Italy. But recently archaeologists discovered a Roman arena in Turkey, very similar to the famous one in Rome but much smaller in size. Arena in Turkey used to host gladiator matches about 1,800 years ago with a capacity of 20,000 people. Meanwhile, the Roman arena in Rome began construction in AD 70, when the Vespasian emperor, with a total capacity of about 50,000 to 80,000 spectators. Archaeologists locate the arena amidst the ruins of the ancient city Mastaura, Aydin province. The arena was partially buried and obscured by vegetation. Ancient roman arena discovered in Turkey The building has gladiator lounges and guest rooms. The whole monuments are preserved in good condition. Like the Roman arena in Italy, the arena in Turkey was built in the shape of a circle, instead of the typical semicircle of many ancient buildings.
Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz of Adnan Menderes University, who led the study, said the discovery was unique. Sedat Akkurnaz said: “This is the only example of such a solid existence in Anatolia. The structure is difficult to detect because it is heavily obscured by bushes, wild trees. Most of the arena is below ground. The arena is very sturdy as if it had just been built, meanwhile, the rest of the structure is on the ground, consisting of several rows of arena seats and external support walls. The dome-building technique of Roman architecture looks very good. Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz also explained that the arena is the venue for gladiator battles and wildlife. Near the old city of Mastaura, there are many major cities in western Anatolia such as Aphrodisias, Miletus, Priene, Magnesia and Ephesus. Therefore, people from neighboring cities also come to Mastaura to witness the battles with their own eyes. Part of the wall of the ancient arena in Turkey Experts believe that the arena in Turkey was built during the reign of Severan dynasty, during the Roman empire. This royal lineage includes the infamous Caracalla, his father Septimius Severus, who died in York after his campaign to conquer Scotland. Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz said: “We do not know exactly who the emperor was. But through the stone construction, the construction of the building, I think it was at the same time as the Severus dynasty. The city of Mastaura was very prosperous and prosperous. It was during this period that the Roman administrators greatly helped the city. There was a considerable increase in the number and variety of Mastauran coins during this period ” . Although the arena in Mastaura cannot match the structures in Rome in terms of scale, it is still a remarkable area. Sedat Akkurnaz said: “At this stage, it is difficult to accurately or approximate the audience. Our initial estimate was between 15,000 and 20,000. The gladiators had their own lounges, the audience was excellent. first has entertainment room “. In the near future, with the support of the local authorities, they will take action to conserve the parts most at risk of failure. According to Sedat Akkurnaz, there are cracks in the walls of the building, some of the stones are falling.