Unlike the Arctic, where many countries around the world have built their own bases to serve a number of fields both in terms of science, economy and military, for Antarctica, this is still an unofficial land. government although the countries closest to it are Argentina, South Africa and Australia. Every year, during the winter, Antarctica does not receive any sunlight for 6 months; In summer, the sun is always on the horizon. Most of the sunlight falling on Antarctica is reflected back by the white ice, 1.9km thick on average, plus the highest terrain in the world (2,800m above sea level) giving this place its climate. coldest on earth. In the middle of summer, when the sun is perpendicular to the Tropic of Cancer, the average temperature in Antarctica is -25°C. In winter, when the sun moves down the Northern Hemisphere, Antarctica is as cold as -65°C and in some places -89.2°C. A cruise ship takes visitors to Antarctica Initially, only seven countries made claims, including Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, and Great Britain, by setting up facilities in the name of scientific research. Some other countries such as India, Italy, Russia, USA, Pakistan, Ukraine… although not claiming sovereignty, they also build long-term and sustainable constructions. In 1959, after much controversy, in order to prevent military conflicts, the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and nine other countries signed the Antarctic Treaty, which essentially “set aside territorial claims” and use Antarctica for peaceful purposes only. Jane Francis, head of the Antarctic Survey, UK, said: “In 1980, five more countries made claims to sovereignty and now, 54 countries are present in Antarctica with 75 research stations. That poses many problems that need to be solved, such as climate change, fishing, tourism, resource exploitation…”. The results of 50 years of observations show that temperatures in some areas of Antarctica are rising much faster than the global average. This leads to melting glaciers and consequent sea level rise. Marine biologist Damon Stanwell-Smith, who first visited Antarctica more than 25 years ago, said: “Things have changed rapidly and we can see clearly. Just six years ago, there was Areas that are not accessible by boat during the winter are now experiencing large currents, allowing tour operators to bring tourists to visit Antarctica. Still according to Damon Stanwell-Smith, from November last year to April last, despite the raging COVID-19 pandemic, 51,000 tourists set foot on Antarctica, an increase of 17% over the previous year and will continue to grow. continues to increase even though the tour price is from 1,000USD to 100,000USD per person depending on geographical distance. “In addition to the 33 ships registered with the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, there are 20 other ships under construction, not to mention the kayaking or air-plane tours that make Antarctica an oasis,” Mr. Damon said. play uncontrollably…”. The majority of tourists to Antarctica are Chinese, second only to the US in the ranking because Beijing is investing heavily in the continent, as part of its plan to become a “polar power”. What is Antarctica when the Antarctic Treaty is no longer in place? The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was adopted in 1991. It entered into force in 1998 and is the main instrument related to the conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica, in which There is a ban on exploitation of natural resources. However, after 50 years, the countries that signed the Antarctic Treaty can decide to amend the fishing ban provided that at least three-quarters of the current consultations – the 29 countries of the Antarctic Treaty – agree. Notice when the 50-year period will end in 2048. Whales slaughtered at a logistics base in Antarctica However, before the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty, seal hunting in Antarctica was practiced as early as the 18th century by the British, Norwegians, Argentines and Chilean. Meanwhile, large-scale whaling in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters increased sharply in the early 20th century, mainly by Norwegian and British companies. Whaling logistics stations erected in Antarctica are implied to be part of that country’s territory because, under international law, state activity is a key element of ownership territory. It is therefore not surprising that it is expressed in many forms by all the claimants to Antarctica, from scientific research facilities to dormitories for experts, rescue stations or offices that maintain navigation, airports, logistics, harbors, lighthouses, not to mention that some governments license whaling, seals, The establishment of national parks, the issuance of postage stamps, the mapping and naming of each area, etc., are concrete examples of the race to own Antarctica. According to National Geographic, UK, an increasing number of activities are damaging Antarctica, such as legal and illegal fishing, including the molluscs it contains. is the main food for whales. Arthur Devries, a fish biologist at the University of Illinois, USA, said that since 2003 he has not found an adult toothfish in Antarctica while in 1970, he caught 500 fish for a season to study a protein in the body of fish that helps make anticoagulants. Environmentalist Huck Dulown of the University of Gundee, UK, says he has collected hundreds of meters of damaged nets left behind by fishing boats, not to mention engine oil and household waste. travel. Huck Dulown said: “There are places called ‘scientific research stations’ but maybe inside are not military bases and it is not excluded that it hid missiles with nuclear warheads as it once happened. It goes against Article 1 of the Antarctic Treaty: “Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. Any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases, the conduct of military exercises, the testing of any weapon, are prohibited. Antarctica is humanity’s last unspoiled reserve. Under the ice of this continent is an extremely large mineral resource including oil, copper, gold, titanium, uranium, rare earth …, and the surrounding seas are inhabited by many types of creatures. In addition, the glaciers in Antarctica contain 90% of the fresh water in the world, so South Africa, for example, was planning to pull an iceberg to serve the freshwater shortage in the city of Cap Town. A scientific research station in Antarctica And although Antarctica itself is a demilitarized zone, armed conflicts have arisen in a number of its vicinity, including Chile and Argentina over an island near Cape Horn, as well as claims to the South China Sea. The two countries’ overlapping territorial claims, or the war between Argentina and Great Britain over the Falkland Islands, is the gateway to Antarctica. Although the war ended long ago with the victory belonging to Britain, according to observers, it is very likely that it will flare up again. Jim Tymothy, a professor in the Department of Geopolitics, Yale University, USA, said: “The fate of the territories in Antarctica depends on the coordination of the great powers. If coordination is not achieved, the continent will share seven in the next 20 to 30 years, and that could lead to an Antarctic war, is based on these factors: The emergence of technology that allows the rapid and economical supply of fresh water from glaciers in the South China Sea. Antarctica to dry regions, rising oil prices and increasing demand for crude oil Besides, food also needs to be exploited more due to the growing global population, which requires fishing in Antarctic waters…”. At the moment, there is no such convergence of interests, but more than ever, it is likely to take shape because over 60 years, up to now, 54 countries have joined the Antarctic Treaty. including 29 European countries, 9 Asian countries, 8 South American countries, 4 in North and Central America, 3 in Oceania and 1 in Africa. Not only that, the number of consultative parties of the Treaty with bases in Antarctica is also constantly increasing: Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Chile, People’s Republic of China, Korea Countries, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, UK, India, Italy, Norway, New Zealand, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, South Africa, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA and Switzerland. The remaining 25 countries join the Antarctic Treaty as non-consulting parties but still have the right to attend relevant meetings without being included in the decision-making process. However, although “not included in the decision-making process”, these 25 countries still assert their position in Antarctica through scientific research stations, airports, ports, logistics facilities, etc. So the Antarctic race probably hasn’t stopped yet because no one is sure that in the future, no country will send people to this cold continent…

Recently, Australia has witnessed the first Tasmanian devil (a carnivorous marsupial of the family Dasyuridae) born in the wild after more than 3,000 years since the species disappeared from the continent. Specifically, according to the announcement of the Aussie Ark wildlife conservation organization on May 24, 7 young Tasmanian devils were born at the Barrington wildlife sanctuary, New South Wales, Australia. It is known that the Tasmanian devil disappeared from mainland Australia thousands of years ago. The Dingo is the cause of the extinction of the Tasmanian devil Since then, the Tasmanian devil has only lived within the island of Tasmania, south of Australia – where the wild dog Dingo has never set foot. However, the Tasmanian devils that exist on the island are threatened by the disease “demon face tumor” – a mysterious infectious cancer unique to this species. The disease causes the body, especially the face of the Tasmanian devil, to develop large lumps, which will be fatal to the animals within 3-6 months. Worse still, this is an infectious disease. In the process of fighting for territory or food, Tasmanian devils often bite each other in the face. Accordingly, cancer cells in infected animals will easily be transferred to healthy children Before this strange disease first swept the island of Tasmania in the 1990s, there were about 150,000 Tasmanian devils on the island. However, statistics by 2020, only less than 25,000 animals are still alive in the wild The fact that this species has almost disappeared on the continent and the island’s numbers are on the decline has led Australian conservationists to work hard to protect, breed and return the Tasmanian devil to its natural environment. In September 2020, the wildlife conservation organization Animal Ark brought 11 Tasmanian devils back to the wild in mainland Australia (specifically, the Barrington wildlife sanctuary). Together with 15 individuals previously present in a research project, the number of Tasmanian devils in mainland Australia is increased to 26. After 8 months since returning to the wild, the Tasmanian devils have successfully reproduced When born, the offspring are only the size of a pea and live in the mother’s pouch The successful breeding of demons in mainland Australia has raised hopes for the success of the plan to release and breed Tasmanian devils in the wild. Normally, the mother Tasmanian devil will give birth to 20-40 offspring at a time. The offspring will have to compete for milk from the mother At birth, the baby Tasmanian devil weighs only about 0.18-0.24 grams and is about 0.2cm long Once born, the baby Tasmanian devil will crawl into the mother’s pouch. After 3 months there, its body is complete and can go out to explore nature. When they reach the age of 3.5 – 4 months, the young begin to wean from their mother’s milk Baby Tasmanian devils are more agile than adults and can climb trees. If they can survive the first year, their lifespan in the wild is around 7-8 years As adults, Tasmanian devil males are usually larger than females with a body length of about 65 cm, a tail length of about 25 cm and an average weight of about 8 kg. Females are about 57 cm in length, about 24 cm in tail and have an average weight of about 6 kg The size of the Tasmanian devil is not too big, but after the Tasmanian tiger went extinct in 1936, they became the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world. The appearance of this creature is quite strange when it seems to be “hybrid” between many animals. The head of the Tasmanian devil looks like a mouse, the body is neat, stocky with black fur and a white stripe across the chest quite like a small bear, their teeth are sharp like a wolf… The Tasmanian devil is exactly the epitome of the saying “small but mighty”. Although the body size is only about the size of a puppy, it is considered a “killer” in the animal world because it possesses many “weapons” that are beneficial for hunting. Thanks to their extremely sensitive sense of smell and hearing, the Tasmanian devil easily finds prey or detects other dangers. Tasmanian devil is an agile animal and the ability to fight flexibly on many terrains (ground, underwater, in trees) plus an aggressive personality, like to “chase and kill” so it is rare for any creature to escape the danger. their pursuit Their teeth are also extremely sharp and their jaws are so powerful that every bite is a fatal blow The Tasmanian devil is basically a carnivore, so its food is any animal they hunt. They even eat carrion. Thanks to their sharp teeth and strong jaws, they can even eat bones In addition, the cry of the Tasmanian devil is very scary, it makes the listener feel like they are lost in a horror movie When hunting or fighting for food with fellow humans, the Tasmanian devil will emit even more haunting cries Possessing incredible speed, sharp teeth, haunting cries … so this creature is likened to the devil of Tasmania. It is known that the Tasmanian devil is one of the 7 important species for Australia’s ecosystem The ‘revival’ of the Tasmanian devil in mainland Australia will help control populations of feral cats and foxes – these are animals that threaten the existence of many other species In addition, the Tasmanian devil is also a scavenger, helping to avoid diseases spreading into the environment

Mr. David Parker – Director of ESA shared with the press: “We are entering a new phase – a stage where humans are likely to explore the “eighth continent”. The Moon is a repository of archives. With the Moonlight project our mission is to take an important step towards uncovering the wonders of the Solar System, which stores 4.5 billion years of history, yet we barely understand its secrets. mystery of the universe”. Moon with “satellite constellation” that Moonlight will build, in order to turn this place into “8th continent” – Photo: ESA. The space agency did not disclose the specific cost to carry out this mission, but according to information, a number of companies from the UK, EU and Canada have offered to work with ESA to develop the Moonlight project. They will provide telecommunications and navigation services for crews and robots. The ESA said: “The combination of many agencies and organizations will facilitate the exploration of more space on the Moon. This is one of the goals of the NASA Artemis mission to return humans to the Moon in 2024.” Upon learning of this project, dozens of international, institutional and commercial groups have offered to support ESA. Many of these initiatives come from major space organizations in China, India, Japan, and Russia, along with other astronaut nations and private companies. Outline the primitive base that ESA intends to build, which will start a large city in the future – Photo: ESA. These helpers saw benefits from being involved in the project as: Radio astronomers could set up observatories on the far side of the Moon, with the understanding that the signal would move relay information back to Earth easily and quickly. Commercial agencies could develop supporting new services and products, such as virtual reality games in which players control Moon robots. It is possible to name a number of agencies and organizations that propose to participate in the Moonlight project such as: British company Surrey Satellite Technology (SST) will participate in Moonlight and act as a service provider and producer. satellite output. “Our partnership with ESA will provide the world’s first lunar data relay service,” said SST CEO Phil Brownnett. Or London-based Inmarsat and MDA Space and Robotics Ltd (MDA UK), based at the Harwell Science and Innovation Facility in Oxfordshire, both leading the exploration of ideas. They will work on the development of the Lunar Navigation and Communication Service (LCNS) to support future scientific, exploration and commercial activities on the lunar surface. Yasrine Ibnyahya, Senior Director at Inmarsat said: “I am confident that the expertise and assets from Inmarsat can solve problems in the most efficient and cost-effective way. The Moonlight project is the first step to open up future opportunities, it can facilitate human exploration of space, develop technology and can be the basis for access to new resources. “.

Many European countries hope that the rate of Covid-19 will decrease, the gradual lifting of restrictions will help revive tourism. In Europe, the overall incidence of Covid-19 is decreasing along with increasing vaccination rates for the Covid-19 vaccine. As a result, many countries in the continent are gradually lifting travel restrictions, offering hope for a recovery to the tourism industry. European leaders are also discussing the technical requirements for the Digital Green Certificate, a vaccine passport, to be adopted across the region. On May 8, European Commission President Uraula von de Leyen said that the certificate would come into effect from June. In Austria, from May 19, restaurants, hotels, theaters and sports centers will reopen to welcome visitors with negative Covid-19 test results. These reopening plans will coincide with the removal of quarantine rules for incoming travelers, and facilitate entry for travelers who have been vaccinated against Covid-19, who have tested negative. as well as those who have recovered from Covid-19. The Polish government has allowed hotels to reopen at 50% occupancy. Outdoor dining will also be allowed starting May 15, and from May 29, guests will be able to dine in the restaurant. Foreign visitors to Poland are required to self-isolate for ten days upon arrival unless they present proof of a negative test result for Covid-19. Those who have been fully vaccinated and those who have recovered from Covid-19 are not isolated. Portugal: After about five and a half months, the state of emergency was lifted on May 1. As a result, restaurants, cultural and entertainment centers are now allowed to stay open until 10:30pm. In addition, the border with Spain is reopened. However, travelers from countries with a 14-day Covid-19 incidence in excess of 150 are still barred from entering Portugal. In Croatia, hotels are allowed to host guests and restaurants can open for al fresco dining provided certain conditions are observed. To be admitted, visitors must present a negative PCR test result for Covid-19, or certify that they have recovered from Covid-19, or have been fully vaccinated with the Covid-19 vaccine. Denmark: Shops have reopened, but to dine indoors, guests must use the app to prove that they have tested negative, have been fully vaccinated or recovered from Covid- 19. Fully vaccinated people from EU and Schengen countries are allowed to enter Denmark provided their country is classified as “orange” or better, meaning there is a risk of infection. Covid-19 is lower. France is slowly opening up. Residents are now allowed to travel more than ten kilometers from home without giving a reason, and are allowed to make domestic trips. The curfew was applied starting at 7pm, but from May 19, the curfew was moved back from 9pm. After that, restaurants will be allowed to serve outdoor guests, and shops and cultural and arts centers will reopen. In Greece, outdoor areas of restaurants are allowed to reopen, but shops are required to close before 10:45 pm and a curfew is in place starting at 11 pm. Vacationers who wish to enter the country are required to update their personal data online, present a negative PCR test result for Covid-19 or a certificate of full vaccination against the Covid-10 vaccine. Greece does not require visitors to self-isolate. Italy is gradually lifting restrictions to prevent the spread of Covid-19. In areas with lower Covid-19 incidence, restaurants are allowed to serve guests outdoors even in the evening, but a curfew is in place starting at 10 p.m. Museums and cinemas in the “yellow zone” have reopened. Italy plans to welcome tourists back to the summer tourist season from June 2 to June, but has yet to put in place restrictions on visitors. The Covid-19 situation in Spain has eased considerably, with many restrictions lifted, but some regions still plan to maintain curfews for the time being. Residents and visitors are still required to wear masks in public. Spain has allowed to open its doors to visitors from EU and Schengen countries. But visitors from high-risk Covid-19 areas are still required to present a Covid-19 negative test certificate. To fly to Switzerland you will need to test negative for Covid-19, but this does not apply to arrivals by land. Only travelers arriving from high-risk areas are required to self-isolate. Hotels as well as museums, shops, theaters and theme parks will reopen. However, restaurants are only allowed to serve outdoor guests with a limit on the number of guests. Switzerland still maintains social distancing rules and wears masks.

The swordsmen failed miserably In order to avoid the long dreamy night, Master Logos broke the barrier and ordered the Shindai brothers to attack the swordsmen of the northern division. Standing in front of the power of the two most powerful swordsmen, Sword of Logos, warriors fell one after another. While Ogami / Kamen Rider Buster was severely beaten by Zoous, Daishinji / Kamen Rider Slash was defeated by Sabela. Neither Touma nor Yuri were capable of defeating Durandal, even though they used both X-Swordman and Elemental Dragon. Counterattack In the midst of a dire situation, Rintaro suddenly remembers the teachings of his former master, Blades, realizing that his task is to protect his friends and teammates from the Sword of Logos – the organization he once considered a family. family. In response to his determination, the secret book Sophia kept became a new Wonder Ride Book, with the power to surpass any previous Wonder Ride Book. As a part of the all-powerful book, as well as the sustaining power source for the northern subdivision, this secret book contains an immense amount of information, including the history and strength of previous swordsmen at that icy geography. Now, it becomes the Tategami Hyoujuusenki Wonder Ride Book, helping Rintaro to evolve to new heights with the power of all sorts of ice creatures. On land, in the air or under the sea, there is no longer any place that would make it difficult for the king of the ice continent. Putting a vow before the Sword of the Water Luu Thuy, Rintaro will now protect those most important to him. Faced with the power that surpassed the definition of absolute zero of the Blades, Zoous failed. In the end, Rintaro proves himself to be a true Water Swordsman and avenge his master. Tategami Hyoujuusenki not only possesses the power of previous swordsmen, but also includes the power of creatures from the ice continent. Meanwhile, although he was unable to defeat Durandal, Touma had discovered the secret of his move thanks to the Elemental Dragon’s “seeing through the principles of the world” ability. It turned out, the Time of the World Sword Period could create a dimension where the flow of time was slowed down, and Durandal could observe and move freely in it. After he acts, the other “time” will be deleted. However, due to the time difference between this dimension and the real world, Durandal was unable to affect the target. In order to be able to attack, he would have to “turn off” this ability first. Therefore, Touma was able to temporarily “catch” him and counterattack. But right now, Master Logos “forced” him to return, thus the battle ended. Sabela will change? After witnessing Master Logos teaming up with Megid, Shindai Reika became confused. Most likely, she would awaken in time and join the swordsmen guild against her own master. Touma sacrifice? In the preview of episode 33, we saw a scene of Touma / Saber and Kento / Calibur fighting Master Logos together. With the Lightning Strike, the Lightning Sword and the Earth Swordsman Sword (acquired by Sabela after Buster’s defeat), Master Logos overwhelmed both of these swordsmen. Also in this preview, we see Touma dying in Kento’s arms, along with the end of the world. But is it really Touma going to die, or is this just a prospect of a possible future? If you remember, Kento was not killed by Kamijou Daichi but was sealed into the Darkness Sword of the Moon. At this time, Kento had seen a series of future scenarios thanks to the power of the dark sword, so decided to seal all of the holy swords in order to protect the world. Therefore, it is very likely that this is just a result that Moon Dark showed Kento only. After all, Master Logos is still incapable of destroying everything.

People walk on the International Square between the border of Santana do Livramento of Brazil and Rivera of Uruguay. Photo: Reuters Dr. César Salomé felt a sense of fear as he watched patients with COVID-19 rushing to be transferred to their intensive care unit. For many weeks, the doctor at the Mongrut Hospital in Lima (Peru) has been closely monitoring reports on the disease situation. P.1 – a variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the acute respiratory infections COVID-19, which originates in the Amazon jungle, has raged Brazil and put the country’s health system on the brink fall. Now, his patients are brought in critical condition. If their lungs are damaged, they will die within a few days. Even young and healthy people cannot be safe. He clearly noticed that the P.1 virus was attacking his home country. The Washington Post reported that the P.1 variant, with a series of mutations that made it more contagious as well as potentially dangerous, is no longer a Brazilian problem. It has become a problem for South America and the rest of the world. Fragile border line In recent weeks, P.1 has crept across rivers and borders, evading restrictive measures aimed at controlling its spread across the continent. Many regions of South America are worried that P.1 could quickly become the dominant variant, bringing Brazil’s humanitarian catastrophe – countless untreated patients, skyrocketing deaths – to the nation. their. Venezuelan infectious disease expert Julio Castro commented: “It’s spreading. Can’t stop it ”. A woman attending a family funeral dies of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil. Photo: AFP In Lima, scientists discovered that the strain originating in Brazil is responsible for 40% of the cases of COVID-19 here. In Uruguay, this rate is 30%. In Paraguay, health officials said half of all cases near the Brazilian border were infected with variant P.1. Other South American countries such as Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile all have detected P.1 in their territory. P.1’s genomic sequencing limitations prevent it from knowing how widely the virus actually spread. P.1 has been identified in over 20 countries, from Japan to the US. Hospital systems across South America are being pushed to the limit of overcrowding. Uruguay, one of the richest countries in South America and an early success in the pandemic, is at risk of failure of the health system. Meanwhile, health officials said Peru was on the verge of danger, with only 84 empty intensive care beds left by the end of March. The special care system in Paraguay has run out of beds. Ms. Elena Candia Florentín, President of the Paraguay Infectious Diseases Association, said that Paraguay has very little chance of stopping the spread of variant P.1. “With the health system collapsing, medicine is constantly running out, lack of early detection, lack of follow-up exposure, patients waiting in line for treatment, health workers not getting enough vaccines. as it is not clear when this vulnerable group will be vaccinated… the prospects in Paraguay are just dark, ”she explained. How P.1 spread throughout South America is an easy story. Nearly every country on the continent shares a land border with Brazil. People are concentrated in border towns, where traveling to another country can be as simple as crossing a street. The limited border surveillance measures have made the area a haven for smugglers. They also make it nearly impossible to control the spread of P.1. “We share 1,000 kilometers of terrestrial border with Brazil – the” manufacturing plant “of the largest variant in the world, said Gonzalo Moratorio, Uruguayan virologist who tracks the development of the P.1 variant. and is the epicenter of the crisis. And now P.1 doesn’t just appear in one country ”. Vaccine “thirst” The Brazilian city of Tabatinga deep in the Amazon rainforest, where officials suspect the virus has infiltrated from here into Colombia and Peru, is symbolic of the fight to stop this variant. The city of 70,000 people swept the P.1 virus earlier this year. Many people in Tabatinga have relatives living in neighboring countries so they are used to crossing the border by canoeing across the Amazon River to Peru or on foot to Colombia. “People carried the virus from one side of the river to the other,” said Sinesio Tikuna Trovão, a local leader. Crossing the river is no waste, just cross to the other bank to get to another country. The truck carrying 100,000 doses of the vaccine has just been sent to Luque, Paraguay. Photo: AFP Currently, P.1 has infiltrated many countries so its goal of stopping its spread will be very difficult. Most South American countries, with the exception of Brazil, applied strict controls last year. But efforts were wiped out by poverty, indifference and lack of trust. With battered national economies and rising poverty, public health experts worry that it will be difficult to sustain restrictions longer. In Brazil, despite record-high death tolls, many states are lifting restrictions. The deadlock and danger in South America has made vaccination the only way out. But this region still has limited access to the COVID-19 vaccine. The continent has not distributed vaccines domestically or has reached an agreement with pharmaceutical companies. According to the website Our World in Data, it is one of the most affected regions in the world but only provides 6% of the world’s vaccine dosage. Except for Chile, which is vaccinating people faster than anywhere in the Americas, but still suffers from an increase in the number of cases. “We should not just blame the policy of handling,” said Luis Felipe López-Calva, Regional Director of the United Nations Development Program for Latin America and the Caribbean. We need to understand the nature of the vaccine market. ” According to him, vaccines have become so scarce that national authorities have to impose control measures. It is almost impossible to know how much governments are paying for each dose of vaccine. Several regional blocs in other parts of the world, such as the African Union and the European Union, have negotiated joint contracts. But in South America, countries do not have a common voice, which reduces the bargaining power of each individual country. Mr. López-Calva said that the above situation is harmful to South American countries and also to fight against viruses around the world. Because, it is clear that no one is safe until everyone is protected. Paulo Buss, a famous Brazilian scientist, said the situation should not have been as bad as it is now. He is Brazil’s medical representative in the Union of South American Nations, repeatedly negotiating regional agreements with pharmaceutical companies before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this alliance was soon divided because of political differences. “It was the worst possible moment. Our negotiation efforts were fragmented. Multilateralism has been weakened,” Buss stressed.