The Arctic ice is melting fast. Arctic – the “unusual” ocean The trial was carried out with funding from the Office of Naval Research. Scientists have described the underwater “hydrogen bomb” as one of the mechanisms that arise due to global warming. This is the factor that is changing the nature of the Arctic Ocean faster than almost anywhere else on Earth. It is also evidence that the Arctic sea ice – a source of global climate stability, can disappear more during the year. “The rate at which ice melt in the Arctic is increasing is difficult to predict with precision. This is partly due to all the complex local feedbacks between the ice, the ocean and the atmosphere. This work shows a huge role for warm water from the ocean,” said Jennifer MacKinnon, a scientist, physical oceanographer at Scripps and lead author of the study. The study was published in the journal Nature Communications. Meanwhile, Dr Yueng-Djern Lenn, a physical oceanographer at Bangor University’s School of Ocean Sciences, said: “It has been a privilege for us to collaborate with our American colleagues. Thanks to that, we were able to make biochemical measurements in this field experiment.” According to this expert, the nutrients and isotope data they collect are extremely useful for tracing the origin of the melting ice. It also allows scientists to explore the impact of fluid dynamics on deep nutrient delivery for phytoplankton from shelf seas into the Beaufort Sea basin. The Arctic is an unusual ocean in that it is stratified into layers according to salinity rather than temperature. Most of the world’s oceans have warmer and lighter water near the surface. Meanwhile, the water will be cold, denser underneath. However, in the Arctic there is a cold and clear surface layer, influenced by currents and rapidly melting ice. Warm, relatively salty water enters from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait and then into Barrow Canyon off the northern coast of Alaska. They act as a nozzle when water flows through a narrow passage. Because the water is saltier, it is thick enough to “submerge” or submerge below the arctic surface. This movement creates very warm standing bodies of water hidden beneath the surface of the water. The number of these warm subsurface pools of water has increased over the past decade, the scientists found. These pools of standing water known as “fusion bombs” are only stable enough to last for months or years. They lie beneath the main ice near the North Pole. These standing waters then destabilize the ice, as their heat gradually and steadily diffuses upward to melt the ice. Researchers deploy Fast CTD.u A detailed look at the process The process of warm water sinking has not yet been observed and understood. Without a clear understanding of this process, climate scientists cannot include that important impact in predictive models. The study suggests that warm water flows from the Pacific Ocean have increased over the past decade. This is seen as additional evidence that Arctic sea ice, a source of global climate stability, can disappear for a large part of the year. During a 2018 expedition funded by the US Office of Naval Research, scientists spotted one of these dramatic events for the first time. The team used a combination of new oceanographic instruments developed by the Multilayer Ocean Dynamics group at Scripps. The satellite observations were analyzed by researchers at the University of Miami. The data profile is prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Meanwhile, biological samples were collected by British and German scientists working on a project called “Changing the Arctic Ocean”. In addition, many scientists at several other institutions were responsible for detailed data analysis. “The team’s success highlights new perspectives we can see about the natural world when we see it in new ways,” said Scripps oceanographer Matthew Alford. A detailed look at the complex processes that regulate heat transport in the Arctic would not be possible without multiple sets of equipment, he said. These include remote sensing, as well as an automatic profiling machine developed at Scripps. Tools from the Scripps Multiscale Ocean Dynamics team include a customized “Fast CTD” sensor. As a result, quick configurations are created from the ship. In addition, an automatic “Wirewalker” uses energy from ocean waves to drive configuration measurements. These tools allow scientists to obtain high-resolution images of the ocean’s complex processes. From there, get a better understanding of how they work in detail. This work also highlights the importance of collaboration among many institutions, between several US funding agencies, and international partners. Collaborative work with scientists in the UK and Germany shows that warm water below the ocean’s surface also carries unique biochemical properties into the Arctic. This combination of organisms and chemicals is thought to have important implications for the changing arctic ecosystems.

Illustration. It was the most famous pirate ship of the Caribbean and the Atlantic in the late 1600s. With large mooring beams, it was very flexible with different wind directions. The length of the vessel ranges from 10-20m and the maximum speed can reach 10 knots. The ship can accommodate 20-70 people and 15 cannons. The hull is also very easy to move when struck by lightning or when attacked by rival ships. Moreover, the vessel’s width of only 3m makes it possible to quickly shelter safely in narrow slots. Schooner This two-masted ship is also very popular with pirates of the Caribbean and the Atlantic. The train is fast, has good maneuverability and is equipped with up to 12 cannons. The capacity of the ship is up to 75-100 people and the width is only about 2m, making shelter quite convenient, although it cannot carry much wealth or treasure. Brigantine Mediterranean pirates often use this type of two-masted ship because it can fight in low wind conditions. The sails of the ship can maneuver in many positions suitable for maneuvering and combat. The Brigantine is longer and has a larger mass than other ships, so it is preferred for use in prolonged battles. The vessel is about 30-35m in length, 8-10m in width and 3-6m in height. Galley It was the favorite vehicle of the Barbary pirates of the Mediterranean in the 1500s. The power of the ship came from 30 oars operated by sailors. The sails serve only as extra thrust for the ship. There are only a number of cannons on board for combat with more than 100 pirates. Junk Junk has been used by Eastern pirates for centuries. With sturdy masts, adjustable rudders, the ship is 15-30m long and can hold a lot of cannonballs. This is said to be a preeminent ship “invincible” created by the Chinese who can overcome extreme weather conditions at sea while ensuring safety for people on board. Captain Blackbeard and huge treasure The treasure was unearthed off the coast of Beaufort Captain Edward Teach, also known as Blackbeard, captured a French slave ship called Concorde in 1717 and formed his own pirate squad. His pirate team became the most powerful team in American pirate history. In May 1718, Blackbeard attacked the port of Charleston and captured five cargo ships. After that, he unexpectedly killed nearly half of his crew to capture the wealth at Topsail. Due to the ship’s serious damage, Blackbeard eventually abandoned the Concorde and looked for another ship. By 1997, archaeologists found off the coast of Beaufort, Northern California the wreck of the ship and the entire giant treasure of Blackbeard on the deep sea floor. This treasure was then given to the state of North Carolina and was named the largest treasure of the 20th century. Captain Kidd and the ship Adventure Galley Adventure Galley ship model Captain William Kid, who was a Scottish sailor, was given command of the Adventure Galley by New York Admiral Robert Livingston to fight against British pirates along the East India Sea and collect property. and pirate treasure for the US government. The 287-ton Adventure Galley, containing 34 cannons and 23 oars, is a state-of-the-art ship that can fight in quiet conditions. The ship set sail with pride in the hope of being unbeaten, but Kidd realized that facing the pirates was harder than he thought, he decided to return all the investments of the US government and turn around … attack allied ships. In 1698, Kidd abandoned the Galley due to heavy damage at Madagasca. He still begged for forgiveness from Livingston but when he returned to London, Kidd was put on trial and charged with piracy. He was executed in 1701. Bartholomew Roberts and the Royal Fortune fleet The last famous captain mentioned is Captain Black Bart and the Royal Fortune fleet. The first ship captured by Bart was a French brigantine ship in 1720. He armed it with 26 cannons and brought it to the Caribbean. Shortly thereafter, he continued to capture a British warship for the Martinique government and renamed it the second Royal Fortune, choosing it as the pioneer ship for his fleet. Arriving in West Africa, Bart won the Onslow and continued to add to the 3rd member Royal Fortune. A total of more than 400 ships off West Africa, Canada and the Caribbean were captured by Bart between 1719 and five. 1722. It was not until February 10, 1722, that Bart’s last ship was sunk by the British warship HMS Swallow. Black Bart is known as the most pompous and successful pirate in the golden era of pirate “profession”.