Author丨Fengse Fish and Sheep

Collected all the new crown machine learning “watch movies” papers, Nothing works for one article ? !

Just as the news that “two medical staff in Guangzhou tested positive for nucleic acid” once again affected the nerves of the big guys, a new study from the University of Cambridge also ignited a barrel of explosives on the Internet.

Since the beginning of the epidemic, many researchers in the field of machine learning hope to use the power of AI to help medical staff better protect themselves:

From January to October last year, more than 2,000 related papers were published.However, just when AI is more mature Watch a movie Field, Cambridge University’s conclusions are surprising:

The collected papers on the use of AI for medical image detection and diagnosis of the new coronavirus have major flaws and deviations, and there is no possibility of clinical use. The collected papers on the use of AI for medical image detection and diagnosis of the new coronavirus have major flaws and deviations, and there is no possibility of clinical use. The paper has been published on Nature Machine Intelligence. And such “cruel” results can be said to have stirred up waves with one stone. Experts and scholars have reposted the discussion, and it has also triggered heated discussions among netizens on social media. Many relevant practitioners said: “This has taught us an important lesson.” What is going on? Why can’t it be used? Specifically, the researchers at the University of Cambridge initially used the “machine learning model” and “CXR models” in the preprinted paper platforms such as bioRxiv, medRxiv, and arXiv, as well as the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases.(Chest X-ray photo)/CT image diagnosis, prediction” such keywords, collected 2212 Related studies. After excluding papers that lack external verification, ignoring data sources, or incomplete model training information, the papers that passed the preliminary screening were: 415 articles . And to further improve the requirements for papers, such as excluding RQS(Radioactive quality score)＜6, failed to pass CLAIM(Medical imaging artificial intelligence checklist)After the model, the papers selected for the final review stage are 62 Stories . And these 62 articles, Have no potential clinical application value . In response, one of the authors of the paper, Dr. James Rude from the University of Cambridge School of Medicine, said: The international machine learning community has made tremendous efforts to help respond to the Covid-19 epidemic. These early studies gave us some hope, but their method and reporting deficiencies are very common. None of the papers we reviewed achieved the robustness and repeatability necessary to support clinical applications. The international machine learning community has made tremendous efforts to help respond to the Covid-19 epidemic. These early studies gave us some hope, but their method and reporting deficiencies are very common. None of the papers we reviewed achieved the robustness and repeatability necessary to support clinical applications. Of the 62 papers, 55 were found to be at high risk of bias due to various problems, including relying on public data sets, many of which were suspected of being positive for Covid-19 and were not detected in CT images. △ Data indicators for each paper All of these models appear to be highly accurate in the study, and they are fully revealed as soon as they arrive in the clinic (for example, different types of patients or imaging scans obtained with different equipment). Behind this “annihilation” is mainly the problem of data sets. Many of these models are trained with very small sample data sets, and some data only come from one hospital. If you change a city to a hospital, this model will not work at all. There are also models that are trained based on the publicly available “Frankenstei Data Set”. The problem with such a large data set is that as time goes by, the data set continues to develop and incorporate new data. These changes are likely to make the original results impossible to reproduce. What’s more, the same data set is used for training and testing. Of course, this may not be deliberately done by researchers. For legal and commercial reasons, many medical data sets have to be Keep secret , There are really few large and diverse data for researchers to train and verify. This also makes the machine learning research produced in the health care field particularly difficult to replicate. MIT has done a study: The recurrence rate of medical AI papers is only 23%, compared with 58% in the field of natural language processing and 80% in the field of computer vision. But the data set is only one aspect. There are also problems with improper method design and lack of participation of radiologists and clinicians. For example, a training set with a model uses CT images of children as “non-Covid-19” data, and adults as “Covid-19” data. But in fact, children treated in pediatrics are very different from adults in terms of human anatomy. Such data settings are unreasonable, and the trained model will have large deviations. “Whether you are using machine learning to predict the weather or detect diseases, it is important to ensure that different experts work together and speak the same language so that you can focus on the right issues.” Unfortunately, many models do not allow radiology departments. Doctors and clinicians get involved. In addition, time limit It can also be interpreted as an “excus” for this series of questions. “These obstacles must be overcome, Otherwise, we will face a crisis of trust” Of course, behind the fact that a large number of such papers are published but all cannot be applied, it shows that the paper a There are also problems, such as the lack of in-depth understanding of machine learning by the reviewers, or blind trust in well-known institutions or companies, etc., which led to these papers being passed hastily. But the most important thing is the lack of review institutions Consistent standards To evaluate machine learning research in the medical field. Researchers at the University of Cambridge believe that a common set of standards must be established between authors and reviewers to ensure that the research really solves practical problems. Finally, although a large number of Covid-19 models have been found to be unable to be reproduced for clinical use, researchers at the University of Cambridge said that after some key modifications, these machine learning models can still become powerful tools in the fight against the new crown. They gave some conclusions and suggestions:

• Public data set May cause serious risk of deviation, use with caution;
• In order to make the model applicable to different groups and independent external data sets, the training data should be kept Variety and appropriate size ；
• In addition to higher-quality data sets, you also need Reproducible and externally verified In this way, the possibility of the model being promoted and integrated into future clinical trials can be increased.

Public data set May cause serious risk of deviation, use with caution; In order to make the model applicable to different groups and independent external data sets, the training data should be kept Variety and appropriate size ； In addition to higher-quality data sets, you also need Reproducible and externally verified In this way, the possibility of the model being promoted and integrated into future clinical trials can be increased. And said that these obstacles must be overcome, otherwise, where will people’s trust in artificial intelligence start?In addition, due to privacy restrictions, it is difficult to obtain medical data. In addition to federal learning, you can also refer to the latest published on the cover of Nature. Joint learning (Swarm Learning), A medical data sharing technology superior to federal learning. Is it okay for AI to watch movies? Facing the conclusion of the University of Cambridge, some netizens are worried: Today, the value and credibility of AI/ML are being diluted. When I hear words like “AI solution” and “AI driven”, I even feel nervous. Today, the value and credibility of AI/ML are being diluted. When I hear words like “AI solution” and “AI driven”, I even feel nervous. Some netizens believe that this is not unrelated to the current trend of “watering” papers in the field of machine learning. However, some netizens objectively analyzed that AI has indeed played a role in medical imaging, but they can’t replace doctors, they are more acting as doctors. assistant And at present, AI has no way to deal with some really difficult situations. And for what the article talks about data Many netizens agree with the question: Data is not the only problem, but it seems to be the most direct cause. It’s time to build a database like “Protein Bank” for AI models and data sets. Data is not the only problem, but it seems to be the most direct cause. It’s time to build a database like “Protein Bank” for AI models and data sets. In fact, no matter whether you are skeptical about AI medical care or not, now, at least like AI watching movies Such medical services have truly come to the public. Prior to this, colleagues of qubits had asked AI to take a CT scan at Zhongguancun Hospital. In the communication with first-line doctors, the chief doctor in charge of the physical examination center in the tertiary hospital also revealed to us that single-point applications such as the detection of lung nodules have been able to help doctors reduce the burden. There are even radiologists who said, “I don’t use it now (AI assisted viewing), and I’m not used to it.” Stat News commented on this: Machine learning is booming in the medical field, but it is also facing a credibility crisis.

Machine learning is booming in the medical field, but it is also facing a credibility crisis.

So, do you think AI medical care will work?

— Finish —

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This malicious application is called Mods Minecraft. The app doesn’t function like an ad at all, instead it turns the victim’s smartphone and tablet into an ad-player in an extremely sophisticated way. (Photo: Kaspersky) Accordingly, after the first run, the application will hide its icons from the screen and continuously open the browser to display ads. The app can also play videos from YouTube, access the Google Play app store, and more. Security experts at Kaspersky found that the app opens the browser every two minutes, rendering the device essentially inoperable. use to be. (Photo: Kaspersky) What’s especially worrisome is that it’s hard for users to know what’s going on with their devices, which apps are responsible for the trouble, and how to prevent it. The security experts at Kaspersky informed Google of their findings and the malicious app was quickly removed from the store. Minecraft is one of the best-selling games in the world with about 180 million copies worldwide. (Photo: Mojang) However, removing this app from Google’s app store does not mean the removal of all malware. In the past, developers of this type would simply upload new, slightly modified versions, using different names, from different developer accounts to further trick victims. An example can be mentioned is the VK Music Trojan. This app stole VK user accounts, but despite being reported, the app has survived on the Google Play app store for several years. (Artwork: Unsplash) Kaspersky ran a search for malicious Minecraft Mods-like apps – and found a few. In addition to the malicious application Mods Minecraft, a utility called File Recovery was also found to contain malware in version 1.1. However, that version has since been removed and version 1.1.1 of the app, available on Google Play, is safe.

The warning system is sent to the transport business unit via software on smartphones and computers if there are passengers who do not wear masks or wear masks incorrectly. (Screenshots) The installation of surveillance cameras on transport business vehicles according to regulations from July 1 will promptly detect passengers who do not wear masks to prevent the COVID-19 epidemic. Binh Anh Electronic Technology Development Company Limited will provide and install the “no mask warning” feature for free for vehicles with surveillance cameras on passenger trucks from this June. . This technology will help transport businesses remotely remind if they detect and warn passengers/employees of the garage who are not wearing masks or are wearing masks incorrectly, and at the same time, people feel more secure when traveling by passenger car, raising awareness of compliance with 5K, minimizing the spread of disease in a crowded, closed, easy-to-infection environment on the vehicle and difficult to trace when detecting a COVID-19 case. Specifically, the analysis system is connected to the camera on the vehicle to get image data, then artificial intelligence (AI) technology will automatically analyze and send a notification to the transport unit every time it is detected. someone is not wearing a mask or is wearing it incorrectly. The system also ticks green boxes for faces wearing masks and red boxes for faces not wearing masks. According to Mr. Dao Thanh Anh, Chairman of Binh Anh Company, the environment of passenger cars, buses, trucks carrying workers and students … is closed, air-conditioner is on, anaerobic, so it is easy to infect and difficult to trace when encountering cases COVID-19. “For the transportation industry, artificial intelligence technology not only brings many benefits to vehicle owners, but also improves safety for all passengers. Currently, the number of camera images of businesses is increasing, the identification of people who are not wearing masks and counting the number of passengers can be over 95% accurate. Therefore, the warning feature does not wear the mask on the car will contribute to the society to fight back the pandemic,” Mr. Dao Thanh Anh expressed his expectation. In the coming time, this company will continue to apply artificial intelligence technology to help transport businesses optimize management and receive early warnings to improve safety for riders. In addition, a number of other features will also soon come into operation such as: Counting people in the car, alerting the driver to use the phone, not wearing a seat belt, opening the door when driving, warning someone is forgotten. In the car, connect the thermal camera to automatically detect when the body temperature is abnormal. Previously, the Directorate for Roads of Vietnam has issued a document to correct the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic on passenger cars because it is reported that there are still many passengers, drivers and service staff on business vehicles. Transport businesses do not comply with epidemic prevention and control measures, especially not wearing masks in accordance with regulations. Notably, transport business units are required to urgently install surveillance cameras in accordance with the route of the Decree 10 2020 on business and transport business conditions, and review the requirements of transport business units that have installed cameras to provide accounts to access the server in accordance with Decree 10 for inspection purposes. , monitoring. The Departments of Transport of the provinces and cities shall direct their inspectors to coordinate with functional forces in their localities to inspect, urge, remind and strictly handle cases of violations of regulations on prevention and control. COVID-19 epidemic .

Also according to Prof. Dr. Le Thi Quynh Mai, B.1.617.2 data on GISAID currently has not recorded the loss of Y144 mutation, so this mutation needs to be further monitored and studied. GISAID is an updated map of SARS-CoV-2 gene sequencing results, which is continuously updated by scientists around the globe. This map was consulted by scientists in different countries, closely following the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Earlier, at the National Online Conference on the situation and urgent solutions to prevent and control the Covid-19 epidemic taking place on the morning of May 29, Minister of Health Nguyen Thanh Long informed: The strain is currently common in Vietnam. Nam is an Indian strain that has shown signs of increased infectivity and more severe disease compared to previous outbreaks. Step 1: Visit https://www.bluezone.gov.vn or download directly at App Store or CH Play. Step 2: Once downloaded, the application will ask for permission to use Bluetooth to record contact with other Bluezone installed users. If Bluetooth is not open, drag the status bar and turn on Bluetooth; or go to Settings, select Bluetooth and turn it on. Step 3: Once the installation is done, click Scan Around. If someone near you less than 2m has used Bluezone, the application will automatically identify these users and put them in the contact list.

Users only take 10 seconds to breathe into the machine and less than 2 minutes later have COVID-19 results. Photo: Straits Times According to the Singapore Straits Times, the device will ensure the safety of movement and inspection at large-scale events. Previously, local health technology company Silver Factory worked with the National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Changi Airport and security company Certis to develop the device. Silver Factory’s ventilator, called TracieX, is proven to give results nearly as accurate as a PCR test, which takes only about 2 minutes. Compared with PCR test, the sensitivity rate of TracieX ventilator is above 95% and its specificity is above 99%. Device sensitivity is the ability to confirm which test samples are positive, while specificity is used to confirm a negative. The price for a test with this device is only 20 USD (about 460,000 VND). The device has been tested at NCID, Changi and Certis airport terminals with over 400 participants. During a test at Changi Airport last month, passengers were randomly selected and asked to voluntarily provide breathing samples. “Testing with a ventilator will be less invasive, effective and quick to give results. From there, creating favorable conditions for passengers to fly,” said Mr. Abert Lim – Vice President in charge of passenger experience of Changi Airport Group – said. Silver Factory Technology’s TracieX ventilator uses a sensor chip to identify molecular traces in the breath of patients with COVID-19. Medical staff take a breath sample and put it into the processing device to read the results. Photo: Straits Times Disposable breathing tubes with control features keep infectious material sealed, thus preventing direct contact of these materials with others, such as healthcare workers. The user will breathe into the device for 10 seconds. The device is then inserted into a portable reader for analysis and results. The process is completed in less than 2 minutes. Silver Factory is currently working with Enterprise Singapore under the Singapore Ministry of Trade and Industry with the ambition to bring this technology overseas.

User can go to Sound to choose the types of noises that the device will detect and notify such as dogs barking, car horns, doorbells, running water, crying babies, etc. There are 13 different types of sounds supported by Apple. The sound recognition feature on iOS helps detect a variety of noises. Screenshots. Once activated, the . icon Sound recognition will appear in the Control Center, helping to quickly select the types of sounds to recognize. Users can select multiple types of sounds to recognize simultaneously. When a sound is detected, the device sends a notification. According to the PhoneArena , people with hearing problems should enable this feature to be alerted to doorbells, smoke alarms, etc. In addition to Apple, some companies like Google or Amazon also equip similar features for products. With the Amazon Echo smart speaker, users can set it up to alert when an alarm sounds or glass breaks. Meanwhile, Google Pixel smartphones can use microphones to support car accident detection. However, Apple recommends users not to rely too much on the feature in cases of danger, emergency or navigation. In addition, you also cannot say “Hey Siri” to activate the virtual assistant when activating the feature. Smart iPhone wallpapers Designed to save your iPhone’s battery.

Panoramic cave area Panga ya Saidi, Kenya, where ancient tomb is excavated Despite being home to the earliest indications of modern human behavior, early evidence of African burials is scarce and often ambiguous. Therefore, very little is known about the origin and development of the continental burial practices that gave birth to mankind. Pang ya Saidi has been an important site for the study of human origins since excavations began in 2010 as part of a long-standing collaboration among archaeologists from the Max Planck Institute on the Faculty. Study Human History (Jena, Germany) and National Museum of Kenya (Nairobi). Repeated excavation seasons at Pang ya Saidi now help establish it as a key site on the East African coast, with a special 78,000-year record of cultural, technological and iconic activities. original human. Parts of the child’s bones were first found during the excavation at Pang ya Saidi in 2013, but it wasn’t until 2017 that the feature of the small bone-filled pit was completely revealed. About three meters below the existing cave floor, the shallow, round hole contains bones that have decomposed tightly and are very difficult to decompose, and should be stabilized and plastered at the scene. New findings in the laboratory After being reassigned, the remainder was taken to the National Museum in Nairobi and then to the National Research Center for Human Evolution (CENIEH) laboratories in Burgos, Spain, for further excavation and analysis. Two teeth were exposed during the initial laboratory excavation, leading researchers to suspect that the remains could be human. Subsequent studies at CENIEH confirmed that the teeth belonged to a child between 2.5 and 3 years old, later nicknamed ‘Mtoto’, meaning ‘child’ in Swahili. Through months of intense excavation in CENIEH’s laboratories, spectacular new discoveries have been made. Professor María Martinón-Torres, director of CENIEH, explained: “We started to explore parts of the skull and face, with the intact joint of the lower jaw and some uneven teeth. The articulation of the spine and ribs is also surprisingly preserved, even preserving the curvature of the chest. It showed that it was an intact burial and the decomposition of the body took place in the hole where the bone was found. ” Microscopic analysis of the bones and surrounding soil confirmed that the body was quickly covered after burial and decomposition took place in the pit. In other words, Mtoto was intentionally buried shortly after death. The researchers also suggest that Mtoto’s bent body, found to be reclined to the right with the knees pulled towards the chest, represents a tightly wrapped burial with deliberate preparation. Martinón-Torres noted that this community may have performed some form of honor ceremony. The burial was different among modern humans and Neanderthals The child’s date (Mtoto) is 78,000 years ago and it is the oldest known human burial site in Africa. Later periods from the Stone Age of Africa also included many children, perhaps signaling special treatment of children’s bodies in this ancient period. Human remains have been found on an archaeological level with mid-African Neolithic stone tools, a distinct type of technology believed to be more involved than hominins. Ndiema noted: “The link between this child burial tool and the Stone Age played an important role in proving that Homo sapiens was the exact producer of these particular industries, in contrast to other hominin species ”. Professor Michael Petraglia of the Max Planck Institute in Jena noted: “The burial of Pang ya Saidi shows that the dehumanization of the dead is a cultural practice shared by Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. This finding raises questions about the origins and evolution of corpse burial rituals between the two human species is closely related and the extent of this behavior is far from that of people today.

An ancient tomb was found in an ordinary village, the contents have astounded archaeologists: A banquet table is still intact! In 1993, a resident in Zhangjiakou, Hebei accidentally discovered that there was water seepage on the ground, so he called the concerned person to investigate. Thanks to that, an ancient tomb was discovered. According to experts, these graves belong to a family of Zhang built in the Lieu dynasty, more than a thousand years ago. The entire passage of the tomb is more than 6 meters long, going down the path is the arched tower gate, on this tower gate there are many carved decorations, lifelike patterns. There are two doors underneath the gate, like the houses we see today. The expert opened the door to see two statues on either side, similar to the guard. If you continue forward, there will be another wooden door, which can be opened to enter the back room, where a lot of precious burial items are placed. What surprised the experts, however, was not how luxurious the funeral items were, but a dining table. Photos of the dining table found (Photo: Sohu) In the back room, there is a large round table with eating utensils and fruit and dishes. Although most foods have gone rancid after thousands of years, they can still be distinguished: There are grapes, chestnuts and other common dishes on the table. Because the owner of the tomb believes in Buddhism, the meal is vegetarian, without meat. Next to the table and chairs, seems to want to invite the owner to dine at any time. In addition, there is also a small granary for storing sorghum and grains. There was also a green bottle of water on the table, in which there was a little liquid and an orange-red color, when approaching one could smell a strong aroma, it was deduced that it must be the wine thousands of years ago. . Based on the grapes and wine found, it can be inferred that in the Lieu period, people already had grapes and could use it for wine making. According to the epitaph found in the tomb, it can be speculated that the owner is a Lieu family and has done a lot of good deeds throughout his life, so it is loved by everyone around him. His epitaph also states that by entering the tomb, everyone can sit down and drink a glass of wine, which shows that this person is open and friendly. Rarely, an ancient tomb thousands of years ago can still be kept as intact, it is of great significance for later research. According to Sohu

Leadership Department of Information Management and City Police. Ho Chi Minh signed the Regulation on coordination against smuggling and counterfeiting Mr. Truong Van Ba ​​- Director of Department of Information Management, City. Ho Chi Minh – recognize, TP. Ho Chi Minh City is currently the largest economic center in the country, the whole city now has more than 271,000 businesses, about 1 million business households and the flow of goods accounts for about 30% of the country. However, the City is also at the center of the trafficking, transporting of contraband goods, production and storage of counterfeit goods, poor quality goods, commercial fraud, and many new economic crimes that arise with many tricks. sophisticated, especially high-tech crimes, on the e-commerce space … increasingly popular. Mr. Truong Van Ba, said that, for a long time, the coordination between the force of intelligence management and the City Police has been regularly and effectively carried out, specifically, 85% of the cases were discovered and handled by the intelligence management. all have active participation of police forces. The signing of a coordination regulation between the two forces will increase the strength and efficiency in the fight against smuggling, trade fraud and counterfeiting. “In the situation that the information management force is too thin, each information management officer is tasked with monitoring more than 300 enterprises and about 1,000 individual business households. The signing of regulations in coordination with the police force will promote and apply the functions and duties of each unit, contributing to improving efficiency in the fight and detection of violations of the law. in economic activities in the area ”, shared Mr. Truong Van Ba. City intelligence management force. Ho Chi Minh checked and discovered a store dealing in infringing goods on models and origins in the area Major General Dinh Thanh Nhan – Deputy Director and Head of Police Investigation City Police. Ho Chi Minh City – said, in 2020 and the first 3 months of 2021, City Police Economic Police. Ho Chi Minh City discovered and handled 1,559 cases with 1674 economic criminals, the value of infringing material evidences was more than 314.4 billion VND. Through investigation and verification have prosecuted 1,121 cases with 375 defendants. However, this is just the number of criminal cases detected by the Economic Police, which have not fully and properly reflected the situation of crime and violations occurring in the city. In order to fight fiercely with this type of crime, it is necessary to have the synchronous and timely coordination of many agencies and departments, but the focus is still on Information Management, Customs, and Public Security … According to Nhan, for many years, the economic police force has actively coordinated with the City intelligence management force and discovered and handled many smuggling, commercial fraud, and counterfeit production in the area. . Only in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021, the police force of the Economic and National Administration has detected and handled 154 violations with 167 objects, the value of infringing goods is more than 145 billion VND. However, Mr. Nhan assessed that the results of the recent coordination in handling economic crimes between the Economic Police and the City intelligence management force are remarkable, but not high, not meeting the needs of business. industry and society. Because, due to the lack of regulations, the decentralization, decentralization, judgment organization, and sharing of information about contraband and counterfeit goods are still lacking fluently. After having the regulation, Mr. Nhan said, the city police department will thoroughly grasp and deploy the content of the regulations to each unit, assign and assign responsibility to each force to coordinate with Thanh city ​​in order to increase strength, professionalism and efficiency in the fight against and repel economic crimes in the area. With the strong development of science and technology, the cyber commodity trading, the theft of intellectual property rights, the technology of organizations and enterprises will be increasingly popular. . This fact also arose many complicated consequences because the subjects took advantage of the production and trading of poor quality goods in large quantity, affecting the interests of enterprises and consumers. At the conference, the parties agreed to disseminate the regulations to all officers in the unit and thoroughly implement the implementation, ensuring seriousness, timeliness and efficiency in the coming time.

However, when they expanded their study to animals, they discovered some early forms of B117 in dogs, including a sample taken in the US in July 2020. Artwork: AP “These initial variants included most or all of the B117 mutations in the Canidae breed and they could have infected humans after a rapid mutation,” Professor Chen Luonan and colleagues at the State Cell Biology Key Laboratory said in a report posted on biorxiv on April 16. The arrival of the B117 variant has puzzled researchers. After being isolated from two patients in Kent in southeast England and London in September 2020, the new variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus quickly became the dominant strain in the UK and many other countries. the ability to spread more strongly than the original virus strain. Some experts believe that the variant may have emerged from the local community due to the selective pressures of antiviral drugs used during the pandemic. According to a popular theory, this variant suddenly appeared in England and then spread to many other parts of the world. However, this variant had nine mutations that were rarely found on previous human variants, said Chan and colleagues. These mutations do not appear in adjacent genes, but spread across the entire genome of the virus. The likelihood of these mutations occurring at the same time is very low. The Shanghai team of researchers believes that these nine mutations created one mutation after another. Their model also suggests that variations may have appeared outside the UK and spawned mutations that were present on non-human hosts. The dogs are the most likely animal in this case, followed by the weasels and the cats. Qu Liandong, a virology professor at the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute who was not involved in the study, said that more clear evidence is needed to support the hypothesis. The variations found in dogs do not quite resemble the first confirmed variant in a British patient, although the number of genetic sequences the researchers gathered from hundreds of thousands of patients was still overwhelming. small compared to the total number of patients in the world. Some of the early forms of the B117 variant were missed in the sample collection program, he said. However, if pets like dogs become hosts, “we will have a big problem,” said Professor Qu. “Nearly all of our measures to deal with disease so far have only considered humans. If the animals are also sick, it will completely change the situation,” he said. . When bird flu outbreaks occur in a chicken farm, all chickens are destroyed, even healthy ones, to prevent the risk of infection. Dogs are close friends of man. If they are able to carry or create variant SARS-CoV-2, they could suffer a similar fate, Qu said. Another solution is to inject animals with vaccines. “However, we cannot inject dogs with human vaccines. We need to develop completely new vaccines. Right now, we are still struggling in the campaign to vaccinate humans. Can the vaccination program be extended to both dogs and other animals? “asks Qu. There is growing concern that the B117 could make the dogs weaker. Veterinarians near London discovered a spike in pets, including dogs and cats, with myocarditis, and many of these were positive for the new variant of the SARS-CoV- virus. 2. Humans and animals have different immune systems and it is often difficult for viruses to be transmitted from one species to another. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is thought to have originated in bats and it takes decades to adapt in humans. When and where this virus spreads from animals to humans remains a mystery. The B117 variant has a special evolutionary process to increase infectivity, so it can be spread more easily from one host to another, says Chen’s team. Whether this process helps the variant of SARS-CoV-2 cross the species gap is still in need of further study, the experts said./.

The new variants were first spotted in countries like Brazil, South Africa and the UK that spontaneously appeared in the last few months of 2020. The main concern was a change in the mutant protein structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, known as E484K, in all three variants in the three countries, the researchers said. The E484K mutation is thought to impair the body’s immune response to the virus. Some scientists expressed concern that the E484K mutation could “elude” the natural immunity from SARS-CoV-2 infection and decrease the protection of existing Covid-19 vaccines. Artwork: Getty Images According to scientists interviewed by Reuters, the appearance of virus variants in different regions of the world shows that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is undergoing “convergent evolution”. Although SARS-CoV-2 will continue to mutate, they suspect the virus will have only a certain number of variants, immunologists and virologists say. However, it is still important to consider whether or not to limit the number of variants that make the SARS-CoV-2 virus less dangerous. “It can be said that the SARS-CoV-2 virus has a relatively limited number of variants that avoid antibodies before releasing the strongest ‘card’,” said Shane Crotty, virologist at La Institute of Immunology. Jolla in San Diego (USA) said. This could allow drug manufacturers to control disease while they develop the booster Covid-19 vaccine to suppress the current variant. Meanwhile, governments around the world are still struggling to control the pandemic that has killed nearly 3 million people globally. The opinion that the SARS-CoV-2 virus has only a certain amount of mutation has been the subject of discussion among experts since the beginning of February. According to a study, scientists have discovered seven variations of SARS. -CoV-2 appears in the US, has the same mutation. The convergent evolutionary process of SARS-CoV-2 According to Reuters, the process by which different species evolve similar traits to improve survival is central to evolutionary biology. The wide spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, with more than 128 million infections worldwide, allows scientists to observe the viral evolution in practice. “If you want to write a book about the evolution of viruses, you can do it now,” said Dr. Francis Collins, director of the US National Institutes of Health in an interview. Scientists saw the virus evolve on a smaller scale in 2018 when the H7N9 avian flu virus in China began adapting to a human host. However, there has never been a globally controlled virus such as SARS-CoV-2. Wendy Barclay, a virologist and professor at Imperial College London (UK), said she was amazed at the “staggering amount of convergent evolution” of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. “There are dangerous mutations like E484K, N501Y and K417N that all three variants in Brazil, South Africa and UK are carrying,” Ms. Barclay said. SARS-CoV-2 is not a “particularly smart” virus, the scientists said. Each time it infects people, SARS-CoV-2 makes copies of itself, and for each copy, it can make a mistake. While some of the mistakes are insignificant, the ones that give this virus an existential advantage tend to be long-lasting. “If this is repeated, it will provide some developmental advantages for the SARS-CoV-2 virus,” said Francis Collins. Some experts believe that the virus has a limited number of mutations that can be sustained before affecting its ability to function. Besides, too many mutations will cause the virus to no longer exist in the original version. “If the SARS-CoV-2 virus had an infinite number of ‘tricks,’ we would see a multitude of mutations,” said Michel Nussenzweig, an immunologist at Rockefeller University in New York. Cautious optimism However, the scientists remain cautious and say, predicting how much SARS-CoV-2 will mutate is a challenge. If there is a limit to how this virus can evolve, that would be simpler for the vaccine developers. The Novavax company is making adjustments to the vaccine to prevent variation in South Africa. However, trials have shown that the efficacy of the vaccine against the variant in South Africa is quite low. “The virus can mutate a lot and it still binds to a human host,” Novavax CEO Stan Erck said and hopes the vaccine will be effective for most of the current strains. According to Mr. Stan Erck, Novavax will continue to test vaccines for new strains of strains. Scientists have recently identified seven variants of SARS-Cov-2 in the US, with all mutations occurring in the same key location of the virus. This provides additional evidence of viral convergence evolution. Other research groups are working on exposing the virus to antibodies to force it to mutate. In many cases, the E484K mutation has appeared in the experiment. According to Reuters, the above evidence adds to the cautious optimism that the mutants appear to have many similar characteristics. However, experts say the world must continue to monitor for changes in the SARS-CoV-2 virus and eliminate its ability to mutate by reducing infection through vaccination and restrictive measures. the spread of the disease. “SARS-CoV-2 is still going very strong. We don’t know when the battle against the pandemic will end, ”said Vaughn Cooper, an expert in evolutionary biology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (USA).

Mai Diem Phuong, “Madonna of Hong Kong” is loved by many audiences for her ability to change the talent on both music and screen. Beautiful, talented but she has a multi-life.

She died at the age of 40 in the mourning of friends and relatives in the face of the evil bowel cancer. At the end of her life, Mai Diem Phuong also shared that she wants to be loved, married, have children and be a mother like many other ordinary people.

Regarding cervical cancer, symptoms usually appear at an early stage. With terminal cancer or cancer that has metalysed to other parts of the body, the symptoms can be exacerbated depending on the tissues and muscles on which the disease has spread.

The cause of the symptom is also not so obvious, it may be another pathology other than cancer, but those with signs of cervical cancer certainly have symptoms such as:

– Bleeding or mild bleeding between or after the “red light” period

– Menstruation is more and longer than usual.

– Bleeding after sex or dosing.

– Increased vaginal secrety.

– Pain in sex.

– Bleeding after menopause.

– Persistent pelvic or back pain for unknown reasons.

During the examination, the doctor will use diagnostic tests to find out the stage of cancer. Knowing at what stage the cancer is at will help the doctor make a decision on what type of treatment is best and the patient has the highest chance of recovery.

Cervical cancer has 4 stages:

Phase I: The cancer has spread from the cervical mucosa into deeper tissue but is still only seen in the uterus. It does not spread to other parts of the body. Specifically:

– Cancer is diagnosed only by viewing tissue or cervical cells under a microscope. Photo tests or tissue sample evaluations can also be used to determine tumor size scenarios.

+ IA1 phase: There is a cancerous area less than 3mm deep.

+ Phase IA2: There is a cancerous area with beans from 3mm to less than 5 mm.

– During this period, the tumor is larger but still limited to the cervical. There is no spread.

+ IB1 phase: The tumor has a depth of 5mm or more and a width of less than 2 cm.

+ IB2 phase: The tumor has a depth of 2 cm or more and a width of less than 4 cm.

+ IB phase3: The tumor has a width of 4 cm or more.

Phase II: The cancer has spread beyond the uterus to neighboring areas, such as the vagina or tissue near the cervical, but it remains inside the pelvic region. It does not spread to other feces of the body.

– The tumor is limited to 2/3 of the upper part of the vagina. It has not yet spread to the tissue next to the cervical, which is called the parameters area.

+ Phase IIA1: The tumor is less than 4cm wide.

+ Phase IIA2: Tumors 4 cm or more wide

– The tumor has spread to the parameters area. The tumor does not reach the pelvic city.

Phase III: The tumor is associated with 1/3 of the lower part of the vagina or has spread to the pelvic city causing swelling of the kidneys, also known as fluid retention kidneys, which prevents the kidneys from functioning and is associated with regional lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are small, pea-shaped muscles that help fight infections. There is no distant spread.

– The tumor involves a lower third of the vagina but it has not yet developed into the pelvic city.

– The tumor has grown into the pelvic city or affects the kidneys.

– Tumors associated with regional lymph nodes. This can be detected by photo or pathology tests.

+ Phase IIIC1: The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the pelvis.

+ Phase IIIC2: The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes next to the aortic. These lymph nodes are found in the abdominal area near the base of the spine and near the aortic, a main artery that runs from the heart to the abdomen

IVA Phase: The cancer has spread to the bladder or rectum, but it has not yet spread to other feces of the body.

Phase IVB: The cancer has meta metalysed to other parts of the body.