The ancient amulet has just been presented to the Israel Antiquities Authority. A bronze amulet engraved with God’s name and magical symbols for protection from evil spirits and the “evil eye” curse has been turned over to authorities after being unearthed in northern Israel 40 years ago. before. According to the IAA , the amulet once worn on a necklace is believed to date to about 1,500 years ago during the Byzantine period . At that time, the region was ruled by the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire after Byzantium, the old name of the city in which it was based (later Byzantium was renamed Constantinople and now It’s Istanbul now.) Although the amulet is engraved with Greek letters, they spell the Jewish name IAW, a form of the name “Yahweh” in the English alphabet. This bronze amulet, about eight centimeters long and four centimeters wide, was found near the site of an ancient synagogue at Arbel, just west of the Sea of ​​Galilee. Eitan Klein, an archaeologist with the IAA, said the location and inscriptions suggest that the amulet may have been worn by a Jewish, not necessarily Christian, regardless of its origin. its religion, “Although scholars often identify wearers of such amulets as Christians, the fact that the amulet was found in a Jewish settlement that had a synagogue in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. might indicate that even the Jews of that period wore amulets of this kind to protect against the evil eye and the devil,” says Klein. Devil’s Eye This type of charm was relatively common at that time in Galilee and what is now Lebanon; They are sometimes known as a form of the “Seal of Solomon”, named after the legendary king of Israel. One side of this amulet features a galloping horseman with a halo on his head, thrusting a spear into a woman lying on her back. A Greek inscription carved above the rider’s head reads “The Only God Who Conquers Evil” and God’s name in Greek letters – IAW – is engraved underneath the horse’s feet. The other side depicts an eye pierced by an arrow and an object split in half. The eye appears to be threatened by two lions, a snake, a scorpion, and a bird below it, and a Greek letter abbreviation meaning “One Lord” engraved above it. above it. The amulet was probably made to protect people against evil spirits and a magical curse known as the evil eye, a long-held belief throughout the ancient world at least as far back as the sixth century. B.C. According to this belief, some magicians are said to be able to lift the curse with a malicious look, while those who receive it will be injured or have misfortune. “The equestrian is depicted conquering evil spirits, in this case a woman identified with the Greek mythological figure of Gello or Gyllou, who threatens women and children,” Klein said. and is related to the evil eye,” Klein said. “The eye on the back is identifiable as a demon eye that is attacked and destroyed in various ways. Therefore, the amulet was probably used to protect women and children.” A family member of the finder, now deceased, recently turned over the amulet to the Israel Antiquities Authority, and Klein encourages those with similar treasures to do the same. The amulet is believed to date back to the late Talmudic period in Jewish history, when traditional Jewish theology and law were formalized in a collection of written works known as the Talmud. The synagogue in Arbel is often mentioned in historical sources from Talmudic times, Klein said; where there was a linen manufacturing industry, and many Jewish sages visited or taught there.

In some parts of Germany, it is believed that if you toast someone with a glass of water, it means you expect the person to die. This strange superstition has its roots in Greek mythology, where the spirits of the dead would drink from the Lethe, one of the rivers of hell. Knock on wood to avoid bad luck Illustration. Source: igafencu This superstition stems from the belief of the Paganists (a group of people originating from the Roman Empire following polytheism) that evil spirits often reside in wood. Therefore, it is believed that if you wish for something, you should touch or knock on the wood to prevent evil spirits from hearing it and prevent your wish from coming true. Avoid sitting at the corner of the table Hungarians and Russians believe that whoever sits at the corner of the table will never get married. Some say that this bad luck lasted only for seven years, but no one gave a clear explanation. Cut nails at night Illustration. Source: Pexels The Turks, Indians and Koreans believe that cutting the fingernails or toenails at night is bad luck. Even in Japan it is said that you can die prematurely if you do this. In ancient times, cutting fingernails and toenails was done with knives or sharp objects. It is possible that the wounds from cutting fingernails and toenails in the dark, plus the lack of medical support have caused infections or deaths, leading to such taboos. Put your wallet on the ground Avoiding putting your wallet on the ground is also a strange custom that still exists in many countries of Central America, South America and the Philippines. Many people believe that placing money or wallets on the ground will lead to bad luck with money. Put shoes on the table Illustration. Source: igafencu In the UK, placing shoes on a table is considered bad luck as it symbolizes the death of a loved one. This stems from an ancient custom, when placing someone’s shoes on the table was a way to announce that someone in their family had passed away. Today, although it no longer carries such a heavy meaning, putting shoes on the table is still considered an unacceptable act in etiquette. Fear of Tuesday the 13th Not only is Friday the 13th taboo, in Spain and some Spanish-speaking countries, people are very afraid of Tuesday the 13th. The word “Tuesday” in Spanish is “Martes” which is derived from the word “Tuesday” in Spanish. Mars, the Roman god of war. Additionally, Constantinople (once the capital of the Roman Empire) is said to have fallen and was devastated on Tuesday, during the Fourth Crusade. More than 200 years later, history records that the Ottoman Empire announced the occupation of the city on the same Tuesday. No outdoor knitting If you come to Iceland to live, knit at home, not outside. Locals believe that knitting in front of the house will make the weather always in a freezing state. Illustration. Source: Pexels Pouring water behind someone’s back for good luck Pouring water for good luck is a Serbian folk custom. Specifically, before someone goes away or performs a job, people will pour water behind this person’s back to pray for good luck, hope for a safe road and favorable work. This custom is usually done when entering school, before the exam day, before going to a job interview, enlisting in the army or similar important things.

1. Yerebatan Cistern – Where is the “Forgotten Underwater Palace” located? Icon Brother Icon France Icon Turkey The correct answer is answer C: Yerebatan Cistern (Basilica Cistern) is actually an ancient water tank left underwater in Turkey. This underground cistern is, in Greek, known as the “Basilica”. Archaeologists today call it “The Forgotten Underwater Palace”. 2. What year was Yerebatan Cistern built? Icon 531 Icon 532 Icon 533 The correct answer is answer B: Yerebatan Cistern was built in 532 under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. This ancient emperor built a cistern to store water for the Great Hall. In 1453, the cistern system was forgotten, when the capital Constantinople fell into the hands of the Ottoman Empire. In 1545, the French archaeologist Petrus Gyllius discovered the “underwater palace”. 3. In which city was the “Palace” Yerebatan Cistern built? Icon Istanbul Icon Besiktas Icon Ankara The correct answer is answer A: Yerebatan Cistern was built in the Turkish city of Istanbul. In this city, scientists found hundreds of water tanks, elaborately designed and built, of which the most famous is the Basilica Cistern. Not only an ordinary reservoir, Basilica Cistern is also known as the “Swallowed Palace”, hidden deep underground, which attracts a lot of tourists when visiting. 4. How many meters long is Basilica Cistern? Icon 140m Icon 143m Icon 145m The correct answer is answer B: “Palace” Basilica Cistern is the largest water tank in Istanbul with a length of 143 m, a width of 70 m, containing about 80,000 m3. 5. What kind of stone is Basilica Cistern built from? Icon granite Icon Magma Icon Jade The correct answer is answer C: This building is supported by 336 marble columns, creating beautiful domes like the famous synagogue in Europe. Some of the stone pillars are carved with the head of Medusa upside down. Currently, the Basilica Cistern is a popular tourist attraction in Istanbul. To help visitors admire the marble columns, as well as the devil’s head, in 1990, the city government installed a wooden platform system on a part of the water area to make a walking area inside the tank. . 6. Turkey’s Istanbul is Europe’s largest city? Icon It’s correct Icon Wrong The correct answer is answer A: According to World Atlas, with a population of more than 14 million people, an area of ​​more than 5.3 thousand square kilometers, Istanbul is the largest city in Europe. It is also one of the largest cities in the world. 7. What distinctive geographical feature does this city have? Icon Located on the islands Icon Located on 2 continents Icon Located on 7 hills The correct answer is answer B: Not only is the largest city in Europe, but Istanbul is also known as the only city in the world spanning 2 different continents including Asia and Europe. 8. Istanbul is also known as the city…? Icon Golden City Icon Diamond City Icon Cat City The correct answer is answer C: The forgotten city Istanbul is also known as the “cat city”. This city currently has more than 1 million cats living, making it the city with the most cats in the world. Result Please work harder! point

In human society, we give and exchange what we need to maintain life is an indispensable daily activity of each individual. More than that, from the perspective of the entire human race, commercial exchanges have become such an indispensable part of today’s world, so much so that each person forgets to depend on them so much that Come on. Just take a minute looking around the room you are sitting in, or look through the top of your desk and ask yourself how much of it is made by you yourself, and you have the answer. word. How commercial activities have an impact on the history of human society is summarized in the book: Trade history – How trade shaped the world ? (Original name : A splendid exchange: How trade shaped the world ) by William J. Bernstein. He is a neuroscientist, an expert in financial and investment theory, and also a researcher in economic history. The book focuses on two main contents: the first is the formation and development of commercial activities; The second is the impact of trade on the shaping of human society throughout history as well as the world today. WJBernstein recounts commercial history from the earliest steps, when people came up with the idea of ​​genius and it was also very natural to exchange what was in surplus for what they needed or liked but didn’t have, in when others have ego, it’s time for commerce to have shape and scale later on. The process of formation began from the cradle of human civilization in Mesopotamia to the formation of the oldest trade routes and then evolved into a complex network stretching from the Roman Empire in the west to the emperor. Han Empire in the East. Next was the disruption of East-West trade on the mainland as the two empires declined and Islam arose from the Middle East and spread influence, becoming the center of global trade for a long time. At the same time, maritime trade with the Indian Ocean was a major trade route that flourished, replacing the ancient Land Silk Road as the economic lifeblood of the world. Besides the overall picture of the ups and downs of trade history, WJBernstein analyzes the interaction between trade with political, social and other natural factors. For example, the geographical structural differences between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean lead to different economic-political, naval strategies thinking among Mediterranean civilizations (such as the Greek). Greece with civilizations participating in the Indian Ocean trading system (Islamic countries in the Middle East, Indian sub-states, Southeast Asia and China). At the same time, he offers interesting examples of times when economic, political and religious interests conflict, forcing rulers to make choices. For example, the famous story when Venice Governor Enrico Dandolo used all his tricks to bring the Crusader army to attack and sack Constantinople, Venice’s influential competitor, instead of attacking Egypt, his partner. commercial importance of Venice, as the Crusaders expected. And not only conscious human endeavors, but at times nature plays an important role in the course of history. The fourteenth century Black Death plague devastated both Christian Europe and the Muslim Middle East, but the consequences were different. The epidemic weakened feudalism in Europe, gave freedom of thought and trade a chance to develop, while at the same time making Islamic civilization severely irreversibly damaged, paving the way for turn in global trade advantage from East to West. In Trade history refers to characters, both famous and anonymous, who contributed to the making of commercial history. It was an anonymous Mesopotamian businessman whose letter on earth kept evidence of a transaction thousands of years ago. It was Vasco da Gama, it was Columbus, the restaurants that paved the way for Europe to regain control of the world. Or Richard Cobden, a pioneer in the fight for free trade thought in the UK in particular and around the world in general. Trading is not only about exchanging goods, but also about competing for the market, competing for monopoly on trading of goods with great profit. Contact between people belonging to far away countries also means the exchange of deadly pathogens. Merchant crews contributed to the spread of the Black Death in Europe. Spanish expeditions made many peoples of the Americas extinct because of the pathogens they carried. Competing for markets, fighting for strategic commodity resources has been the main cause of most wars from ancient times, from the Peloponnese to two bloody World Wars in the twentieth century. WJBernstein has neutrally recounted the story of commerce and its impact on human society, fully pointing out the bright and dark sides of this story. More importantly, we all know this is an ongoing story, and understanding the past is probably the best, if not the only, way to make the future of the dark side of trade possible. control is better, and on the bright side, commercial benefits bring people, to be promoted more thoroughly.