The Sun’s atmosphere can be as hot as 1 million degrees Celsius. This increase in temperature, despite the increased distance from the Sun’s primary energy source, has been observed in most stars. In 1942, Swedish scientist Hannes Alfvén hypothesized that the magnetizing waves of plasma could carry large amounts of energy along the Sun’s magnetic field from the interior to the corona, passing through the photosphere. before exploding with heat in the upper atmosphere of the Sun. This hypothesis has been tentatively accepted, but there is no evidence that these waves exist. Recent research by scientists finally confirms Alfvén’s nearly 80-year-old hypothesis and brings us one step closer to harnessing this high-energy phenomenon on Earth. The sun is made up almost entirely of plasma Halo problems have been around since the late 1930s, when the Swedish spectrographer Bengt Edlén and the German astrophysicist Walter Grotrian first observed phenomena in the sun’s corona that could only be observed. present if its temperature is a few million degrees Celsius. This represents temperatures up to 1,000 times hotter than the photosphere below it, which is the surface of the Sun that we can see from Earth. Estimating the heat of the photosphere has always been relatively simple: we simply measure the light reaching us from the Sun and compare it with spectral models that predict the temperature of the light source. Through decades of research, the temperature of the photosphere has always been estimated to be around 6,000°C. Edlén and Grotrian’s discovery that the Sun’s corona is much hotter than the photosphere – albeit farther from the core. of the Sun, its supreme source of energy – has given the scientific community a headache. Scientists looked at the properties of the Sun to explain this difference. The sun is made up almost entirely of plasma, which is a highly ionized gas that carries an electrical charge. The movement of this plasma in the convection zone – the upper part of the sun – generates enormous electric currents and strong magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are then pulled up from the Sun’s interior by convection, and enter its visible surface in the form of sunspots, which are clusters of magnetic fields that can form a variety of magnetic structures. differences in the Sun’s atmosphere. Alfvén reasoned that within the Sun’s magnetized plasma, any large movement of charged particles would perturb the magnetic field, creating waves that could carry enormous amounts of energy across vast distances. (from the surface of the Sun to its atmosphere). Heat travels along what is known as a flux tube from the sun before bursting into the corona, creating its high temperature. Measure the temperature of the Sun with an imaging spectrometer These magnetic plasma waves are now known as Alfvén waves, and the explanation for the heating of the circle led to Alfvén being awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics. The Interferometric Bidimetric Urban Spectrometer (IBIS) for imaging spectroscopy, installed at the Dunn Solar Telescope in the US state of New Mexico. This instrument has allowed researchers to make more detailed observations and measurements of the Sun. Combined with good observational conditions, advanced computer simulations, and the efforts of an international team of scientists from seven research institutions, they used IBIS to confirm the existence of waves for the first time. Alfvén in flux tubes from the sun. The researchers also expect more solar discoveries soon, thanks to new, groundbreaking missions and tools. The European Space Agency’s Solar Orbiter satellite is currently in orbit around the Sun, providing images and making measurements of the star’s unexplored polar regions. The launch of the new high-performance Solar telescope is also expected to enhance our observation of the Sun from Earth.

Solutions against heat Planning solution In the past, our ancestors had a saying: “Get a gentle wife to make a house facing south”. It is a very natural and simple way of planning to avoid the direction that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The south direction is the direction to catch the cool wind, avoiding the radiation of the sun. Of course it is a folk house in the village-rural structure. Modern urban areas depend on many other factors, so it is not possible to completely choose the direction for the project. This is not to say that the direction is dependent. Where possible, the orientation of the building should be optimized. The Vietnamese standard on heat protection for houses clearly states: “For houses, try to arrange so that the west-east side of the house has the smallest surface area to limit solar radiation”. As with clusters of works or complexes of works, it is necessary to design a reasonable total ground, giving priority to good orientation for mainstream works, works with higher heat resistance requirements such as living and working places. Environmental and ecological solutions This solution is associated with the planning solution. This is also a solution that our ancestors have applied very thoroughly in traditional architecture. Trees, water surface are always indispensable elements, accompanying the architecture. Trees create shade, prevent and cover architectural surfaces from solar radiation. The water surface (pond, lake, aquarium …) and green trees regulate the climate, making the environment cooler and cleaner. Under conditions of unsaturated air humidity, the water surface always has the phenomenon of evaporation. Water evaporation is an endothermic process, so it causes the ambient temperature to drop. Trees and water surface are attached to natural land; All have low emissivity, which are effective factors for overall heat resistance, with a large range of influence. Currently, in many urban areas, the ratio of trees, water surface to construction works is at an alarming rate, plus other areas are concretized at a high level (yard, summer, parking lot). …). The surfaces of these materials have high emissivity, causing the air environment to heat up significantly. Architectural solutions This is considered the broadest and most flexible solution. The architectural solution is the combination of the ground and the building block, the design of a reasonable cover structure to limit the surface exposed to the sun – avoid radiation, or reduce the heat conduction in the material, enhance thermal convection. The basic architectural solutions are as follows: Reasonable ground layout, prioritizing main spaces to avoid contact with sun-catching surfaces; push the extra spaces such as stairs, storage, toilet to that side. Create setbacks, negative spaces such as halls, loggias, technical slots, etc. to avoid solar radiation entering the main space surface. Use side shading structures installed outside the enclosure (walls) to reduce radiation and heat conduction. In traditional folk architecture, many places have a bamboo mat on the veranda. This element has been applied a lot in modern architecture with different forms and different materials. Facade complex with “rigid structures” to block the sun; attached to the bearing structure and cover. Usually it is an umbrella, vertical and horizontal sunshades. In the 70-80s, this type of architecture was very developed – especially in the category of administrative and office buildings. Those designs are carefully studied in terms of architectural physics according to the climate and solar chart of each locality. Build thick walls, box walls (hollow), use insulation materials (hollow bricks, insulation panels, 3D panels, aerated aggregate concrete…) for the covering structure. The door design is reasonable in terms of location and materials. These solutions are all based on the principle of reducing radiation and conduction of heat from the outside. Use heat-resistant materials for roofs such as woven panels, brick holes, corrugated iron roofs (for flat and concrete roofs), use heat-insulated false ceilings (for sloping, tiled roofs). This solution must pay special attention to the problem of ventilation for the air mass between the two roof layers. Reduce the emissivity of the building surface with plants, such as growing vines on the wall, garden design – water surface on the roof. This is a pretty good aesthetic solution, but there are certain changes over time. Organize the premises, design the location and structure the door reasonably; design courtyard, skylight to enhance air convection. The goal is for the hot air to escape up and out, making room for the lower heat mass. Technical solution Air conditioners (Air conditioners): Considered modern, and easy to deploy applications. However, air conditioners also reveal certain disadvantages. First of all, this solution consumes significant energy resources, and affects the environment. According to the principle of thermal balance, to reduce the temperature in the room, it increases the outside temperature by the same amount of heat. Besides, air conditioners are difficult to meet for open spaces, too large spaces. Ventilation: In addition to natural convection, forced ventilation is considered an effective solution to combat heat when natural convection is not effective. Properly designed ventilation systems will contribute to heat resistance, and should be taken advantage of – combined with architectural solutions such as skylights. Spraying water, misting: Misting systems have recently been deployed to many applications, in public spaces such as restaurants, and even houses. Spraying water and mist creates the phenomenon of evaporating water and collecting heat, while enhancing air convection. In addition, the pressure of water spray, mist creates cool air movement (will be discussed in the next section). In addition, homeowners can also use specialized heat-resistant paint for the surface of the building, which is also an effective anti-heat solution.

Lightning can produce from 2 – 16% of the amount of hydroxyl. The hydroxyl radical is important in the atmosphere because it triggers chemical reactions and breaks down air pollutant molecules like methane. Decomposition of atmospheric pollutants Lightning may play a bigger role than we thought in a fundamental process that helps clean our air of pollutants, according to the results of a new study. Lightning strikes during storms produce large amounts of molecules called oxidizing radicals, which can break down gases such as carbon monoxide and methane in the atmosphere. These are atmospheric pollutants that can contribute to global warming and damage to the ozone layer. Carbon monoxide and methane enter the atmosphere from both natural and industrial sources. Methane is produced by the decomposition of plants, but is also released by oil and gas development and agriculture. Carbon monoxide and other polluting hydrocarbons can be generated by industries and wildfires. However, natural processes in the atmosphere, driven mainly by sunlight, have produced molecules called radicals, the most important of which are hydroxyls. These molecules are very chemically active (meaning that they are more likely to react with other molecules) and can react with pollutants to form new compounds that are harmless or potentially harmful. can be easily attached to water and released into the air. New research led by Pennsylvania State University meteorology professor William Brune has found that lightning produces far more hydroxyl molecules than previously known. His work shows that more than 10% of the supply of these scavenging radicals in the atmosphere can be generated by lightning storms. Use an airplane to fly through the storm Lightning’s ability to clean the atmosphere. The work involved flying NASA’s DC-8 research plane through deep convection thunderstorms to collect data. According to Professor Brune, this is not as dangerous as one might think. “Very interesting indeed. The pilots are phenomenal. They know what they’re doing. They know how to keep planes safe. But it’s really interesting because you can see deep convection and this is very close and personal,” said Prof. Brune. “We did this study in 2012, flying over central China. America and try to see what’s going into the storm chemically, what’s going to come up above. And to our surprise, we saw a very large amount of OHs (hydroxyl molecules). At first, we did not believe the signals received. They are huge, a thousand times larger than the largest mass we have ever seen.” The data collected from the aircraft was compared with data collected from radio receivers on the ground that track lightning flashes in the clouds. Both data sets confirmed the production of high amounts of hydroxyl radicals due to lightning strikes. Hydroxyl radicals are produced when the energy of lightning strikes breaks down water vapor in the atmosphere. “You can think of it like water that has removed the hydrogen atom and then wants to get that hydrogen back. So it becomes very active as it goes and tries to get the hydrogen back,” he said. That means the hydroxyl radical is very reactive with methane or carbon monoxide molecules. Climate change models need to be updated According to the scientists, about 1,800 lightning storms circulate around the planet, which leads the researchers to estimate that this phenomenon produces between 2% and 16% of the amount of hydroxyl present in the atmosphere.

A single lightning bolt can release up to a billion volts, tens of thousands of amps, travel at more than 434,000 km/h and in just a few millionths of a second reach 30,000 degrees Celsius – hotter than the surface of the Sun. Professor Brune admits that it is difficult to gauge the effectiveness of this process on a global scale. The results of this study were based on a limited number of flights over a small portion of the United States. There is still a lot of information that needs to be gathered to create a global picture. However, Professor Brune believes that the hydroxyl generated by lightning has a significant worldwide impact. Previous models suggested that lightning was not a significant contributor to the clean-up of the atmosphere. “Our best estimate right now is from 2%, which is quite important, to more than 10%, which is very important, for the total cleanup of the atmosphere. These estimates may change as our planet warms. Some climate change models show an increase in thunderstorm activity, which means more hydroxyl production and more cleaning of the atmosphere in the future. Other climate models suggest that there may not be much lightning, but lightning strikes will be more intense and may also alter the numbers. In any case, future models of climate change and global pollution will have to take into account this new information about the cleaning of the atmosphere, according to Professor Brune. Existing models may need updating.

Skylights have the effect of taking in light and convection of air. (Illustration) As an indispensable space for a modern townhouse, the skylight has the effect of bringing in light and convection air. In addition, the area of ​​​​the skylight is also an ideal place to decorate the small landscape, helping the homeowner add more beauty to the house. Forest miniatures Trees are always the optimal choice when decorating skylights. Planting trees in this area is very easy to rot because of weather conditions, so homeowners should choose plants that are easy to live, do not take much care. To make the green landscape more natural, homeowners can combine it with stones, gravel or other garden decoration materials. If the small landscape design in the skylight is a tree population, the trees should be arranged into three floors. (Illustration) Trees should be arranged according to the principle of three tree layers. Large tree used to create a common theme. The second tier are plants that are shorter and thinner than the host plant. The bottom layer is the trees as the background, the shape needs to be smaller and thinner. When creating forest miniatures at skylights, homeowners should pay attention to the contrasting relationship between trees, such as between sparse and dense; between focused and discrete; between big and small; between host and guest; between competing and yielding… to create a natural tree population. Contrasting relationships between trees in the population should be noted. (Illustration) There are differences in morphology, living conditions as well as care among varieties, so if you want to be effective when designing forest miniatures, homeowners should plant trees of the same species. Small scene of cactus On the market today there are many types of cacti such as grandfather cactus, rabbit ear cactus, dragon fruit cactus, fox tail cactus, melon cactus… each type has its own characteristics in shape, color and flower . The cactus in the skylight is usually designed in the style of a flower bed. (Illustration) Cactus flowers in a very diverse cycle that no other ornamental plant has. Ornamental cacti are selectively bred and tamed for a long time. The appeal of cacti is easy to graft, rich in shape. Small landscape cactus in skylights are often designed as flower beds, depending on the size of the skylight, choose the appropriate number of plants. The front row chooses small plants or creeping plants. In the back, choose taller trees, not necessarily in rows. Sometimes a tall cactus is enough to make a fancy miniature. (Illustration) No need to arrange much, sometimes a tall cactus standing alone also makes a fancy miniature. Note when choosing cacti for beauty, homeowners should use light-colored bricks in the skylight area. Small rock scene Stone miniatures are a very popular style of skylight decoration in Western countries, especially with large-area villas. Natural stones, artificial stones are arranged alternately with plants that will create vivid miniatures. Stone miniatures are very popular in Western countries. (Illustration) When designing a rock landscape, homeowners can combine waterfall decoration with vines, ferns or flowers. With the shape of a small stream, it is possible to combine aquatic plants such as reeds, reeds, water bamboos. To create natural beauty, you should choose rocks with rough surfaces, rough edges, and more valuable moss or lichen. Note that one stone must be used and when stacked, it must be shaped like a natural joint. Small rock landscape combining waterfall, vines. (Illustration) In case the space is not large enough, where it is not suitable to arrange a rock garden, a stone wall as a background for climbing plants is a suitable idea. Note when choosing stone materials, such as display stones, you should choose pebbles, granite, slate…, planter stones that use permeable stone. Stone shape also depends on the function, such as stone for wall or embankment should choose rectangular block stone; waterfall stone used flat type (to create water shelf) combined with cobblestone for stream wall; block stones for stream banks; stone for bridge should use block stone to build foundation. Ceramic miniatures In interior decoration and especially at skylights, ceramic miniatures have created a new and attractive style when bringing an idyllic beauty, rough but bearing the breath of the village. There are many types of ceramics commonly used for display such as ceramic paintings, vases, decorative motifs, etc. The ceramic vase itself is a work of art. (Illustration) Ceramic vases are inherently works of art. Long-necked vases, tall tubular vases, “big belly with tight mouth” vases, combined with other materials such as silk, beads, rattan. If you know how to coordinate with plants, the decorative value of pottery will be higher. Choosing ceramic surface material depends on the design style of the house. With a modern and youthful home style, it is advisable to decorate ceramic vases in a disruptive style, with hot colors and strange shapes. The jars and jars are suitable for traditional tropical style houses. Phuong Anh (synthetic)

Skylights are often designed to light and ventilate exposed spaces such as stairs, bathrooms or bedrooms. On the roof, smart roofing is often used to illuminate and prevent rain. Skylights appear more and more in townhouses. (Illustration) Many homeowners open skylights but cover their roofs with light corrugated iron or glass. This design only solves the problem of getting light, the air will not be convection. Therefore, the roof of the skylight should have a gap, but still ensure the effect of preventing rain. Bringing nature into the house Houses with a large area should open the balcony towards the skylight like a split-level house. At that time, the homeowner can decorate with the railing of the balcony. Along with the variety of construction materials and modern techniques, skylights are increasingly modified and designed in many different styles. All towards the goal of bringing a better living space for homeowners, increasing aesthetics. Getting light and air convection are two advantages of skylights. (Illustration) If the house space is high, narrow and low-light, homeowners can design the skylight as a waterfall, a floating wall to bring nature into the house, turning this place into the “lungs” of the house. Material selection The downside of skylights is noise. Therefore, homeowners need to use noise-canceling materials. Planted areas or waterfalls should have a waterproofing solution. The planting site must be convenient for watering. Items hanging on the stairs and skylights must be easily removable. At corridor windows that open to skylights, safety railings must be arranged for children. Note that seating should not be arranged at the foot of the skylight to ensure safety. Air convection The essence of the skylight is to create the effect of air convection from bottom to top inside the well cell. This convection air flow will exit the well mouth carrying “dirty” gas, while the “clean” air outside will be sucked in. For a skylight to be effective, the path of convection air must be clear. (Illustration) The mechanism that creates the natural convection effect is the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the house, and the “paint gun”-type negative pressure effect on the well mouth when there is a breeze. To be effective, the path of convection air must be clear. Mini scene The area of ​​the skylight on the bottom floor is often used for decoration, as a miniature or can be integrated into some functional space such as the living room, dining room, lobby. Planting trees in skylights should choose plants with little care, no harm and no strong scent. Sky well for small house For townhouses with a small area, most homeowners are aware of the importance of architectural physics and interior aesthetics when there is a skylight. The design plan must have a skylight to turn the dark part of the house into the brightest and naturally ventilated place. In case the house is large enough and has a backyard, the skylight is usually arranged in the middle of the house, providing an open view. Depending on the shape of the land, skylights will be scattered depending on the layout. Small houses can still design skylights. (Illustration) The area of ​​​​the house is about 50m2, so a skylight should be arranged along the stairs on one side of the wall. This type of skylight is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for small houses. In some cases, the skylight is narrow and just a slit, but it provides very good air convection. At that time, the sunshades or diffusers are still utilized under the glass or plastic layer to bring soft light to the interior space. Phuong Anh (synthetic)

While the West facing house has many disadvantages because it is the direction of the setting sun, the afternoon will absorb a very high amount of heat. Therefore, the west facing house is usually very hot. However, there is still a way for the West facing house to overcome this shortcoming. Architect Bui The Long (CTA | Creative Architects) said that there are two notes for building a west-facing house, including space layout and sunlit surface design. For the west-facing space, the functional spaces that can be arranged are spaces that are rarely used, with hollow nature such as stairs, skylights, corridors, warehouses, toilets, gardens… to create separation from the main use spaces. T-house project (CTA | Creative Architects) with a west-facing facade, a solution of covering walls combined with ventilation, light and side corridors to reduce heat. For the surface of the building directly exposed to the sun, there are many ways to solve it. For example, using insulating materials such as planting trees or using blue systems to block the sun, create shade, cast shadows on the surface of the wall, reduce heat absorption, etc. Parallel to that is the problem of natural ventilation. The surface of the wall needs to be well shaded from the sun but still has to be ventilated, creating air convection, quickly cooling the inside of the building. The hot air rises up, but it will hang around in the building causing heat if there is no way to escape. Therefore, it is necessary to design ventilation boxes and slots to create convection and air circulation in the house. In summary, the overall solutions of space arrangement, shading, shading and ventilation will solve the disadvantages of west-facing buildings. Homeowners need to combine many solutions, not a single element.

After surveying the current situation, the AD9 Architects team and the owner wanted to take advantage of the old structural framework and start design work based on what was still in use of the house. Before the repair, the two-storey tube house was degraded, the interior space was hot, lack of light, designed in the old style. The architect has planned to renovate the whole house, bringing a comfortable and beautiful living space to the owner. The architect has retained the entire structure of the house, designed the floor space, changed the height of the mezzanine, bringing a significant change in interior design and façade in a modern style, in line with the trend. . To fully address the functional needs, the AD9 Architects team built more second floor space and combined terrace. The current status of the old mezzanine floor is low, the new design of the architect creates a difference in the floor cos (elevation), so it is necessary to change the height of the mezzanine. The architects have come up with a plan to change the color in accordance with the modern trend, including two colors of white and gray. In addition, there is a small garden design in many corners and facades to create a green area for the house, bringing a pleasant feeling, making the house more prominent in the neighborhood. The furniture such as tables, cabinets, shelves are selected to be simply arranged to meet the essential needs of the family. The door opens to the green space to access the facade. The house is wide enough for the AD9 Architects team to organize the traffic volume along the transitional space axis. Here, the space of the skylight is gradually expanded vertically to get the most reasonable convection system for dynamic and static spaces. Sufficient natural light from the hallway, the transition into the bedrooms. From the outside in, the natural elements create the necessary balance, and the activities inside the house also become better and healthier. The architect also designed the atrium to take advantage of natural light for the house. The stairs have iron material and are also painted white to match the color of the walls. This atrium takes in natural light very well, combined with green trees on many floors to make the house space airy and comfortable. Decorative green plants are also cleverly used in the corners of the room, bringing nature into the space of the house, bringing many benefits to the health of the family. A private worship space is located on the top floor. Other spaces, including the bedroom, were completely replaced with wooden floors and walls painted with the dominant white color.

Uoy Home is a house conceptualized, developed by architect To Huu Dung and 85 Design. The work has a special design, inspired by spacecraft across space – time. Located in the Central region, where the climate is hot, the western frontage also makes the house directly suffer from harmful sunlight. To solve this problem, the group of architects applied 3 solutions to limit heat radiation. One is treating with natural solutions, using trees for wall and roof gardening. Trees are decorated right from the front of the house. The second solution is technology, using XPS heat-resistant panels 3cm thick to cover outside walls subject to the main sun direction, preventing heat absorption. The third solution is to create wind convection by opening many doors to the East and South to catch cool winds. Thanks to that, even though it is a western house, the space inside is always cool. The first floor is a common living space including living room, kitchen – dining. Open space feels seamless with a garden. The glass roof in the kitchen area is capable of removing most of the UV rays and minimizing the heat impact on the interior space. The second floor consists of 2 bedrooms, a large bedroom for parents and a small bedroom for a son. The corridor leading to a private space on the 2nd floor has a glass railing made of tempered glass. Skylights are fitted with portable curtains to shade the sun. The roof floor spends most of the area planted with grass. This is also a place where families have fun together when they cannot go far. Image source: 85Design Video: House 25m2- the opportunity to have a house for many people? Source: VTV24

With tube houses in urban areas, the interior is often dark, so many homeowners build a skylight well from the ground floor to the terrace, then cover the light with roofing panels. Light will shine through the roofing to brighten the indoor space. Size The size of the skylight depends on the area of ​​the house but should not be less than 1m2. The higher the house, the wider the well. The skylight is composed of 3 parts, including: the foot in contact with the ground, the back and the roof. Sky wells usually account for 10% of the housing construction area. (Illustration) Sky-wells can arrange plants, flowers, rockery in combination with living space or dining room. The back section is the lighting for the upper floors. The roof is for lighting and ventilation. According to construction codes, the area of ​​the skylight usually accounts for 10% of the housing construction area. If the house is more than 100m2 of construction space, the ventilation should be 20%. However, this ratio depends on the shape as well as the height of the house to create a corresponding empty area for air circulation. Material Currently, architects often use glass roof materials or smart plastic roofs with iron frames to protect the skylight. If the house is too narrow, you can use clear glass or plastic to increase the light into the house. Or you can reduce the intensity of the light of the skylight by using color materials for the roof, creating enough brightness while cooling the interior of the house. The current trend is to use glass roof materials or smart plastic roofs with iron frames to protect the skylights. (Illustration) To bring nature into the home, homeowners can use hanging pots or green vines on the wall. Under the floor, mixed with ornamental plants, homeowners can create small lakes, drop fish or flowers to create a balance in terms of feng-shui. If a small skylight space can be graveled, put a few more ceramic pots or decorations, to bring a cool highlight to the house. On the wall of the skylight, homeowners can clad rocks as highlights, decorative patterns vividly for the wall. Location The trend of clearance to get light and wind from the roof is widely used in tubular houses with only one open side. To maximize the effect of the sky well, the homeowner should only place the skylight in the back or middle of the house. The back part of the house is always dark and mysterious, so the “exchange” with the air and light is very necessary. Wind circulation direction has way in and out. It is the vent that creates the suction force to let air go from the front doors into the house or vice versa. Skylights are usually located in the center or back of the house. (Illustration) The most common is the skylight located on the staircase area. This is the most suitable place because the stairs are usually located in the middle of the house and adjacent to the kitchen. If the house is too long, it is necessary to have more holes in the back of the house to circulate the air. Therefore, the number of skylights can be more than 1, depending on the design, it can be 2-3 sky wells. Solution against sun, rain Skylights play an important role in improving air, especially in tube homes. However, if the sky well design is not properly designed, it will become the place to transfer heat into the house when it is hot or the courtyard is the culprit pouring water into the house every time it rains. If improperly designed, the skylight can become a place to transfer heat into the home. (Illustration) To bring into play the effect of preventing heat and avoiding rain in the courtyard, it is necessary to combine the following solutions at the same time: Avoid organizing the corridor inside the house because it will make the spaces more pressing; use open partitions to divide the indoor space; Cover direct sunlight or paint brightly on courtyard walls; planting trees; to limit the use of dark cement and stone bricks; use heat-resistant paint for skylights; using automatic misting system … Safe Skylights are most likely unsafe to use, especially with young children. Therefore, if there are no flowers or safety nets between floors in the sky well, it is necessary to pay attention to the system of adjacent windows and handrails to ensure a safe height. The spokes in the railing should not be too wide to prevent children from passing through. Phuong Anh (synthetic)

Steaming is a way to help you retain the full flavor of your food. Photo source: Internet Steaming is a method of processing food using steam. This cooking method is one of the simplest techniques that can be used for any type of food. To add flavor to your dish during cooking, you can add gravy to the steaming part. Cooking food in a steaming way helps preserve the nutrients and bring delicious taste to the dish. In addition, the food should not be overcooked or burnt, minimizing the amount of fat in the food. Grilled This method is mainly used for breads, seafood, poultry and green vegetables. Baking is used to limit the amount of fat in the dish to a minimum. Bake the oven This method is mainly used for breads, seafood, poultry and green vegetables. Baking is a technique of cooking food by exposing it to dry heat and normal heat convection in the oven. Roasting also works to limit the amount of fat in the dish to a minimum. Stock – braised Generally these use a cooking technique that combines the use of both moisture and dry heat. First, the food will be heated until it is dry at high temperature. After that, the dish will be covered and continued to cook at a low temperature with an appropriate amount of water, depending on the taste of the dish. In some recipes, the dish releases water on its own and forms a thick and delicious sauce.

The work was built in Thai Nguyen province by the architects of AD + studio. The concrete frame system of the two main building blocks is retained, reinforced by trusses because the roof structure steel truss is inspired by the surrounding context, creating a space that exceeds the span. This solution both frees the view of the area below to the garden, while increasing the used area above, and at the same time creating a harmonious “stack of roof” building in the whole. Standing in front of the house, through the glass brick wall between the green pavement and the front garden, the inner and outer division seems to be only approximate. The old building blocks a portion of the area for the garden and vegetation as adding a buffer between the bustling highway outside and the quiet living space inside. Narrow corridors connect the common space in front and the private space of the homeowner in the back. From each point in the house, you can see many different spaces. The living space and the green trees of the garden blend together, creating an airy atmosphere. In the house, the group of architects opens up a sky well to catch the light. Besides ventilation, the house is also full of comfort and modernity in daily life. The spiral staircase and the large spaces create a strong visual impression in the house. The materials and design styles are a bit nostalgic but still ensure high applicability. Works as a background of harmony between context, nature and people. The shield roof is made up of two layers of colored tole placed on the glass ceiling, creating an air convection zone, limiting the heat to the functional areas while retaining the feel of the structure.