Mars hides the secret of life, always urging people to explore. Photo: NASA Today’s Earthlings are perhaps the most curious generation about the possibility of alien life on Mars, and are always wondering how humans might one day colonize there. From theories about Martian canals to alien radio messages, over the past three centuries, mankind has been constantly thinking about life on Mars. approach to his Martian “brothers”. Mars often appears in ancient texts as a “fire star,” or represents the god of War. In the 17th century, new early telescopes allowed scientists to get a glimpse of the Red Planet. Skilled “channel engineers”? Scientists need more powerful telescopes to be able to see up close, thereby trying to better clarify the hypothesis of life on Mars. In 1877, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli noticed crisscrossing lines covering the “Red Planet”. He called these lines “canali”, which means “canal”. Schiaparelli himself does not believe that this is an alien product, but some others are sure of it. Giovanni Schiaparelli’s map of the “canal” system on Mars. Image: Wikimedia Commons As information spread, the word “canali” was translated into English as “canal”, meaning “canal”. And if there were canals, wouldn’t that suggest that aliens would have to dig them? With that argument, many people believe that the interlaced lines on the surface of Mars are a beautiful system of waterways spreading across the planet.. Such a system not only shows that Martians exist, but that they are also amazing engineers. On Earth, it took man 10 years to complete the Suez Canal in 1869. The achievements of the Martians therefore seem to be far superior to those achieved by man. Astronomer Percival Lowell certainly thought so. In 1894, this American scientist-businessman began to expand the concept of a “canal” on Mars. Lowell used his family’s large textile fortune to open the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. Professor Percival Lowell works with a telescope invested by his family. Image: Wikimedia Commons Percival Lowell mapped the “canals” on Mars with the help of the 24-inch Alvan Clark & ​​Sons refracting telescope he set up at the Lowell Observatory. He made meticulous maps of what was observed on the surface of Mars, wrote many books and regularly gave lectures on his shocking theory that Martians existed and that they were trying to irrigate the planet. their dying elf. Percival Lowell offers logical explanations to answer the question of how and why life exists on Mars. He used the example of life on Earth to illustrate his arguments: “As long as it was proved with certainty that no life could exist on the seabed, dredgers deep sea beds were invented, and before long, they ‘frustrated’ us. Behold, they see full of life. Fish, crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms. In short, the life of all common floating fish, from protozoa to marine ‘monsters’ – have been found living in the depths of the seabed. What is impossible, turns out to be possible.” But mapping Mars is one thing, and soon scientists are looking for ways to make contact with any life that might exist on the planet. “Message” from the Red Planet In 1899, Lowell’s theory of life on Mars received a “kick” from a prominent scientist: Nikola Tesla. Tesla, then a successful electrical engineer, claimed that he had detected an “inexplicable, faint” signal originating from Mars. Portrait of Nikola Tesla circa 1890. Photo: Wikimedia Commons While conducting experiments with his magnifier at high latitudes atop Pike Peak, Colorado Springs, Tesla claimed that he received “a message from another world, unknown and far away. “. What does that message say? According to Nikola Tesla, it is simply: “ONE – TWO – THREE”. A few years later, on a February 1901 day, in an interview with Collier’s Weekly, inventor Tesla announced that he could communicate with Martians by sending wireless messages to any point. on the “Red Planet”. This is a strange statement, because the successful transmission of radio messages on Earth has only become a reality since December of that year. Tesla doesn’t know what the aliens might look like, but he believes they have adapted to living conditions on Mars. Like Lowell, he suggested that “it is possible that in a frozen planet, such as the presumed conditions on our Moon, intelligent beings could still reside, within it, if not within it. on the surface”. To many people, when humans can receive messages from Mars, we can also send messages, that seems reasonable. In 1909, there were attempts to find a contact with life on Mars. Harvard professor William Henry Pickering proposed sending planetary light signals through a series of reflections produced by a network of 50 giant mirrors. The flashes would continue to flash for several years, allowing the Martians time to develop the necessary means to respond. Professor Pickering’s giant mirror illustration for sending signals to Mars. Photo: Library of Congress “In the hope of receiving such signals again, we must of course assume that Martians, if they exist, have telescopes, eyes, etc., just like humans have on this Earth.” Mr. Pickering said. But the Harvard professor’s plan cost $10 million, and no one wanted to fund it.

Mr. Vien Long Binh – who is known as the father of hybrid rice in China. The father of hybrid rice Vien Long Binh died in Trường Sa city, capital of Hunan province, China due to old age and serious illness, Xinhua news agency reported. Mr. Vien was born in 1930. He led Chinese agricultural scientists to increase rice yield from 300 kg/acre to over 1,000 kg/acre. Each Chinese acre is equivalent to 666.6m2. This achievement of Mr. Vien and his associates is considered as the key to helping China solve the food security problem for more than a billion people in this country. Hybrid rice later appeared in dozens of countries in Africa, America and Asia, yielding higher yields than traditional rice. China has named four celestial bodies in outer space after Mr. Yuan Longping was once awarded the “Order of the Republic of the Nation”, the highest honor that China bestows on an individual. During his lifetime, Mr. Vien was famous for requiring that all doctors he trained or worked at the unit had to go to the fields. He himself, at the age of 88, still spends at least 5 hours a day in the fields. “Computers are very important, books are very important, but books can’t grow wet rice, can’t grow wheat. We now have a number of PhDs who are heavy on theory, but ignore practice, understand it. A lot of knowledge from books, but without practice, nothing can be done,” said Mr. Vien. Mr. Vien predicts that taking advantage of biotechnology to breed agricultural crops is the development orientation and inevitable trend in the future. Regarding food from genetically modified technology, Mr. Vien said it is necessary to have a cautious attitude, not to deny it completely.

Exploring the stars is man’s way to the universe. Some people think that each star represents a destiny, others say that the stars are small angels tasked with lighting up the night. Today, science has been able to give us a more precise answer. What is a star? Stars are all celestial bodies that are capable of emitting their own light. All of them are giant air spheres. They are tens to hundreds of thousands of times more massive than Earth. Only thanks to such a large mass can they create their own light. An object to be able to emit its own light needs to have a mass of at least 70 times the mass of Jupiter – the largest planet in the Solar System, that is, about 7% of the mass of the Sun. Why do we see the stars? The stars in the sky have always been a mystery to the human imagination. Our Earth has a mass of about 6x1024kg (6 million billion billion tons). The Sun is 330,000 times heavier than the Earth. That is, a star with a mass of 7% of the mass of the Sun would be about 23,000 times heavier than the Earth. Every object has a gravitational force that directs the center of it to its heart. Normally no one notices but we ourselves are always attracted to our own. Because each part of the body is attracted to each other and the sum of them all form a gravitational force directed towards a center of mass in our body (the center of gravity of the object). The table, the chair, the Earth, are always gravitating to itself by a force called centripetal gravity. But why doesn’t it all burn brightly? That’s because the mass of the objects we come into contact with every day just can’t afford that. Because gravity is a force proportional to mass, gravity in everyday objects is so small that they don’t cause any significant effects. With very large objects such as planets, Earth, gravity is also negligible because it creates a clear attraction that pulls everything towards it. For example, when you jump high, you will fall very quickly because of the pull from the Earth. As for the aforementioned massive objects (tens of thousands of times heavier than the Earth), the great gravity makes the pressure at the center of the celestial body very high, this pressure provides a great acceleration for the celestial bodies. gaseous atoms (mostly hydrogen). They collide strongly with each other at high velocities, breaking the electron shells, separating electrons from the atomic nucleus. At the core of the star is no longer ordinary gas but a state of chaotically moving nuclei and electrons. This state is called plasma. In the plasma state, the hydrogen nuclei have a chance to collide directly with each other at high velocities, which causes what we call fusion reactions, fusing hydrogen nuclei into heavy hydrogen and finally is the helium nucleus. This reaction is known on Earth in hydrogen bombs – bombs capable of releasing thousands of times more energy than atomic bombs of the same mass. The fusion reaction at the core of a star releases a lot of energy in the form of radiation, some of which is visible light. This radiation is transferred to the star’s surface and causes the star to glow. Stars are composed mainly of hydrogen (over 70%), with a large part helium remaining, and an insignificant fraction of heavier gases. The surface temperature of a star is usually in the range of 3,000 to 50,000K, and the temperature at the center is in the range of several million to several tens of millions of K. It can be as high as 100 million K for red giants and several billion K. with red supergiant stars. Star classification Graphic image. By mass, stars are divided into two types, dwarfs and giants. Today, modern division is based on spectral charts. In which, the star with the obtained spectrum of which position on the chart will be determined to belong to which group with specific characteristics of mass and temperature. The most widely used spectrogram today is the Hertzsprung-Russell chart. This graph represents the luminosity, size, and temperature of any star when its spectrum is obtained. According to temperature, the chart is divided into 7 levels with the symbols O, B, A, F, G, K, M respectively. In which, the star closer to O is hotter and closer to M is cold. Each level itself is divided into several sub-levels. Through the chart, it can be seen that most of the stars in the universe are concentrated in the main sequence of the chart. This sequence is a sequence of dwarfs and subgiant stars. Our sun is also on this sequence. It is located in the G group, has the detailed spectral designation G2V (yellow dwarf/Yellow dwarf). Below the sequence are groups of white dwarfs, and above are giants and supergiant, supergiant stars. Star evolution All stars form from large clouds of dust and gas called protostar nebulae. Due to gravity they gather together and shrink until they form a dense mass. As we all know, all objects that carry mass carry gravity. The same object itself also has a force of attraction between different parts of it. However, the gravitational force between small masses is negligible and we hardly notice it. Only significant forces, such as Earth’s gravity acting on people and objects, are enough to be noticed. In stars, gravity is very strong (due to its high mass). When the force of gravity is too great for the atoms to bear, they break the atomic shells and accelerate their nuclei. Hydrogen nuclei (consisting of 1 proton) when collided at high velocity, combine to form heavy hydrogen, and then helium. This reaction releases energy that causes the star to burn brightly. This is a fusion reaction (also known as a nuclear explosion. This reaction is used in the hydrogen bomb (H bomb) – the most destructive destructive weapon that mankind has built). Thanks to the great energy released from nuclear fusion in the star’s core, the gravitational contraction is halted as the released energy balances the gravitational force. The star burns so brightly for several tens, hundreds of millions or billions of years. The lower the mass of the stars, the longer the lifespan. For example, our Sun is a dwarf, medium mass, it can live for about 10 billion years. Meanwhile, stars are much larger, sometimes only living a few hundred or even tens of millions of years because the high mass creates greater pressure towards the center. It causes nuclear fusion to happen faster and the star to deplete energy faster. After burning out all of its hydrogen energy, the star no longer produces energy against centripetal gravity. It will once again shrink. At this time, the helium nuclei combine to form nuclei of heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen and heavier elements up to iron. This process releases an energy that inflates the star’s crust while the star’s core continues to contract. This is the red giant stage. For medium-sized stars (with a mass between 0.5 and 10 times the mass of the Sun), the red giant shell, when inflated sufficiently large, will explode and break up to form a planetary nebula. Meanwhile, high-mass stars have massively inflated stellar shells, becoming red supergiant stars. During this stage, the stellar core continues to contract due to gravity, temperature and pressure both increase many times compared to the previous stage, allowing nuclei of heavier elements to be synthesized (from familiar metals). from copper, silver, and gold to radioactive elements). Up to a certain limit, the energy released from the core creates a large explosion that breaks the outer shell. This is a supervova explosion. After the shell is broken, the star’s core remains for both massive stars as well as light stars. For low- and medium-mass stars like the Sun, the core will stop shrinking, becoming a white dwarf, emitting a very faint light. After billions or tens of billions of years, the generation of radiation ends, stars no longer emit light. It’s called a black dwarf, a dark, dead mass of matter. In fact, the process for a white dwarf to become a black dwarf is so long that so far a black dwarf is only a theoretical prediction. No white dwarf in the universe has been around long enough to become a black dwarf. For massive stars whose core remains after the supervova are at least 1.4 times more massive than the Sun, the mass is so great that they continue to shrink. The nuclei react with each other to form heavy nuclei. The contractions are not over yet, they cause the free electrons to be squeezed tightly against the protons, combining to form neutrons. The star becomes a solid mass of matter, composed entirely of neutrons. Therefore, it has extremely high density and extremely fast rotation speed. This object is called a neutron star. Previously, when this object was first observed, astronomers saw that it emitted a very strong amount of electromagnetic pulses, so they called them pulsars. Even more massive stars with a core mass at least 2 or 3 times that of the Sun, have not stopped after reaching the neutron star stage. They squeeze all matter together to an infinitely large density, concentrated at a location called a singularity. This singularity warps the space around it, a region of space that is bent to an infinite (closed) curvature. The boundary of this space is called the event horizon. Because the space is bent inward, anything that goes in can’t get out, not even light. This entire region of space bounded by the event horizon is called a black hole.

Earth has been 4 billion years old since its birth in the universe. In the long history of the Earth, the stars, planets, satellites, asteroids in the universe along with the Earth have all had a fixed or uncertain mode of action. The formation of the Solar System, the Moon, asteroids crashing into the Earth, comets … prove that claim.

As the development of human civilization took shape on Earth, we began to explore the mysteries of the universe and our own planet.

Humans have discovered countless impact craters on Earth formed by the “falling stars” that once crashed into the Earth. These “falling stars” are then referred to as “meteorites / asteroids”, and the traces they leave on Earth are known as “meteorite craters” or impact craters.

It can be said that the crater is a symbol and evidence of the intersection of cosmic objects and the Earth. Not only that, some scientists who support the “exogenous” theory even believe that the water and energy necessary for life on Earth today are due to the impact of meteorites and comets.

Although this is not supported by strong evidence, the craters are still very valuable to scientists studying celestial celestial bodies. It is of great significance for the study of the formation and evolution of the Earth, the change in climate, the environment and animals in ancient times, the role of biological processes and mineralization.

Today, many meteorite holes have been discovered, through studying them, people have discovered many unknown secrets from ancient times as well as unique minerals created when Huge asteroid collided with the Earth.

THE LARGEST THIEN THIEN THE PLANET

According to the report of the Earth Impact Database released in 2016, worldwide there are about 190 impact craters detected so far. And the planet’s largest, oldest and most severely eroded asteroid crater is Vredefort Crater in South Africa.

The Vredefort asteroid crater is a crater that has existed on Earth for 2 billion years – it is the result of a meteor’s shock impact with the Earth at speeds right between 40,000 and 250,000 km / h. The diameter of the Vredefort Crater exceeds 300 km, making it the largest and oldest meteorite crater in the world (second after the Yarrabubba crater in Australia (2,229 billion years old), NASA updates for 2020.

The Vredefort meteorite hole in South Africa.

This huge meteorite hole is located in the Free State province, South Africa. Because the crater is so large, local people do not realize it is the “legacy” from the “meeting” of the Earth and meteorites. However, its enormous size has attracted scientists and geologists from all over the world.

In 2005, the United Nations decided to include the Vredefort impact pit on the list of World Heritage Sites in need of protection.

LOOK AT THE PAST – FORWARD TO THE FUTURE

Talking about the crater / meteorite hole, many people do not know the Chicxulub (Yucatán peninsula in Mexico), 150 km in diameter, occurred about 65 million years ago.

Many scientists believe that perhaps the extinction of a generation of dinosaurs on Earth at that time was related to the climate change due to the impact of this meteorite.

Likewise, as the world’s largest crater, the formation of the Vredefort Crater should have had a serious impact on Earth’s climate and biological evolution. We just haven’t figured out exactly what it has affected and how it affects it.

Before that, the United Nations formed a scientific research group, based in South Africa, and conducted scientific research in the Vredefort crater for seven years. In the end it was asserted that the meteorite’s destructive power plunged into Vredefort enough to change the climate and the structure of the African plate. Scientists are continuing to study the long-term effects from Vredefort’s earlier.

What is different from Vredefort’s other meteorite craters in the world is that it has grown from what should have been abandoned into a city complete with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, and generations of people have been in This huge crater is like a peaceful paradise.

Scientists said, meteorites that plunged into the Earth may leave large “scars” for Earth on the bottom of the deep sea. Because the asteroid craters we’ve found so far are all above ground.

Due to the very large and deep seabed area, scientists currently do not have enough technology to conduct detailed investigations. Therefore, the impact crater on the sea floor remains an unsolved mystery in the scientific world. If you want to research, you must go through a long process of discovery by scientists, and this will also be the direction that scientists need to strive for in the future.

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