As reflected in the name of TIM-3, current research on it is mainly focused on T cells. TIM-3 is regarded as a marker molecule of T cell exhaustion in chronic viral infection and cancer models[2].

Although multiple drugs targeting TIM-3 have entered clinical trials[1], but The mechanism of blocking TIM-3’s anti-tumor activity is still a bit vague Because TIM-3 is also expressed on many other immune cells, do immune cells other than T cells participate in its anti-cancer effect, or even play a more important role?

On June 9, 2021, the Vijay K. Kuchroo team from Harvard Medical School published important research results in the journal Nature. They found Blocking TIM-3 on dendritic cells (DCs) may play a more critical role in enhancing anti-tumor immunity [3]!

Screenshot of the paper’s homepage

In order to understand the specific functional mechanism of TIM-3, the researchers used a large number of conditional knockout mouse models.They found that in After knocking out TIM-3 in CD4 and CD8+ T cells at the same time, tumor growth was inhibited to a certain extent, but not very significant ;and Specific knockout of TIM-3 in CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells or NK cells does not affect tumor growth .

This result is a bit surprising, but the researchers quickly thought, would TIM-3 on myeloid cells have a more important function?

The researchers found through single-cell sequencing combined with flow cytometry that High expression of TIM-3 in DC1s and migDCs (migDCs) in tumors .in After specifically knocking out TIM-3 in DCs, tumor growth was significantly inhibited, and This effect is stronger than TIM-3 knocking out T cells .

Knock out TIM-3 in dendritic cells (gene name is Havcr2), the tumor is significantly suppressed

So, how does TIM-3 on DCs affect the anti-tumor immune response?

With the help of single-cell sequencing results, the researchers found that after knocking out TIM-3 in DCs, the number of CD8+ T cells infiltrated in the tumor increased. A more detailed analysis found that Early activation, effect, memory, memory precursor T cells increased , These T cells play a key role in the anti-tumor immune response[4].

Streaming analysis also confirmed that in After conditionally knocking out the TIM-3 of DCs, the memory precursor CD8+ T cells and effector T cells infiltrated in the tumor increased significantly .

After knocking out TIM-3 of DCs, memory precursor CD8+ T cells (TCF1) and effector T cells (CX3CR1, T-bet, Ki67) increased

One of the main functions of DCs is to promote the anti-tumor immune function of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells through antigen presentation[5].Further analyzing the myeloid cells in single-cell sequencing, the researchers found Some genes related to MHC class I antigen presentation are significantly elevated .

Mouse experiments also confirmed that after knocking out the TIM-3 of DCs, the proportion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor was significantly increased, and it had a stronger killing potential.Description Inhibition of TIM-3 can enhance antigen-specific immune response .

After knocking out the TIM-3 of DCs, the proportion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells increases and has a stronger killing potential

After studying the mechanism at the cellular level, the researchers began to further explore more detailed molecular mechanisms.

The researchers first analyzed the interaction between CD8+ T cells and DCs based on single-cell sequencing technology. The results showed that after knocking out the TIM-3 of DCs, the ligand-receptor interaction scores of Il18–Il18r1 and Il18–Il18rap increased significantly.Analysis of cytokines in tumor homogenate also found Significantly increased levels of IL-1β and IL-18 .

Friends who are familiar with inflammasomes must be able to think that inflammasomes mediate the activation and release of IL-1β and IL-18. Does knocking out TIM-3 activate the inflammasomes?

Pattern diagram of inflammasome activation[6]

Sure enough, analyzing single-cell sequencing data, the researchers found that in the TIM-3 knockout DCs, inflammasome-related gene characteristics were significantly enriched.

Inflammasomes can be activated by pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMP) and damage-related molecular patterns (DAMP)[7]Since the research here did not involve pathogens, researchers naturally wondered whether endogenous DAMP (such as reactive oxygen species, oxidized lipids, and oxidized DNA) activated the inflammasomes?

Researchers found that in TIM-3 knock-out DCs, the enrichment level of oxidative stress-related gene characteristics was significantly increased, and flow analysis also confirmed Increased ROS levels in DC1s and mDCs .Furthermore, the researchers treated mice with tumors with antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine) and found that The tumor suppressor effect brought by knocking out TIM-3 is completely eliminated, and the increase in IL-1β levels in the tumor is also completely eliminated .

After knocking out TIM-3, the level of ROS in DC1s and migDCs increased

So, is the activation of the inflammasome pathway the reason for the enhanced anti-tumor immune response?

Researchers used three ways to inhibit the inflammasome pathway (inhibition of caspase1, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, inhibition of IL-1β/IL-18, friends can check the above schematic diagram), and found The anti-tumor effect enhanced by knocking out TIM-3 completely disappears, and the function-enhancing effect of CD8+ T cells is also eliminated .

Inhibition of the inflammasome pathway can eliminate the immune enhancement effect of blocking TIM-3

Overall, this study found that compared to T cells, TIM-3 on DCs may play a more critical role in tumor immunity , This discovery has a certain subversive significance to people’s previous cognition.

The author analyzes the mechanism from the perspectives of cell function changes in the tumor microenvironment and changes in molecular pathways in DCs, but this article still leaves many unanswered questions.

For example, how does knocking out TIM-3 lead to increased levels of oxidative stress in DCs? In addition, the experimental evidence of the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammasome activation in this article is still weak. In this model, is it possible that the inflammasome may be activated by other factors?

How does the activation of inflammasome affect the function of DCs and T cells? Is it possible that TIM-3 may affect the function of DCs through other mechanisms?For example, in the latest issue of Immunity, Brian Ruffell and others believe that Blocking TIM-3 contributes to the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in DCs, thereby promoting the anti-tumor immune response [8].

Although TIM-3 still has a lot to be studied, it is worth looking forward to that many TIM-3 antibodies have entered clinical trials, including some domestic drugs. It is hoped that these drugs can be marketed as soon as possible and benefit more patients.

references

1. Siddiqui I, Schaeuble K, Chennupati V, et al. Intratumoral Tcf1(+)PD-1(+)CD8(+) T Cells with Stem-like Properties Promote Tumor Control in Response to Vaccination and Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Immunity. Jan 15 2019;50(1):195-211 e10. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.021

2. Roberts EW, Broz ML, Binnewies M, et al. Critical Role for CD103(+)/CD141(+) Dendritic Cells Bearing CCR7 for Tumor Antigen Trafficking and Priming of T Cell Immunity in Melanoma. Cancer Cell. Aug 8 2016; 30(2):324-336. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.06.003

3. Terlizzi M, Casolaro V, Pinto A, Sorrentino R. Inflammasome: cancer’s friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther. Jul 2014;143(1):24-33. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.002

4. de Mingo Pulido A, Hanggi K, Celias DP, et al. The inhibitory receptor TIM-3 limits activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in intra-tumoral dendritic cells by suppressing extracellular DNA uptake. Immunity. Jun 8 2021;54( 6):1154-1167 e7. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.019

Illustration. (Source: CNET) WarnerMedia, the company that owns the news channel CNN and TV channel HBO and Discovery media company revealed the company name after the merger will be Warner Bros . Discovery . During a chat hosted by WarnerMedia CEO Jason Kilar on June 1, Discovery CEO David Zaslav announced the company name following the merger of Warner Bros. Discovery for WarnerMedia employees. Last month, US telecommunications giant AT&T announced the merger between WarnerMedia and Discovery Media. It is expected that, once established, the new company will be owned by AT&T (with a market value of $230 billion) and Discovery (with a market value of $24 billion). The deal could create a “giant” that can compete with Netflix and Disney+ in the field of live streaming, two companies that have seen the number of account subscribers skyrocket during the pandemic. broadcast. WarnerMedia has net sales of $30.4 billion in 2020, and Discovery, which now owns Eurospor, posted $10.7 billion in net sales in the same period.

The study said the new virus is more distantly related to the previously found strains of the coronavirus that cause Covid-19. However, this new virus has a high degree of similarity in gene sequence with the virus that causes Covid-19. This is the first time that the Wuhan Institute of Virology has released detailed information about the virus it has collected several years ago. “These results suggest that the coronavirus we detected from bats may be just the tip of the iceberg,” the team wrote in the paper. Wuhan Institute of Virology, China. Photo: AFP. Many research results have never been published Through the paper, the institute also provides more insight into the viruses they host. The latest study examines eight viruses collected during a 2015 survey trip to a town in southwestern China’s Yunnan province. During this trip, researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology collected more than 1,000 specimens from bats living in and around the cave over a three-year period. The Wuhan Institute of Virology has studied the corona virus found in bats. Photo: South China Morning Post. This trip started after a few workers came to the cave and became ill. After testing, the doctors said they had an unprecedented virus, so they started looking for a virus from bats. The team also added that the group of workers at that time did not have Covid-19. Previously, in the journal Nature published in November 2020, Wuhan researchers said that during their exploration of the cave, they found 9 viruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome and Covid- 19. One of them is RaTG13 – published by researchers in February – still considered the closest “relative” to Sars-CoV-2, the cause of Covid-19. The remaining eight viruses were newly classified in the May 21 paper. The origin of Covid-19 is still unclear and controversial. Doubt In February, after a trip to China, international experts investigating the origin of Covid-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested that the virus probably came from a bat-like animal. . The virus then passes to another animal that has close contact with humans and infects them. Chinese virologist Shi Zhengli of the Wuhan Institute of Virology. Photo: SCMP. However, critics, including the head of WHO, say the investigation is not deep enough. May 23, Wall Street Journal Citing a confidential US report, it was revealed that in November 2019, before China reported its first Covid-19 cases, some researchers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology were hospitalized. . Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian stated on May 24 that the article was “completely untrue”. Article by Wall Street Journal was released ahead of the WHO meeting, which is expected to discuss in detail the next phase of the investigation into the origins of Covid-19. The amazing variety of corona virus virus Evolutionary biologist Edward Holmes at the University of Sydney said that the paper by researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology provides further evidence that the Wuhan laboratory does not have a virus closely related to Sars -CoV-2 – the origin of the Covid-19 outbreak. A database of hundreds of thousands of bats is needed to see a complete picture of the coronavirus. Photo: AP. “This paper shows us the incredible diversity of coronaviruses found in animals in the wild,” added Mr Holmes. He and another team of experiments also found four viruses in bats closely related to Sars-CoV-2 among more than 400 samples collected in Yunnan province. The area is considered by WHO to be an important place for further research into the origins of Covid-19, although it remains unclear whether research is ongoing. The May 21 article also highlights recent work that highlights the possibility that Covid-19 is related to another species, besides bats. A pangolin coronavirus has the ability to effectively bind to human cells, distinct from the bat viruses associated with Sars-CoV-2 that have been identified so far. However, according to Maciej Boni, an associate professor at the Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics at Pennsylvania State University (USA), there are not enough viruses yet to see an overall picture. “We need to have databases of hundreds of thousands of viruses in bats. Until then, we won’t have many new discoveries about the origin of Sars-CoV-2,” he said. Satellite photos show that Covid-19 can spread in Wuhan from August 2019 According to a study from Harvard Medical School (USA), satellite photos of hospital parking lots in Wuhan show that the corona virus may have been spreading since August 2019.

Illustration. White shark Jagged jaws and razor-sharp teeth make the great white shark the most feared killer in the ocean. Fast speed, sharp sense of smell makes it easy for great white sharks to defeat most aquatic creatures except giant whales. Sharks can smell blood from a great distance and quickly move to where their prey is injured. Photo:Discovery Adult great white sharks can be up to 4 m long and weigh about 1,100 kg. The great white shark becomes more aggressive when stimulated by the smell of blood, the researchers say. However, this animal does not intend to attack humans. Their poor eyesight causes them to mistake humans for seals or other animals. Great white sharks kill about 100 people every year. Photo:Discovery Killer whales Experts have had the opportunity to debate the hunting behavior of killer whales and come to the conclusion, this relatively complex way of hunting is not as rare as people think. “I’ve seen similar scenes with a number of different species of dolphins in oceans around the world, so I assume killer whales regularly ‘exercise’ complex hunting strategies with For example, with slower swimmers, such as seals and sea lions, killer whales prefer to use their tails to knock their prey out of the water, stunning it and then killing it. victim,” said an oceanographer from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). So how do killer whales possess superior hunting skills? How cruel are they? We will take a look at a few reasons why killer whales are known as the “cold-blooded” geniuses of the ocean. Saltwater crocodile The saltwater crocodile is the largest living crocodile and amphibian species on earth. They live in northern Australia, some countries in Southeast Asia or Africa. The habitat of this organism is saline rivers or lakes. Their body size can reach 6 m. The saltwater crocodile is the largest crocodile in the world and the largest living reptile in the world. Male saltwater crocodiles have been recorded at 23 feet (7 m) in length and 2,205 pounds (1,000 kg) in weight. Females are much smaller, measuring about 10 feet (3 m) long and weighing 330 pounds (150 kg). Adult saltwater crocodiles have an average of 66 teeth and the largest bite pressure of any animal in the world. The saltwater crocodile’s most feared weapon is a strong tail, large jaws and fast movement speed. They are known for their cunning for their unique hiding style and ability to approach their prey gently. This cheeky animal is ready to attack humans if they get the chance. Saltwater crocodiles kill between 600 and 800 people each year. Photo:Flick This is the largest reptile on the planet and every year they cause the death of more than 2,000 people. Lion Known as the “king of the jungle”, however, lions don’t actually live in the jungle. Instead, their main habitat is the grasslands and plains of Africa. This animal hides under the trees for about 20 hours a day to avoid the heat. They hunt in groups to increase their chances of killing their victims. The African lion is the largest animal of the cat family. Adult males can be from 3 to 3.3 m long. They use speed to chase their prey, pounce on their victim with their sharp claws before knocking it down with a fatal bite to the neck. Usually, the lion will try to separate the victim from the herd before surrounding and killing it. This animal kills about 800 people every year. The lion has many “gifted” physical traits that make it an excellent hunter in the wild. A lion’s vision, for example, is six times more sensitive to light than a human’s, giving it a significant advantage when hunting at night. Its claws can be easily retracted, stretched, and let out. In addition, they have the ability to reach speeds of up to 80 km/h in a very short time and jump as high as more than 10m. In addition to the symbolic roar, lions communicate with each other in the same ways that cats do: through whining and purring. Lions also rub their heads together as an act of bonding and spreading.” home scent.” This scent allows the lions to recognize the members of the pack when a dispute with an opponent occurs. Tiger Fish The tiger fish is the most bloodthirsty carnivore in the world. They breed and thrive on rivers in South America. The tiger fish’s most fearsome weapon is its sharp teeth, with more powerful bites than the T-rex tyrannosaurs if their jaws are as large as the most feared animals of prehistoric times. The teeth of the piranha are hard and have sharp, saw-like edges, making it easy for them to tear their prey. A school of tiger fish can tear large prey in minutes. The red-bellied tigerfish is the most ferocious of the piranhas. Scientists say tiger fish are attracted to the blood of shark-like prey. However, this animal is ready to attack prey hundreds of times larger than their body. There are also many cases of tiger fish attacking people in the wild.

Billions of T. rex have been wandering North America, a group of experts say. Although not a simple task, paleontologists from the University of California (USA) gave the T. rex dinosaur numbers in the Cretaceous period 65 – 98 million years ago. Challenging work Fossils have long been used to improve our understanding of extinct creatures like dinosaurs, but experts suggest that these skeletons are used to calculate densities and levels. Their abundance is a challenge. Director Charles Marshall of the University of California’s Museum of Paleontology is part of the research team. “There is no information available to make an estimate,” he said. If you find an Easter egg in your garden, how do you estimate how many Easter eggs ever existed? It simply cannot be done. You need information from somewhere else, for example, the density of the Easter eggs, how many years they can be found and how many Easter eggs have been placed in the garden. Paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim at the University of Portsmouth (UK) is not involved in the study. “Previously researchers tried to estimate things like the size of the Tyrannosaurus’ habitable area and their basic energy needs, so this is an extension of the work,” he said. before that, including many updates about Tyrannosaurus ”. There are 20,000 T.rex dinosaurs in North America T.rex is predicted to have a lifespan of 28 years. Using fossil records, densities and data from climate models, the University of California team calculated that about 20,000 adult T. rex, living across North America, could exist at the same time. . In a study published in the Journal of Science, researchers say this means that about 2.5 billion T. rex have lived and died over a period of nearly 2.5 million years – a process The dinosaurs live. For the first time, the team also calculated the lifespan of dinosaurs. Using scientific literature and expert opinion, they estimated T.rex’s adult age to be 15.5 years and its lifespan could reach around 28 years. The average adult body weight of this dinosaur is about 5,200 kg and a growth after maturity can make them weigh up to 7,000 kg. From the above estimates, the team concluded that each generation of T.rex lasted for about 19 years and there was a dinosaur for every 100 square kilometers. They determined that, with 20,000 permanent dinosaurs and about 127,000 generations of this species, there would be about 2.5 billion T.rex overall. “The researchers’ approach seems informative, while also pointing to current limits on what can be done,” said Jason C.Poole of the Bighorn Institute of Paleontology (USA). learned from the known “. “I’m sure it opens the door to better focus on questions about population density and what it means over time. So this can really help us understand how animals change over time as it is related to evolution and changing ecosystems, ”said Mr. Poole. The researchers estimated that the population density of T. rex was equivalent to 3,800 carnivorous dinosaurs in an area the size of California, but only 2 in an area the size of Washington DC. . Open up the possibility to find out more information A T.rex dinosaur could have an average weight of 5.2 tons. Meanwhile, the results also allow the authors to determine that only about 1 in 80 million T. rex is preserved as fossil remains. “The big impact of this study may be how rare the fossils are, they represent only a fraction of the individual organisms that ever existed, not to mention the depth of time and the rate. it happened in a few thousand to a million years, ”Mr. Poole said. Study co-author Professor Marshall of the University of California said, “In a way, this is a paleontological exercise of what we can know and how we can know what. there… It’s amazing what we know about this dinosaur so we can calculate more information.Our understanding of T. rex has expanded greatly over the decades. Through more fossils, more analytical methods and better ways of integrating information through known fossils ”. Mr Ibrahim sees other possibilities stemming from this study. There is a lot we don’t know about T.rex’s physiology, behavior, and food environment, he said, but this study offers an interesting approach to estimating abundance and prevalence. conservation of dinosaurs. “I would love to see it apply to the other dinosaurs we know from fossils. Looking at a wide range of dinosaurs, predators and prey, we can better compare dinosaur animal communities to modern ones, ”he said. What we see is superficial, according to Ibrahim, and even with this fascinating research, there is still a long way to go for us to confidently apply these approaches widely in research. save dinosaurs.

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Chef Angel Leon is working on separating seaweed seeds for food. Photo: Time According to Aponiente’s research, lab tests have revealed the enormous potentials of seaweed seeds: Specifically, this seaweed seed is gluten-free, high in omega-6 and -9 fatty acids and high in content. 50% more protein than rice grains. And the most important thing is that this marine plant can grow all over the ocean field, giving normal yield without any conditions like fresh water or fertilizer. The discovery by Spanish three-star Michelin-certified chef Angel Leon made him wonder that the sea meadows stretching across the turquoise water near his home in Cadiz Bay in the past, are now This is an extremely valuable plant. The 44-year-old chef has become even more famous when he is known as one of the most innovative chefs in the world for his efforts to study the nutritional ingredients in seagrass or eel. considered “the rice of the sea”. Thanks to the culinary instinct that has been honed over the years at the famous restaurant and food research firm Aponiente, Mr. Leon is continuing to research and analyze each ingredient in the seeds of this seaweed that soon becomes. the new food of humanity. This discovery opened up the opportunity for three-star Michelin chef Angel Leon to continue on the mission of processing regular eel grass as a potential superfood. “In a world that is three-quarters water, it can fundamentally transform the way we think about the oceans. This will probably be the start of a new concept of the sea as a large garden in the future, “Mr. Leon said. If you first hear this, being told by a chef will be immediately skeptical. But in Spain, Mr. Leon has been known as el Chef del Mar (chef of the sea), has long crossed the boundaries of seafood from tinkering with research and processing of marine plants. discard and turn them into delicious food at restaurants near Cadiz Bay. Close-up of seaweed, also known as eel is seeding. Photo: Aponiente “When I founded Aponiente 12 years ago, my goal was to open a restaurant serving everything that was still considered worthless in the sea. The first years were really bad because no one understood why I went to serve customers with products that no one wanted to use, ”Mr. Leon said. However, he did not give up, the chef continued to pursue “the menu of the unknown of the sea” and his efforts were recorded in 2010 with the first Michelin star. . And by the time his restaurant Aponiente won its third Michenlin star in 2017, Mr. Leon has become an important, defaulted player in the Spanish cuisine as the “chef at the forefront. in an attempt to reposition the way humans treat the oceans “. What Mr. Leon and his colleagues call eel algae seeds “sea grain” or “rice of the sea” in order to continue to deepen and expand research on this issue, is still one of the ambitious projects. most of him so far. Climate change superfood After discovering eel seeds by accident in 2017, Mr. Leon began a search for any documents mentioning the count of eel seeds used as food. The experimental model of growing seaweed for seeds in the Cadiz saline swamp is highly appreciated by environmental scientists. Photo: Aponiente Fortunately, he found an article from 1973 in a scientific journal stating that the seeds of the seaweed eel are an important part of the diet of the Seri, an indigenous ethnic group in Sonora, Mexico. And that is also the only known case of this sea grain, used as a food source for humans. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Leon’s next plan was to consider developing this plant to be harvested in the current Cadiz Bay area, a plant that once grew naturally well before has now been harvested. The narrow area combined with the impacts of humans and climate change makes sea meadows in general decline sharply every year. Mr. Leon personally questioned the researchers at Cadiz University and the local government conducted a pilot eel-seaweed project in three subdivisions of 0.30 ha of salty swamp to become a place where he called “sea garden”. Juan Martín, the environmental director of Aponiente, said it took up to 18 months after batches of eel seaweed seeds to be finished and Leon performed the final tests on his own. “Then one day he asked me to come in a very serious voice and said, ‘Juan, I want to try some cereal because I don’t know what it tastes like.’ And unbelievably, he jumped into this project blindly, pocketing money to find a way to turn this sea grain into different menus, “Mr. Martin said. Mr. Leon says: It’s interesting that you eat eel seeds with the hull tires intact, like brown rice, it has a bit of the taste of the sea. But when the husk is separated, the salty taste of the sea is gone. When he cooked it, he found that the rice tasted very good, and when it was cooked, the rice took two minutes longer and simmered for a longer time, the softer it would be. The positive impact of the sea eel restoration project does not stop there, this seagrass field also has the ability to capture carbon 35 times faster than the tropical rain forest. They are described by the World Conservation Union (WWF) as an “incredible tool” in combating the climate crisis, because seagrasses absorb 10% of the ocean’s carbon each year. although it only covers 0.2% of the seabed area. The good news about Chef Leon and his team was immediately “turbulent” around the world. “When I first heard about it, I said ‘it was interesting’,” said Robert Orth, professor at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, who has spent more than six decades studying seagrasses. What this chef did “. According to Professor Orth, seagrass has been used as roofing material, insulation and even for packaging seafood, but it has never been grown as food. It is a challenging and mysterious initiative. The wild sea meadows have been dying at an alarming rate in recent decades, while very few researchers have been able to successfully breed and develop seagrass varieties. However, with Leon’s first “sea garden” project, the average yield potential could reach about 3.5 tons per hectare. Although the yield of this eel is only one-third of what humans can achieve with rice, it is valuable that the team has shown the potential for low-cost and friendly farming. environment. “If nature gives you 3,500 kg of food without doing anything – no antibiotics, no fertilizers, only seawater and waves – then we can recommend planting plants. New food – sea cereals ”. Seaweed seeds are considered a superfood in the future because they contain 50% more protein than rice and this plant stores carbon much faster than tropical rain forests .. Photo: Aponiente Now another project is being pushed to expand the scale of the growing eel seaweed to 5 hectares and every step is carefully monitored, in the hope that researchers will better understand the conditions – from temperature. water to salinity – which this new crop needs to thrive. Mr. Leon and his colleagues envision their project to one day go global, paving the way for people to exploit the potential of this new crop to promote aquatic ecosystems, to feed. ocean populations and effectively combat climate change. “We have opened up a window,” said Léon. I believe it is a new way to feed humanity “.

However, when they expanded their study to animals, they discovered some early forms of B117 in dogs, including a sample taken in the US in July 2020. Artwork: AP “These initial variants included most or all of the B117 mutations in the Canidae breed and they could have infected humans after a rapid mutation,” Professor Chen Luonan and colleagues at the State Cell Biology Key Laboratory said in a report posted on biorxiv on April 16. The arrival of the B117 variant has puzzled researchers. After being isolated from two patients in Kent in southeast England and London in September 2020, the new variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus quickly became the dominant strain in the UK and many other countries. the ability to spread more strongly than the original virus strain. Some experts believe that the variant may have emerged from the local community due to the selective pressures of antiviral drugs used during the pandemic. According to a popular theory, this variant suddenly appeared in England and then spread to many other parts of the world. However, this variant had nine mutations that were rarely found on previous human variants, said Chan and colleagues. These mutations do not appear in adjacent genes, but spread across the entire genome of the virus. The likelihood of these mutations occurring at the same time is very low. The Shanghai team of researchers believes that these nine mutations created one mutation after another. Their model also suggests that variations may have appeared outside the UK and spawned mutations that were present on non-human hosts. The dogs are the most likely animal in this case, followed by the weasels and the cats. Qu Liandong, a virology professor at the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute who was not involved in the study, said that more clear evidence is needed to support the hypothesis. The variations found in dogs do not quite resemble the first confirmed variant in a British patient, although the number of genetic sequences the researchers gathered from hundreds of thousands of patients was still overwhelming. small compared to the total number of patients in the world. Some of the early forms of the B117 variant were missed in the sample collection program, he said. However, if pets like dogs become hosts, “we will have a big problem,” said Professor Qu. “Nearly all of our measures to deal with disease so far have only considered humans. If the animals are also sick, it will completely change the situation,” he said. . When bird flu outbreaks occur in a chicken farm, all chickens are destroyed, even healthy ones, to prevent the risk of infection. Dogs are close friends of man. If they are able to carry or create variant SARS-CoV-2, they could suffer a similar fate, Qu said. Another solution is to inject animals with vaccines. “However, we cannot inject dogs with human vaccines. We need to develop completely new vaccines. Right now, we are still struggling in the campaign to vaccinate humans. Can the vaccination program be extended to both dogs and other animals? “asks Qu. There is growing concern that the B117 could make the dogs weaker. Veterinarians near London discovered a spike in pets, including dogs and cats, with myocarditis, and many of these were positive for the new variant of the SARS-CoV- virus. 2. Humans and animals have different immune systems and it is often difficult for viruses to be transmitted from one species to another. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is thought to have originated in bats and it takes decades to adapt in humans. When and where this virus spreads from animals to humans remains a mystery. The B117 variant has a special evolutionary process to increase infectivity, so it can be spread more easily from one host to another, says Chen’s team. Whether this process helps the variant of SARS-CoV-2 cross the species gap is still in need of further study, the experts said./.

Possessing a huge amount of assets, accompanied by an immense expensive wardrobe, she can freely mix match, how to dress, how to mix bags like that. Down the street with a soft, arrogant white suit, but the focus of attention is on the Hermes Himalaya bag made from albino crocodile skin. This design is a rare item, you do not have to buy money but wait, order for a long time … Before that, you had to spend a lot of money to buy other items and accessories before you could have “privileges”. buy this item Another time, when slipping in a white tree with a sturdy suit, Le Quyen continued to draw attention with the classic Lady Dior bag, the same color tone. The beautiful Dior bag makes Le Quyen luxurious ‘indomitable’ It’s still an expensive and proud Dior bag that makes the ‘normal’ suit even more luxurious The shoulder padded biker leather jacket, along with high-heeled pants and boots, is upgraded thanks to a handheld Hermes bag. The black tree of course must be mixed with the proud black crocodile skin Hermes That sparkling little hip bag was tone sure tone with the beauty’s silver croptop How to choose an elegant clutch and still emit a ‘rich’ flavor Hermes has always been the ultimate choice for the queen of the tea room She loves this luxury and delicate bag very much Another “darling” that gets less on air than a prominent lemon-yellow bag is perfect for the summer sun. The beauty chose to mix with a golden skirt, sleeveless shirt and a personalized bucket hat hat. Another time, someone used a black mini-box to adorn a set of flared skirt legs and a hug. Le Quyen’s way of coordinating is very delicate, although with brand-name displays, it does not create a feeling of difficulty. With a charming black tone set, including one-off shirt and leather pants … Le Quyen uses a convenient side bag, just enough to hold the necessary items.