The origin of this incident is that some cities have made a wish for a “digital economy”, admiring the name of “smart cities”, and they want to build “urban brains” one after another. This is a good thing. Who doesn’t want to be a fan of the computing power economy? If the local government builds the platform down-to-earth and the manufacturer deploys the product honestly, there is nothing to write about. But there are some weird phenomena, which creased this pool of spring water. Attention, there is weirdness! For example, more than half a month ago, a city’s artificial intelligence computing center project was completed and put into use to provide services such as public computing power for the artificial intelligence (AI) industry. What a good thing! However, in the media reports on the computing power of the center, such a strange appearance appeared: “The first phase of the center’s construction scale is 100P FLOPS artificial intelligence computing power… Its computing power is equivalent to 50,000 high-performance computers.” XX release, investment XX, a little information XX, etc. “The computing power of artificial intelligence is equivalent to 50,000 high-performance computers”, which is typically misleading. Coincidentally. Two years ago, when a large-scale intelligent computing project was launched in a city, the computing power released to the outside was “100PFLOPS”, and the topic was forcibly added: “Domestic AI training clusters enter the field of supercomputing”… The AI ​​dedicated smart computer became an all-round supercomputer at once, wonderful! Speaking of dollar as a “knife” and intelligent computers as supercomputers, who is pretending to be confused? Sorry for joining the stage! Is it really all the media? not necessarily. Regardless of whose pot it is, but see that the unhealthy wind is getting longer. In some places, in order to quickly launch the computing power project, the computing power is not discriminated, as long as the number is beautiful enough. Perhaps the local area did not spend a particularly large amount of capital, and built the so-called tens of P, hundreds of P computing power, thinking that it can compete with the national supercomputing center and launch a wave of computing power to drive the economy. Unexpectedly, when they invited supercomputer experts to ask, it didn’t seem to be the case. Why? You get what you pay for computing power. In order to quickly launch the computing power project, the smart computer and the supercomputer are stupidly unclear, and they are even more confused about what is the reasoning performance and what is the training performance. As a result, I thought that I spent a small amount of money to build a world-class supercomputer. It may cost a lot of money to build a machine with only reasoning performance. What does that sentence say? “ The gift of all destiny , The price has already been secretly marked . ” Today we will talk about the mystery of this. Smart computer VS super computer, can’t tell the difference? First of all, supercomputing is supercomputing. Some machines dedicated to AI computing are also called supercomputing, which is questionable. The Linpack test, which is currently used in the industry to measure supercomputers, tests the “double-precision floating-point computing capabilities” of supercomputers, that is, the calculation of 64-bit floating-point numbers (FP64), which is a high-precision numerical calculation. Among the digital precision expressed in binary, there are single precision (32-bit, FP32), half-precision (16-bit, FP16), and integer types (such as INT8, INT4). The higher the number of digits, it means that people can reflect the changes of the two values ​​in a larger range of values, so as to achieve more accurate calculations. Unlike many scientific calculations, the computing power required by AI does not need to be too high-precision. For example, some AI applications need to process speech, pictures, or videos. Inference or training can be completed by running low-precision calculations or even integer calculations. This kind of special computer processing AI algorithm is fast and low energy consumption, which is determined by its characteristics. To sum up, we can distinguish as follows: Smart computer Is a kind of dedicated computing power, they Good at intelligent calculations such as reasoning or training , But because AI reasoning or training generally only uses single-precision or even half-precision calculations, and integer calculations, most intelligent computers do not have the ability to perform high-precision numerical calculations. This also limits its use in application scenarios other than AI computing. In contrast, supercomputer It is a kind of general computing power, and its design goal is Provide complete and complex computing capabilities They are more capable of high-precision computing and have a wider range of applications. For example, scientists often use supercomputers for planetary simulation, new material development, molecular drug design, genetic analysis, and other scientific calculations and big data processing. Chen Zuoning, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, once vividly used supercomputing for AI calculations “Big Horse-drawn Car” , To illustrate that although supercomputing is “decathlon”, it is not tailor-made for AI after all; in order to do things cheaply, intelligent computers have emerged. The fusion of AI and supercomputing, which was once hyped before, is also an improved high-performance computer “AI Specialization” Strictly speaking, they no longer belong to the category of supercomputing in our traditional discourse system. Nowadays, regardless of the completion of the supercomputing center or the intelligent computing center, they all claim the computing power “FLOPS”. In fact, this unit is “floating point computing power per second”, and the unit of some smart computers is actually “OPS” – ―The number of operations per second. If there is no distinction, it is easy for everyone to mistake it for the same calculation accuracy and the same calculation ability. This also leads to Some places think that they have spent a small amount of money to build the world’s top “big supercomputing”, which seems to have taken advantage of it; when the project was launched and introduced to the supercomputing industry, they were dumbfounded. . Sorry, it’s on stage again! Use new indicators to guide the healthy development of the industry To avoid misleading and chaos in the industry, the concepts of smart computers and supercomputers must be clearly distinguished. As mentioned above, there is another misleading in the industry, that is, the reasoning performance and training performance of fuzzy intelligent computers. Compared with inference, training performance often requires higher calculation accuracy, such as 32-bit or even 64-bit. Most AI chips with “dazzling” performance often refer to their inference performance, and may only be theoretical values. For AI computing, training performance is often more important-many intelligent models depend on this. If you want to draw a schematic diagram of the computing power required by AI, “inference” is at the bottom of the computing power matrix, because half-precision computing power (FP16) or integer computing power (such as INT8) can meet the inference needs. The top one is “training”, which generally requires the use of single-precision computing power (FP32) or half-precision computing power (FP16); the most demanding computing power is the brain-like “simulation”, which requires double-precision computing power. Both computing power (FP64) and low-precision computing power are supported at the same time. In order to achieve better guidance, A simple and effective indicator is needed to help judge the AI ​​computing power of the system and the development status of the entire high-performance AI field . November 2020, Researcher of the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Secretary General of the High Performance Computing Professional Committee of the Chinese Computer Society Zhang Yunquan Joint Professor of Tsinghua University Chen Wenguang , Researcher of Argonne National Laboratory Pavan Balaji And professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Torsten Hoefler , And the ACM SIGHPC China Committee jointly initiated the “International Artificial Intelligence Performance Computing Power 500 Ranking” (ie AIPerf500) based on the AIPerf large-scale AI computing power benchmark evaluation program. Those who are interested can look through this list, The computing power unit of the machines on the list is OPS . “Supercomputing and AI computing, one yard equals one yard, requires a new scale to guide the AI ​​computing industry on the path of healthy development.” Zhang Yunquan said. Can’t get around Nvidia?Domestic AI chips are waiting to be fought The computing power starts with the chip. On the AI ​​chip track, my country has chip design companies such as Huawei N Ten, Baidu Kunlun, and Suiyuan, but even so, domestic smart computers rarely bypass the American GPU giant Nvidia. This is a helpless reality: Nvidia is a tangible beneficiary of the many intelligent computing centers launched in China . AI chips that specialize in intelligent computing can achieve faster speeds and performance that is several orders of magnitude higher in low-precision calculations as long as the number of cores is large enough and the main frequency is high enough. However, if a computing cluster requires both high-precision calculations and low-precision calculations, the requirements for AI chips are high. This is also the killer of NVIDIA GPUs. Their computing power in various precisions is outstanding and very balanced (of course AI computing power is stronger), not to mention NV has a better software stack and application ecology. Sorry, it’s on stage again! This is one of the reasons why it is difficult for most domestic AI chips to compete head-to-head with NVIDIA GPUs. And if Nvidia finally successfully acquires ARM, it will be even more powerful and take off completely. However, domestically produced AI chips are not entirely without opportunities. first of all, At present, my country’s computing power infrastructure has a strong willingness to localize. Even if giants such as Nvidia and Intel take the lead, the tide of localization is still unstoppable due to various factors such as comprehensive cost and ecology. Secondly As far as the current development of AI is concerned, scenarios, data, models, and computing power are indispensable, which means that China will be a place where global AI computing power is rich in the future. As a core requirement, AI chips cannot be monopolized by one form or one ecology. The outstanding domestic AI chips such as Cambrian and N-Teng still have huge room for development. Furthermore Although the chip is the main source of computing power and the most fundamental material basis, the production, aggregation, scheduling, and release of computing power is a complete process that requires the cooperation of the software and hardware ecology of a complex system to achieve “effective computing power.” Therefore, we should not only pay attention to the single performance index of the chip, but also pay attention to the upper-level software application ecology. Is it impossible to develop AI without huge computing power? Finally, let’s talk about the development trend of AI. Behind the confusion of the concept of computing power is the soaring demand for computing power in AI computing like a wild horse. This is not surprising. The amount of AI training is determined by the amount of parameters. What is the scale of the parameters for training AI now? Hundreds of billions, trillions! OpenAI, an artificial intelligence non-profit organization jointly established by a number of Silicon Valley “tycoons”, launched its new generation of unsupervised translation language model GPT-3 in May 2020. It currently has 175 billion parameters and a training data volume of 45TB ( About 1 trillion words). The GPT-3 model has made major breakthroughs in semantic search, text generation, content understanding, and machine translation. Its greatest value is to verify the machine’s unsupervised self-learning ability, and to verify that performance can be improved purely by scaling up. The trillion-parameter model is already on the way. In early June, Beijing Zhiyuan Artificial Intelligence Research Institute released “Enlightenment 2.0”, claiming to reach 1.75 trillion parameters, surpassing the Switch Transformer previously released by Google, and becoming the world’s largest pre-training model. The rapid growth of the parameter volume also means higher computing requirements-some may require thousands of GPUs to provide the necessary computing power. For giant models like GPT, the demand for computing power is not a joke. Is it impossible to develop AI without huge computing power? Experts believe that in the current stage of AI development (perceptual intelligence and cognitive intelligence), computing power is still the first. In fact, the development of AI can be improved through computing power, or through the algorithm revolution, but at the current stage of “capital orientation”, Compared with the uncertainty of the algorithm model breakthrough, the increase of computing power is the easy choice. However, it must be pointed out that the use of huge computing power is not the only direction for the development of artificial intelligence. Giant models such as GPT-3 also have shortcomings, such as lack of common sense; and explore the mysterious mechanism of the human brain to realize small data learning and migration learning. It is also an important means. After all, the power consumption of the brain is only about 20W, and the realization of a smart system with low energy consumption may be a more important direction for efforts. (This article was written under the strong guidance of experts in the field of supercomputing such as Zhang Yunquan, Senior Commissioner of the Chinese Computer Society, and I would like to thank you!)

To ensure the good completion of this mission and the security of the atomic bomb, the 12 pilots were prepared to sacrifice themselves, once their bomber was shot down, they would end up with pistols or cyanide. before falling into enemy hands. To ensure that even if the mission failed, the secrets of the bomber’s bomb bay would not leak out of his mouth. Six bombers have a clear assignment. Two of them are used to detect the enemy’s situation, the other three need to observe weather conditions. The ultimate bombing target was the 82nd bomber. At 2:40 a.m., they began to slow down the runway and take off. The technical expert began to prepare to throw, open the safety device, install the fuse. At 7 a.m., the meteorological observatory sent back a report that the weather in Hiroshima was very good and the most suitable place to throw. Half an hour later, the 82nd bomber began to make the final preparations. Five minutes later, two enemy bomber scouts left early for safety. At 7:50, the bomber officially entered Japanese airspace. At 8:13, the bomber officially flew into Hiroshima, from the bomber, you can even see the buildings in downtown Hiroshima, as well as many small “ants” walking around. Those are the people who get up early and go out to work. At this point, the people of Hiroshima must have seen these bombers, but according to regular bombing drills conducted by the US military in the past, the people were already familiar with it, not not running away, but looking up. At 8:13, Major Ferrabi was also the bombardier on the mission, he found the Aioi Bridge target within range of the bombing, located in downtown Hiroshima. At 8:15 a.m. 17 seconds, the major opened the door of the bomb compartment, and the “little boy” fell from a height of 10,000m, rushing towards Hiroshima with the sound of demons howling. At the same time, the atomic bomber made a huge turn and flew wildly into a place nearly 90 degrees above the ground. Since it had less than 50 seconds left for it to escape, if it failed to enter the safe zone, Enola Gay would be blown to powder in this huge shock wave. At 8:16 a.m., the detonator detonated, two pieces of uranium 235 immediately merged into one, causing a chain reaction, within 43 seconds, “Death” lowered an altitude of 550 m above Hiroshima. At this time, the people of Hiroshima at the center of the explosion saw a large fireball suddenly rise above the city center, burned to ash by the temperature of more than 6,000 degrees, even to the point of time. Crying and crying can’t help. The bright light blinded thousands of people instantly, and the shockwave following the explosion directly destroyed the entire city. In just a few short seconds, the lives of 70,000 people were taken away by the “god of death”, within a kilometer of the center of the explosion, there was no sign of life, even the buildings were vaporized, dead silence. The fire spread throughout the city, the cries for help echoed throughout the streets, big and small. According to the memories of the survivors of each year, everyone’s facial skin was burned black, hair was no longer there, some people were completely unrecognizable, couldn’t even distinguish which one was the face, which was the head, whose skin was not stripped, hung there, as if cooked. There are also corpses burned to black coals that can be seen everywhere, living people step over corpses, people can’t be people, and demons can’t come out. It is estimated that more than 88,000 Japanese people were killed on the day of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, the number of Japanese who died from nuclear radiation after the explosion could be even higher. On August 9, just three days after bombing Hiroshima, the Americans repeated the old trick and dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing 86,000 people on the spot. After suffering the effects of two atomic bombs, Japan finally submitted a letter of surrender. In this regard, then-US President Truman said: “Only the sound of nuclear explosions can make the Japanese truly listen to submission.”

For many consecutive days, the world media has been flooded with heartbreaking information and images from today’s most devastating pandemic hotspot. Many patients in India die while waiting for their beds, oxygen supplies depleted in hospitals leading to tragic deaths beyond imagination. “India experienced its worst day because of Covid-19” became the headline used by many newspapers day in and day out. Photo: Reuters. After surpassing the US daily record for the first time on April 22, with 315,000 new cases, India has continuously set new records in the past few days. Photo: Reuters. India is suffering from the darkest chapter of the pandemic. Bodies were piled up in crematoria. Many cremation facilities operate non-stop, staff here say they get almost no rest. Photo: Reuters. In Hinduism, cremation is traditionally the most important part of funeral rites as these religious believers believe that the body must be cremated in order for the soul to transcend. Photo: Reuters. On April 29, the country recorded 379,257 new cases of Covid-19 and 3,645 people died from the pandemic. To date, the number of Covid-19 cases in India has reached 18.38 million, of which 204,832 died, according to the Ministry of Health of India. In the capital New Delhi, 27 temporary crematoriums were built at the Sarai Kale Khan crematorium. Dozens of other rigs are being added in a nearby park. Officials are also looking for more space near the city’s Yamuna River, according to the Guardian. Trees in the park were cut down to make a pyre. Photo: Reuters. Experts fear the actual number of cases in India could be up to 30 times higher, which is more than half a billion cases, according to CNN. The country’s daily death toll is expected to continue to rise through mid-May, according to predictive models from the University of Washington Medical Metrology and Evaluation Institute in the United States. The death toll could reach more than 13,000 a day, more than four times the current daily death toll, according to projections. Photo: Reuters. Jitender Singh Shanty is doing more than 100 cremations a day at a crematory in east New Delhi. “If more bodies are received, we will cremate the streets. There are no more vacancies here, ”said Shanty. Photo: Reuters. An employee in protective clothing is digging a grave to bury the victim of Covid-19’s death in Gauhati, India. Photo: AP. In city cemeteries such as New Delhi, which records the highest number of illnesses each day, ambulances line up waiting for the body to be cremated. The burial place was slowly shrinking in the cities, the flames burning through the night. Photo: Getty. India’s “fall” is believed to have stemmed from many causes such as lack of preparation, neglect of epidemic prevention, lack of medical equipment, and a rapidly spreading new strain. Photo: Reuters. “No New Delhi has ever seen such a scene. The bodies of 5-year-old children, 15-year-olds, and 25-year-old youth were burned. Even newlyweds are the same. It’s heartbreaking, ”Jitender Singh Shunty, a nonprofit medical provider, told Reuters. In the photo is a mass cremation of the victims of Covid-19 death that took place at a site in New Delhi, India on April 22. Photo: Reuters. Crowds of people also play a huge role in the spread of the virus in India. Blockade and quarantine restrictions are believed to have been lifted too soon in the world’s second most populous country. Residents are allowed to organize major parades. Hindu festivals attract tens of millions of pilgrims. These people often gather in cramped locations without protection. Pictured is the scene of Indians dancing during the Holi Spring Festival in Prayagraj city, Uttar Pradesh state on March 29. Photo: AP. Millions of voters still vote in the final stages of elections in West Bengal state, despite the record-rising deaths and infections caused by Covid-19. In the photo is the scene of people waiting in line to vote at the polls on April 29. Photo: AFP. Countries have already begun to take measures to help India. The White House on April 28 said it would provide $ 100 million in aid to India, including 1,000 medical oxygen cylinders, 15 million N95 masks and one million Covid-19 rapid test kits. The US is lifting a ban on sending raw materials abroad, enabling India to produce more AstraZeneca vaccines. Photo: AP. The 105-year-old man ‘defeated’ Covid-19 in India Dhenu Umaji Chavan (105) and his wife (95) contracted Covid-19 in March. Both were discharged earlier this month after being treated at a hospital in Maharashtra state.

Firecrackers had trouble falling because of a collapse in the stage that caught the attention. Specifically, after the MC introduced the performance of Cannon, the female rapper stepped out and greeted the audience. With the greeting half-spoken, Cannon immediately fell into a hole opened in the middle of the stage. Partly because he focused his eyes on the audience and most of all, the sudden appearance of the hole in the center of the stage caused Phao to have this “dumbfounded” problem. After the MC introduced her performance, the female rapper came out and greeted the audience. The cannon immediately fell into a hole opened in the middle of the stage. The clip of Phao having a fall because of the collapse of the stage received the attention of the audience. They expressed their pity because Cannon suddenly fell like that must be very painful. In addition, some audience members also left comments to criticize the organization, not careful theatrical techniques affecting the artists. Currently this clip is being strongly shared on social networks. MC and some spectators supported Cannon. Some viewers also left comments to criticize the organization and stage techniques that were not careful Follow SAOstar for more updates on Cannon!

Red trumpet – Acrylic on canvas 40×40 – named “Sum here” – Painting: Pham Thi Phuong Thao

Is it true that the women born in April, as I know, most of them love flowers and have artist blood, so they are sometimes surprised by flowers? April and lilies season is still blossoming red horizon of memories. The smell of memories is still fragrant every day with the season of lilies blooming in front of the home garden, red flowers of desires and love! The brilliant flowers of April are closely related to my childhood, in a place far upstream of the Red River – My childhood hometown – where a high mountain and white clouds fly to the border of Lao Cai!

In those days, I was naive when my hair was tied up in ponytails! My countryside in Lao Cai at that time did not have white lilies like now. Around the house we lived in were many beautiful flowers planted by my parents who loved them passionately. There are many fragrant flowers such as rose flower, chrysanthemum, fairy hair, jasmine, lily … planted in front of the garden! Spring is always beautiful, featured plum blossoms blooming white!

A simple thatched house made by my father on the hillside of a young man gave him. The house is located on the back of a grassy hill with four seasons of clouds and mountains that are very beautiful. Now I still remember that lovely cottage with its simple windows painted blue. Below the foothills of my house are green rice fields! I often hang out as friends with flowers and gardens more than going out in the mountains. The house is on the back of the hill so it is quite sunny and windy and the wild flowers are blooming, the flowers offer their fragrance and bloom happily throughout the four seasons!

Particularly, the velvet lilies were planted in large clusters by my father, both in the front and the back of the house. Every time that red lilies bloom in your garden, it’s like a season’s privilege. Because flowers bloom for a long time, when I was a child I did not pay any attention to what month they bloom, only later did I grow up that flowers bloom in late spring, the right season for me! Children are inherently carefree and innocent like flowers!

The velvet trumpet is crimson and vibrant in color, and the wings are as smooth as velvet! Maybe because it is rare and its beauty shines right from the inside, it is called velvet lilies? This flower originated from Japan and is often grown to decorate in cold country gardens or resorts such as Sapa, Tam Dao or Dalat.

From the day I lived in the capital, I rarely saw them, while the white lilies – also known as Hue Tay, which are from the same family of lilies, in Hanoi there are too many! The white trumpet is also known as Bach Hop or Tay Hue flower! Hearing the name also seems to be Western, but the soul is still Vietnamese! The famous painting “The Girl by the Flower” by painter To Ngoc Van has made the white trumpet even more popular!

Although the red trumpet is less known, its beauty and scent are just as brilliant! Velvet lilies bloom red radiantly the aspirations of childhood and each cluster is made into many branches, in bunches of flowers and buds on each branch. The velvet trumpet has the beauty of reunion, elegance and reunion with red velvet petals and the interesting thing is that right in the heart of each flower is the highlight of the pure white star and glittering yellow color in the sun. ! The leaves are big and long, also of the kind of grass so it is soft, green and elongated, and big. The leaves are many, growing around the flowers, looking very beautiful and especially the match, because looking at the leaves is always like dancing dancers!

This flower brings joy to the owner and every family when it blooms! This flower represents joy, reunion and happiness, for peace and reunion, for the crowding and descendants of families and clans! Red velvet horns will definitely bring elegance and luck to its owner and when brought into the house, they make your living room glow.

April! Lilies blooming season red! The season of love and love! Sitting hard all day in heaps of colors and math, just enough time for me to finish painting the red velvet lilies – as a sincere gratitude to my mother and I paint another picture of white lilies – species The fragrant Hue Tay, dedicated to her birthday!

The April flowers are blooming in my painting and the April flowers are also joining the sky to offer incense and flourish! The fragrant flowers are still blooming in season! Beautiful flowers because of Spring but become more beautiful! The beautiful flowers are more fragrant for human hearts, more fragrant, moving and seductive!

April about! Brilliantly remember the old red trumpet seasons! Is it because of me that flowers bloom forever?

PTPT – Withdrawal from Draft “Petals at Night” 2020