Mars hides the secret of life, always urging people to explore. Photo: NASA Today’s Earthlings are perhaps the most curious generation about the possibility of alien life on Mars, and are always wondering how humans might one day colonize there. From theories about Martian canals to alien radio messages, over the past three centuries, mankind has been constantly thinking about life on Mars. approach to his Martian “brothers”. Mars often appears in ancient texts as a “fire star,” or represents the god of War. In the 17th century, new early telescopes allowed scientists to get a glimpse of the Red Planet. Skilled “channel engineers”? Scientists need more powerful telescopes to be able to see up close, thereby trying to better clarify the hypothesis of life on Mars. In 1877, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli noticed crisscrossing lines covering the “Red Planet”. He called these lines “canali”, which means “canal”. Schiaparelli himself does not believe that this is an alien product, but some others are sure of it. Giovanni Schiaparelli’s map of the “canal” system on Mars. Image: Wikimedia Commons As information spread, the word “canali” was translated into English as “canal”, meaning “canal”. And if there were canals, wouldn’t that suggest that aliens would have to dig them? With that argument, many people believe that the interlaced lines on the surface of Mars are a beautiful system of waterways spreading across the planet.. Such a system not only shows that Martians exist, but that they are also amazing engineers. On Earth, it took man 10 years to complete the Suez Canal in 1869. The achievements of the Martians therefore seem to be far superior to those achieved by man. Astronomer Percival Lowell certainly thought so. In 1894, this American scientist-businessman began to expand the concept of a “canal” on Mars. Lowell used his family’s large textile fortune to open the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. Professor Percival Lowell works with a telescope invested by his family. Image: Wikimedia Commons Percival Lowell mapped the “canals” on Mars with the help of the 24-inch Alvan Clark & ​​Sons refracting telescope he set up at the Lowell Observatory. He made meticulous maps of what was observed on the surface of Mars, wrote many books and regularly gave lectures on his shocking theory that Martians existed and that they were trying to irrigate the planet. their dying elf. Percival Lowell offers logical explanations to answer the question of how and why life exists on Mars. He used the example of life on Earth to illustrate his arguments: “As long as it was proved with certainty that no life could exist on the seabed, dredgers deep sea beds were invented, and before long, they ‘frustrated’ us. Behold, they see full of life. Fish, crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms. In short, the life of all common floating fish, from protozoa to marine ‘monsters’ – have been found living in the depths of the seabed. What is impossible, turns out to be possible.” But mapping Mars is one thing, and soon scientists are looking for ways to make contact with any life that might exist on the planet. “Message” from the Red Planet In 1899, Lowell’s theory of life on Mars received a “kick” from a prominent scientist: Nikola Tesla. Tesla, then a successful electrical engineer, claimed that he had detected an “inexplicable, faint” signal originating from Mars. Portrait of Nikola Tesla circa 1890. Photo: Wikimedia Commons While conducting experiments with his magnifier at high latitudes atop Pike Peak, Colorado Springs, Tesla claimed that he received “a message from another world, unknown and far away. “. What does that message say? According to Nikola Tesla, it is simply: “ONE – TWO – THREE”. A few years later, on a February 1901 day, in an interview with Collier’s Weekly, inventor Tesla announced that he could communicate with Martians by sending wireless messages to any point. on the “Red Planet”. This is a strange statement, because the successful transmission of radio messages on Earth has only become a reality since December of that year. Tesla doesn’t know what the aliens might look like, but he believes they have adapted to living conditions on Mars. Like Lowell, he suggested that “it is possible that in a frozen planet, such as the presumed conditions on our Moon, intelligent beings could still reside, within it, if not within it. on the surface”. To many people, when humans can receive messages from Mars, we can also send messages, that seems reasonable. In 1909, there were attempts to find a contact with life on Mars. Harvard professor William Henry Pickering proposed sending planetary light signals through a series of reflections produced by a network of 50 giant mirrors. The flashes would continue to flash for several years, allowing the Martians time to develop the necessary means to respond. Professor Pickering’s giant mirror illustration for sending signals to Mars. Photo: Library of Congress “In the hope of receiving such signals again, we must of course assume that Martians, if they exist, have telescopes, eyes, etc., just like humans have on this Earth.” Mr. Pickering said. But the Harvard professor’s plan cost $10 million, and no one wanted to fund it.

How do jellyfish form? Ms. Miranda Lowe, curator of the Natural History Museum, in London, England, said the life cycle of most jellyfish species is similar. As hermaphrodites, jellyfish have two gonads, male and female, located in the longitudinal gastric tube symmetrically across the gastric plane. Normally, a jellyfish goes through five stages in its life. First, the adult jellyfish will “lay” eggs and sperm into the water. These two cells combine to form a fertilized egg in water. The fertilized egg develops into a small larva, called a planula. It looks like a microscopic worm and can move freely through the water. The planula will look for a solid surface, such as the seabed, for shelter. During this time, it will develop a digestive system and be able to feed itself. Thanks to the right water and temperature conditions, the planula will turn into a polyp. Polyps sprout, multiplying themselves into large clumps that look like giant bushes. When the right conditions are met, the polyps release into many young jellyfish. After the jellyfish is produced, the polyp changes to a younger polyp form. Young jellyfish continue to grow into adults. Despite their unique beginnings, most jellyfish have a short life span, usually from a few hours to several months. Some species can live for several years. However, the immortal jellyfish (scientific name: Turritopsis Dohrnii) is outside this rule. The secret of “tricking” Death The Immortal Jellyfish is a jellyfish-like waterfowl, of the phylum Cnidaria, commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea or the Sea of ​​Japan. It is shaped like a bell, with a diameter of about 4.5mm. The membrane of this jellyfish is quite thin, except for a little thick at the top. Their stomachs are relatively large, bright red in color. Young jellyfish are 1mm in diameter and have only 8 tentacles evenly spaced along the edge, while adults have 80-90 tentacles. Immortal jellyfish can reverse their life cycle when injured or starving to death. This means they could theoretically last forever. When physically damaged or under stress from starvation, the adult immortal jellyfish will transform the body’s tissues and circulatory system back to a polyp state. Because of the loss of tentacles and the ability to swim, polyps again settle to the sea floor. Over the next 24 – 36 hours, this polyp will develop into a new polyp, located in the early stages of the jellyfish. Then gradually, this polyp will hatch into a jellyfish. This phenomenon is compared to the life cycle of a butterfly. Instead of dying, the butterfly can transform back into a caterpillar and then from the cocoon, it will spread its wings again. The process behind the “rebirth” of the immortal jellyfish is a process of differentiated transformation, which is extremely rare in animals. According to research by scientists, cells in adult jellyfish and cells in polyps are different. The process of adult jellyfish shrinking into polyps allows it to form a new body, different from its original form. But the new adult jellyfish and the old jellyfish are genetically identical. Reversing the life cycle can be repetitive. In perfect habitat conditions, immortal jellyfish will never die of old age. Ms. Miranda commented: ‘We can be too focused on the large jellyfish. But little animals like this can provide a lot of great science about jellyfish and the natural world.” Diagram of the life cycle of a jellyfish. Faint existence Scientists think that the immortal jellyfish likely existed in the oceans long before the dinosaurs went extinct about 66 million years ago. But research on this animal only began in the 1980s. Immortal jellyfish were first discovered by scientists in 1883, but it was not until 100 years later, in 1980, that people accidentally discovered their immortality. University students Christian Sommer and Giorgio Bavestrello collected polyps from immortal jellyfish and watched them until the polyps turned into jellyfish. As immortal jellyfish mature, they assume that they must reproduce before they die. But unlike other species, they quickly turn back into polyps and settle to the bottom of the tank. Through observation, the two students realized that when under stress, this jellyfish would fall to the bottom of the tank and transform without fertilization or becoming a planula. This discovery led scientists to name the jellyfish Turritopsis Dohrnii the immortal jellyfish. However, not always immortal jellyfish can “fool” Death. They are the prey of many other animals such as sharks and turtles. The polyps of the immortal jellyfish are also defenseless against the pursuit of sea slugs or crustaceans. It is difficult to find out how long the immortal jellyfish can live. Immortal jellyfish are very sensitive, so laboratory studies are also fraught with challenges. Despite the difficulties, Mr. Shin Kubota, a Japanese scientist, has been raising immortal jellyfish since the 1990s. He commented that taking care of them is very time-consuming. Every day, he has to monitor the water temperature, the ambient temperature, the salinity of the water. The species’ favorite food is shrimp eggs, which must also be crushed. Kubota’s research shows that, in about two years in captivity, the immortal jellyfish have “rejuvenated” about 10 times. This jellyfish has a relatively secretive lifestyle, so their development is difficult to detect. Small size, translucent color, so immortal jellyfish are hard to see with the naked eye. Another reason the immortal jellyfish’s existence is overshadowed is that their existence does not have a negative impact on the environment. Also, in the treasure of human knowledge, the immortal jellyfish is still a mystery to be discovered in the future.

Dwarka City, India: Dwarka is in the harbor area of ​​Dwarka city, Gujarat state, India, located at a depth of 21.3m. This city was built between 9,000 and 12,000 years ago. This place used to be a flourishing city because of the remnants of the foundation, walls, sandstone steps and the remaining network of streets and seaports. The most notable structures are the ruins of temples dating from the reign of King Pallava, 7th century BC. Lion City, Lake Tiandao, China: The Lion City was built during the Eastern Han period (circa 25-200) at the foot of the Five Lions Mountain. When China carried out the project to build the Tan An dam at Tiandao Lake in 1959, the city was submerged under water. In this city before it was flooded, 290,000 people were displaced from the place where their ancestors lived for 1,300 years. The structure is believed to be a miniature version of the city of Atlantis and is part of a collection of miniature versions of the wonders of the world in China. Baiae City, Italy: Once considered the Las Vegas of the Roman Empire, Baiae city was considered a resort for the rich in ancient times. 1,700 years ago it began to sink into the waters of the Gulf of Naples, Italy. In the 8th century, Saracen troops occupied Baiae, by 1500 the city was deserted and most of the ancient ruins were submerged in the shallow waters of a bay near the Naples range. Pavlopetri, Greece: Pavlopetri was a prosperous port city of the Mediterranean region for many centuries. Located off the southern Greek island of Laconia, Pavlopetri was formed during the Mycenaean period, dating to about 1600-1150 BC. Currently, this city still has the foundation of buildings, streets, temples and about 37 stone tombs. Yonaguni Ancient Ruins, Japan: This is one of the mysterious sites on Yonaguni Island in Okinawa Japan, which may be up to 10,000 years old. In the 1980s, divers found stone platforms with a stepped-like structure with flat surfaces and clear angles that resonated in the scientific world later. This monument is also known as “Atlantis of Japan”. Antirhodos City, Alexandria, Egypt: This ancient underwater island is believed to have been submerged by an earthquake around the 4th century and was found in 1996 near the harbor of Alexandria. Explorers have found a marble palace in the 3rd century BC, believed to have belonged to Cleopatra’s time, along with some jewelry, traces of ancient cargo ships, stone houses and wells. Atlit-Yam, Israel: Atlit-Yam was formed in the Neolithic period (7,550-8,000 years ago), is a densely populated area along the coast of Carmel. The city was completely destroyed by a tsunami but today visitors can still see the remains of the foundations of houses, roads and wells. Here also found about 65 sets of adult and child remains.

Our understanding of Earth’s ocean floor is less than that of Mars. Here, scientists believe that the unusual physical and chemical conditions associated with hydrothermal systems on the seafloor may have created the right environment for the origin of life on Earth. Mysterious Megaplume Scientists discovered large areas of thermal fluid in the ocean above volcanic ridges. These large and powerful hot waters, rich in chemicals, rising from the ocean floor are called megaplume. Their size is really huge, with a volume that can exceed 100 km3, equivalent to 40 million Olympic swimming pools. Although they appear to be related to subterranean mountain eruptions, their origin remains a mystery. In their study, the scientists used a mathematical model to explain the dispersion of volcanic ash across the ocean. Thanks to detailed mapping of a volcanic ash deposit in the Northeast Pacific, scientists know that this ash can spread up to several kilometers from an eruption. This cannot be easily explained by tides or other ocean currents. Instead, the results suggest that these water columns are very energetic. The energy required to drive the flow and carry the ash is surprisingly large, about 1 terawatt (nearly half of the energy needs of the entire United States at a time). The scientists calculated that this would create water columns of similar size as said. They have since produced strong evidence that megaplumes are associated with active seafloor eruptions and that they form very quickly, possibly within hours. So what is the source of heat and chemicals to make this megaplume? The most obvious candidate is of course newly erupting molten lava. At first glance, the scientists’ results seem to support this hypothesis. Accordingly, the formation of megaplume occurs simultaneously with the eruption of lava and volcanic ash. However, when the scientists calculated the amount of lava needed for the megaplume, it was unrealistically high, about 10 times larger than most underground lava flows. The scientists’ best guess is that although the occurrence of megaplumes is linked to undersea eruptions, they are mainly derived from depleted hydrothermal reservoirs present in the ocean. . As the lava directed upward to create undersea eruptions, it may have pushed this liquid hotter than 300 degrees Celsius along. Volcano erupts under the sea. Life in harsh environments In contrast to terrestrial volcanoes, detecting an eruption occurring on the seabed is extremely difficult. Therefore, there is still much for scientists to learn about submarine volcanism and its role in the marine environment. A new study by scientists Sam Pegler and David Ferguson at the University of Leeds (UK) published in the journal Nature Communications has yielded important insights. It’s amazing to find extreme ecophiles (polar biologists) around hydrothermal vents. This discovery expands what we know about life and where it exists. The fluid flow involved in megaplume formation may be the main mechanism in dispersing these microorganisms from their subterranean origin. If this is the case, deep-sea volcanism is an important factor influencing the geography of polar communities. Some scientists believe that the unusual physical and chemical conditions associated with undersea hydrothermal systems may have provided a suitable environment for the origin of life on Earth. Thus, the megaplume may have been involved in this dispersal of life across the ocean. In the absence of other sources of nutrients and light, these types of organisms would have been the first to exist on our planet. They are present because of the heat and chemicals that lava spews up the volcanoes under the sea. Because volcanic ash deposits carried by megaplume appear to be fairly common in the deep sea, the scientists’ study found that the proliferation of life through megaplume dispersal could be widespread. Although it is not yet possible to observe a deep-sea eruption firsthand, efforts are being made to collect data on submarine volcanic events. Most notable is the observatory at Axial Volcano in the Pacific Ocean. This seabed measuring device can transmit data in real time, recording ongoing events. Through such efforts, along with continued mapping and sampling of the ocean floor, the character of volcanism under the oceans is gradually being revealed.

The length of the wall extends from Hainan fishing village to Hon Kho During the day, when the water rises, from Nhon Hai looking to Hon Kho is still a vast sea of ​​water. At dusk, the sun gradually turned off, and the new wall appeared. The water here is not too deep, but because of that, it is not possible to run close by canoe, but must go on a rowing boat to reach this unique wall. “Be careful, the rocks are very easy to get hurt,” Sy reminded us when we excitedly put our hands into the clear sea. From the fishing village to the wall, you can only go by rowing boat like Mr. Sy’s boat. Temporarily anchoring the boat to a ledge, Mr. Sy said he could stay here as long as he wanted, until the water dried up completely. We reached the wall on the full moon day, that’s when the water was almost completely drained. If in another season, the solid connections from the rocks will be clearly seen, but now, only a green color of moss is visible. In the morning, the wall is submerged in sea water A few years ago, tourists to Hon Kho were few, and few people knew about the existence of the wall. But now more people come here. In addition to being curious about a mysterious construction on the sea, it is also because it is a very suitable place for “virtual living” photos. The wall rises out of the water in the afternoon The break is said to be the gate of the city for boats to pass through From Quy Nhon city, go across Thi Nai bridge to Phuong Mai peninsula, straight towards Nhon Hai, to Hai Nam fishing village, you can see the wall. But few people come to Nhon Hai without spending a little more time to take a boat out to walk on the strange wall surface. When the tide recedes, the wall is exposed with moss There is no record of an artificial wall in the Nhon Hai area. Ancient records only recorded four great walls built by the Champa people in Binh Dinh, including Thi Nai citadel in Tuy Phuoc district, Do Ban citadel, Chas citadel in An Nhon town, and Uat Tri citadel in Tay Son district. Only the third lunar month has so many mosses Was the wall in Nhon Hai built by man or a miracle of nature? But the people here, including Mr. Sy, believe that it is a legacy of many previous generations. Looking from the Nam Hai fishing village in the direction of the wall to Hon Kho, three distinct segments of the wall are clearly seen. The gaps between the sections are enough for small boats to pass through, which Mr. Sy surmises may have been the gates for ancient ships to pass through. It could simply be a dam built to break waves as Sy guessed, or it could be a defensive work of the Champa people – that mystery is still waiting for an answer. The flora and fauna here are quite interesting Natural grape seaweed is quite abundant here The wall surface is quite wide, about 3-4m, when the water recedes, you can walk comfortably. The wall is about 3 kilometers long. Even at the broken sections, the fishermen said that when the afternoon falls, the water only reaches the neck level, and can swim through easily. If on the full moon day, the tide is at its lowest, from above you can see the full stretch of the wall. Abundant biome in the middle of the sea It is moss season, so the wall is an extremely rich biome. From the Ganoderma lucidum, to the completely natural grape seaweed bushes. Starfish glittering in the water or clownfish hiding among the moss. The wall is now an attractive photography destination for many tourists Pointing to a boat also anchored in the distance, Mr. Sy said that his family had been here since morning until now. They went to Hon Kho, then rowed the boat over the wall, but still attached to this place…

However, increased water temperature due to global warming makes the situation worse. Another cause is the pollution of untreated industrial wastewater. Obstructing livelihoods In April, according to the newspaper Cumhuriyet , biologists discovered the mucus appeared on the seabed about more than 30 meters deep. This mucus layer covers the reef, potentially suffocating the coral. Carcasses of thousands of fish were also found in several coastal towns. To make matters worse in recent weeks, Istanbul’s coastline has been covered with a “beige carpet”. Fishermen who rely on the sea for their livelihood have begun to sound the alarm about the situation. Sheet Cumhuriyet quoted a fisherman who said he had not been able to work since January. The mucus prevented him from casting a net. The sea surface of Marmara is covered with “a blanket of beige”. Photo: Daily Sabah. A diver catching sea snails laments to the news agency Anadolu that his income was reduced by poor underwater visibility. Crabs and seahorses are slowly dying as slime clogs their gills. Lecturer in hydrobiology at Ondokuz Mayıs University, Mr. zgür Baytut told the newspaper. BirGün that since it first appeared in Turkey in 2007, the mucus seems to affect the Mediterranean Sea region cyclically. According to him, it is “unusual” that mucus has been regularly found along the coast of Turkey in recent times. Mainly human According to the Guardian , the high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Sea of ​​Marmara lead to phytoplankton populations releasing huge amounts of “mucus”. Although the mucus itself is not harmful, it can become a host for harmful microorganisms and dangerous bacteria such as E.coli – bacteria that cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Furthermore, when the mucus is so thick that it forms a coating on the surface of the water, it can cause a tragedy. It prevents fish from breathing, leading to mass fish deaths, which in turn leads to a sharp drop in oxygen in the water causing suffocation for other marine species. Scientists suspect that climate change may be a factor because phytoplankton thrives in warm waters. Last winter was milder than usual, meaning the Sea of ​​Marmara was a few degrees warmer than average. Mustafa Sari, a professor at Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, told podcast channel Kisa Dalga that the giant and sticky clumps of mucus represent “climate change that is becoming increasingly apparent”. Not only hindering the fishermen, the tourists are also worried that “mucus” will reduce the beauty of the Sea of ​​Marmara. Photo: Daily Sabah. Experts also point out that preventing untreated waste from being dumped directly into the Sea of ​​Marmara helps to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus levels somewhat. Overfishing – which leaves phytoplankton out of many natural prey – can also cause this condition. Officials in Istanbul in early May announced cooperation with the Turkish government and Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University to come up with a solution, including sending boats to dredge the seabed. In Izmit, workers collected more than 110 tons of mucus, which was then taken to an incinerator for processing. Concerned that the mucus could reduce tourist numbers, some have called on the government to do more to prevent the problem from recurring. Ismet Cigit, newspaper reporter Ses Kocaeli , lamented that humans had “betrayed the most beautiful waters in the world” by allowing chemical storage facilities, fuel tanks, factories, and industrial sites to build along the coast. “Clearly there is no deterrent penalty for those who pollute the sea. Marmara is dying,” he wrote in Turkish.

Samples collected by Japan’s Hayabusa-2 probe. Pour mining money in space According to Florian Vidal (researcher at the French Institute of International Relations) and Professor of Physics José Halloy, the acceleration of ecological transition to combat climate change has led to a sharp increase in mineral demand. to service supposedly zero-carbon technologies as well as to maintain existing or newly built infrastructure. While projects to exploit mineral resources are being replicated on Earth, many “new fronts” are also being considered, such as mining in space. Typically, in 2016, the world’s media buzzed with the daring project of exploiting mineral resources on asteroids of the US companies Planetary Resources and Deep Space Industries. When Planetary Resources entered the space industry in the early 2010s, the company’s leaders were ambitious and promised to enter a new stage in the conquest of space with mining. on asteroids. Since 2012, the company’s project has attracted many private investors such as Larry Page and Éric Schmidt – the heads of Google Corporation, and filmmaker James Cameron. Excitement and enthusiasm for the field of space mining from the US has crossed the Atlantic Ocean and spread to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In addition to adapting national legislation, Luxembourg’s diplomatic service has also been mobilized to facilitate the development of an area considered by the government to be strategic. By the summer of 2016, the State of Luxembourg, through the National Corporation for Credit and Investment (SNCI), spent 12 million euros to buy a 10% stake in the American company Planetary Resources. However, two years later, this partnership was broken. When the American company ran into financial difficulties, the Luxembourg government sold their shares at a symbolic price. However, Luxembourg’s participation in the space mineral exploration project has given them an international position to connect the fields of investment and invention and invention. Continuing the policy in this area, Luxembourg later continued to participate in NASA’s Artemis project to return humans to the moon. Japan, another member of the Artemis project, is also interested in the scientific study of the composition of asteroids, which is a step towards exploring potential mineral resources in space. In December 2020, Japan’s Hayabusa-2 space probe returned to Earth after a six-year mission past the asteroid Ryugu. The goal of this science mission was to prove Ryugu could have the primordial components of the solar system, and Hayabusa-2 accomplished the engineering feat of collecting 5.4 grams of matter from Ryugu at a cost 16.4 billion yen (126 million euros). Similarly, on October 20, 2020, Osiris-Rex (a NASA space probe) also performed a 6-second landing mission on asteroid Bennu to collect dust samples (regolith). Osiris-Rex is expected to return to Earth in 2023 with the collected dust sample. The cost of this mission is about $800 million and about $183.5 million for the Atlas V rocket. Perspectives under the sea To cope with the world’s growing mineral demand, undersea mining is often seen as a solution due to the vastness of this space. Among the countries interested in undersea mining is Norway. After 3 years of seabed exploration, making the Nordic country a leader in this new mining industry, in January 2021, the Norwegian Ministry of Oil and Energy announced the possibility of issuing a license from 2023. Mining permits are available to interested businesses, such as allowing Nordic Mining ASA’s Nordic Ocean Resources AS to exploit deep seabeds rich in copper, zinc, cobalt, gold and silver ores. According to many estimates, there is 6.9 million tons of copper on the Norwegian continental shelf. Japan also has similar plans, with the ability to start exploiting the seabed from 2026. In Canada, DeepGreen (based in Vancouver) in 2019 announced to raise an investment of 150 million. USD to begin exploration for mineral resources in a part of the Pacific Ocean. This is a sign of growing confidence in the industry’s future. However, mining depends primarily on the market price of the metal and the reduction in the cost of mining in the marine environment. The consequences of fishing for marine ecosystems are also of great concern. Scientists warn against switching too quickly from exploration to exploitation because humans still have little understanding of the vast undersea environment and life on the seabed. Controversy over regulations The development of mining activities in the new “fronts” mentioned above also poses the need for appropriate regulations to adjust. This is also what the leaders of the countries have seen. Typically, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has spent many years drafting a Code for Future Undersea Mining – an indispensable tool for monitoring possible mining activities. deployed. Regulating is considered vital to seabed mining in deep waters such as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) which extends from the Hawaiian Islands to the Baja California peninsula and lies on the road. fault of the Pacific Ocean. This vast area is believed to have reserves of 247 million tons of nickel and 226 million tons of copper. However, many studies have shown that hidden in these spaces is a unique biodiversity and their density is reinforced by the presence of multi-needle nodules located at a depth of 4-5 km. Currently, the debate over regulations for these activities is still raging. While the International Seabed Authority recommends a gradual adjustment of regulations on a step-by-step basis when there are actors involved in seabed mining, it is also argued that such a gradual adjustment is slow. Slow, follow reality. Some argue that it will be difficult to modify the rules of conduct once mining has started. Experts say that although the exploitation of the ocean floor does not fully compensate for the activities taking place on land, it is a necessary additional source to meet future needs. But, as with space, deep-sea mining initiatives are posing dilemmas about extracting resources in increasingly remote regions. All opinions are that, whether on land or at sea, the conservation of ecological balance is a criterion to consider mining projects.

Super wind power project floating off the coast of Iceland provides green electricity to the UK worth 30 billion USD. Photo: North Coast of England/Documentary. The HIP Atlantic project, which aims to deploy 10 GW turbines offshore the UK, is a joint venture involving Spanish oil and gas company Repsol. This project is the result of cooperation between two groups of UK and US. IPC Group is an Anglo-American joint venture based in the UK, specializing in the development of international gas plants. Hecate Wind is part of Hecate Energy, a company owned by Hecate Holdings that develops solar and electric batteries, in which Spanish oil and gas company Repsol has just acquired a 40% stake to increase its footprint in the industry. renewable energy sector. The press release about the mega-project says that HIP Atlantic will be “completely under the control of the UK electricity system operator”, being “the first wind farm on overseas waters”. According to the plan, the first phase is to build a 4 GW wind farm connected to the UK electricity grid and two single 1 GW wind farms, hundreds of kilometers south of British waters. and in the east of Iceland. The investors of the HIP Atlantic project said that the first 2 GW could be put into operation from 2025. HIP Atlantic expects the first phase of the project to create 15,000 new jobs in the UK and 500 new jobs in the UK. Iceland. Expand the offshore wind energy area. Project Chairman Tony Baldry, former UK Energy Secretary, said the HIP Atlantic project implements British Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s vision to attract investment and create jobs in the North of England, as part of of the ambitious policy of making Britain a world leader in offshore wind energy; We will expand the UK wind power sector beyond traditional water, extending the frontiers of current cable technology for power generation within 1,000km of land-based grid points. his”. Floating offshore wind farms are the British agenda. The UK has set a target of 1 GW of energy from floating offshore wind farms by 2030, as part of the 30 GW target plan for offshore and seabed wind.

The Perpetual Coral Cemetery is part of the restoration and restoration of the marine environment. “As soon as I received his ashes from the crematorium, I suddenly thought about what it would be like to let him lie on the bottom of his favorite ocean, becoming a beautiful part of the ocean ecosystem,” recalls Brawley. Efforts to save corals Eternal Reefs is a funeral company based in Florida (USA). It is famous for the most “beautiful” burial method, which contributes to the regeneration of the marine ecosystem. The beginning of Eternal Reefs is quite simple. In the late 1980s, a pair of scuba diving friends, Don Brawley and Todd Barber, of the University of Georgia noticed that coral reefs were deteriorating. They decided to do something to stop the decline and quickly recover. After much discussion and design, Brawley and Barber were satisfied with the initiative of Reef balls. They use natural materials that both have good cohesion and attract marine life, molded into an upside-down, hollow bowl shape, with many circular holes all around. These holes allow water to pass through, avoiding being knocked over by the waves and allowing animals to get in and out. A bowl of coral can weigh from 800 – 4,000 pounds (360 – 1,800kg), sink and settle on the seabed forever. Its structure acts as a home for small animals, immediately attracting them to swim in. After just a few weeks, the artificially implanted coral tissues on the surface of the bowl grew, turning the bare bowl frame into a lively, eye-catching cluster of coral. Sea creatures flock to each other, forming diverse natural habitats. Immediately after its introduction, the coral bowl has become the most effective solution to save the ocean ecosystem. As of 2020, more than 70 countries have applied it to about 5,000 marine restoration projects, placing over 750,000 bowls across the ocean. Perfect submerged cemetery Family members are encouraged to make their own bowls of coral reefs. In early 1998, Brawley’s father-in-law, Carleton “Petey” Glen Palmer, died. During his life, Palmer was extremely fond of the sea, always wishing after death to still see the ocean floor. “Spray my ashes into the sea, where there are plenty of snapper and grouper,” he left a testament to Brawley. While sitting in memory of his father-in-law in front of the urn recently received from the crematorium, Brawley suddenly had a strange idea. That is to mix the ashes with the coral bowl casting mixture and start immediately. On May 1, 1998, Brawley buried his father-in-law and nine pioneers with a bowl of coral in Sarasota Beach, Florida. The first human ashes coral cemetery was born, after only a few months, it became a beautiful part of the underwater landscape. Or believe, sea lovers race to enjoy diving. Former marines, marine environmentalists, fishermen, divers, etc. who are about to be “near land far from heaven” warmly welcome Eternal Reefs. The sea grave coral bowl quickly became popular. Eternal Reefs allows and encourages bereaved families to participate in the process of making coral bowls, carving tombstones, launching… The location of the sea grave coral bowl is the reef area that has been designated for ecological restoration. In addition to the burial coral bowls, ordinary coral bowls are also placed, serving the regeneration of the marine environment. “2nd Life” After only a few months, the bowl of sea coral has turned into a home for a large number of sea creatures. On average each year, Eternal Reefs contributes 120 – 150 bowls of sea coral in thousands of artificial coral bowls. Depending on the size, the cost for a bowl of sea grave coral ranges from 4,000 – 7,500 USD (about 91 – 170 million VND). Eternal Reefs does not limit the number of ashes in a bowl of coral, so the bereaved can choose to bury one or more people. They are also allowed to attach memorial objects to the coral bowl, but must ensure that it is environmentally friendly. During the process of bringing the bowl of coral to the sea and launching it, the bereaved family can combine a farewell ceremony. Once placed on the seabed, the bowl of sea coral will stay in place forever. Relatives of the deceased have the right to visit, but are not allowed to move or collect. In recent years, in addition to those who work in the sea-related industry, Eternal Reefs also welcomes many other customers. Among these, there are many people who are parents who have met the fate of “silver-headed and green-headed”. They are too pitiful, want their lost child to have a second life and find salvation in the bowl of coral reefs. Compared with 750,000 bowls of artificial coral placed all over the seabed, the bowl of sea grave coral only accounts for a small number. However, Brawley believes it will make a big difference in burial customs around the world. In fact, the world is filled with more and more people who don’t want to rest in traditional ways. With the exception of marine grave coral bowls, many other ecological burial methods have also captured the attention. For example, composting corpses into soil, hydrolysis, releasing ashes into space…

The star-nosed mole is a species of small mole found in the humid lowlands of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, with records along the Atlantic coast as far as extreme southeastern Georgia. It is the only member of the tribe Condylurini and the genus Condylura. Blobfish (also known as teardrop fish) – a fish voted by the Ugly Animal Preservation Society as the standard of evil. This fish was first found in the waters of New Zealand and Australia, at depths between 600 and 1,200 meters. These are also places where the pressure is about 118 times higher than sea level. If you’ve ever seen a cephalopod recently discovered by scientists, perhaps all the strange things in this world will become completely normal, and also not surprising. , because this creature is considered the strangest species. Essentially it looks like an oversized paper clip or a long “beard” on the head, they have a curved body with twists. This animal is called Diplomoceras maximum. It’s a pity that no matter in any zoo on the planet or on a deep-sea diving boat, you won’t be able to see this animal, because it is just like Tyrannosaurus. This animal lived in Antarctica during the Cretaceous period 68 million years ago and what we can see today are only their fossils. The age of the fossils is about 68 million years, the end of the Cretaceous period, the same time as the tyrannosaurs. This strange squid mainly inhabits the waters around present-day Antarctica. It is possible that they became extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs because of the catastrophic impact of the asteroid Chicxulub. The fossil of this strange squid was discovered by the Antarctic Expedition at the UK’s University of Leeds. Scientists conducted a scientific investigation on Seymour Island in the Antarctic peninsula for six years and discovered more than 6,000 fossils of marine life. The most special of these is the squid Diplomoceras maximum (Paperclip squid). Fossils of paperclip squid are now on public display at the Earth Museum in Ithaca, New York, if you’re lucky enough to see it, you won’t be able to imagine why this animal grew up like that. – it is about 1.5 meters long and can be up to 2 meters long, equivalent to the height of a human; if it stretched out its paperclip-shaped body in a straight line, its body length would exceed 4 meters. Their assumption is consistent because shells are known to grow by accretion, creating new growth each year. After shrinking the giant shells of these 1.5-meter-long animals, the researchers concluded that the only plausible explanation is that these animals have a lifespan of about 200 years. In addition, the most surprising thing to scientists is that this paperclip squid has a lifespan of up to 200 years, speculated now from the ridges on their shells, this calculation is similar to the way Calculate the age from the ridges of the tree trunk. Their shells were developed through accretion, based on repeated patterns of carbon and oxygen isotopes, which scientists believe reflects annual methane production on the seafloor. This means that the paperclip’s shell will grow one more groove each year, and it will grow longer and longer. And the question is why this squid was able to live so long, while modern cephalopods, such as cuttlefish and squid, have a lifespan of less than 5 years even when they are the largest species of this family or the cephalopods are also shellfish, they can only live up to 20 years. So paperclip ink can live to be 200 years old is completely strange and mysterious. New research published at an online meeting of the American Geological Society claims to have discovered new evidence for a previously unknown creature with a very long lifespan. To answer this question, paleontologists have put forward a threefold hypothesis – they suggest that their habitat at that time was similar to that of the Greenland shark, which lived in cold waters. The price of Antarctica, have long and dark winters, lack of food sources, so they have to slow down their metabolism to increase their chances of successful reproduction, so their lifespan is also increased.

This luxury resort features the world’s first undersea villa, with a floor less than 5m below the water. The rooms of the villa have glass doors all around so guests can see the colorful life on the ocean floor. Bedroom with king size bed, sitting area, bathroom and spiral staircase. The cost of building this villa is 15 million USD. Beautiful view of the Indian Ocean. The villa was designed by Crown architects and built by New Zealand-based MJ Murphy Limited, which specializes in aquarium technology. The undersea room is connected to the upper floor by a spiral staircase. Upstairs is a twin bedroom, bathroom, dressing room, gym, integrated living room, kitchen, bar and dining room. with the veranda facing the sunset. Guests can enjoy the endless horizon while soaking in the tub. Opposite the villa is the sunrise direction and the infinity pool. The villa can accommodate up to 9 guests. Ahmeed Saleem, lead designer, said: “We will deliver innovative experiences for global travelers at the world’s first undersea property as visitors explore the Maldives.”

The star-nosed mole is a species of small mole found in the humid regions of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, with records along the Atlantic coast as far south-east as Georgia. It is the only member of the genus Condylurini and genus Condylura. Blobfish (also known as water drop fish) – a fish voted by the Ugly Animal Preservation Society … the standard of evil. This fish was first found in the waters of New Zealand and Australia, at depths from 600 to 1,200 meters. These are also locations where the pressure is about 118 times higher than sea level. If you ever saw a new species of cephalopods discovered by scientists recently, perhaps all the strange things in this world would be very normal, and not surprising. , because this creature is considered the most exotic. Essentially it looks like an oversized paperclip or a bunch of long “antennae” on the head, they have curved bodies with twisted lines. This animal is called Diplomoceras maximum. It’s a pity that no matter where you live in any zoo on the planet or ride a diving boat to explore the deep sea, you will not be able to see this animal, as it is just like Tyrannosaurus. This animal lived in Antarctica during the Cretaceous period 68 million years ago and what we can see today is only their fossil. The date of the fossils is about 68 million years, the late Cretaceous period, the same time the dinosaurs. This strange squid mainly inhabits the waters around present-day Antarctica. They may have gone extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs because of the catastrophic impact of the asteroid Chicxulub. This bizarre squid fossil was discovered by the Antarctic Expedition at the University of Leeds, UK. Scientists conducted a scientific investigation on the island of Seymour in the Antarctic peninsula for 6 years and discovered more than 6,000 fossils of marine life. The most special of these is Diplomoceras maximum squid. The fossils of paperclip are currently on display to the public at the Earth Museum in Ithaca, New York, if you were lucky enough to be seen, you wouldn’t be able to imagine why this creature grew like that. – it is about 1.5 meters long and can be up to 2 meters long, which is equivalent to human height; if its paperclip-shaped body was stretched out in a straight line, their body length would exceed 4 meters. Their assumption is consistent because the shell is known to grow by accretion, creating new growth each year. After shrinking the giant crust of these 1.5-meter-long animals, the researchers concluded that the only plausible explanation was that these animals had a lifespan of about 200 years. In addition, what surprised scientists the most was that the paperclip squids had a lifespan of up to 200 years, speculation now calculated from the edges on their shell, which is similar to the method. Calculate the age from the trunk lines. Their shells are developed through accretion, and based on the repetitive characteristics of carbon and oxygen isotopes, scientists believe this reflects the annual production of methane on the seabed. This means that the paperclip ink’s cover will grow one more groove each year, and it will grow longer and longer. And the question is why this squid is able to live so long, while modern cephalopods, such as cuttlefish and squid, live less than 5 years even if they are the largest of this family or the cobra is also a shellfish, which can only live up to 20 years. So paperclip ink can live to 200 years old is completely strange and mysterious. New research published at an online meeting of the American Geological Association claims the discovery of new evidence suggesting a very long lifespan has never been known before. To answer this question, paleontologists have come up with a temporary hypothesis – they suggest that their habitat at that time was similar to that of the Greenland sharks, which lived in cold seas. Antarctica’s prices, which have long and dark winters, lack food sources, so they have to slow down their metabolism to increase their chances of reproducing successfully, so their lifespans are also increased.

Submarine sailors have a particularly unusual life for ordinary people to imagine. According to Business Insider, American submarine sailors are usually deployed underwater for three months. Those chosen must ensure not only the requirements of technical capacity but also a strong mentality to be able to live underwater for many months. The sailors’ first task after submarines submerged was to ensure there were no leaks on board. After the submarine completely submerged, sailors’ lives took place according to the 18-hour schedule, divided into 3 shifts, each 6-hour shift includes 1 sleep shift, 1 watch shift and 1 shift. recreational activities, relaxation. The rest of the day sailors spent on eating and drinking. Due to the enclosed space, lack of natural light, sailors have difficulty in sensing the passage of time. To them, the time on the submarine seemed to “freeze”. According to a sailor, they basically perceive the time of day according to the type of food they are eating. If they’re getting pancakes, you know it’s morning and if they have leftovers, they know it’s midnight. Sometimes there is not enough bed for sailors on a submarine. Therefore, there will be temporary beds placed in the torpedo room. An actual bed inside the submarine is often called amusing a “coffin” because the space is extremely cramped. Every space on the submarine is practically cramped. The hallway that only has 1 person to walk is no exception. Bathrooms are arranged on a minimum on the submarine. Sometimes 40 sailors have to share 1 bathroom. The shower should also be very small to save space for other important parts of the submarine. However, the kitchen area on a submarine has relative priority in terms of area. Fresh foods usually go away within a few weeks. The rest of the time, the sailors will eat canned or processed food. Without windows, sonar technology was the “eye and ear” of sailors. Although the submarine is cramped, it still has a gym to help the sailors stay in shape. After weeks of living inside the submarine, sailors may have the opportunity to swim, sunbathe, absorb some Vitamin D …

Fish soup with dragon tongue – a specialty of Duc Pho waters. Photo: THIEN DI The ingredients are available, just boil the water and add the fish to a few slices of fresh chili to remove the fishy smell. When the fish is just cooked, put the long tongue on the island. A few minutes later, season with a little more delicious fish sauce, monosodium glutamate and eat with some cilantro. So, there was a fish soup cooked with a wild, sweet and cool tongue. The sweet aromatic fish meat blends with the mild sour taste of the dragon’s tongue, the mild broth creates the characteristic taste of this soup. This dish is characteristic of the people of Duc Pho, so the people who are far away from home also deeply remember its taste when going away. Mrs. Tra Thi Ut, in Pho Khanh commune (Duc Pho town), has reserved a small garden just to plant the dragon’s tongue. Mrs. Ut shared: “My children live and work in Canada, but each year they return to their homeland. This dragon blade garden I plant so that every time it comes back, I cook fish soup with dragon tongue. When he was bored with fish soup, Duc Pho people chose to cook fish soup, but more specifically, fish porridge had to be eaten with bread roll. Like all other types of fish porridge, the fish are boiled and removed from the bones, leaving only the white flesh. The fish meat is lightly oiled, then seasoned to taste. Fish bones are finely crushed, filtered for water, and then cooked in porridge with fish broth. Porridge cooked, add meat and fish to be finished. “But bread roll, it must be the type of bread that is coated in the bakery only in Pho Khanh or Pho Cuong,” said Pham Kim Oanh, from Pho Khanh commune. Crispy bread rolls on embers, dotted with fish porridge to leave a very special aftertaste for people to enjoy. Not only cooking soup, porridge, fish can also be baked or stored with pepper, hot chili in a clay pot, sour soup with giang leaves … Although the price is quite cheap, only from 40-70 thousand VND / kg, Depending on the size, but this fish is very popular and is a regular dish present in the meals of Duc Pho people from ancient times to now, becoming an indispensable part when it comes to the specialties of the land. south of the province.

The KRI Nanggala-402 submarine sinking tragedy of Indonesia, making the entire crew and commanding officers, in fact completely avoidable, if the country’s naval forces pay more attention to safety standards. ship operation. As a 40-year-old submarine, Indonesia’s KRI Nanggala-402 is likely to have had problems with improper maintenance. However, it is likely that this ship will not be salvaged, and the cause of the incident will forever be unraveled. There have been many similar submarine tragedies in the past, but the causes of these incidents are often unknown due to being classified as a state secret, or simply by submarines. was broken, it was impossible to determine the exact cause. In 2017, the ARA San Juan submarine of the Argentine Navy sank during a patrol off the waters of the country. The ship sank with all 44 crew on board, and all initial search attempts were unsuccessful. It was not until a year later that the San Juan was found in the South Atlantic. The reason for the shipwreck was simply described as “technical error”, the long search and the ship lying at a depth of up to 900 meters, which caused the ship to be completely destroyed. China also had a similar tragedy in 2003, when its diesel-electric submarine, number 361, sank with 70 crew members. The cause of the incident was not disclosed much by the Chinese media, some sources said that the submarine was functioning well, a fault in the ventilation system, causing the entire crew to suffocate. Due to the loss of the crew’s control, submarine 361, with all the crew and commanding officers, crashed into the sea floor. However, the official cause of the incident has never been made public by China. The most horrifying submarine tragedy in history, and best known, is that of the nuclear submarine Kursk, which occurred in August 2000. The Kursk nuclear submarine sank off the Barent waters, killing 118 crew and commanding officers. Russia then salvaged this submarine ashore, to find out the exact cause of the incident. Based on Russian evidence found after the Kursk was salvaged, it has been determined that 23 Russian sailors are still alive in the escape compartment after the bow explosion occurred. However, the Russian side, partly incapable of rescue, partly subjective, said that no one survived, so decided not to organize the rescue of people, but only tried to salvage the ship from the beginning. . Many comments also said that the Kursk submarine has a lot of military secrets, so the Russian side does not want to ask the West to participate in the process of rescuing people still trapped in the ship. Russia itself, knowing that there are still survivors inside the ship, does not have enough access to equipment, the only way is to ask the Western assistance. Another tragedy involving submarines built in the Soviet Union, which occurred in 1989, was the K-278 Komsomolets. Soviet nuclear submarines sank off the coast of Norway, still emitting extremely dangerous radioactivity. Unlike the aforementioned tragedies, the K-278 was in trouble due to the poorly operated crew of the ship, the ship was burnt in time and surfaced to evacuate, before sinking completely into the seabed. However, 42 out of 69 crew members died, of which most died from hypothermia after hours of soaking in the cold sea water, while others were killed by sinking with the ship in an attempt to save. living ship is sinking. Another terrible submarine accident involved the Soviet Union, the K-8 submarine tragedy that occurred on April 8, 1970. The K-8 submarine had a problem with 52 crew members on board, all killed. Initially, the K-8, after the incident, was able to float to the sea surface, the entire crew safely escaped. Then the tug of the Soviet Navy appeared, trying to tow the submarine back to the port. During the towing process, all 52 crew members returned to the submarine, into the operational position. On the way back to port, the K-8 submarine sank with all crew members, killing 52 people. The incident took place in the waters of Biscay. Photo source: BI. The Komsomolets submarines of the Soviet Navy are still emitting radioactivity in the seabed off the coast of Norway. Source: RT.

7:00 am, we arrived at Cai Rong port (Van Don district), boarded a modern 2-hull boat straight to Co To. Only 65 minutes later, the ship cut off the waves to dock on the island. An area of ​​pearl island with white sand and blue sea, spacious roads make people feel like a corner of Nha Trang or Phu Quoc. Few people know that this place used to be a difficult area lacking hundreds of faces, even fresh water is also a luxury. The turning point came in 2013, the leaders of Quang Ninh province were determined to pull the power grid to the island, although the resources and technology were still limited at that time. Along with that is the construction of fresh water reservoirs. Having electricity and water has helped Co To’s economy “brighten”, people’s lives have been rapidly improved. Co To rose to become an attractive destination for tourists. ‘Bringing electricity to Co To island is strategic thinking’ Mr. Le Hung Son, Secretary of the District Party Committee, Chairman of the People’s Committee of Co To district assessed that the project of bringing electricity to Co To island in 2013 was a great turning point, helping this island district to have great development. Co To is a pre-pepper island district of the country with 200 km of sea border stretching from Tran Island to Bach Long Vi archipelago of Hai Phong. The district has 50 islands, large and small, of which the largest is Co To island, about 50 km2 wide. The primeval forest here is preserved almost intact with hundreds of years old trees, tangled vines. Co To also owns 300 km2 of fishing grounds. The potential is that, but before 2010, the economy in Co To is almost underdeveloped due to limited infrastructure, especially the 3 shortages: lack of electricity, lack of fresh water and lack of ships to the island. Only over 50 nautical miles from Cai Rong and Van Don ports (more than 60 km), but in 2011, Co To was still very far away because only 2 wooden ships traveled for more than 3 hours to arrive. There is a lack of electricity on the island, especially fresh water in the dry season, so all services and tourism cannot be developed. Mr. Dao Van Vu, now Vice Chairman of the People’s Committee of Van Don district, who had more than 20 years of attachment to Co To, recalled the difficulties on the island: “There were times when I started from Cai Rong, but only 6 hours later to arrive. Because of the strong wind, the train had to go around to avoid the waves. When coming ashore, they must carry sandals, roll up their pants and wade ashore but do not have a wharf. The district has no grid electricity, the main source of electricity is 2 diesel-powered engines. One day only power supply until 20-21h is to be cut off. Because electricity is powered by generators, the cost is very high, 5,000-6,000 VND / kWh, homes using a lot of high stairs can reach 15,000-16,000 VND / kWh. Most houses only use electricity for lighting and fans for essential needs. The tourism industry is less developed due to difficult travel and modest accommodation conditions. There are almost no hotels in the whole district, mainly small motels. Even if guests want to use the air conditioner, they have to pay extra electricity with very expensive prices. There is only one old police force on the big island. Therefore, traveling and transporting passengers and goods is very difficult. In 2010, Co To welcomed less than 5,000 guests. By 2011-2012, although the engine was more equipped and had a larger capacity, the guests only reached about 30,000 visitors. Also because there is no electricity, the seafood caught on the sea is difficult to preserve, many fishermen have to sell directly at sea to the merchant boats from the mainland to buy at low prices, because bringing back to the island is also difficult to preserve. and there is no electricity for processing. In addition to lack of electricity, Co To also lacks fresh water. During the dry season, families have to divide each barrel of water. Mr. Nguyen Duc Thanh, former Secretary of Co To island district in the period of 2010-2015, recalled: “When I went to the island to take office as the island district’s secretary and president, I and the district leaders also struggled to find solutions to overcome the power shortage. lack of water, lack of boats for people on the island, but until 2011 it is only possible to start the construction of freshwater reservoirs, while pulling electricity is too far away, never can do it ”. With that same lake, Mr. Thanh used to sign a “military status order” with the Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee: “In August 2011, just a few days after he took office as Secretary of the Quang Ninh Provincial Party Committee, Mr. Pham Minh Chinh made a visit. Unofficially went to Co To money island district. Myself and a comrade drove the new Secretary to visit the island on the only pickup truck borrowed from the district police. When he saw that we were building the Truong Xuan freshwater lake, he asked how long the project would take, I said it took 3 years because of lack of capital. Then the Secretary asked: If the province prioritizes to allocate capital, can you do it in 1 year, do it quickly but must ensure the quality? I confirmed that I could do it, the Secretary immediately asked to write the commitment, I made 2 copies, 1 copy sent to the Provincial Party Committee and one sent to the Provincial People’s Committee. After supplementing capital and mobilizing labor, mechanical equipment, we put the lake into operation on time as committed, still operating well, is the largest source of fresh water on the island ”. Regarding electricity, Mr. Thanh said, at that time he reported to the Secretary the optimal plan is to pull cables, but with difficulties in technology and capital; If we make coal-fired power, we cannot develop tourism because it will be polluted for the whole island. “At that time, the Secretary did not make any decisions, we did not know if we could pull the cable to the island, because there has never been such a long submarine cable project in Vietnam,” said Thanh. A few weeks after the new Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee’s visit to Co To, Mr. Thanh was summoned to attend a meeting of Quang Ninh leadership chaired by Pham Minh Chinh Provincial Party Secretary, where a decision made 5,000 people. Co To island district is very happy: Pulling electricity by underground cable to the island. Mr. Thanh said at that time, the head of the party committee of Quang Ninh province told him: “We try to bring electricity to the island, to build a reservoir to take care of water for the people, then the enterprise will invest in a modern fleet. connect the island to the shore “. So, the three difficult things of Co To have been solved. Technically, to pull the grid to the island is a big challenge as the longest underground cable distance is 25 km (between island and island). Technology to pull electrical cables under the seabed was very new and almost nonexistent in Vietnam. To bury the cable, the engineering unit must use a robot to cut the rock, dig the surface of the seabed to a depth of about 1.5-2 m, then the divers lower the cable to the newly dug slot, then place a solid material. special coating to protect the underground cable bundle. Many people are skeptical about the safety and feasibility of towing the cable under the sea. Another problem is the huge cost of capital to pull out electricity, up to more than 1,000 billion dong. In 2011, the budget for development investment of the whole Quang Ninh was only about 6,000 billion VND, not too much for such a large project. The Northern Power Company cannot afford to do a big project, while the immediate business efficiency is not high. “There were many difficulties, but the Secretary and the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee at that time were determined to pull the power grid to the island. The difficulties in both finance and technology have been gradually removed with a drastic, urgent and detailed participation ”, recalled Mr. Nguyen Duc Thanh. Project scale includes more than 27.5 km of 2-circuit 110 kV transmission line; 22 km of 22 kV overhead transmission line; 23 km of underground cable line; 8 cutting stations 22 kV; 12 substations and 34 km of low voltage transmission lines. The 100 kV line sections are wired by a hot air balloon, while the average depth of the seabed to lower the underground cable is 29 m. At that time, the leaders of Quang Ninh province had a valuable decision to include fiber-optic Internet in the bundle of electrical cables, so now Co To has both grid electricity and broadband optical fiber lines. The project’s estimate is about VND 1,100 billion, of which the Northern Power Corporation will contribute VND 350 billion. The remaining amount in Quang Ninh is about 830 billion, mobilized by socialization and the provincial budget. Many Quang Ninh people cannot forget a very exciting and meaningful campaign to contribute: Contribute to the people to pull electricity out to Co To. Each civil servant in the whole province contributes 1 day of his salary. The province also calls on people, businesses, social organizations, even people from Quang Ninh who are far away from their hometown to contribute. The remainder is taken from the provincial budget. After 350 days of construction, in October 2013, the project of pulling the grid to Co To by underground cable was completed before the overwhelming joy of the people of Co To and the whole province of Quang Ninh. Many old people on the island shed tears when they see the light from the national grid on the island. Young people radiant eyes look at computer screens, phones with high-speed Internet connection, merging with the global flow of information. Along with electricity, Truong Xuan lake with a capacity of 170,000 m2 together with Lake C4, Ong Thanh, Ong Cu … is a strategic source of fresh water for Co To island district. Thus, in just a few years, Co To had both electricity from the grid, fresh water, an unprecedented change in this front-end island. Every morning, Co To wharf is busy with dozens of tram cars waiting to welcome guests, see off guests, and carry goods from ships connecting to the mainland. Mr. Nguyen Van Hung, owner of a 2-star hotel near the wharf, recalled that eight years ago, when Co To did not have electricity, he never dreamed that he could do it like today. After Co To got electricity, Hung finished building a small motel. The number of visitors to the island increased sharply this year and a half years ago, making his motel continuously expand. Anh Hung is now the owner of a 2-star hotel with nearly 60 rooms, a few more electric cars to pick up guests. Mr. Nguyen Toan, manager of Tuan Vu Hotel on Co To Island recalled in 2013, when the owners on the mainland poured hundreds of billions to build a 3-star hotel on the island, many relatives and friends were discouraged. and said “crazy”. Someone said Co To at that time was both difficult and difficult to come by. When we invested so much money, we knew when we could recover our capital. However, with the love of the sea and islands and seeing the potential for development, the owner is still determined with his plan. And the sweet fruit has come to the summer tourism season in 2014. The hotel is always in a full room with many large groups of guests. The investor initially expected 12-15 years to break even, but so far has been able to recover the capital in 8-9 years. Since the electricity came on, the number of visitors to Co To skyrocketed. From 35,000 turns in 2012, in 2019 (before the translation of Covid-19), Co To received nearly 300,000 visitors, nearly 10 times higher than before. When electricity is available, many people also have conditions to invest in accommodation, food, and services to provide tourists. On the contrary, as the service develops, more tourists come to Co To. Currently, traveling from the mainland to Co To is very convenient with many trains going and arriving during the day. There was even a 5-star standard train running the Cai Rong – Co To route which traveled less than 60 minutes, can be used in the wind situation of level 7, carrying 850 passengers / trip at the same time. On the island, there are 300 electric cars to serve tourists, nearly 200 accommodation establishments, nearly 2,500 rooms, 51 homestays … Up to now, Co To can welcome 10,000 tourists at the same time. Tourism revenue from 50 billion in 2013 to reach 700 billion in 2019. With electricity and water available, the processing industry also developed. People can invest in means, catch seafood and then return to deep processing on the spot to sell at high prices. The Secretary of the District Party Committee, Chairman of District People’s Committee Co To Le Hung Son said that the most important thing when having electricity and water is to help improve people’s lives in all aspects, the economy can achieve important developments. The average income of Co To people reached 4,500 USD / year, higher than the national average of more than 1,000 USD. “Improving people’s lives and economic development is also a measure to maintain security and national defense in the country’s pre-emptive and anti-dumping islands,” said Mr. Son. Mr. Thanh said that the success of Co To today is a clear proof to see the vision and determination of the provincial leaders before. Mr. Le Hung Son said that in the future, Co To strives to become stronger, and welcomes 1.6 million visitors by 2030. The island will also focus on attracting large investors, bringing tourism to development. larger, with more premium products to increase the spending per visitor. She also wished that in the near future, she would be approved with the policy of building a small airport, serving tourism and national security, avoiding obstacles caused by weather and climate change. “Past generations of leaders have created a foundation for fundamental change in Co To island district. We want to continue to grow, making Co To become an indispensable destination for tourists ”, Mr. Son said.

Earth has been 4 billion years old since its birth in the universe. In the long history of the Earth, the stars, planets, satellites, asteroids in the universe along with the Earth have all had a fixed or uncertain mode of action. The formation of the Solar System, the Moon, asteroids crashing into the Earth, comets … prove that claim.

As the development of human civilization took shape on Earth, we began to explore the mysteries of the universe and our own planet.

Humans have discovered countless impact craters on Earth formed by the “falling stars” that once crashed into the Earth. These “falling stars” are then referred to as “meteorites / asteroids”, and the traces they leave on Earth are known as “meteorite craters” or impact craters.

It can be said that the crater is a symbol and evidence of the intersection of cosmic objects and the Earth. Not only that, some scientists who support the “exogenous” theory even believe that the water and energy necessary for life on Earth today are due to the impact of meteorites and comets.

Although this is not supported by strong evidence, the craters are still very valuable to scientists studying celestial celestial bodies. It is of great significance for the study of the formation and evolution of the Earth, the change in climate, the environment and animals in ancient times, the role of biological processes and mineralization.

Today, many meteorite holes have been discovered, through studying them, people have discovered many unknown secrets from ancient times as well as unique minerals created when Huge asteroid collided with the Earth.

THE LARGEST THIEN THIEN THE PLANET

According to the report of the Earth Impact Database released in 2016, worldwide there are about 190 impact craters detected so far. And the planet’s largest, oldest and most severely eroded asteroid crater is Vredefort Crater in South Africa.

The Vredefort asteroid crater is a crater that has existed on Earth for 2 billion years – it is the result of a meteor’s shock impact with the Earth at speeds right between 40,000 and 250,000 km / h. The diameter of the Vredefort Crater exceeds 300 km, making it the largest and oldest meteorite crater in the world (second after the Yarrabubba crater in Australia (2,229 billion years old), NASA updates for 2020.

The Vredefort meteorite hole in South Africa.

This huge meteorite hole is located in the Free State province, South Africa. Because the crater is so large, local people do not realize it is the “legacy” from the “meeting” of the Earth and meteorites. However, its enormous size has attracted scientists and geologists from all over the world.

In 2005, the United Nations decided to include the Vredefort impact pit on the list of World Heritage Sites in need of protection.

LOOK AT THE PAST – FORWARD TO THE FUTURE

Talking about the crater / meteorite hole, many people do not know the Chicxulub (Yucatán peninsula in Mexico), 150 km in diameter, occurred about 65 million years ago.

Many scientists believe that perhaps the extinction of a generation of dinosaurs on Earth at that time was related to the climate change due to the impact of this meteorite.

Likewise, as the world’s largest crater, the formation of the Vredefort Crater should have had a serious impact on Earth’s climate and biological evolution. We just haven’t figured out exactly what it has affected and how it affects it.

Before that, the United Nations formed a scientific research group, based in South Africa, and conducted scientific research in the Vredefort crater for seven years. In the end it was asserted that the meteorite’s destructive power plunged into Vredefort enough to change the climate and the structure of the African plate. Scientists are continuing to study the long-term effects from Vredefort’s earlier.

What is different from Vredefort’s other meteorite craters in the world is that it has grown from what should have been abandoned into a city complete with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, and generations of people have been in This huge crater is like a peaceful paradise.

Scientists said, meteorites that plunged into the Earth may leave large “scars” for Earth on the bottom of the deep sea. Because the asteroid craters we’ve found so far are all above ground.

Due to the very large and deep seabed area, scientists currently do not have enough technology to conduct detailed investigations. Therefore, the impact crater on the sea floor remains an unsolved mystery in the scientific world. If you want to research, you must go through a long process of discovery by scientists, and this will also be the direction that scientists need to strive for in the future.

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