report

Mining in Bolivia Lithium rush in the Andes

As of: 06/20/2021 4:40 p.m.

The largest lithium deposits on earth are believed to be under the Uyuni salt lake in Bolivia. The planned dismantling of the metal, which is important for batteries, raises hopes, but is controversial because of the high water consumption.

By Anne Herrberg, ARD Studio Buenos Aires, and Matthias Ebert, ARD studio Rio de Janeiro

It lies dazzling white between the majestic peaks of the Bolivian Andes, an area nine times the size of Berlin: the Uyuni salt lake. Hidden underneath is a treasure: white gold, lithium, or as Panfilo Huayllas, Mayor of Rio Grande says: “our future”. He demands: “All communities around the salt lake and all Bolivians must benefit from the lithium that is under this salt crust.

Lithium, the lightest metal on earth, is required for lithium-ion batteries. They are not only found in cell phones and laptops, but also in electric cars. Without lithium there is no e-mobility – and nowhere in the world are more reserves believed than here, on the roof of the Andes.

Bolivia doesn’t just want to be a supplier of raw materials

But Bolivia wants to be more than just a supplier of raw materials. “We local residents have to share in the profits, because we will feel the effects of lithium industrialization here in Rio Grande,” says Mayor Huayllas.

Lithium is said to be a driver for Bolivia’s industrialization. The plan is to build the batteries yourself. Ex-President Evo Morales was once looking for partners for this project – and found them in a German medium-sized company: ACISA from Zimmer ob Rottweil on the edge of the Black Forest. It was a deal of the century. But it burst in 2019 , after the election overshadowed by allegations of fraud and Morales’ flight into exile. Since then, the German-Bolivian project has been on hold.

The lithium deal negotiated by ex-President Morales collapsed in 2019. Image: AFP

Not everyone is enthusiastic about it anyway. Luis Machaca is the spokesman for a citizens’ initiative that opposes the project. “The Germans wanted to mine our raw material behind our backs, with a contract for 70 years,” he says. “They may be a good partner, but they have neither the technical means nor the technology.”

Lithium mining uses up a lot of precious water

What does mining mean for people, but also for the sensitive ecosystem? It is about the most precious commodity on the roof of the Andes: water.

A look across the border into the Atacama Desert to Chile: SQM has been mining lithium there for 25 years. The brine is pumped up from 40 meters, then evaporates in basins over months until a lithium-containing slag remains. It is a very water-intensive process, of all places in one of the driest regions in the world, says the Chilean biologist Cristina Dorador. “We can see from satellite images over the past 20 years that the soil has lost moisture,” she says. At the same time, the ground is heating up and the vegetation is receding. “These changes are directly related to lithium production over the past 20 years.”

Water protection should be improved

The company promises to make mining more sustainable. In Chile’s new constitution, on which the biologist Dorador will also be co-writing, environmental and water protection should be a top priority. Local residents like Cristian Toroca remain skeptical. “The company had not previously intended to involve local residents, that bothers us about this group,” he says. “They’re pulling this mineral out of the ground to sell in Europe as a clean product, but that’s a lie.”

In Bolivia it is still unclear who will be awarded the contract: the Germans are competing with Chinese and US companies. Panfilo Huayllas continues to hope that the white gold will bring prosperity to his community. But he too says: not at any price. “Alternative ways of supplying lithium production with water in the future must be found. If they only tap our wells, we will ruin the future of our children.”

16 Psyche is believed to be the core of a dead planet. NASA plans to explore asteroid 16 Psyche – long thought to be the core of a dead planet – in 2022 to determine if it actually contains the precious metal. worth 10 trillion USD, which means making everyone on Earth a billionaire or not. Before that time, however, a new study suggests that 16 Psyche is more than likely just a pile of debris. Research published in the journal Planetary Science shows that 16 Psyche is composed of 82.5% metal, 7% iron content pyroxene and 10.5% carbon chondrite. It can also have a bulk density – i.e. the degree of free space inside – of 35%. These numbers are much lower than previous estimates that said it could contain up to 95% metals, mainly iron, nickel and gold. NASA has planned to probe the asteroid 16 Psyche, which is said to be filled with iron, gold, nickel and platinum, in 2022. The study’s lead author, David Cantillo, a senior at UA Arizona University, said in a statement: “The drop in metal content and bulk density is interesting because it shows that 16 Psyche is very strong. different than previously thought”. “It would come as a surprise to see Psyche as a pile of debris, but our data continue to show low bulk density estimates despite its high metal content,” Cantillo said. If the “gold-filled” asteroid was more like a wreck and had less metal inside, as Cantillo and other researchers believe, it wouldn’t be that different from other asteroids in the Solar System, for example. like the asteroid Bennu. Now, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission recently embarked on a 2.2 billion-kilometer journey back to Earth after collecting nearly 1kg of rock and dust from Bennu, which could help shed light on how the Solar System formed. . To arrive at their new discovery, the researchers reconstructed the surface of 16 Psyche in the lab, mixing the different ingredients until the patterns of visible light matched those of the asteroid. “Having a lower metal content than previously thought means the asteroid may have collided with asteroids containing more common carbon chondrites, depositing a surface layer,” Cantillo said. that we are observing”. However, NASA notes 16 Psyche remains a major concern for scientists. It is the 16th asteroid discovered on March 17, 1852 by the Italian astronomer, Annibale de Gasparis. 16 Psyche takes about 5 years to orbit the Sun once, but only 4 hours to rotate on its axis, making the day on this asteroid only 1/6th of the day on Earth. According to EarthSky.org, 16 Psyche has a diameter of 182 km, containing 1% of all metals in the asteroid belt. Watch a simulation video of asteroid 16 Psyche (Source Daily Mail) Even if 16 Psyche is worth less than the $10 trillion figure, it’s still valuable to researchers hoping to learn more about what they believe to be the remains of a long-dead planet. . Study author Cantillo said: “The opportunity to study the exposed core of a planet is extremely rare, which is why they sent spacecraft missions there, but our work shows that 16 Psyche is much more interesting than anticipated.” The researchers also believe that there is water on 16 Psyche’s surface, so they will look to merge their data with other missions to asteroids to determine how much water is present. The $117 million spacecraft — which NASA began building in July 2020 — will go into space aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. It is expected to reach asteroid 16 Psyche in the asteroid belt in early 2026. The spacecraft will travel for 21 months in asteroid orbit, mapping and studying the properties of the giant meteorite, with the goal of determining if it is indeed the core of a planet. Asteroid 16 Psyche has long been thought to contain large amounts of iron, nickel, gold and platinum. The Metal World of 16 Psyche 16 Psyche is located in the large asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, and may have started as a planet, before it was partially destroyed during the formation of the Solar System. It is now a 200km-wide block of metal, made up of iron, nickel and several other rare metals, including gold, platinum and copper. Thus, it could provide a unique view of the violent collisions that created the Earth and the planets. NASA’s mission will seek to determine whether Psyche was the core of an early planet, how old it is, whether it formed in ways similar to Earth’s core and its surface. how. NASA will send an unmanned spacecraft mission to 16 Psyche, scheduled to launch in August 2022. 16 Psyche, which could be 370 million kilometers away from Earth, is one of the most mysterious objects in our Solar System, and scientists may soon get a close-up look thanks to a newly identified NASA mission take. If the asteroid could be transported back to Earth, the iron alone would be worth $10 trillion. Its value would be large enough to destroy commodity prices and cause the world economy – worth $73.7 trillion – to collapse. Assuming the market for material from asteroid 16 Psyche is returned to Earth, this could cause the value of precious metals to plummet, completely devaluing all holdings including those of governments and all companies engaged in the exploitation, distribution and sale of such commodities.

16 Psyche is believed to be the core of a dead planet. NASA plans to explore asteroid 16 Psyche – long thought to be the core of a dead planet – in 2022 to determine if it actually contains the precious metal. worth 10 trillion USD, which means making everyone on Earth a billionaire or not. Before that time, however, a new study suggests that 16 Psyche is more than likely just a pile of debris. Research published in the journal Planetary Science shows that 16 Psyche is composed of 82.5% metal, 7% iron content pyroxene and 10.5% carbon chondrite. It can also have a bulk density – i.e. the degree of free space inside – of 35%. These numbers are much lower than previous estimates that said it could contain up to 95% metals, mainly iron, nickel and gold. NASA has planned to probe the asteroid 16 Psyche, which is said to be filled with iron, gold, nickel and platinum, in 2022. The study’s lead author, David Cantillo, a senior at UA Arizona University, said in a statement: “The drop in metal content and bulk density is interesting because it shows that 16 Psyche is very strong. different than previously thought”. “It would come as a surprise to see Psyche as a pile of debris, but our data continue to show low bulk density estimates despite its high metal content,” Cantillo said. If the “gold-filled” asteroid was more like a wreck and had less metal inside, as Cantillo and other researchers believe, it wouldn’t be that different from other asteroids in the Solar System, for example. like the asteroid Bennu. Now, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission recently embarked on a 2.2 billion-kilometer journey back to Earth after collecting nearly 1kg of rock and dust from Bennu, which could help shed light on how the Solar System formed. . To arrive at their new discovery, the researchers reconstructed the surface of 16 Psyche in the lab, mixing the different ingredients until the patterns of visible light matched those of the asteroid. “Having a lower metal content than previously thought means the asteroid may have collided with asteroids containing more common carbon chondrites, depositing a surface layer,” Cantillo said. that we are observing”. However, NASA notes 16 Psyche remains a major concern for scientists. It is the 16th asteroid discovered on March 17, 1852 by the Italian astronomer, Annibale de Gasparis. 16 Psyche takes about 5 years to orbit the Sun once, but only 4 hours to rotate on its axis, making the day on this asteroid only 1/6th of the day on Earth. According to EarthSky.org, 16 Psyche has a diameter of 182 km, containing 1% of all metals in the asteroid belt. Watch a simulation video of asteroid 16 Psyche (Source Daily Mail) Even if 16 Psyche is worth less than the $10 trillion figure, it’s still valuable to researchers hoping to learn more about what they believe to be the remains of a long-dead planet. . Study author Cantillo said: “The opportunity to study the exposed core of a planet is extremely rare, which is why they sent spacecraft missions there, but our work shows that 16 Psyche is much more interesting than anticipated.” The researchers also believe that there is water on 16 Psyche’s surface, so they will look to merge their data with other missions to asteroids to determine how much water is present. The $117 million spacecraft — which NASA began building in July 2020 — will go into space aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. It is expected to reach asteroid 16 Psyche in the asteroid belt in early 2026. The spacecraft will travel for 21 months in asteroid orbit, mapping and studying the properties of the giant meteorite, with the goal of determining if it is indeed the core of a planet. Asteroid 16 Psyche has long been thought to contain large amounts of iron, nickel, gold and platinum. The Metal World of 16 Psyche 16 Psyche is located in the large asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, and may have started as a planet, before it was partially destroyed during the formation of the Solar System. It is now a 200km-wide block of metal, made up of iron, nickel and several other rare metals, including gold, platinum and copper. Thus, it could provide a unique view of the violent collisions that created the Earth and the planets. NASA’s mission will seek to determine whether Psyche was the core of an early planet, how old it is, whether it formed in ways similar to Earth’s core and its surface. how. NASA will send an unmanned spacecraft mission to 16 Psyche, scheduled to launch in August 2022. 16 Psyche, which could be 370 million kilometers away from Earth, is one of the most mysterious objects in our Solar System, and scientists may soon get a close-up look thanks to a newly identified NASA mission take. If the asteroid could be transported back to Earth, the iron alone would be worth $10 trillion. Its value would be large enough to destroy commodity prices and cause the world economy – worth $73.7 trillion – to collapse. Assuming the market for material from asteroid 16 Psyche is returned to Earth, this could cause the value of precious metals to plummet, completely devaluing all holdings including those of governments and all companies engaged in the exploitation, distribution and sale of such commodities.

People in Brazil are examining debris believed to have belonged to a European spacecraft in 2014. Photo: Getty. Sea of ​​Japan (also known as East Sea) The phenomenon of space debris falling to the ground and causing damage was first recorded in 1969. That year, Japanese diplomats informed the United Nations of an unidentified object from space falling from space. down and collided with a Japanese cargo ship moving off the coast of Siberia (Russia). The collision seriously injured five crew members. Not long after, a Soviet ship at that time appeared to search for the wreckage. The Japanese official said the debris was identified by experts as part of a Soviet spacecraft. However, this information was initially kept secret by Tokyo because it did not want to create a conflict with Moscow, according to AP. Northwest Territories, Canada The danger of objects from space became apparent in 1978, when Cosmos 954, the Soviet Union’s atomic-powered satellite, crashed to Earth. The incident caused radioactive debris to be scattered throughout the Northwest Territories, Alberta, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. After the incident, the Canadian government organized a large-scale “Operation Morning Light” to search for tiny pieces of radioactive material that fell on the Arctic tundra. The cost for this campaign is nearly 14 million CAD (equivalent to 11.5 million USD). A fragment of the satellite Cosmos 954. Photo: United States Department of Energy. Canada demanded compensation from the Soviet Union at that time in the amount of 6 million CAD (equivalent to 5 million USD), but Moscow ended up paying only half of that amount. State of West Australia, Australia In 1979, Skylab – the first space station of the US Space Agency (NASA) – broke up while re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere. The incident caused a lot of debris to fall across the farm town of Esperance in West Australia, Australia. The Skylab space station was photographed by the last crew before it broke up on July 11, 1979. Photo: NASA. “It’s the most beautiful fireworks display you’ll ever see,” Brendan Freeman, a retired farmer, told ABC. The debris did not cause major damage, but for fun, the town of Esperance authorities wrote a $ 400 NASA fine for littering. NASA did not pay the fine, possibly out of fear of setting an unfavorable precedent. In 2009, a DJ in the city of Barstow, California (USA) called for fundraising and brought the fine to pay the town of Esperance. Lakeport, California, USA Early one weekend in 1987, a retired aircraft mechanic living in a town near Mendocino National Forest in northern California heard what sounded like gunfire outside his bedroom window. After searching, he discovered a scorched metal piece more than 2m long lying in the alley next to the house. An analyst with the US Air Force determined that the object was most likely a piece of debris dropped from a Soviet missile. This rocket has previously been seen flying across the sky while burning up and falling to Earth. “It’s interesting because things like that don’t happen around here very often,” Maggie Pickle, the mechanic’s neighbor, told the AP. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Lottie Williams holds up a piece of debris that hit her shoulder from a US Delta II rocket in 1997. Photo: Tulsa World. One morning in 1997, Lottie Williams was walking with friends in Tulsa City Park when she saw what appeared to be a comet streaking across the sky. This object fell on Mrs. Williams’ shoulder, but the impact was very light, almost without feeling. This object was determined by scientists to be most likely a fragment of a US Delta II rocket. The fragment was kept by Mrs. Williams as a souvenir. “I had to be very lucky for the debris to be so light. It was one of the strangest things that ever happened to me,” Williams told NPR in an interview years later. East Texas and Louisiana, USA, In 2003, the US space shuttle Columbia broke up while re-entering the atmosphere, killing 7 astronauts on board. In places where the debris of the shuttle hit the ground, temporary memorials were erected for the crew. People in rural areas along the Texas-Louisiana state border reported seeing debris from the ship falling into a water storage tank or through the roof of a dental office. Someone even tried to sell a fragment on the e-commerce site eBay for $ 10,000. In the end, 84,000 pieces of wreckage from the wrecked ship were collected after an extensive search in swamps, woodlands, and grasslands. These debris were used to rebuild the ship and determine the cause of the disaster. Ivory Coast In May 2020, another Chinese Long March 5B rocket also crashed to Earth. The rocket was initially thought to have landed in the Pacific Ocean, but some people reported hearing a sonic boom and seeing metal shards falling from the sky. This shows that some parts of the Long March 5B missile fell on the village of Mahounou, in Ivory Coast. China’s Long March 5B rocket launch in late April in Hainan province. Photo: Getty. However, there were no reports of human casualties after the incident. The discovery of a piece of pipe more than 12 meters long also seems to help this area get more attention. Grant County, Washington State, USA The most recent space debris incident occurred just over a month ago, when a rocket owned by private aerospace company SpaceX exploded over the Pacific Northwest. The explosion created a “show of light,” which some initially mistook for a meteor shower, according to The Verge. A piece of equipment from the rocket fell on a farm in Washington state, leaving a mark more than 12cm deep in the ground, The Verge reported. A similar object was also discovered by fishermen off the Oregon coast a few days later, but authorities have not confirmed whether this is debris from a SpaceX rocket.

Apollo 11 astronauts in spacesuits set foot on the Moon for the first time. Photo: NASA Hollywood films often draw attention with the iconic spacesuit, the design of which makes the public believe that it is a costume that can be taken off within minutes. But in fact, the spacesuit is a “spaceship” with its own full function, requiring the wearer to take off or take off with the help of colleagues. Cathleen Lewis, curator of international space programs and spacesuits at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, said: “The purpose of the spacesuit essentially exists as a humanoid spacecraft, allowing astronauts to autonomously explore and do meaningful work outside of spacecraft or space stations.” Ms. Lewis said it can take up to four hours for an astronaut to get dressed, from start to finish. Before going to space, astronauts must check each piece of equipment and make sure they have enough essential supplies, such as oxygen and water. During the spacewalk, they will be supported by a team from Earth. Watch Apollo astronauts in spacesuits fall up and down in zero gravity on the Moon (source: NASA) Sarah Korona, extraterrestrial flight control specialist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston (Texas), said: Flight controllers must adhere to a plan of procedures about 30 pages long, but still have other plans if problems arise. The “anatomy” of a space suit According to NASA, a spacesuit is made up of 6 different components and can have up to 16 layers.
Astronauts on the Artemis missions, NASA’s next program to send the first woman and first black man to the Moon, will wear the latest spacesuit, called the Visitor Mover. alien probe, abbreviated as xEMU. Before the spacesuits reach the Moon, their components will be tested on the International Space Station (ISS). NASA unveiled a prototype of the xEMU suit in 2019 at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. Photo: NASA One of the key components of the new spacesuit is the cooling fiber, said Richard Rhodes, vice president of xEMU pressurized garment development at NASA. The suit is made of tubes that help circulate water around the astronauts, regulating their body temperature and removing excess heat as they complete their work. According to NASA, each spacesuit has a portable life support system, which includes a water tank to cool the clothes, a carbon dioxide removal system, and other components, including a two-way radio for astronauts to communicate. Previous spacesuits used in the Apollo missions were less flexible than those used today. “When the Apollo astronauts walked on the Moon, they couldn’t bend down and pick up a rock,” said NASA astronaut Mike Fincke. They had to have a particularly compact tool with a handle mounted on it.” The space suit of astronaut Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Photo: NASA But the spacesuit has come a long way since then and has a more flexible construction, with active support gloves. According to Ms. Lewis, gloves are one of the most complicated parts of a spacesuit, and they are often the source of most complaints from astronauts about their suits. “Gloves are difficult to design to both protect and allow astronauts to demonstrate manual dexterity to get the job done,” the expert notes. Pressure gloves can also contract, especially after long hours in space. The astronaut’s fingers are also cold, so heating elements need to be built into the glove. Gloves are an important part of the spacesuit that NASA designed for the mission back to the Moon. Photo: NASA When astronauts train for space flight, one of their training exercises includes picking up a coin in a spacesuit while underwater, Ms. Lewis said. These explorers need extreme dexterity when working in space, and gloves are a big challenge. Much of astronaut spacesuit training is conducted in a swimming pool at NASA’s Laboratory in Houston. Water simulates the feeling of weightlessness, similar to the feeling in space. To develop the spacesuit, scientists have experimented with a variety of materials and with varying degrees of success over the years. At one point, researchers experimented with Kevlar fingertips (a fiber five times stronger than steel) on gloves. “The Kevlar material is very useful in blocking bullets but not very good at stopping knives – it is very easy to cut,” Ms. Lewis said. Astronauts currently use synthetic plastic gloves, but scientists are always looking for better options. In addition, the outside of the spacesuit has color stripes specific to each suit. Here’s how astronauts can tell who’s wearing which suit while in space. Crafting the Artemis . space suit The first step in designing a spacesuit is “understanding who you’re designing the suit for, what you want them to be able to do, and where you want them to be able to,” says Rhodes. For the Artemis program, NASA needed their astronauts to be able to safely explore the Moon’s surface. Prototype of new spacesuit, xEMU, by NASA. Photo: NASA Over the past four years, NASA has invested more than $300 million in the development of the xEMU suit. Richard Rhodes’ team tested dozens of ingredients and weighed the pros and cons of each. He said the biggest challenge for the Artemis suits was making sure they were optimized for exploration of the Moon. The suits needed to be “light enough to support a mission to the Moon and sturdy enough to protect astronauts when working in very dangerous environments”. According to Rhodes, there are thousands of parts produced to make the Artemis spacesuit, and they are sourced from all over the United States. Some parts can take up to a year to build, but NASA is working to shorten the time. Space suits will also be upgraded for the latest Moon mission. Current and past NASA spacesuits allow only minimal movement of the waist, hips, or ankles. Artemis astronauts need to have extra mobility. to be able to explore the rough terrain of the Moon, so Mr. Rhodes’ team is working on a suit that allows for more movement while still being sturdy enough to protect the wearer.

1. Which river is the hottest in the world? Icon Boiling River Icon Congo River Icon Nile River The correct answer is answer A: According to the Telegraph, the Boiling River, located deep in the Amazon rainforest, is the hottest river in the world. Locals call the river “Shanay-timpishka”, which means “boiling with the heat of the Sun”. The Boiling River is about 25 m wide and 6 m deep but only extends for about 6.4 km. The river water temperature always fluctuates from 50 to 90 degrees Celsius, sometimes up to 100 degrees, enough to cause anyone who touches it even for a few seconds to get 3rd degree burns. 2. In which country is the Boiling River located? Icon Colombia Icon Peru Icon Ecuador The correct answer is answer B: Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is located in South America, bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, to the southeast by Bolivia, to the south by Chile and to the west by Peru. is the Pacific Ocean. The national area is about 1,285,000 square kilometers, the population is more than 32.6 million, the capital is Lima. In 2011, scientist Andrés Ruzo witnessed this river with his own eyes. Mirror reports that Mr. Ruzo has heard from him about Shanay-timpishka since he was 12 years old. According to what is said, the river was discovered by the Spaniards when they were deep in the forest looking for gold. Some of the people on the way back said that this land was dangerous, filled with poisonous water, man-eating snakes, hunger and thirst, disease, a river boiling from the bottom. He was later told by his aunt that he had seen the river. Originally studying for a PhD in geology at Southern Methodist University, Ruzo was really curious about this river. He consulted with colleagues at school, oil, gas and mining companies, all suggesting that the river is not real because the boiling rivers and lakes in the world often have a relationship with volcanoes. While the Amazon has almost no sign of any volcanoes. Despite all the disproved theories, Ruzo still decided to go deep into the forest and track down the location of the river that had cured the Ashaninka people in Mayantuyacu. The boiling river seemed to be out of the world, but Ruzo discovered it. He wrote a book about this river in 2016 called The Boiling River, Adventure and Discovery in the Amazon (roughly translated as Boiling River, adventure and discovery in the Amazon jungle) in the hope that the book will draw public attention to the real natural wonder and care to protect it against the growing threat from illegal logging. 3. Where is the hottest place on Earth with the temperature like walking on a baking pan? Icon Dasht-e Lut . Desert Icon Sahara Desert Icon Kalahari Desert The correct answer is answer A: According to Oddity Central (UK), the Dasht-e Lut desert, Persian for “empty plain”, is a large salt desert. Scientists believe that this desert region known as the “fire pan” of the Earth was formed on the seabed. Millions of years ago, the tectonic change of the sea floor rose, the water also gradually evaporated due to the increased temperature. Today, Dasht-e Lut becomes a barren land with an area of ​​​​about 51,800 km, surrounded by mountains on all sides. This prevented moist air from the Mediterranean and Arabian Seas from entering the desert, contributing to the record-breaking temperatures. The medium-resolution imaging spectrometer installed on NASA’s Aqua satellite conducted global surveys between 2003 and 2010. Collected data Data collected shows that the highest temperature ever recorded in Dasht-e Lut was 70.7 degrees Celsius in 2005. According to satellite data, this Iranian desert has the highest annual temperature in 5-7. 4. Which of the following lakes boil all year round? Icon Lake in the island of Dominica, Caribbean Icon Lake Kivu, Rwanda, Africa Icon Lake Karachay, Russia The correct answer is answer A: This is a boiling lake, located in the national park of the island of Dominica, Caribbean. This lake is 61m wide, 59m deep, the water is grayish blue. The temperature at the edge of this lake reaches about 82-92 degrees Celsius, the lake surface is often covered with a layer of white mist. Many people are curious why this lake is boiling all year round. The reason is that at the bottom of the lake there is a fountain, it can spray out many different gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide… These gases can create bubbles up to 2-3m high, looks like the lake is boiling. In fact, the most terrible thing about this lake is not the temperature but the toxic gas. The plants and animals around the lake were greatly affected. Most of the factories have gone bankrupt and the surrounding area is uninhabited. 5. Which of the following lakes is likened to an “invisible killer lake”? Icon Lake Kivu, Rwanda, Africa Icon Blue Lagoon, Iceland Icon Lake Karachay, Russia The correct answer is answer C: This lake looks beautiful from afar, but there isn’t any living creature inside. The lake looks very peaceful, quiet, looks like an ordinary lake, even more beautiful when the water is very clear, reflecting the blue sky and white clouds on the lake surface. The lake is only beautiful when viewed from a distance because the lake is full of poison underneath. If you stand near the lake for 1 hour, people will die of poisoning. Therefore, this lake is also known as “the invisible killer lake”. 6. Where is the hottest place on earth where human life exists? Icon Dallol Icon Valley of Death Icon Death Valley The correct answer is A: Dallol is the hottest place on earth, but still inhabited by the Afar people, a nomadic tribe living in portable huts. Dallol is located in the Danakil Desert Basin, a remote area in northern Ethiopia, bordering Eritrea. This is a very remote and least explored place in the world. In addition to the heat from the sun, Dallol is also subjected to heat from hot sulfur and lava lakes, making the average annual temperature here always at 34.4 degrees Celsius. 7. Where is the hottest surface temperature on Earth? Icon Dead valley Icon Lut Desert The correct answer is answer B: New research into the highest surface temperatures on Earth reveals that the Lut Desert in Iran and the Sonoran Desert in North America are hotter than Death Valley in the US. The Lut Desert holds the top spot for the world’s highest ground temperature. From 2002 to 2019, this sandy area regularly hit the highest temperature threshold, likely due to its location among the mountains, causing hot air to be trapped above the dunes, especially in areas including covered with black volcanic rock. The new findings are in line with research published in 2011 that concluded the Lut desert is one of the hottest spots on Earth. From 2004 to 2007 and 2009, the Lut Desert experienced the highest surface temperature on the planet. In 2005, preliminary data showed that the area had a temperature of up to 70.7 degrees Celsius, although the new study authors say the estimate is likely to be lower than reality. From that initial analysis, NASA announced a new version of satellite software, allowing for more accurate determination of the ground temperature on Earth. Using the updated version, the researchers were able to conclude that the temperature in the Lut Desert was in fact 10 degrees higher than previously thought. The Sonoran Desert, which lies on the border between the United States and Mexico, is similarly hot, although not as hot as the Lut desert often. The desert’s low altitude means the air is less likely to rise and cool. Result Please work harder! point

Speculation about the mysterious origin of the aurora has been around for a long time. But until now, unsubstantiated inferences have been clearly proven. The mystery has been revealed According to a new study published in the journal Nature, a team of physicists from the University of Iowa has finally demonstrated that the aurora is “generated by strong electromagnetic waves during geomagnetic storms.” The Northern Lights appear over a waterfall in Iceland. Photo: Getty Images. Research shows that these phenomena are known as Alfven waves, which launch electrons to Earth, causing the particles to produce a stream of light that scientists call the aurora borealis. “The measurements reveal that the small number of electrons undergo ‘resonant acceleration’ by the electric field of the Alfven wave, similar to a surfer catching a wave and continuing to accelerate while surfing with the wave,” said Deputy Professor Greg Howes, of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Iowa, is also a co-author of the study, said. The idea that electrons “surf” on an electromagnetic field is a hypothesis first introduced in 1946 by Russian physicist Lev Landau. The theory is named after the physicist who called it Landau damping. After more than 70 years, the Landau damping theory has been proven. Aurora re-creation After decades of research, scientists have understood how the aurora is produced, but only now have they been able to simulate these colorful bands of light. For the first time, artificial auroras have been recreated in the lab using large plasma physics equipment (LPD) at UCLA’s Basic Plasma Science Facility (BaPSF). Auroras observed from the International Space Station. Photo: NASA. According to the CNN , the scientists used a 20-meter-long room to reconstruct the Earth’s magnetic field using powerful magnetic coils on UCLA’s LPD instrument. Inside the room, the scientists created a plasma environment similar to what exists in near-Earth space. “Using a specially designed antenna, we project Alfven waves down the machine, just like when you quickly shake a water hose up and down and watch the waves move along the hose,” Mr Howes said. When they began to experience electrons “surfing” along the wave, they used other specialized instruments to assess how the electrons received energy from the wave. “Although the experiment did not reproduce the range of multicolored light in the sky, our measurements in the laboratory matched predictions from computer simulations and mathematical calculations, demonstrating that the Electrons surfing on Alfven waves can accelerate up to 72 million km / h and create aurora,” Mr Howes said. Study co-author Craig Kletzing added that these experiments allow them to make key measurements to prove the spatial and hypothetical measurements that actually explain how the aurora is produced. The aurora was taken in Alaska. Photo: Getty Images. Many space scientists are also excited by this new news. “I feel so excited! There are very few laboratory experiments that can prove hypotheses and models related to the space environment. Because space is so vast that it can’t be simulated in a lab,” said Patrick Koehn, a scientist in NASA’s Helicopter Physics Division. According to Koehn, understanding the acceleration mechanism of the electrons that produce the aurora will be useful for many future studies. Long road ahead Currently, the theory of how the aurora is generated has been proven, but there is still a long way to go to predict the strength of each upcoming storm. “Predicting the strength of a particular geomagnetic storm, based on observations of the Sun and measurements from spacecraft between the Earth and the Sun, remains a difficult unsolved problem.” Mr Howes said. Howes said they have established the bond of electrons surfing on Alfven waves about more than 16,000 km above the Earth’s surface. And now, they must learn to predict the strength of those Alfven waves using spaceship observatories.

In the past, all three planets were rocky planets, the surface of which was composed of solid metals and silicates. Among them, our Earth is the largest planet, the mass and radius of Venus is only about 82% and 95% of the Earth, respectively, the mass and radius of Mars only account for about 11% and 53% when compared to our planet. Over the past few decades, humans have launched many unmanned probes to Venus and Mars, and it turns out that the environments on these two planets are very harsh. Venus is too hot, and Mars is too cold, and there is no oxygen on either planet, so life on Earth could not exist in such an environment, and astronomers could not find it. see any other traces of life there. So, how were Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago? Why are Venus and Mars now barren, and only our planet is habitable? Calculated based on the radiant power of the sun, Venus and Mars also operate in the same habitable zone as Earth, which means they can receive just the right amount of solar radiation to water. on their surface can still be in a liquid state. Astronomers speculate based on current signs on Venus and Mars and surmise that there may have been an ocean of liquid water on both Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago. For the first few hundred million years, Venus was a warm and humid planet. In the primordial oceans of Venus, life was fully qualified to evolve. They could be carbon-based life like life on Earth or could be other life forms. However, Venus’s habitable period did not last long. Because Venus is so close to the sun, and the temperature of the sun gradually increases over time, making Venus hotter and hotter, and a large amount of liquid water has also been evaporated. At the same time, the volcanic activity on Venus is also gradually becoming more active and continuously releasing carbon dioxide, causing a strong greenhouse effect. Without oceans, carbon dioxide would not be neutralized. They enter the atmosphere and cause a severe greenhouse effect, which will increase the temperature on Venus. Meanwhile, on Earth, the oceans, plants and minerals absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, so the Earth will not become too hot due to the strong greenhouse effect during that period. Eventually, Venus’ greenhouse effect was completely out of control, liquid water completely evaporated, and life could have been destroyed. According to data returned by the Venus probe, the current concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’s atmosphere is as high as 96.5%, and the surface atmospheric pressure is 91 times higher than the Earth’s surface. Under the influence of this extreme greenhouse effect, Venus has essentially reached thermal equilibrium, and the average surface temperature is as high as 464 degrees Celsius. Although it is essentially impossible to have life on the surface of Venus today, some astronomers speculate that there may be some strange life in the atmosphere of Venus. In the sky high enough above the surface of Venus, the atmospheric pressure will be moderate, and the temperature will not be high, possibly for the synthesis of organic matter and the evolution of life. On the other hand, ancient Mars was probably also a habitable planet. Currently, on Mars there is a large amount of water-washed terrain, and there are some iron ores that can only be generated in the aquatic environment, which is strong evidence for the existence of a large amount of water. liquid water on ancient Mars. So, how did Mars become such a uninhabitable planet as it is? At present-day Mars’ North Pole, there is a giant basin whose surface is equivalent to two-fifths of the surface of Mars. This huge Arctic basin was formed by a massive collision. Studies have shown that about 3.9 billion years ago, a dwarf planet (about the size of Pluto) with a diameter of about 2,000 km collided with the north pole of Mars. This massive collision completely changed the core of Mars, causing activities inside Mars to quickly stop, and the Martian magnetic field also gradually weakened and finally almost disappeared. lost. Without the protection of the magnetic field, the solar wind gradually strengthens and melts the atmosphere of Mars, liquid water continues to evaporate, causing Mars to quickly become a barren land. Currently, there is almost no atmosphere on Mars, but there is still some water ice in the polar regions. In addition, there may be a seasonal amount of liquid water in some areas of Mars, which has a high salt content and may be temporarily liquid in the low-temperature Martian environment. At the moment, the temperature on Mars is very low, the average temperature is only -63 degrees Celsius. If humans want to settle on Mars in the future, the first thing to do is to strengthen the star’s magnetic field. Mars and produces large amounts of greenhouse gases to “heat” Mars and melt the solid water that exists on Mars. Mars is much smaller than Earth, so it would have cooled from its molten state at its inception faster than Earth, so liquid water on Mars may have appeared earlier, which could This means that life on Mars may have formed and evolved earlier than our planet. Therefore, there are conspiracy theories that, when celestial bodies collided with Mars, the rocks that were thrown into space by the collisions could have carried the germ of life on Mars into space, and then some someday fall to Earth, becoming the source of life on Earth. And perhaps by coincidence, life on Earth also began to form around the same time that Mars’ North Pole collided. From the point of view of time, this is consistent. In addition, astronomers have discovered traces of suspected life in meteorites on Mars that have fallen to Earth. Life on Earth may have originated on Mars, but this has so far required more convincing evidence. In the past, the Curiosity rover has detected some carbon-containing organic substances in the rocks on Mars, which may be evidence that ancient Mars once had a few living things. Even now, it is still possible for life on Mars, they did not go extinct billions of years ago, but moved into the Martian underground and developed a unique survival mechanism to adapt to the harsh environment. harsh on this planet. Compared to Venus and Mars, our planet is very lucky. For billions of years, Earth has always been a habitable planet, so hundreds of millions of species have appeared here. Our Earth is like a “chosen planet”, a moderate distance from the sun, with a magnetic field that can resist solar radiation so that all kinds of life can continue to multiply and develop. Although it cannot be ruled out that some planets in the solar system (such as Europa) also harbor life, the environments of those planets are very different from those of Earth, and most life on Earth is not ruled out. Soil cannot exist there. In the near future, Earth will still be the only planet inhabited by humans in the universe.

For the past four billion years, life on Earth has been endless. But now on Earth there are only nearly 10 million species of creatures, this number is only 1% of the total number of species that have ever lived on Earth, the remaining 99% has disappeared in the long river of the Earth. Although our planet is a vibrant planet, it is very difficult for any living species to survive long on Earth. Over time, the Earth’s climate will continue to change and some ancient species have been unable to adapt to this change, leading to extinction. In addition, life on Earth could also be threatened by deadly threats from space. For example, a gamma-ray burst from a supernova could destroy Earth’s atmosphere and cause deadly cosmic radiation to reach our planet’s surface. Most life on Earth wouldn’t be able to withstand this. 450 million years ago a supernova caused the first mass extinction of the space threat on Earth. On the other hand, the impact of a giant asteroid falling to Earth will also cause drastic changes in climate, disrupt the food chain and cause mass death for life on Earth. The fifth mass extinction 65 million years ago was probably also caused by an asteroid collision. In addition to the threat from space, on Earth there may be superbugs that humans can’t fight off. Humanity also possesses nuclear weapons capable of destroying all life on Earth. Although humanity has enough intelligence to create such a powerful weapon, it is not known if humanity is intelligent enough to not use nuclear bombs on a large scale. And also for various reasons, Hawking believes that in order to continue to exist, humanity must expand its habitat into space in the future. Only by taking precautions and leaving Earth before disaster strikes and colonizing other planets can humans better cope with unknown disasters. So which planets should humans migrate to? Is there a “Second Earth” in the universe? Proxima b’s host star is Proxima Centauri – part of a trio of strange stars that scientists are still studying. The other two stars are binary – meaning they orbit the same center of gravity and are collectively known as Alpha Centauri. Although this “Second Earth” has similar properties to the Earth – where we live, Proxima b is still a mysterious and alien world. In the solar system, although life can exist on some satellites, but apart from Earth, there are no planets suitable for human existence. To achieve the goal of space colonization, we can only look beyond the extent of the familiar solar system. Current statistics show that almost every solar system has planets, and there are hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way, so there should be multiple targets to choose from. People need to choose rocky planets that are in the habitable zone, because only when the distance between the planet and the sun is neither too close nor too far can liquid water exist on its surface. Proxima b exists right in the middle of the habitable zone of stars, where water could theoretically exist in liquid form. Compared to our sun, Proxima Centauri’s habitable zone is very close to its host star. Scientists once believed that red dwarf stars like Proxima could not exist on habitable planets that were orbiting so close. But now, scientists think red dwarfs might be the best place to look for other habitable planets. And recently, astronomers discovered that Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our solar system, has a planet called Proxima Centauri b. This planet is a rocky planet the size of Earth and it is also in a habitable zone. Although Proxima b is the closest exoplanet to the solar system at a distance of only 4.2 light-years, humans are currently not capable of flying to this planet. Even with today’s fastest spacecraft, if we want to set foot there, it will take us tens of thousands of years to fly to Proxima b. However, humanity has never backed down from difficulties, we have been able to cross the ocean, as well as cross the distant interstellar space to reach the strange world, so it is very possible in the future , people will set foot here.

The Sun’s atmosphere can be as hot as 1 million degrees Celsius. This increase in temperature, despite the increased distance from the Sun’s primary energy source, has been observed in most stars. In 1942, Swedish scientist Hannes Alfvén hypothesized that the magnetizing waves of plasma could carry large amounts of energy along the Sun’s magnetic field from the interior to the corona, passing through the photosphere. before exploding with heat in the upper atmosphere of the Sun. This hypothesis has been tentatively accepted, but there is no evidence that these waves exist. Recent research by scientists finally confirms Alfvén’s nearly 80-year-old hypothesis and brings us one step closer to harnessing this high-energy phenomenon on Earth. The sun is made up almost entirely of plasma Halo problems have been around since the late 1930s, when the Swedish spectrographer Bengt Edlén and the German astrophysicist Walter Grotrian first observed phenomena in the sun’s corona that could only be observed. present if its temperature is a few million degrees Celsius. This represents temperatures up to 1,000 times hotter than the photosphere below it, which is the surface of the Sun that we can see from Earth. Estimating the heat of the photosphere has always been relatively simple: we simply measure the light reaching us from the Sun and compare it with spectral models that predict the temperature of the light source. Through decades of research, the temperature of the photosphere has always been estimated to be around 6,000°C. Edlén and Grotrian’s discovery that the Sun’s corona is much hotter than the photosphere – albeit farther from the core. of the Sun, its supreme source of energy – has given the scientific community a headache. Scientists looked at the properties of the Sun to explain this difference. The sun is made up almost entirely of plasma, which is a highly ionized gas that carries an electrical charge. The movement of this plasma in the convection zone – the upper part of the sun – generates enormous electric currents and strong magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are then pulled up from the Sun’s interior by convection, and enter its visible surface in the form of sunspots, which are clusters of magnetic fields that can form a variety of magnetic structures. differences in the Sun’s atmosphere. Alfvén reasoned that within the Sun’s magnetized plasma, any large movement of charged particles would perturb the magnetic field, creating waves that could carry enormous amounts of energy across vast distances. (from the surface of the Sun to its atmosphere). Heat travels along what is known as a flux tube from the sun before bursting into the corona, creating its high temperature. Measure the temperature of the Sun with an imaging spectrometer These magnetic plasma waves are now known as Alfvén waves, and the explanation for the heating of the circle led to Alfvén being awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics. The Interferometric Bidimetric Urban Spectrometer (IBIS) for imaging spectroscopy, installed at the Dunn Solar Telescope in the US state of New Mexico. This instrument has allowed researchers to make more detailed observations and measurements of the Sun. Combined with good observational conditions, advanced computer simulations, and the efforts of an international team of scientists from seven research institutions, they used IBIS to confirm the existence of waves for the first time. Alfvén in flux tubes from the sun. The researchers also expect more solar discoveries soon, thanks to new, groundbreaking missions and tools. The European Space Agency’s Solar Orbiter satellite is currently in orbit around the Sun, providing images and making measurements of the star’s unexplored polar regions. The launch of the new high-performance Solar telescope is also expected to enhance our observation of the Sun from Earth.

The Fukang meteorite is auctioned off. Where this extraterrestrial object originated and how was formed is still a topic of discussion among scientists. Coming from an asteroid The Fukang meteorite glows in the sunlight. The Fukang meteorite was discovered near the town of Fukang in Xinjiang, an autonomous region in northwest China, in 2000 by an unidentified hiker. Every day, this person often stops by a giant rock to have lunch and rest. Once, he was suddenly curious about the structure of this object, when he noticed that it seemed to have metal and crystal inside, so he decided to break some pieces and send it to the US for confirmation of the type. He was surprised to learn that these samples did not come from Earth, but belonged to a meteorite. In February 2005, these objects appeared at the Tucson Gem and Mineral Exhibition (USA). Here, it was noticed by Professor DS Lauretta (a specialist in Planetary Science and Astrochemistry at the University of Arizona), who is also the principal investigator of NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission. Then, the remains of the Fukang Meteorite (with a mass of 983 kg, excluding the 20 kg mass smashed by hikers) was directly studied by the University of Arizona (USA). Scientists said that this rock belongs to the type of iron-stone meteorite, called Pallasite. Pallasite meteorites contain olivine, which is thought to come from the crust of a rocky planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. If not from the planet, it could belong to an asteroid with a rocky shell and a metal core. Pallasite can be distinguished by a meteorite iron substrate, embedded with silicate crystals, mainly olivine (a yellow to greenish-yellow crystal). The Pallasite meteorite is named after Simon Peter Pallas, a German naturalist. He was the first to describe Pallasite Krasnojarsk, a 700 kg meteorite, discovered in Russia in 1772. The origin of the Fukang meteorite, like other Pallasite meteorites, has not been scientifically explained so far. It is hypothesized that it originated from an asteroid with a melted and decomposed metal core and surrounding olivine mantle and formed with the solar system about 4.5 billion years ago. In addition to its rarity, the Fukang meteorite, like other Pallasites, is a very beautiful object. When shined through the olivine crystals, the light will make the meteorite glow brightly and spectacularly. Most expensive A cross section of the Fukang meteorite is on display at Arizona State University (USA). Because of this beauty, collectors have always wanted to own pieces of the Fukang Meteorite. The largest part of this meteorite, weighing nearly 420 kg, is currently in the possession of an anonymous collector or group of collectors. In 2008, the above Fukang meteorite was auctioned at Bonham’s, New York (USA) with a starting price of about 2 million USD. A curator and online auction organizer has placed the Fukang meteorite at number one in the “Top 10 Most Expensive Meteorites Ever Discovered on Earth”. However, no one participated in the auction for this treasure perhaps because the price was too high. Meanwhile, other small pieces of the remaining meteorite, have been purchased in auctions and distributed around the world. Particularly, the University of Arizona Meteorite Laboratory (USA) holds a total of 31 kg of Fukang meteorites. Their website describes the Fukang Pallasite as “the most breathtaking example of the splendor of the natural universe”. In February 2021, the famous auction house Christie’s said it had sold “part of the most beautiful extraterrestrial matter known”. That tiny piece of meteorite alone brought the seller $30,000, far exceeding the initial estimate of $3,500 – $4,500. What makes the Fukang meteorite so special? First of all, this is not an “ordinary meteorite”. Pallasite is an extremely rare heaven stone. This is because most Pallasite cannot survive falling into Earth’s atmosphere. It is estimated that less than 1% of rock falling from the sky is Pallasite. Therefore, the Fukang Meteorite is considered by scientists as one of the most important celestial rock discoveries of the 21st century. According to the Planetary Science Institute, based in Tucson, Arizona, USA, there have been about 1,100 observed and found meteorite falls in history. Meanwhile, the number found but not observed goes up to 40,000. The Fukang meteorite is among these. The institute estimates that about 500 meteorites collide with Earth every year, most of which burn up in the atmosphere, the rest fall into the ocean or in remote, desolate regions (According to Science 101).

Text | BT Finance Text | BT Finance When the public were waiting to witness Musk becoming the first richest man in the world to go to space, Amazon’s “brother-in-law” suddenly made a big move. Is space the ultimate dream of the rich? The earth can no longer accommodate the involution of the rich, and space is a new journey. On May 26, Bezos announced at Amazon’s annual shareholder meeting that he would step down as Amazon’s CEO on July 5 this year. Andy Yassi, who currently leads Amazon’s cloud computing department, will become his successor. At that time, Bezos said that he would spend more time and energy on other personal matters that are more passionate, such as the Earth Fund, Blue Origin Airline, The Washington Post, and the Day One Charity Fund. Just when the outside world thought that the world’s richest man would return to a peaceful life, Bezos directly announced the decision to shock everyone-go to space. On June 9, local time, Bezos posted a video on his personal Instagram account announcing that he would take his Blue Origin spacecraft to space. Bezos wrote: “Since I was five years old, I have dreamed of traveling in space. On July 20, I will travel with my brother.” “Viewing the earth from space will change your perception of the earth and human beings. I want to fly to space. This is my lifelong dream…” In the video, along with the photos of his childhood riding on a rocket slide and the shots of looking down on the earth from space, Bezos explained his yearning for space to the public. Later, Bezos wore a cowboy hat and dressed casually and invited his brother Mark to join his travels. Mark said in disbelief: “Are you serious?” Bezos replied affirmatively: “I am, I think it will make sense.” According to reports, Blue Origin has completed 15 outer space flights so far, but they were all unmanned before, which means that the Bezos Brotherhood is the company’s first batch of space tourists. The video finally highlights the time of the first manned flight of Blue Origin-July 20, 2021.

In the copy of the post, Bezoste means to mark a Latin proverb “Gradatim feroiter”, which means keep moving forward and never give up in Chinese. This Latin proverb has always won Bezos’s heart, and it is also the conspicuous slogon of his personal website page and the blue origin page.

It is reported that the first manned flight of Blue Origin will carry three passengers, and the remaining one is being auctioned off on the Internet. According to official disclosures, 6000 people from 143 countries and regions participated in the online auction of space. As of June 9th, the bidding for “spaceship tickets” has reached 3.5 million US dollars.

When the news came out, public opinion was surprised. Most people lament that Bezos is too courageous-for the dream of space, in order to win the title of the world’s richest man who has ever been in space, he really struggled. However, there are also good people who are worried about the consequences if an unexpected situation occurs, and they ridicule Bezos’s need to find a good insurance company before boarding the ship.

However, there is often a difference between the image of the propaganda and the reality. People eating melons cannot be carried away by the slogan of taking Bezos.

The Bezos brothers are not trying to fly in space orbit like astronauts. Objectively speaking, what they are trying is to experience suborbital sightseeing on a launch vehicle.

According to reports, the real travel time of the New Shepard is only about 11 minutes, and it takes about 4 minutes to cross the Carmen Line, which is 100 kilometers above the ground level, which is considered to be the boundary between outer space and the Earth’s atmosphere. When the capsule floats in a microgravity environment, the occupants will be allowed to loosen their seat belts and float around, look down at the earth through the huge windows of the capsule, and then return to their seats.

The blue bond between Bezos and space

Although there is no such high-profile promotion of “Martian speech” as Musk, Bezos has always shown a strong interest in space.

Bezos has been longing for space since he was a child and is a veteran fan of science fiction and science fiction movies. In 2016, his alien appearance made a cameo appearance in his favorite science fiction series “Star Trek: Beyond the Stars” movie.

And the most widely talked about story of Bezosco’s fan status is that Amazon “takes over” the American drama “The Vast Sky”.

“The Expanse of the Sky”, which premiered in 2015, is adapted from a science fiction novel by James SA Corey. The story is set in the future 200 years later: human beings have established settlements on the moon and Mars, and then focused on the small space between Mars and Jupiter The rich mineral deposits on the planetary belt began to establish colonies on it.

A large number of space special effects shots and technological scenery make the cost of the show very high. Although it has a good reputation, the audience’s ratings are mediocre. In May 2018, the 3 seasons of “The Vast Sky” was cancelled and renewed by the cable TV station Syfy.

When fans of the show were so disappointed to protest to Syfy, Bezos, who was a loyal fan of the show, made a move.

In June 2018, Bezos announced at the International Space Development Conference that Amazon’s streaming media department and Syfy had reached an agreement to take over the production of “The Vast Sky” and will increase investment. This move attracted cheers from fans of science fiction dramas.

Since then, “The Vast Sky” has been renewed for 3 seasons, maintaining the previous high level, and the final season of the show will also be broadcast at the end of this year.

If saving “The Vast Sky” is to allow Bezos to satisfy his yearning for space in the image, Blue Origin is the carrier for Bezos to practice his dream of space in reality.

In September 2000, Bezos, who is already a billionaire, founded the commercial space company Blue Origin, and began to develop space-worthy aircraft and rocket engines, drawing hundreds of millions of dollars from Amazon’s huge profits to support its development.

When Bezos divorced two years ago, his ex-wife Mackenzie got 4% of Amazon’s stock, but she gave up all the rights of Blue Origin, which shows that Bezos cares about it.

Blue Origin belongs to Bezos’s private projects. The investment comes from his own pockets. It was in a state of secret operation for a time. The public only learned of the company’s existence in 2003. Since then, the business progress has also maintained a mysterious posture. It was not until the “Sherpard” spacecraft named after the famous astronaut Alan Shepard of the Mercury program began test flights that Blue Origin had a sense of existence in the media.

In 2019, Bezos announced that Blue Origin was developing the “Blue Moon” lunar lander, and shouted the slogan “return to the moon and stay there”.

In April of this year, Blue Origin completed the 15th test flight of the Shepard in the western desert of Texas. All the success of the 15 test flights since 2017 may be Bezos’ decision to personally experience space travel.

It is reported that for many years Bezos has spent one day a week at Blue Origin to handle daily affairs. He said that Blue Origin’s short-term vision is to provide low-cost and high-security space travel, and the long-term vision is to establish in space. Infrastructure makes it possible for people to live and work in space.

Bezos also declared: “Allowing millions of people to live and work in space is the most important thing I do.”

Under the cloak of dreams is still business competition

According to some analysts, Bezos went into space to shout to his old opponents, highlighting his determination and confidence.

Branson’s Virgin Galactic, Musk’s SpaceX and Bezos’ Blue Origin may be the most present space commercial companies.

The earliest known Virgin used the less technically difficult aircraft to carry the spacecraft to bring passengers the experience of weightlessness. Since the concept of space travel was proposed more than ten years ago, Virgin has sold 600 space experience tickets priced between 200,000 and 250,000 US dollars, but the expected commercial flight has been delayed for various reasons.

In recent years, the most popular SpaceX under the leadership of Musk used “Mars Travel” as a gimmick to carry out various tasks. SpaceX has developed reusable rockets, completed many launch missions for commercial and government customers, and sent astronauts into the space capsule and back to the ground. In terms of space travel, SpaceX sold tickets for space station travel and travel around the moon early on.

With the progress of commercialization, SpaceX and Blue Origin have directly competed more and more in recent years. Especially in 2020, the two companies have shown their magical powers for the NASA return to the moon plan order, which is expected to reach a total of 2.9 billion US dollars. Blue Origin has developed a model with a maximum load of 65,000 tons and can provide accurate moon for cargo and passengers. The soft-landing lander is for testing by NASA.

In April of this year, NASA announced that due to insufficient funding, it decided to only choose SpaceX’s interstellar spacecraft system as the moon landing spacecraft due to cost considerations.

Blue Origin immediately wrote a hundred-page report to express solemn protest against this decision, proposing that choosing only one supplier would make the process of returning the United States to the moon full of risks. Blue Origin CEO Bob Smith claimed that NASA’s decision misjudged the advantages of Blue Origin and played down SpaceX’s technical problems.

Musk ridiculed Blue Origin on Twitter not to be outdone, “has not yet sent any spacecraft into Earth orbit.”

Due to Blue Origin’s protests, the NASA and SpaceX contracts are pending approval. Previously, some of its own lawmakers proposed that NASA restart the competition, allowing NASA to get more budget to choose a second lunar lander provider.

Therefore, at such a special time node, Bezos personally fights, completes space travel, and completes corner overtaking, which means more pressure on competitors and rectification of the company’s name.

Although Blue Origin is still high investment and unprofitable, Bezos has always expressed his confidence in the long-term prospects of space development, “We will build a road to space, and then magical things will happen.”

Of course, with Musk’s style, he naturally can’t let himself be suppressed by his opponents, and may soon announce his new trend. The competition between the two sides is just a prologue at this stage.

In all fairness, with the dream of stars and the sea, the giants use practice to verify the technological level in space and open up new areas of competition. It is better than staying on social media to quarrel and express love packages.

More adventurous spirit is not a bad thing.

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Sanjiang, a Dong Autonomous County under the jurisdiction of Liuzhou, Guangxi, is located at the junction of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Hunan. This is a beautiful land with many little-known beautiful scenery. The Xianren Mountain in Bajiang Town is one of them. For one, it is a land like a paradise with high mountains and dense forests and lush vegetation. The full name of Xianren Mountain is Buyang Xianren Mountain, because there is a Dong Village called Buyang Dong Village at the bottom of the mountain, and the village where it is called Buyang Village. As for why this mountain is called Xianren Mountain, Yufan also asked local friends, but No one knows, just saying that people have always called it Xianren Mountain, so I can only understand it like this: This is a beautiful place like a fairy mirror, so it is called Xianren Mountain. What do you think? There are two good places to visit Xianren Mountain, one is the primitive Buyang Dong Village, and the other is the original high mountain tea garden on the top of the mountain. Because we have visited Chengyang Bazhai, Yueye Dong Village and Guan in Sanjiang successively. Dong Dong Village, Da Dong Village and other Dong villages, so when we arrived at Xianren Mountain, we came directly to the original Dong tea garden on the top of the mountain. Xianrenshan Dong tea gardens are called 10,000-mu tea gardens by the locals (according to Yufan’s understanding, there are actually only more than 3,600 acres). These tea gardens are distributed among high mountain terraces at an altitude of 600-1000 meters. They are often surrounded by clouds and mist, so they can be regarded as real mountains. Yunwu Tea Garden. As Xianren Mountain is located in the mountains at the junction of the three provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Hunan, there is no industrial pollution within a radius of one hundred miles. Therefore, the environment here is excellent, not only the air is fresh, but the content of negative oxygen ions is extremely high, which is 5 times that of the mountain. In addition, this environment is very suitable for the growth of tea, and the Dong tea produced is extremely nutritious. It can be described as a collection of the spirit of the world and the essence of the sun and the moon. It enjoys the reputation of “China’s first tea in early spring”. Looking down on this tea garden from the air, the tea fields one after another are like fingerprints of the earth. They look both regular and full of changes. They are very beautiful. Because of its good ecology, good environment, and good scenery, it is a poetry and distant place that many urbanites yearn for, so it has now been developed into a tourist attraction. At the bottom of the mountain, there are sightseeing buses directly to the Buyang Dong Village and the tea garden on the top of the mountain. Going for a walk inside, I also feel refreshed and happy. Good tea comes out of high mountains and clouds. The tea from Xianren Mountain is an important source of income for the Buyang Dong people. Early May is the season for tea picking. When we arrived, we saw many villagers picking tea, except for a small number of people who were frying it and drinking it at home. In addition, most of the others will be sold to tea merchants who come to buy. Yu Fan asked for a price. One catty of raw tea can sell for more than ten yuan, and it might be more than ten or twenty catties a day, and the income is about 200 yuan. For them, they can make a fortune without leaving the village. The good income can be regarded as a gift from Dashan. We have noticed that in order to welcome the arrival of tourists, Buyang Xianren Mountain has built a complete travel trail and a large number of pavilions for tourists to rest and view. It is really a good place with beautiful scenery and few people, not only the scenery Beautiful, and very suitable for shooting portraits, if you can change into a set of Hanfu with fluttering skirts, the photos will be more artistic. If you are tired from playing, you can also go to the Dong Village on the mountainside to rest and taste the original Dong Township cuisine. You can even choose a homestay with invincible scenery, live in the mountains and see the scenery. If the weather is good, pay back at night. You can see the sky full of stars, don’t mention how beautiful the scenery is, what do you think?

Illustration. For ants and small animals, the resistance of the air helps them a lot and makes their falling velocity very slow, sometimes their acceleration is negative (due to the wind blowing up). Thus, ants are almost unharmed when falling from the roofs of high-rise buildings. All objects falling through the air have terminal velocities that depend on their size, shape, and mass. The terminal velocity of an ant (6.4 km/h, according to the physics department of the University of Illinois) would be vastly different from the terminal velocity of a human (about 200 km/h). “For rats and any small animal, there’s really no danger. You can drop a rat into a minehole nearly 1,000 meters deep and when it hits the bottom, it’ll be slightly stunned and run away. , provided that the ground is fairly soft.The air resistance acting on a moving object is proportional to its surface.If the length, width and height of an animal are divided by 10, respectively, the mass is its mass is reduced by 1000 times while the surface area is reduced by only 100. Therefore, the air resistance for small animals is usually 10 times higher than the driving force. Force isn’t usually a problem for an insect, it can be free-falling without danger, with the ability to grip.” Michael Kaspari is an ecologist at the University of Oklahoma (USA) who has studied the aerial activities of wingless ants. Research shows that when ants are facing a predator, they will jump right into the air from tall tree branches and use their legs to control the direction of flight to reach the tree trunk. The longer hind legs will help the ants glide through the air, helping them avoid falling into places they consider dangerous. With this ability, it is possible that the ant has found a way to cling somewhere before it falls to the ground, but whether or not the ant does, the ant will not die if it hits the ground. The most ancient creature that still exists to this day It is said that the earth currently has 10 million billion ants, despite the fact that they are killed a lot every day. According to the biological kingdom, it is estimated that ants account for 15-20% of the total number of animals living on land. Ants are animals belonging to the order of membranes, the class of insects. Scientist Corrie Moreau and French colleagues published a study showing that ants appeared between 140 and 170 million years ago. That means they are the most ancient creatures that still exist to this day, despite the violent fluctuations of the earth. Since then, it has been found that ants have a very high ability to survive in all weather conditions. Such survivability is endowed by nature, for they show no sign of changing accordingly. Which means it’s very likely that an ant 170 million years ago and an ant today would be no different. It is thought that the earth exists about 20,000 different species, with 4,500 families. They are present everywhere on earth. Even the extremely cold places are the poles of the earth, or the hot center of the equator. Ants come in many varieties, but the color is usually just red or black. Especially, there are new species mixed with white color. Ants are gregarious species, with a rather distinct social organization. Each ant nest has an average of about 100,000 children in a colony with a single mother (Christian ants can live up to 30 years). Here, there is something like the organization of a swarm life of bees. The vast majority of ants in the colony are worker ants (who only live for 1-2 years) – likened to the hardest workers on earth. The job of worker ants is to take care of the queen, incubate eggs, transfer eggs, raise baby ants, build burrows, find food, guard … Not many people know that all worker ants are female, but their reproductive organs are not fully developed, so they can never become a god, but are forever just “cool” feet from birth. until death. Ants are considered to be the strongest species because they can carry food 10 times heavier than themselves. But to transport that heavy amount of food, they must use collective strength in coordination. Together they carry the food they earn very easily, when thousands of them work together. Ants are everywhere, everyone can see them or be bitten by them, but few people know that they also have positive effects. The Masai people of eastern Africa have a habit of using ants as a tool to heal wounds. When a member of the tribe is injured, they will catch a few large ants in the swarm of “army ants” so that they bite on both sides of the wound, then remove the ant body, leaving only the ant head on the wound. Since then the wound does not bleed and heals quickly. And interesting things about ants Ants are animals with a fairly hygienic life. Specifically, the handling of dead animals. When one ant dies, the other ants in the colony will together carry the dead ant out of the nest, with the sole purpose of keeping it clean and avoiding infection or disease spread. The workers will take care of the carrying, under the command of an ant that is supposed to be in charge of the burial of the colony. It is also surprising to learn that ants are insects with very advanced organizational systems. Along with the Lord ant, worker ant, and burial commander ant, there are also ‘teacher ants’ Born, in order to have the necessary skills, they undergo a learning process under the guidance of “teachers”. The “teacher” ants in the nest will teach the younger ants to do the necessary work. In case the “student” learns slowly and “fails” in the test, they will be transferred to another job that requires less skill. Not only know how to find termites, but ants also know how to “livestock” to create food reserves. They feed on insects such as aphids and caterpillars to obtain the sweet substance secreted by these insects. When it’s time to harvest the sweetener from the insect swarm, the ants “milk” using their antennae. It is very interesting to know that ants bring with them the insects they nourished when they move to a new area. It’s no different than people taking livestock with them to more verdant places. People have talked about the extraordinary in the world of ants. They have no ears but perceive sound from ground vibrations, through sensitive sensors on the pins. They have the ability to exist to the point of fantasy despite the harshness of weather and climate. Therefore, ants are also one of the first creatures on earth to be sent into space by humans in an experiment to conquer the sky. Ants have poor eyesight, but they often use the earth’s magnetic field to navigate. They are considered the most intelligent insects when in the small head of ants there are more than 250,000 brain cells. As industrious animals, ants are also said to be “excellent athletes”. If an ant were about the same size as a human, they could run at an average speed of 55 km/h without ever getting tired. They are also able to lift an object 50 times its own weight with extraordinary strength.

Located in the Potosí and Oruro regions of Bolivia, this is the largest salt pan in the world. And when a thin film of water collects on the surface, it is also the world’s largest natural mirror. The best view of this space can be observed from the center of the island of Incahuasi. Salar De Uyuni Salar De Uyuni is the remains of a prehistoric lake that dried up and left the empty space of bright white salt. This place has large flocks of flamingos that you can watch them graze in the water. The best time to visit this place is in July and October. 2. Lake Natron Lake Natron Looking for the strangest places on earth? What do you think about this scary lake located in Tazania, Africa? Dead animals in the lake are turned into statues, through the process of calcification. The presence of large volumes of sodium bicarbonate ensures they turn into mummies. And because of its high alkalinity, the lake is red. This is why this lake is also known as Ghost Lake. In spite of all it is a favorite grazing ground for small swans and flamingos. 3. Die Rakotzbrück Bridge The Die Rakotzbrück bridge built in the 19th century in Germany is famous for its unique precision. On the lake, the bridge and its reflection merge into a complete and perfect circle of rock, no matter where you see it from. Bridge Die Rakotzbrück Perhaps this is why the bridge is also known as Devil’s Bridge. It seems that the architects who built the bridge emphasized its aesthetics rather than its utility. Both ends of the Rakotzbrücke have thin rock crests installed, to make it look like natural basalt columns, commonly found in many parts of Germany. 4. Slope Point Slope Point Slope Point is the southernmost point on South Island, New Zealand. The forest here is home to trees that are permanently twisted and tilted by the strong winds of Antarctica. Windy much? This is one of the windiest places in the world. The scene is further enhanced by the rugged cliffs, which have been eroded by strong winds over time. This place is used to raise sheep, although there are no houses around. 5. Underwater Park Underwater Park This list would be incomplete without a beautiful underwater scene. One of the strangest places in the world, located in the Blue Lake in Tragoess, Austria. This is a genuine park built on the ground but completely flooded in the spring. After all, scavengers need to rest and relax. This is considered one of the best waters for diving in all of Europe due to a rare natural phenomenon. 6. Tunnel of Love Tunnel of love Part of the industrial railway in Ukraine, this leafy tunnel seems like a place out of a fairy tale. It is known to be a favorite destination for couples for morning or evening walks. If you’re planning to surprise your lover on Valentine’s Day, forgo the usual trip to Disneyland and book a trip to Ukraine. You won’t be disappointed by everything Ukraine has to offer. The beauty of the Tunnel of Love will astound you. 7. Cano River Cristales Cano River Cristales In the summer months, this Colombian river turns red. In fact, the riverbed is covered with a unique plant in the riverbed, and it is red in color. This is one of the mysterious places on earth. This river is often called the River of Five Colors or Liquid Rainbow. 8. The intersection of the Rhone and Arve . rivers Two rivers have 2 different colors There is a contrast to be seen between the two rivers of Geneva Switzerland; Another blue and another brown. They never mix completely due to the difference in density. It’s hard to ignore the magic of nature and not feel overwhelmed by whatever nature has to offer us. 9. Giant Crystal Cave Giant crystal columns The giant Crystal Cave at the Naica Mine is also one of the strangest places on Earth. Deep in the bowels of the Earth, these giant shiny mineral columns are enough to make you feel claustrophobic. This mammoth ivory-like structure has been growing beneath Mexico for over 500,000 years. All nature lovers must visit this place at least once. 10. Rainbow Mountain Rainbow Mountain Covered in pastel blues, intense reds, greens, pinks and yellows. There is currently no scientific explanation for this phenomenon. Commonly known as Vinicunca or Montanã de Siete Colores, Rainbow Mountain is a colorful peak in Peru. The beautiful views you will see from the top of the mountain will make you dizzy. Are you ready to explore this place? 11. Red Sea Red Sea Red beach is famous for its red sand. It’s a popular tourist attraction, which receives tens of thousands of tourists every year. Tourists seem to be falling in love with this place. Every year in the fall, Red Beach in Tianjin, China comes to life with Suaeda salsa, a red plant that thrives in saltwater. The entire beach blooms red, leaving only thin strips of sea. Be sure to come here with your friends and take pictures for your Instagram. 12. Volcano Mt. Kelimutu Three different colored lakes on the crater This is the result of a volcanic eruption that created three separate lakes, all of which are different colors – black, blue, and turquoise. Curiously, at the summit of Mount Kelimutu, Indonesia has three crater lakes with three different colors and those colors are always changing. If this isn’t the weirdest thing you’ve read this week, we don’t know what is.

Our understanding of Earth’s ocean floor is less than that of Mars. Here, scientists believe that the unusual physical and chemical conditions associated with hydrothermal systems on the seafloor may have created the right environment for the origin of life on Earth. Mysterious Megaplume Scientists discovered large areas of thermal fluid in the ocean above volcanic ridges. These large and powerful hot waters, rich in chemicals, rising from the ocean floor are called megaplume. Their size is really huge, with a volume that can exceed 100 km3, equivalent to 40 million Olympic swimming pools. Although they appear to be related to subterranean mountain eruptions, their origin remains a mystery. In their study, the scientists used a mathematical model to explain the dispersion of volcanic ash across the ocean. Thanks to detailed mapping of a volcanic ash deposit in the Northeast Pacific, scientists know that this ash can spread up to several kilometers from an eruption. This cannot be easily explained by tides or other ocean currents. Instead, the results suggest that these water columns are very energetic. The energy required to drive the flow and carry the ash is surprisingly large, about 1 terawatt (nearly half of the energy needs of the entire United States at a time). The scientists calculated that this would create water columns of similar size as said. They have since produced strong evidence that megaplumes are associated with active seafloor eruptions and that they form very quickly, possibly within hours. So what is the source of heat and chemicals to make this megaplume? The most obvious candidate is of course newly erupting molten lava. At first glance, the scientists’ results seem to support this hypothesis. Accordingly, the formation of megaplume occurs simultaneously with the eruption of lava and volcanic ash. However, when the scientists calculated the amount of lava needed for the megaplume, it was unrealistically high, about 10 times larger than most underground lava flows. The scientists’ best guess is that although the occurrence of megaplumes is linked to undersea eruptions, they are mainly derived from depleted hydrothermal reservoirs present in the ocean. . As the lava directed upward to create undersea eruptions, it may have pushed this liquid hotter than 300 degrees Celsius along. Volcano erupts under the sea. Life in harsh environments In contrast to terrestrial volcanoes, detecting an eruption occurring on the seabed is extremely difficult. Therefore, there is still much for scientists to learn about submarine volcanism and its role in the marine environment. A new study by scientists Sam Pegler and David Ferguson at the University of Leeds (UK) published in the journal Nature Communications has yielded important insights. It’s amazing to find extreme ecophiles (polar biologists) around hydrothermal vents. This discovery expands what we know about life and where it exists. The fluid flow involved in megaplume formation may be the main mechanism in dispersing these microorganisms from their subterranean origin. If this is the case, deep-sea volcanism is an important factor influencing the geography of polar communities. Some scientists believe that the unusual physical and chemical conditions associated with undersea hydrothermal systems may have provided a suitable environment for the origin of life on Earth. Thus, the megaplume may have been involved in this dispersal of life across the ocean. In the absence of other sources of nutrients and light, these types of organisms would have been the first to exist on our planet. They are present because of the heat and chemicals that lava spews up the volcanoes under the sea. Because volcanic ash deposits carried by megaplume appear to be fairly common in the deep sea, the scientists’ study found that the proliferation of life through megaplume dispersal could be widespread. Although it is not yet possible to observe a deep-sea eruption firsthand, efforts are being made to collect data on submarine volcanic events. Most notable is the observatory at Axial Volcano in the Pacific Ocean. This seabed measuring device can transmit data in real time, recording ongoing events. Through such efforts, along with continued mapping and sampling of the ocean floor, the character of volcanism under the oceans is gradually being revealed.

Elephants and giraffes inhabit Hwange National Park. Photo: Reuters According to the United Nations Commission on Biological Diversity, Earth’s ecosystems – the foundation of life – are being degraded at an unprecedented rate. Biodiversity provides 18 basic services globally to sustain human activities and development. However, these 14/18 contributions of nature are on a global downward trend. In addition, the rate of forest cover has decreased from 31.6% to 30.6% in the period 1990-2015. Coral reef ecosystems have the highest decline in survival index, between 1970 and 2015 it has decreased by 35% to 25% of the studied species are threatened with extinction. About 7 million other species of animals and plants are also at risk of “disappearing” due to human impacts. Meanwhile, the consumption of wild animals and habitat destruction have made infectious diseases more likely to spread to humans. The weaker the “health” of the ecosystem, the more fragile the immune “wall” between humans and pathogens. Without a change in the way people treat nature, future pandemics will occur frequently, cost many lives and severely impact the global economy. The severity is much greater than what the COVID-19 pandemic has caused to the world today. The loss of biodiversity and climate change have been threatening the progress of global sustainable development. According to the United Nations, the livelihoods of more than 3 billion people around the world depend on marine and coastal biodiversity, while 1.6 billion people make a living from forests. Therefore, the conservation of species on Earth is no longer in the framework of “altruism” but plays an important role in ensuring human life. In a statement kicking off the UN Decade for Ecosystem Restoration, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres warned that the Earth was approaching a “point of no return” of deforestation, pollution of rivers and oceans. ocean, plowed lawns… seem to have fallen into oblivion. He stated: “We are destroying the very ecosystems that are the foundation of society. The degradation of the natural world is destroying the very food, water and resources needed for humans and other living things. animals exist, as well as the lives of 3.2 billion people – or 40% of the world’s population.” In 2010, in the city of Nagoya (Aichi Prefecture, Japan), about 190 countries participating in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity adopted an ambitious 2020 action strategy to reduce pressure from society. human society towards the natural world, conservation of biodiversity. Within the framework of this convention, countries have set 20 goals on biodiversity by 2020 to conserve biodiversity and restore ecosystems globally. The decisions of the 12th, 13th and 14th stakeholder meetings of the Convention on Biological Diversity all called for the parties to the convention to develop and adopt ecosystem restoration plans. Some of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development goals are related to ecosystem restoration that require urgent global action if they are to be achieved. The Ramsar Convention’s Strategic Plan 2016-2024 also includes goals for wetland ecosystem restoration to conserve biodiversity and adapt to climate change. However, as ecosystems continue to degrade rapidly, marine ecosystems, from coastal to deep sea, are currently suffering the heaviest losses in history due to human activities. In a study published in the journal Frontiers in Forest and Global Change, scientists found that only 3% of the world’s land area (excluding Antarctica) is still ecologically intact, with populations of healthy primitive animal body and undisturbed habitat. Global natural biodiversity is severely reduced by modern farming techniques; deforestation; habitat destruction in marshlands and in the ocean… The report of the Intergovernmental Forum on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services also indicates that the global rate of species extinction has increased at least tens to hundreds of times higher than the average rate. over the past 10 million years and continues to grow rapidly. It is estimated that about 7 million species are at risk of extinction in the next 30 years; 3/4 of the world’s bird species are endangered; A quarter of mammals are likely to disappear from the Earth. Great Barrier Reef on Orpheus Island, Australia. Photo: AFP/VNA On the other hand, the Aichi goals by 2020 are almost all unattainable. Of the 20 Aichi goals, only 4 have a high probability of achieving, the remaining goals are rated as low or unattainable. This report, together with the Convention on Biological Diversity, highlights the need for the world to take urgent efforts now and take effective action to stop the serious ecological degradation that is taking place. The United Nations has designated 2021-2030 as the decade of ecosystem restoration based on proposals from more than 70 countries, with the goal of accelerating worldwide efforts to prevent and reverse the degradation of ecosystems. ecosystems and raise awareness of the importance of ecosystems to human life. The United Nations emphasized that the restoration and conservation of ecosystems make an important contribution to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Multicultural Framework. global biodiversity. The UN recommends that countries strengthen political will, mobilize resources, improve capacity in scientific research, and cooperate internationally to create driving force for ecosystem restoration at national, regional and international levels. local; mainstreaming ecosystem restoration into national development policies and plans, thereby creating opportunities for ecosystems to increase their resilience and the opportunity to maintain and improve livelihoods for all. people. Countries develop and implement policies and plans to prevent ecosystem degradation, in accordance with national laws and priorities, and develop and strengthen initiatives to enhance recovery effectiveness. Ecosystem; create conditions for synergies and consensus on an overall view to achieve national commitments and priorities through ecosystem restoration; promote sharing of experiences and good practices in ecosystem conservation and restoration. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres emphasized: “Fortunately, the Earth is resilient and we still have time to reverse the damage we have caused. By restoring ecosystems with the With unprecedented efforts to heal the Earth, we can accelerate a transformation that contributes to the achievement of all the Sustainable Development Goals.” Achieving these goals will not only protect the planet’s resources, but will also help create millions of new jobs by 2030, generate more than $7 trillion in profits a year, and help erase the planet, Guterres said. poverty. Ru Cha primary mangrove forest in Huong Phong commune, Huong Tra town, Thua Thien – Hue province (Vietnam) has an area of ​​​​about 5 hectares, has the function of preventing salinity, protecting aquatic resources and the mainland. Photo: Ho Cau/VNA Vietnam is currently in the group of countries with the most important and diverse ecosystems in the world, both in terms of marine and terrestrial ecosystems (especially forest and mangrove ecosystems). Vietnam currently has 173 protected areas with a total area of ​​over 2.5 million hectares, including 33 national parks, 66 nature reserves, 18 species and habitat conservation areas and 56 landscape protection zones. In particular, 9 sites are recognized as “world biosphere reserves”, 3 are “world natural heritage sites” recognized by UNESCO, 9 ramsar sites (wetlands), 10 ASEAN heritage garden. As one of the active members of the international community, Vietnam always strives to protect and develop natural ecosystems, biological species, and rich, endemic, precious and rare genetic resources. and has achieved many remarkable achievements. In addition, Vietnam is also committed to joining hands with countries in the region and around the world, working together to reverse the loss of biodiversity by 2030 for sustainable development. In the words of UN Secretary-General Guterres, the next 10 years are “the last chance” for humans to heal their own “wounds” to the Earth, preventing climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss. Only with strong action can people end these 10 years with a bright vision: living in peace with nature and ensuring a better future for all.

When the Earth’s temperature rose and the amount of oxygen in the oceans decreased about 252 million years ago, most life on our planet suffered the same tragic fate. It is estimated that this extinction event, also known as the “Great Dying”, killed 70% of species on land and about 96% of species in the oceans. Illustration: Getty However, there are no sharks among them. “They’re the last surviving species,” said Elizabeth Sibert, a paleontologist and identifier of fossils and an oceanographer at Yale University. The next extinction event at the end of the Triassic period or even the meteorite event that wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago could not have caused the shark to become extinct. The shark’s survival or longevity is extraordinary, but the animal was also close to the brink of extinction, a study in the journal Science revealed June 3. The study, led by scientist Sibert, shows that a previously unknown extinction event pushed sharks to the brink of extinction 19 million years ago, leaving just one in ten of the sharks. Sharks in the oceans survive. “Something happened and wiped out 90% of the shark population overnight,” said scientist Sibert. The so-called something is still uncertain but it has caused immense destruction. The meteorite that wiped out the dinosaurs on Earth only caused 30-35% of the shark species to be wiped out while the above event was 2-3 times worse. To find this discovery, oceanographer Sibert and his collaborator Leah Rubin went through a remarkable process. Discover the mystery When a marine species dies, its body will fall to the bottom of the sea and decompose into discrete parts. Small parts, such as their teeth, will gradually accumulate in the sediments under the sea. “The seabed is essentially a grave for all aquatic species,” Sibert said. The sediment samples used in this study were collected from two locations in the Pacific Ocean, one in the north and one in the south, covering a period of 40 million years. However, it was not easy to analyze the small teeth inside each of these specimens. These parts are so small, even smaller than the width of a human hair. Oceanographer Sibert filtered dried sediment samples under a microscope and isolated the tiny bits of shark teeth. After separating them, scientist Rubin will identify and describe the features, as well as classify them. These little bits of teeth can reveal a lot to us. There were about 1,300 small tooth pieces identified in the above study with 85 samples with different shapes. Most of them are from the period before 19 million years and only a few samples belong to the later period. So, the question arises, what happened to the sharks? The tip of the iceberg The small tooth fragments suggest a decline in shark numbers and diversity about 19 million years ago, but the cause behind this event is unknown. “This is really a mystery. Right now we don’t know what happened,” Ms. Sibert said. The key to solving this mystery is to learn about the time when the sharks almost disappeared. This period is called the “Miocene” and is described by the scientist Sibert as the “transition phase” of the Earth. 15 million years before the mysterious shark event occurred, the Earth gradually became an “ice house” as permafrost increased in Antarctica. The oceans at that time were no different from the oceans of today, although we cannot find such species as tuna, swordfish and seabirds. Dolphins and whales had not yet evolved. However, there is not much evidence to find out the cause of the shark eradication. Even the discovery, which took place during a rather unusual time in Earth’s history, is just the tip of the iceberg. “There are many questions that need to be answered,” said researcher Rubin. Did some change in the environment lead to the decline in shark populations? This is difficult to confirm because the oxygen and carbon levels show no anomalies, but scientists can use more data around this time stamp. Did the event happen across the oceans and affect other marine species as well? Ms. Sibert said this is a global event but we still need more data. Also, what about other bodies of water? Can sedimentation in lakes and coastal areas occur other phenomena? How were terrestrial species affected during this time? Are there any chemicals that can tell us about the environment then? Ms. Sibert even thought that an epidemic, such as a virus, could be responsible for the decline in shark populations. Still, for this oceanographer, the extinction event was a remarkable phenomenon. The fact that sharks have existed for more than 400 million years, surviving multiple extinction events leads her to believe that something truly intense happened and that the sharks may be the gateway to understanding major changes. collided with Earth during the early Miocene. “There is a lot of data waiting to be discovered,” said researcher Rubin. The discovery not only shows the unpredictable change of the marine environment, but also shows how difficult it is for species to recover when they are pushed to the brink of extinction. “Biology is trying to tell us something and I think we need to listen,” Sibert said.

“Based on the progress of the program, the budget will likely continue to be replenished. And the $48 million is just the initial investment,” the source from the US Air Force said. The US program to use rockets to deliver cargo on Earth was judged to be unfeasible. According to General Stephen R. Lyons – Commander of the US Transport Command (US TransCom), the use of missiles to transport goods has many advantages compared to the traditional way of using transport aircraft. Using rockets without a chain of aerial refueling aircraft to support the mission; Safe and secret, the opponent has very little chance of shooting down, not having to notify the host country when flying over like how with transport aircraft. The commander of US TransCom confirmed that this is a potential program and that the US Army is working with a team of experts from billionaire Elon Musk’s Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) to research and build a rocket that can fly. deliver weapons, military equipment to any place on Earth in less than 1 hour. According to the plan, the initial tests to test the principle will be carried out as soon as 2021. SpaceX has previously demonstrated the ability to land vertically and reuse boosters for its Falcon 9 system on mobile landing sites at sea. But the aerospace technology company has never landed a full payload rocket, and the proposed new rocket will carry four times as much cargo as these rocket flights have tested. There are two possible modes of transport that will be explored – cargo originating from a space base on the US mainland to overseas, or pre-sourcing on a spacecraft operating in orbit. and cargo can quickly leave orbit and land when needed. In partnership with industry, the U.S. Army could develop a prototype of such a space vehicle within the next 5-10 years, which could be used by TransCom to supplement air-to-air logistics operations. sea ​​and on land, including humanitarian assistance somewhere around the globe. TransCom will also have to deal with doctrinal, diplomatic, regulatory and organizational issues to facilitate the standardization of high-frequency launches. If successful, the US will revolutionize the transportation of goods. However, as soon as the US announced the program, the military community of this country pointed out a series of insurmountable difficulties. In terms of technical factors, rockets can only be launched when the weather conditions are relatively good; Poor weather can cause delays lasting up to a week. So a trip that is counted as lasting less than an hour will require significantly longer preparation time. The next problem is cost. According to calculations, a SpaceX Falcon 9 spacecraft with a capacity of 25 tons has a launch cost of $ 28 million. While the 12-hour flight from California to Japan on a C-17 Globemaster III costs $312,000, the cost doubles if the plane flies home to buy more equipment. By best estimates, it costs four times more to ship by rocket than to send the same amount of cargo by plane. However, cost is not everything, especially when hostilities are raging.

The famous rock arch appeared Darwin’s Arch attracting millions of tourists to visit No matter how big or small, the shape of the stone arches makes us think that they are works of human hands, brains, and aesthetics. However, it is entirely the result of rock movement in nature after thousands of years, without human intervention. Impressive beauty has turned them into tourist destinations that attract many visitors from all over the world. However, the Ecuadorian Environment Ministry said the famous Darwin’s Arch off the Galapagos Islands had collapsed due to natural erosion. “The collapse of the natural arch of the Galapagos, located less than 1 km from the main Darwin island area, was due to natural erosion,” the report by the Ecuadorian Ministry of Environment said. The latest image shared by the authorities shows that only two stone pillars remain. The famous rock arch formed and was discovered in the northern part of the archipelago. Named after the famous British biologist Charles Darwin, the rock arch is a top diving site in the world Image of famous rock arch Darwin’s Arch has collapsed The Galapagos Islands, about 1,000 kilometers off the coast of Ecuador, have unique flora and fauna that are rare on Earth and are part of a biosphere reserve. The archipelago is a World Heritage Site, made up of 234 large and small islands. Four of them are home to about 30,000 people. This is a destination that attracts millions of tourists every year. The islands are also the place that inspired Charles Darwin to discover the theory of evolution in the 19th century. Prior to that, a big storm knocked down the Azure Window ‘Blue Window’, a famous natural beauty spot in Malta. Located on the small island of Gozo, Window Azure is the oldest rock formation found on the islands in Malta.

The Ordovician-Silurian extinction (440 to 450 million years ago) was the first “great extinction” that occurred about 450 million years ago. It is considered the second largest extinction in history if measured by the number of species destroyed with 85% of fish species and 60% of biological species destroyed. The most accepted cause of extinction is a gamma-ray burst of a near-Earth star that caused a sharp drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide. This created an ice age that lasted 0.5 – 1.5 million years. Lower sea levels combined with the cold of glacial ice brought about a mass extinction in the Ordovician period. Late Devonian Extinction: Over 365 million years ago, one of the five largest and most feared mass extinctions in Earth’s biological history. It happened about 360 million years ago, killing 70% of all living things. Archaeological evidence indicates that this mass extinction could last up to 20 million years. Although it is one of the scariest mass extinctions in the world, its cause is still an unsolved mystery. Permian-Triassic extinction: about 253 million years ago is likened to the bloodiest massacre in Earth’s history. This terrible extinction event wiped out 95% of all species on earth. The main reason is due to the extremely strong tectonic movement of the Earth’s crust. Magma eruptions from fault plates engulfed the entire Earth’s surface in a sea of ​​fire. The increase in dust and carbon dioxide causes the greenhouse effect to warm the Earth. Changes in ocean currents cause great impacts on the ecosystem, ocean circulation becomes stagnant, lack of oxygen. Life now becomes extremely fragile. Triassic-Jurassic Extinction: About 201 million years ago was an extinction that took place about 199.6 million years ago that completely wiped out half of all living things on Earth. It is still not certain what caused the disaster. Scientists predict that a large volcanic eruption has occurred. However, studies have shown quite accurately the time when the extinction took place and the meteor impact that created Lake Manicouagan (Canada). This evidence proves that it is possible that the collision was the direct cause of this extinction. The Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction occurred about 66.5 million years ago, marking the end of the Mesozoic and the beginning of the Cenozoic with the Paleogene period. About 75% of species went extinct after this terrible event. Scientists theorize that this extinction event was caused by one or more simultaneous disasters, such as the powerful impact of meteorites (creating the Chicxulub craters in Mexico, Boltysh in Ukraine). or due to a drop in sea level, powerful volcanic eruptions creating the phenomenon of “Deccan traps” that seriously destroy the Earth’s biosphere. Currently, humans are in the early stages of the latest mass extinction, which is happening much faster than any other species. Since 1970, vertebrate populations have decreased by an average of 68% and now more than 35,000 species are considered endangered. In the 20th century alone, as many as 543 species of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in 1760, humans have been a major factor in Earth’s current environmental crisis. From greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion to deforestation, plastic waste and the illegal animal trade, humans have been proactively depriving the world of some species and threatening many others. Please watch the video: Strange and Unique Natural Phenomena in the World. Source: Strange story VN&TG

Tiny bacteria on Earth have bitten these plant remains with specialized enzymes. But because the hungry microorganisms process a large amount of carbon in the soil, even taking in some elements into their cells, the bacteria cannot do the full job, so there are pieces of carbon that are not broken down. dishwashing bacteria. Moreover, they also have carbon in their bodies, so when the bacteria die, the carbon goes back to the ground. It’s a cycle, where there’s always carbon left over. These small pieces accumulate over time. Illustration. Such tiny pieces are the humus material, which accumulates year after year. And bacteria’s carbon storage has given the earth its dirty brown color, because carbon absorbs most of the colors in the solar spectrum, except for the brown light it reflects back. However, not all land on earth is brown. Some deserts seem to have only white sand. The soil in Hawaii, rich in iron, is reddish in color. Dig deep into the ground in some areas that are dirty brown, you’ll see other colors underneath. If there wasn’t too much carbon in the ground, the ground would be yellow, red, and gray. They depend on the color of the dominant mineral there. The Mysteries of the Earth 1. Does anyone know what the structure of the middle layer of the Earth is? According to research by seismologists, we already know that the internal structure of the Earth includes: The inner core is solid. The outer core layer is molten lava. The intermediate layer, called the mantle or mantle, lies at a depth of 30 to 2,900 km. The rock crust can slide away freely. But what the mantle is made of is still a mystery to researchers because we haven’t been able to dig down to this layer or have any evidence of its composition. Until now, the deepest hole that humans can dig is the Kola Drilling Hole in Russia, only 12.3 km deep. 2. Earth’s two poles are interchangeable Scientists have proven that the two magnetic poles of the Earth can change positions and reverse directions. This phenomenon has happened many times in Earth’s history. The last time the Earth changed polarity was 10 million years ago, and it is likely that this will happen again in the future. Until now, scientists did not know how this phenomenon could happen. 3. Earth used to have two moons Scientists confirm that, 4.6 million years ago, Earth had two natural satellites. The second satellite exists in the same orbit as the Moon and has a diameter of about 1,200 km. After a few million years, these two satellites collided. This may explain why the two halves of the Moon are so different today. 4. The Earth actually rotates very fast The Earth, including the atmosphere and everything on the planet’s surface, rotates at a tremendous speed of more than 1,600 km/h, while the Earth’s rotation speed around the Sun is 108,000 km/h. Humans can live and function normally while standing on the ground because we, everything around and the Earth are rotating at the same speed. We can feel this movement thanks to the wind, but since the entire atmosphere is moving at the same speed as us, we don’t feel anything. If the Earth suddenly stopped rotating, we could feel this movement. But it will not be pleasant at all, everything on Earth will be swept away at more than 1,600km/h. 5. Time on Earth is “getting longer” every day 620 million years ago, a day on Earth lasted only about 21.9 hours. But the Earth is spinning more and more slowly, so in the future, our day will be 25 hours long. Scientists have shown that after every century, the Earth’s rotation slows down by about 1.8 milliseconds, which means that a day will be only 2 milliseconds longer. So we have to wait another 200 million years for a day on Earth to have 25 hours. 6. Gravity on Earth is not the same everywhere The Earth is not a perfect sphere, so Earth’s gravity is not uniform, there will be areas of weak gravity and regions of different strong gravity, even places where there is almost no gravity. Hudson Bay in Canada is known as a place of near zero gravity due to the low density of rock here, caused by the rapid melting of glaciers. 7. In primitive times, the Earth used to be purple In ancient times, plants used retinal instead of chlorophyll to absorb light. This substance causes them to reflect red and blue light. This is the reason why ancient plants were red, not green like today’s plants. This led scientists to hypothesize that the original Earth was once purple because it was covered with ancient plants. 8. The ocean hidden in the ground Scientists believe that there is a giant ocean, and the amount of water contained in it is estimated to be three times greater than that of all the oceans on the Earth’s surface. In early 2014, researchers discovered “ringwoodite,” a material located in the transition zone (between 410 km and 660 km deep), as proof that a giant sea of ​​water exists. exist below the surface of the Earth. According to scientists, this underground ocean is about 2.7 million years old, under tremendous pressure.

(Photo: Pandotrip) Normally, Horsetail is a small and dry waterfall because its water is the amount of melted snow flowing down from the top of El Capitan rocky mountain, so little that visitors do not notice, until the phenomenon of Fire Falls appears. If you want to admire this amazing beauty, you have to be at the right time, not at any time. (Photo: Gary Hart) Every year, in just about 2 weeks, from mid-February to early March, when the sun sets, the light shines down on Horsetail waterfall making it glow red, orange and yellow as unique as the name Fire Falls. It is also unique in that during those 2 weeks, Firefall does not happen every day, so people talk to each other, only the “lucky” people can meet. According to Amusing Planet, in order to form Fire Falls, several conditions must be present simultaneously. The first is that the waterfall must be flowing, which means it needs to be warm enough to melt the snow and ice, the falls’ only source of water. (Photo: Stephanie Hager) The second condition is that the western sky must be real during sunset, with no clouds, rain or snow that would block the sunlight on its way to the waterfall. Photographer Michael Frye, author of The Photographer’s Guide to Yosemite says: Horsetail Falls is so amazing that I don’t know of any other waterfall on Earth that can have this light “. (Photo: The LIFE Picture Collection) The beautiful sight at Fire Falls is known to more tourists by sharing pictures on the media. Every year, many tourists and photographers flock here to admire this incredible beauty. The most convenient and frequent place to see the Fire Falls phenomenon is at the El Capitan picnic area. At the end of February, you’ll often find a host of photographers of all levels waiting there to capture the last rays of evening at Horsetail. (Photo: Heyengel) (Photo: Heyengel) (Photo: Steve Corey) (Photo: John Krzesinski)

1. Chile’s Easter Island is famous for its 887 statues, what is it called? Icon Moa Icon Moai Icon Maya The correct answer is answer B: Easter Island is one of the “loneliest” islands on earth, Easter Island is located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. The island is famous for its 887 statues named Moai, created centuries ago by the Rapanui people. The Moai statues weigh up to 75 tons and are about 10 m high, especially one that weighs 270 tons and is 21 m high. In addition, the island is also a diving and surfing paradise with 2 volcanoes and several beautiful beaches. 2. Chile is a country in which region? Icon North America Icon Central America Icon South America The correct answer is answer C: Chile is a country in South America with a long history of development. Scientists have found mummies dating back up to 5,000 years in northern Chile, proving the country’s long development process. 3. Chile discovered the world’s oldest ancient mummies are adults. This is true or false? Icon It’s correct Icon Wrong The correct answer is answer B: Egypt is not the first civilization to know about mummies, but it is a people in Northern Chile. Here, mummies dating back to 5,000 years were found with a lot of utensils and buried items. These mummies belong to a mysterious civilization that existed thousands of years before us and left behind very little archaeological material. Visitors can admire these artifacts on display at the Archaeological Museum, Azapa valley, Chile. This ancient mummy belongs to the child, one of the Chinchoro mummies found in the Camarones valley in Chile. It is dated to 5050 BC. A total of 282 mummies were found along the coastline from Ilo in southern Peru to Antofagasta in northern Chile. Among them, 149 mummies are made of Chinchorro people, and the rest are from nature. 4. How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Chile have? Icon 5 Icon 6 Icon 7 The correct answer is A: Chile’s World Heritage Sites are all cultural. This gives you an insight into the people and the majestic landscape here. Those 5 heritage sites include Chiloe church, Valparaiso historic quarter, Humberstone and Santa Laura Salpeter Works, Rapa Nui national park, Sewell Mining town. 5. Which place in Chile is the driest in the world? Icon Gobi Icon Sahara Icon Atacama The correct answer is answer C: According to Chile Culture, Chile’s topography consists of low mountains along or near the coast, centered on fertile plains where agriculture thrives. The Atacama Desert, located in northern Chile and a small part in Peru, covers an area of ​​about 181,300 square kilometers, recorded by Guinness World Records as the driest desert in the world. The Atacama Desert is known as “Mars on Earth”. Because Atacama is the region with the clearest sky on Earth, the world’s largest astronomical observatory, the Very Large Telescope, is located here. In addition, land in the Atacama Desert is used for testing robots that will later be used on Mars. 6. How many thousand kilometers long is the Andes mountain range running through Chile’s territory? Icon 7,000 km Icon 8,000 km Icon 9,000 km The correct answer is answer A: The Andes is the longest mountain range in the world with 7,000 km, the widest place is more than 500 km, the average height is about 4,000 m, including a continuous mountain chain running along the west coast of the Southern continent. America. The Andes mountain range runs through 7 countries, including Chile. 7. What city is the capital of Chile today? Icon Montevideo Icon Santiago Icon Caracas The correct answer is answer B: Santiago is the largest city and also the capital of Chile. This city has a population of more than 5 million people, founded in the sixteenth century, by the Spaniards. Today, Santiago is one of the largest municipalities in South America. 8. What is the current official language of Chile? Icon Spanish Icon English Icon Portuguese The correct answer is answer A: Due to being a Spanish colony in the past, the population is mainly mixed European and other races, the official language of Chile today is English. Spain. Result Please work harder! point

Total lunar eclipse in Mechelen, Belgium, January 21, 2019. Photo: Getty Images. On the evening of May 26, the first total lunar eclipse in more than two years will coincide with a super moon in a special combination of the universe known as a “super blood moon”. The best place to observe this eclipse will be in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, all of Australia, east of Asia and west of the Americas. Vietnamese astronomy lovers can also observe this phenomenon. A total lunar eclipse will last about 15 minutes as the Earth passes directly between the moon and the sun. The entire phenomenon will last five hours, as Earth’s shadow gradually envelops the moon, then begins to diminish. The moon will be orange-red when all sunrises and sunsets in the Earth’s atmosphere are projected onto the surface of the eclipsed moon. Why is it called a super moon? A supermoon occurs when the moon is full at the point where the moon’s orbit brings it closest to Earth. And the “blood moon” appears as it moves through the Earth’s shadow, blocking the light from the sun. A combination of such events will occur on May 26, with a total lunar eclipse followed by a partial lunar eclipse, the moon appearing in red, then fading to gray. The moon’s orbit around the Earth is not a perfect circle. This means that the moon’s distance from Earth changes as it orbits the planet. The closest point in orbit, called perigee, is about 45,000 kilometers closer to Earth than the farthest point of the orbit. A full moon that occurs near perigee is called a supermoon. The Moon when it is closest to Earth is about 12% larger than when it is furthest. Source: Wikimedia. So why call it super? The Moon’s relatively close proximity makes it appear slightly larger and brighter than usual, although the difference between a supermoon and a normal moon is often barely noticeable unless you’re looking at the two side-by-side photos. together. The moon’s orbit is not a perfect circle. Source: Wikimedia. How does a lunar eclipse work? A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth’s shadow covers all or part of the Moon. This can only happen during a full moon, so first, let’s understand what makes a full moon. Like the Earth, half of the moon is illuminated by the sun at any given time. A full moon occurs when the moon and sun are on opposite sides of the Earth. This allows you to see the entire illuminated side, which looks like a circular disk in the night sky. If the moon had a perfectly flat orbit, each full moon would be a lunar eclipse. But the Moon’s orbit is tilted about 5 degrees relative to Earth’s. So most of the time the full moon lies slightly above or below the shadow formed by the Earth. But twice in each lunar orbit, the moon lies on the same horizontal plane as both the Earth and the sun. If this corresponds to a full moon, then the sun, Earth, and moon will form a straight line, and the moon will pass through the Earth’s shadow. This leads to a total lunar eclipse. To see a lunar eclipse, you need to stay awake at night, when the moon passes through the shadow. The phases of the moon correspond to how bright humans can see from Earth. Source: Wikimedia. Why is the moon red? When the moon is completely covered by Earth’s shadow, it will darken, but not turn completely black. Instead, it is red, which is why a total lunar eclipse is sometimes called a red or blood moon. Sunlight contains all colors of visible light. The gaseous particles that make up the Earth’s atmosphere are more likely to scatter light of blue wavelengths while red wavelengths pass through. This is called Rayleigh scattering, and it’s why the sky is blue, and sunrises and sunsets are often red. Earth’s atmosphere gives the moon its blood-red glow during total lunar eclipses. Photo: Wikimedia. In the case of a lunar eclipse, red light can pass through Earth’s atmosphere and be refracted – or bent – towards the moon, while blue light is filtered out. This causes the moon to appear light red during a lunar eclipse. How does Vietnam watch the total lunar eclipse? According to the Vietnam Astronomical Association (VACA), Wednesday evening, May 26, in Vietnam, most of the central and southern regions will be able to observe the full phase of this phenomenon, while in the north only partially traceable phase. Total lunar eclipse time in Vietnam: – Midnight lunar eclipse begins: 15:47 – Partial lunar eclipse begins: 16 hours 44 minutes – Total lunar eclipse starts: 18:11 – Maximum lunar eclipse: 18 hours 18 minutes – Total lunar eclipse ends: 18 hours 25 minutes – Partial lunar eclipse ends: 19:52 – Midnight lunar eclipse ends: 20 hours 49 minutes. In the northern region: The moon rises above the horizon at the end of the total phase. The observer can only track the partial phase of the phenomenon. For example, in Hanoi, the moon rises at 6:29 pm on May 26. Thus, the observer can almost fully follow the later phase of a partial lunar eclipse from that point to its end. Sometime before 19 o’clock, this partial phase still has very high coverage and is very noticeable. In the central and southern regions: Most of the central provinces will be able to track the last part of the total phase, while most southern provinces will be able to track the entire phase if the viewing angle is wide enough to see the eastern horizon. In Ho Chi Minh City, the moon rises at 18:07, that is, before the total phase begins, and therefore observers in this area and surrounding areas can fully monitor the total phase. Although the total phase can be seen in many areas, at that time the moon is so low that it will be difficult to see in places where visibility to the east is obstructed. The most favorable observation positions to monitor this period are places with a wide view to the East: areas without front houses, roofs or windows of high-rise buildings, the coast… On November 19, astronomical lovers around the world will continue to see an almost total lunar eclipse, the moon dims but does not turn red like this time. The next total lunar eclipse will occur in May 2022. The last total lunar eclipse was in January 2019.

In the region, the South and the Central Highlands provinces, many places are having rain and unfavorable weather. This will directly affect the observation of the lunar eclipse. In the sky of Hanoi, according to the forecast about 6:30 p.m The Moon will begin to appear on the horizon. At this time, it is possible that the Moon has appeared but is located right on the horizon and is being obscured by buildings. In Hanoi, viewers can observe the Lunar Eclipse in the direction between East and Southeast. However, right now (18:20) there are some pretty big clouds near the horizon. Photo at 6:20 pm in Hanoi Photos at 6:30 p.m. The sun was slowly disappearing. Theoretically, the Moon is now close to the horizon to the East, Southeast. From 6:45 pm to 7:00 pm, when the moon is high enough, this is convenient for viewers to observe. According to reflection, in Ninh Thuan, the Moon has begun to rise and viewers can observe. In Da Nang, the weather is nice and viewers can observe well. The Moon now has just finished its total phase, the Moon is gradually moving out of the shadow. Pictures at 6:30 pm In Ha Tinh: The coastal area can be observed well. Viewers can find the Moon in the East, Southeast. Some mountainous areas of Ha Tinh may have rain, making it difficult to observe. In Taiwan, a place very close to Vietnam, the weather conditions are favorable, so observing the lunar eclipse is quite easy. Below is an image of a lunar eclipse recorded in Japan. At this time, the Moon has passed its total phase and is gradually leaving the dark side of the Earth. Pictures in Japan Quang Ngai: The lunar eclipse has begun to appear. The image was recorded by a universal observatory telescope. The Moon in Quang Ngai The moon appeared dimly in the sky of Hanoi. The moon appeared dimly in the sky of Hanoi. Nha Trang and Phu Yen: The moon is rising and people can observe a partial lunar eclipse. Binh Dinh, Quang Nam: The weather is good and many places can observe the lunar eclipse. 19h00: The lunar eclipse was visible in Hanoi. The image was recorded under a telescope. Observation will be more difficult but still doable with the naked eye. Lunar eclipse can be observed in Hanoi When the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned or approximately aligned, part or all of the Moon will be obscured from the Sun by the Earth, causing a lunar eclipse. Lunar eclipse image recorded at 19:00 in Quang Ngai. 40% of the Moon’s area has entered the Earth’s semi-dark region. Lunar eclipse image recorded at 19:00 in Quang Ngai. The image of the lunar eclipse in Hanoi was recorded under a simple telescope at 19:15. It can be seen that 50% of the Moon’s area has left the Earth’s shadow. Photo taken during the Lunar Eclipse in Hanoi at 19:15 on May 26. At this time in some places in Hanoi it is windy. This will have a certain effect on those observing with a telescope. In Ho Chi Minh City at this time it is cloudy, viewers have almost no chance to observe the lunar eclipse. In Hanoi, 60% of the Moon has left the Earth’s shadow. According to forecast, the lunar eclipse will end at 19:52′. Thus, there is only about 30 minutes left for viewers to observe this phenomenon. 19:30: The lunar eclipse was recorded in Hanoi at 19:30. At this time, 70% of the area is bright again. 70% of the Moon was bright again at 19:30, observed from Hanoi. 19:45 : Image of lunar eclipse recorded in Hanoi. It can be seen that the Moon has almost completely come out of the shadow of the Earth. The Moon has almost completely come out of the Earth’s shadow. 19:55 : In Hanoi, the partial lunar eclipse has ended. The Moon is now moving into the Earth’s semi-dark region. In about 1 hour, from 20h00 to 20h49, there will be a penumbral lunar eclipse. At this point, the Moon will be slightly darker and dimmer than usual. After 9pm tonight (May 26), the lunar eclipse will end completely. At that time, the entire Moon will be directly illuminated by the Sun again. Live: Total lunar eclipse and super moon Vietnam on May 26 26 Today’s lunar eclipse coincides with the time when the Moon is at its closest position to the Earth. Therefore, observers will be able to witness the dual phenomenon of lunar eclipse and supermoon. Simulation of a lunar eclipse. This lunar eclipse in Vietnam will be different when accompanied by a super blood moon phenomenon. In the legends of some cultures, lunar eclipses are often associated with some bad luck. In ancient times, it was believed that a lunar eclipse was a sign of great change and foreshadowed bad luck to come. In modern times, many people still hold bad views about this phenomenon. Readers can visit here for a correct and accurate understanding of the lunar eclipse. This year, Vietnam is located in a geographical area that can observe the lunar eclipse well. However, depending on the region, the ability to observe as well as the time to observe the lunar eclipse varies between provinces. According to the National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, some areas this afternoon will have very favorable weather to observe the lunar eclipse. Readers can visit here to know exactly where they live, whether this phenomenon can be observed. Landmarks of the afternoon lunar eclipse, May 26 (Vietnam time): – 15:47: A penumbral eclipse begins, the Moon enters the Earth’s penumbra and begins to decrease in brightness. – 4:44 pm: A partial lunar eclipse begins, the Moon enters the Earth’s shadow and gradually becomes partially obscured. – 18h18: The lunar eclipse is at its maximum, the Moon is located near the center of the shadow. – 6:25pm: The total lunar eclipse ended, the Moon began to emerge from the Earth’s shadow. – 6:35 pm: when the Moon rises from the horizon. – 19:52: The partial lunar eclipse ends, the Moon enters the Earth’s semi-dark region. – 20:49: The penumbral eclipse ends, the Moon comes out of the Earth’s penumbra.

But recently, paleontologists have had to change this view and push the herbivorous history of dinosaurs to the early Cretaceous period, 125 million years ago, grasses began to appear. This was discovered during the study of fossils of the dinosaur Equijubus found in China. Mount Mazong is located at the northern end of the Hexi Corridor, in present-day Gansu Province, China. The mountain is named because it looks like a horse’s mane blowing in the wind. Mazong Mountain is a desolate place, but beneath that gravel are the remains of creatures that died hundreds of millions of years ago. In 2000, paleontologists from China and the United States formed a joint expedition to unearth paleontological fossils in the Mazong mountain area. During this excavation, paleontologists discovered a large number of fossils. Chinese paleontologist You – Hailu studied the fossils of a new dinosaur species and he named this dinosaur Equijubus. The genus name is derived from the Latin words “equus” meaning “horse” and “juba” meaning “mane”, the genus name meaning “horse mane” because the fossil was found in Mount Mazong. The new species was given the full name Equijubus normani, with “Normani” being named in honor of the famous British paleontologist David B. Norman. Illustration. Equijubus can be considered an intermediate dinosaur between Iguanodon and Hasrosauridae. Equijubus has a fairly large body when compared to a “basic” Hasrosauridae, but they can still run on two legs after being chased by predators. Fossil specimens of this dinosaur include skulls, lower jaw bones, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae and other parts. Through fossil analysis, it can be seen that Equijubus belongs to the primitive Hadrosauridae, it already possesses some features of Hadrosauridae, but its skull also has obvious features of Iguanodon. Paleontologists surmise that the dinosaur Equijubus could be up to 7 m long, 2 m high and weigh 2.5 tons, almost the size of a small truck. Equijubus would have had a long head, a horn beak on the front of its mouth and flat teeth on the inside of its cheeks, allowing it to chew on hard plants. Equijubus also have a robust body, they often walk on all fours and run on two legs when fleeing predators. Although there are not many fossils of this species, the discovery of Equijubus has great significance for paleontology. As a very primitive Hadrosauridae, Equijubus has shown that the Hasrosauridae may have originated in Asia and that they evolved directly from Iguanodon. 14 years after the Equijubus species was named, paleontologists are once again studying their fossils using the latest technology. They found evidence of herbivorous dinosaurs actually eating grass in fossils! On December 21, 2017, You Hailu and other paleontologists published a research paper titled “Dinosaur-related cuticles and crystals from the Chinese Gramineae family of the Cretaceous Period” on National Science Journal of China. The paper mentioned that the microstructure of primitive herbaceous plants (herbs, rice) was silicified between the teeth of the dinosaur Equijubus. This suggests that herbaceous plants were originally the food of this dinosaur. In fact, to answer the question of whether or not herbivorous dinosaurs ate grass, we need to know that the grass family is a large family of plants with more than 650 genera. Rice, wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, etc… the plants that we cannot live without are all grasses, and many other plants that we can eat are also grasses. People have always doubted the existence of the grass family, and the time period of its appearance is also quite unclear. And in the past, scientists always thought that they appeared after dinosaurs. But through the discovery of secrets from the fossils of the dinosaur Equijubus, we have learned that grass appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. This means that on Earth, dinosaurs of that time also had herbivorous habits (literally eating grass). The earliest known seed-bearing plants can be traced back to the Middle Jurassic or earlier, 164 million years ago. It was discovered during the Boda Jurassic period in Inner Mongolia. Although this plant is only a few centimeters tall, it already has roots, stems, leaves, and fruits.

Photos taken on Mars show many features similar to the glaciers in Antarctica. If these covered glaciers do, in fact, exist, they could be a reason to direct future Mars rovers towards this region. This location is inherently attractive to SpaceX and NASA because it is a wide, flat plain that is ideal for landing spacecraft. If there was ice not too deep below the surface, astronauts could also easily have a source of water within reach. Lead researcher Shannon Hibbard, a doctoral student at the University of Western Ontario, Canada, said the newly discovered flow-like features are very strange because they appear on flat terrain. “There’s a lot of evidence that this is an ice-rich area, but we don’t have any confidence that there could be a glacier in places with tortuous features,” said Hibbard. this. They’re existing in a pretty flat plane, so that’s odd.” Mysterious terrain Arcadia Planitia is located in the northern lowlands of Mars. Over the past 3 billion years, lava flows have been active over this area, so it is much less prone to crater cracking than other areas of the planet. Data collected from orbit over many years shows that the ground in the region is rich in hydrogen. Because water is made of hydrogen and oxygen molecules, this hydrogen indicates the presence of ice just below the surface. For decades, scientists have noticed features on Mars that are associated with ice. Along the low hills, there are debris that looks like the flow of a glacier covered in a thin layer of rock. There are also veins in seagulls that look similar to glaciers flowing through valleys on Earth. Similar features also occur in Arcadia Planitia, says Hibbard. Lobate features occur near a set of mountains known as the Montes Erebus that rise from the plain. Images taken from orbit, thermal data showing the surface’s temperature during both day and night, albedo data showing the surface reflectance, dust cover information and altitude data, and topographic. glacial flow The tortuous features are a big mystery because they look like they were created by the flow of ice, but the terrain isn’t steep enough to explain why the ice moves, says Hibbard. “We had to try to figure out what they are, why do they have thermal symbols, why are they so bright all day and night, why do they have flow characteristics, why are they threaded?” she said. Analysis shows that these features are in fact ice-derived. The undulating shapes look similar to other features associated with slow-moving matter found on Mars, Hibbard said, and the data suggests that these spots are indeed rich in ice. The most similar-looking sinusoidal feature, says Hibbard, is the ice flows inside the Earth’s ice sheets, which are mainly found in Antarctica. These faster-moving ice flows are not well understood on Earth, much less Mars, Hibbard says, but they represent an example of ice flowing in fairly flat terrain. This is a controversial claim, says Hibbard, because most of Earth’s ice streams need at least a thin layer of liquid water at their bottoms to lubricate their flow. It’s not clear if water under the ice exists or ever existed on Mars, she said, and it’s not clear whether a wet background is needed to create ice flows on the Red Planet. One possibility could be that in the past, when Mars’ orbit was tilted differently than it is today and its climate was different, sub-glacial melting may have occurred. The study is published in the May issue of the journal Icarus.

Climate change is one of the main causes of extinctions worldwide. 5 mass extinctions Dinosaurs became extinct in the Jurassic, more than 200 million years ago. * Ordovician-Silurian Extinction: About 440 million years ago The first mass extinction on Earth occurred at a time when organisms such as corals and shellfish filled the world’s shallow waters but had yet to venture to land. Life itself has begun to spread and diversify, first appearing around 3.7 billion years ago. But about 440 million years ago, a climate change caused sea temperatures to shift, and much of the life in the ocean died out. At the end of the Ordovician, mass glaciations covered the southern supercontinent, Gondwana. According to a study published in the journal Oceanology, glaciation on this scale has stripped away high proportions of the world’s water and dramatically lowered global sea levels, depriving the world of vital habitats. species, destroying the food chain and reducing fertility, according to a study published in the journal Oceanology. However, not all scientists agree with this. According to National Geographic, other theories suggest that the toxic metal may have dissolved into seawater during periods of oxygen depletion, wiping out marine life. Other scientists suggest that a gamma-ray burst from a supernova ripped through a giant hole in the ozone layer, allowing deadly ultraviolet radiation to kill life below. According to APS News, there is a Another theory is that volcanoes are the cause. * Late Devonian Extinction: Over 365 million years ago The Devonian period witnessed the rise and fall of many prehistoric marine species. Although by this time animals had already begun to evolve on land, most of life was swimming through the oceans. Until vascular plants, such as trees and flowers, have the potential to cause a second mass extinction. According to the BBC, as plants develop roots, they inadvertently transform the land they inhabit, turning rocks and rubble into soil. This nutrient-rich soil then runs into the world’s oceans, causing algae to bloom on a massive scale. These blooms essentially created giant “dead zones,” areas where algae take oxygen from the water, suffocating marine life and wreaking havoc on the marine food chain. Species that could not adapt to reduced oxygen levels and lack of food died. However, this theory is still being debated, and some scientists believe that volcanic eruptions are responsible for the drop in oxygen levels in the ocean, according to a study in the journal Geology. A species of sea monster that has been wiped out from the world’s oceans is the 10 m long armored fish called Dunkleosteus . * Permian-Triassic extinction: ~253 million years ago This extinction event is the largest event that has ever occurred on Earth. It wiped out about 90% of all species on the planet and wiped out the reptiles, insects and amphibians that roamed the land. What caused this catastrophic event was a period of rampant volcanism. According to the Sam Noble Museum in Oklahoma, in the ocean, rising levels of carbon dioxide dissolve into the water, poisoning marine organisms and depriving them of their oxygen-rich water. Rising sea temperatures also reduce oxygen levels in the water. Corals are one of the hardest hit groups of marine life – it takes 14 million years for oceanic reefs to rebuild as they once were. * Triassic-Jurassic Extinction: About 201 million years ago The Triassic period was the time when dinosaurs began to inhabit the world. Unfortunately, many volcanoes were also erupting at that time. While it’s still not clear exactly why this fourth mass extinction occurred, scientists suggest that massive volcanic activity occurred in an area of ​​the world now covered by the Atlantic Ocean. cover . Similar to the Permian extinction, volcanoes released huge amounts of carbon dioxide, causing climate change and devastating life on Earth. Global temperatures rise, ice melt, sea levels rise and acidification. As a result, many marine and terrestrial species became extinct; These include large prehistoric crocodiles and several species of flying pterosaurs. All dinosaurs were killed in the fifth mass extinction. Scientists estimate that many species that can fly, burrow or dive into the depths of the ocean survive. For instance, the only true descendants of dinosaurs living today are modern-day birds – more than 10,000 species are thought to have descended from survivors. Is the 6th going? According to The Conversation, scientists define a mass extinction when about three-quarters of species die out in a short geological time, i.e. less than 2.8 million years. Currently, humans are in the early stages of the latest mass extinction, which is happening much faster than any other species. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), since 1970, populations of vertebrate species have decreased by an average of 68% and now more than 35,000 species are considered threatened with extinction. During the 20th century, as many as 543 species of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct, according to a research paper in the journal PNAS. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in 1760, humans have been a major factor in Earth’s current environmental crisis. From greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion to deforestation, plastic piling and the illegal animal trade, humans have been proactively depriving the world of some species and threatening many others. Ecotourism is an industry that drives conservation efforts around the world, but it is on the verge of collapse since global travel restrictions were introduced. Without tourist income, conservationists are having a hard time protecting vulnerable species from poaching, while the COVID-19 pandemic is intensifying. The New York Times reported. Rhinos in Botswana, feral cats in South America and tigers in India have all been targeted in the past year. In the context of the current pandemic, the wildlife market has become the focus of attention for not only being environmentally irresponsible but also potentially endangering human health through infectious diseases. from animals to humans – such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These markets, which trade in live exotic animals or products derived from them, are found all over the world. For example, bear farms in Asia trap 20,000 Asian black bears for bile, leading to a decline in wild populations. Another potential solution to combat extinction could be the cloning of species. In February 2021, scientists revealed they had successfully cloned a black-footed ferret from an animal that died more than 30 years ago. Native to North America, these small mammals were thought to be extinct until a small colony was found in the early 1980s, where they were engaged in breeding and reintroduction programs. across America. The cloning process is similar to that of Dolly the sheep in the early 1990s.

Samples collected by Japan’s Hayabusa-2 probe. Pour mining money in space According to Florian Vidal (researcher at the French Institute of International Relations) and Professor of Physics José Halloy, the acceleration of ecological transition to combat climate change has led to a sharp increase in mineral demand. to service supposedly zero-carbon technologies as well as to maintain existing or newly built infrastructure. While projects to exploit mineral resources are being replicated on Earth, many “new fronts” are also being considered, such as mining in space. Typically, in 2016, the world’s media buzzed with the daring project of exploiting mineral resources on asteroids of the US companies Planetary Resources and Deep Space Industries. When Planetary Resources entered the space industry in the early 2010s, the company’s leaders were ambitious and promised to enter a new stage in the conquest of space with mining. on asteroids. Since 2012, the company’s project has attracted many private investors such as Larry Page and Éric Schmidt – the heads of Google Corporation, and filmmaker James Cameron. Excitement and enthusiasm for the field of space mining from the US has crossed the Atlantic Ocean and spread to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In addition to adapting national legislation, Luxembourg’s diplomatic service has also been mobilized to facilitate the development of an area considered by the government to be strategic. By the summer of 2016, the State of Luxembourg, through the National Corporation for Credit and Investment (SNCI), spent 12 million euros to buy a 10% stake in the American company Planetary Resources. However, two years later, this partnership was broken. When the American company ran into financial difficulties, the Luxembourg government sold their shares at a symbolic price. However, Luxembourg’s participation in the space mineral exploration project has given them an international position to connect the fields of investment and invention and invention. Continuing the policy in this area, Luxembourg later continued to participate in NASA’s Artemis project to return humans to the moon. Japan, another member of the Artemis project, is also interested in the scientific study of the composition of asteroids, which is a step towards exploring potential mineral resources in space. In December 2020, Japan’s Hayabusa-2 space probe returned to Earth after a six-year mission past the asteroid Ryugu. The goal of this science mission was to prove Ryugu could have the primordial components of the solar system, and Hayabusa-2 accomplished the engineering feat of collecting 5.4 grams of matter from Ryugu at a cost 16.4 billion yen (126 million euros). Similarly, on October 20, 2020, Osiris-Rex (a NASA space probe) also performed a 6-second landing mission on asteroid Bennu to collect dust samples (regolith). Osiris-Rex is expected to return to Earth in 2023 with the collected dust sample. The cost of this mission is about $800 million and about $183.5 million for the Atlas V rocket. Perspectives under the sea To cope with the world’s growing mineral demand, undersea mining is often seen as a solution due to the vastness of this space. Among the countries interested in undersea mining is Norway. After 3 years of seabed exploration, making the Nordic country a leader in this new mining industry, in January 2021, the Norwegian Ministry of Oil and Energy announced the possibility of issuing a license from 2023. Mining permits are available to interested businesses, such as allowing Nordic Mining ASA’s Nordic Ocean Resources AS to exploit deep seabeds rich in copper, zinc, cobalt, gold and silver ores. According to many estimates, there is 6.9 million tons of copper on the Norwegian continental shelf. Japan also has similar plans, with the ability to start exploiting the seabed from 2026. In Canada, DeepGreen (based in Vancouver) in 2019 announced to raise an investment of 150 million. USD to begin exploration for mineral resources in a part of the Pacific Ocean. This is a sign of growing confidence in the industry’s future. However, mining depends primarily on the market price of the metal and the reduction in the cost of mining in the marine environment. The consequences of fishing for marine ecosystems are also of great concern. Scientists warn against switching too quickly from exploration to exploitation because humans still have little understanding of the vast undersea environment and life on the seabed. Controversy over regulations The development of mining activities in the new “fronts” mentioned above also poses the need for appropriate regulations to adjust. This is also what the leaders of the countries have seen. Typically, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has spent many years drafting a Code for Future Undersea Mining – an indispensable tool for monitoring possible mining activities. deployed. Regulating is considered vital to seabed mining in deep waters such as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) which extends from the Hawaiian Islands to the Baja California peninsula and lies on the road. fault of the Pacific Ocean. This vast area is believed to have reserves of 247 million tons of nickel and 226 million tons of copper. However, many studies have shown that hidden in these spaces is a unique biodiversity and their density is reinforced by the presence of multi-needle nodules located at a depth of 4-5 km. Currently, the debate over regulations for these activities is still raging. While the International Seabed Authority recommends a gradual adjustment of regulations on a step-by-step basis when there are actors involved in seabed mining, it is also argued that such a gradual adjustment is slow. Slow, follow reality. Some argue that it will be difficult to modify the rules of conduct once mining has started. Experts say that although the exploitation of the ocean floor does not fully compensate for the activities taking place on land, it is a necessary additional source to meet future needs. But, as with space, deep-sea mining initiatives are posing dilemmas about extracting resources in increasingly remote regions. All opinions are that, whether on land or at sea, the conservation of ecological balance is a criterion to consider mining projects.

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres. Photo: THX/VNA Human happiness and well-being can be greatly improved by prioritizing nature-based solutions – United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Antonio Guterres affirmed at the Fifth Session of the United Nations Conference. The United Nations Environment Council took place in February. This message was reiterated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations on the occasion of this year’s International Day of Biodiversity, 22 May, that each of us plays an important role in protecting biodiversity and protecting nature by establish balance in the relationship between man and the Earth. Or to put it more simply, choosing a lifestyle in harmony with nature is the best way for people to develop sustainably and avoid the risk of new diseases, because humans are an important piece of the puzzle. natural change. This is also the theme of the International Day of Biodiversity May 22 this year: “We are part of the solution – For nature.” Biodiversity has long been a global issue. Currently, there are millions of plant and animal species that are in danger of extinction due to human impacts. According to the report of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), there are 5 main causes of biodiversity loss which are changes in land use demand; overexploitation of wild animals and plants; Climate Change; environmental pollution and invasive alien organisms. Meanwhile, the process of globalization is increasing the movement of species beyond the inherent natural range through tourism, trade, etc., disrupting native ecosystems and the environment. The year 2021 is considered an important milestone in the conservation of ecosystems on Earth, marking the 10th anniversary of the UN declaration of the period 2011-2020 as the “United Nations Decade on Biodiversity”. is the transition step for a new phase “Decade of Ecosystem Restoration” (period 2021-2030). 10 years ago, then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on all humanity to protect biodiversity on Earth, emphasizing that sustainable human development depends heavily on diversity. this. At that time, the head of the United Nations emphasized that people can never get precious opportunities and miracles from nature, such as natural medicines to cure incurable diseases, when many ecosystems are permanently destroyed or the land becomes unusable. From this perspective to the health crisis related to COVID-19 that the world is grappling with, people are increasingly aware that biodiversity and ecosystems are tied to human survival and Protecting nature and ecosystems also means protecting our own lives. However, the UN warns that the rate at which biodiversity loss is occurring is unprecedented. In a new study published in the journal Frontiers in Forest and Global Change, scientists estimate that only 3% of the world’s land area (excluding Antarctica) is still ecologically intact, with healthy primitive animal populations and undisturbed habitats. One million species of plants and animals out of a total of 8 million species on Earth are on the verge of extinction. Some scientists think that the sixth mass extinction on Earth is beginning and will have serious consequences for food, clean water and air. The theme of this year’s International Day of Biodiversity is a continuation of the 2020 theme “Our solutions are available in nature”. This is seen as a reminder that biodiversity is still an important solution, an option for sustainable development. Therefore, from nature-based solutions to climate, health, food security, drinking water and sustainable livelihoods, biodiversity is the foundation on which people around the world can Build back better. According to the United Nations, the livelihoods of more than 3 billion people around the world depend on marine and coastal biodiversity, while 1.6 billion people make a living from forests. The conservation of species on Earth is no longer in the framework of “altruism” but plays an important role in ensuring human life. In fact, the COVID-19 pandemic forces people to rethink the protective role of biodiversity against infectious diseases. There is evidence that biodiversity loss can increase the number of cases of communicable diseases. infection from animals to humans. In fact, 70% of infectious diseases spreading in recent years originate in animals. Therefore, the more the “health” of the ecosystem declines, the more fragile the immune “wall” between humans and pathogens will be. Looking back on 10 years of implementation of the “United Nations Decade on Biodiversity”, the world has recognized encouraging human progress in the conservation and restoration of biodiversity. According to a report by the World Conservation Monitoring Center of UNEP and the World Union for the Conservation of Nature, 22.5 million square kilometers of land and ecosystems Inland waters along with 28.1 million square kilometers of coastline and oceans have been preserved in the past 10 years.Another encouraging result was also noted by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). 59 million hectares of forest have regenerated since 2000, enough to cover France.WWF emphasizes that protecting and restoring forests is a better climate change solution than planting trees because existing forests not only absorb more greenhouse gases but also protect wildlife and biodiversity. Ru Cha primary mangrove forest in Huong Phong commune, Huong Tra town, Thua Thien – Hue province (Vietnam) has an area of ​​about 5 hectares, has the function of preventing salinity, protecting aquatic resources and the mainland. Photo: Ho Cau/VNA Vietnam is one of the countries with the most important and diverse biodiversity in the world, both in terms of marine and terrestrial ecosystems (especially forest and mangrove ecosystems). To protect this “treasure” of nature, Vietnam officially ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity on October 17, 1994, and made great strides in the conservation of nature and biodiversity. As a result of this unremitting effort, a number of nature reserves in Vietnam have been recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for their natural value, including three heritage sites. nature, 2 global geoparks, 9 bio-rights reserves and 2 wetlands located in two world bio-rights reserves. Vietnam also encourages the application of construction solutions to be effective and sustainable in terms of economy, society, and natural environment; promote the implementation of conservation and sustainable use models, apply the ecosystem approach in integrated management of coastal zones, river basins, sustainable forest management, focusing on the role and interests of communities. copper. However, Vietnam’s conservation efforts are currently facing many challenges, such as deforestation, illegal logging, over-exploitation, economic growth, and population pressures. . The COVID-19 that has raged for more than a year is a reminder of the close relationship between humans and nature, when humans themselves have been depleting resources faster than nature can regenerate. Therefore, only humans can make a change for nature, in other words, humans are the most important piece of the solution to protect biodiversity and nature on Earth.

Use a telescope to track the stars. Illustration: IT. Stay away from lights when observing the sky When using a telescope to observe the sky, determine for yourself reasonable objects and choose the right time and place to observe them. Strong light is the enemy of the astronomical observer. Therefore, stay away from city lights. If you are in the city, you can go to the quiet suburbs if possible. Otherwise, you should choose high positions and have a wide viewing angle to limit the effects of light pollution. Which objects are best for you to observe with amateur telescopes? Many young people after completing the telescope with their own hands feel disappointed. Because you have too much hope for a dream glasses without taking into account the reality factor. Remember, even the glasses that cost thousands of dollars that you order from the world’s leading manufacturers cannot allow you to see the colors shown in the photos taken on Google. Also, pay attention only to the brightest and most observable subjects. Which objects are the brightest? Except for the Moon, readers with basic knowledge of astronomy will think of Venus, Jupiter, Mars or Sirius – the brightest star after the planets in the system. However, Venus is not a good object to observe even though it is very bright. All you see is a yellow halo due to its thick and toxic atmosphere. Stars like Sirius, Canopus, although many times brighter than that, they are just distant balloons. It is not a reasonable target for observation through amateur optical telescopes. The best observed objects are the Moon first, followed by Jupiter, Saturn, Mars and a few galaxies, remarkable nebula. Don’t Observe When The Moon Is Full To observe the Moon, adjust the position of the eyepiece accordingly and aim at the vicinity of the semi-dark area during the nights between the 6th, 7th and 11th of the 12th lunar month. The full moon is a bad subject because it is so bright that it will obscure the craters and valleys you can see. You can solve this with a thin layer of glass called a moon filter, which will reduce the light of the Moon as it reaches your face. With industrial-grade telescopes, most have this. As for the homemade glasses, you can also design it yourself using a glass or a piece of blue plastic but still clear enough to see through it. Even so, the Moon should not be observed on full moon nights. Because in addition to it covering itself, it also obscures other attractive objects of observation, except, of course, on full moon days when the lunar eclipse occurs. You should have a map of the visible part of the Moon to compare when observing. These maps are now easy to find on the Internet and simply print out with any black and white printer. To observe the planets, it is best to choose the right time for good results. Planets have a different period than Earth, so they do not have a stable position like the distant star background. The easiest way is to use computer software to check the positions of the planets, or you can use free software downloaded at www.stellarium.org. Do not forget to set the exact location of the user and when you want to observe. It is advisable to choose days that are not full moons because the planets are in relatively high positions. Jupiter is the most observable object through amateur telescopes. Push your eyepiece a little deeper than when looking at the Moon and try to orient the lens because it will disappear instantly if you don’t keep your gaze exactly. Although it is not possible to see the colors as clearly as in the photos online that have been taken with exposure techniques, and through equipment thousands of times more modern than the amateur glasses you own, the colors Basic with brown lines, dark yellow is what you will see, and moreover the 4 Galilean satellites of this planet. Saturn is like Jupiter, just determine the right direction and fix the glass and you will easily observe it. The most interesting thing to look at this planet is its ring. However, it won’t be as colorful as you’re used to seeing in the photos, both the planet and the ring appear pale yellow. Next in the Solar System is Mars. But observing this planet is not very interesting because all you see is a faint red and maybe some black patches with faint ice caps at the poles if the telescope is relatively good. Anyway, this is the only planet in the Solar System that we can see some of its surface through amateur telescopes. One type of object that is very interesting to observe with amateur telescopes or, more neatly, tubes are bright galaxies and nebulae. Remember to push your eyepiece even further towards the objective so that you can observe the celestial bodies at infinity. The first notable is the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), a spiral galaxy. At a distance of nearly 3 million light-years, it emits light strong enough to be seen with the naked eye. Even with a small binocular you can see a band of light that seems to be a combination of countless small bright dots when directed towards it. What you see is billions and billions of suns like our own. Next is the Pleiades star cluster (M45), also known as the stellar group. It is also easy to recognize with the naked eye, it is a small group of 7 brightest stars located right in the constellation Taurus. Through binoculars or small telescopes, it can be clearly seen that it is a blue star cluster with many stars, including 7 brightest stars visible to the naked eye, so it is called the Seven Stars. This is an open cluster in the milky Way located 400 light-years from Earth. Another member you should look out for is the Orion Nebula (M42), an emission nebula with the same galaxy about 1,350 light-years from Earth. The Orion Nebula, although visible to the naked eye, is quite faint.

Mr. David Parker – Director of ESA shared with the press: “We are entering a new phase – a stage where humans are likely to explore the “eighth continent”. The Moon is a repository of archives. With the Moonlight project our mission is to take an important step towards uncovering the wonders of the Solar System, which stores 4.5 billion years of history, yet we barely understand its secrets. mystery of the universe”. Moon with “satellite constellation” that Moonlight will build, in order to turn this place into “8th continent” – Photo: ESA. The space agency did not disclose the specific cost to carry out this mission, but according to information, a number of companies from the UK, EU and Canada have offered to work with ESA to develop the Moonlight project. They will provide telecommunications and navigation services for crews and robots. The ESA said: “The combination of many agencies and organizations will facilitate the exploration of more space on the Moon. This is one of the goals of the NASA Artemis mission to return humans to the Moon in 2024.” Upon learning of this project, dozens of international, institutional and commercial groups have offered to support ESA. Many of these initiatives come from major space organizations in China, India, Japan, and Russia, along with other astronaut nations and private companies. Outline the primitive base that ESA intends to build, which will start a large city in the future – Photo: ESA. These helpers saw benefits from being involved in the project as: Radio astronomers could set up observatories on the far side of the Moon, with the understanding that the signal would move relay information back to Earth easily and quickly. Commercial agencies could develop supporting new services and products, such as virtual reality games in which players control Moon robots. It is possible to name a number of agencies and organizations that propose to participate in the Moonlight project such as: British company Surrey Satellite Technology (SST) will participate in Moonlight and act as a service provider and producer. satellite output. “Our partnership with ESA will provide the world’s first lunar data relay service,” said SST CEO Phil Brownnett. Or London-based Inmarsat and MDA Space and Robotics Ltd (MDA UK), based at the Harwell Science and Innovation Facility in Oxfordshire, both leading the exploration of ideas. They will work on the development of the Lunar Navigation and Communication Service (LCNS) to support future scientific, exploration and commercial activities on the lunar surface. Yasrine Ibnyahya, Senior Director at Inmarsat said: “I am confident that the expertise and assets from Inmarsat can solve problems in the most efficient and cost-effective way. The Moonlight project is the first step to open up future opportunities, it can facilitate human exploration of space, develop technology and can be the basis for access to new resources. “.

A super blood moon turns red-orange (right). The color fades during a partial lunar eclipse (center), followed by a penumbral eclipse, when the Moon appears in a faint gray (left). Photo: Getty Images. A supermoon occurs when the moon is full at the point where the Moon’s orbit brings it closest to Earth. And the “Blood Moon” appears as it moves through the Earth’s shadow, obscuring the light from the Sun. A combination of such events will occur on May 26, with a total lunar eclipse followed by a partial lunar eclipse, the Moon appearing in red, then fading to gray. Right after sunset on May 26 (the full moon of the fourth lunar month), a “super blood moon” will hang in the sky to the east-southeast of Ho Chi Minh City. At this time, the supermoon and total lunar eclipse will combine to create a rare celestial image. This is Asia’s first total lunar eclipse in nearly three years – a brief but dramatic sight. This spectacle was observed for only 15 minutes from around the Pacific Rim, over the entire night part of the Earth. At this time, astronomy and sky lovers are hoping that the full moon night of April will be clear so they can watch the Moon turn red-orange. Phases of total lunar eclipse observed in Hong Kong in 2011. Photo: AFP What causes the “Super Blood Moon”? The Moon orbits Earth in an elliptical orbit every 27 days, so every month there is one point when it is furthest from Earth and another when it is closest. This moving closer and further away causes tides in the oceans. When a full moon occurs at the point closest to the Earth, it is called a Super Moon. Supermoons have occurred several times this year, but this “Flower Moon” will be the closest of the year. “Sister Hang” will be located 357,311km from Earth just 9 hours before the “Blood Moon”, or total lunar eclipse. As a result, the full moon in April this year will be about 8% larger than the full moon on average. Usually that means a brighter moon, but not this month. However, those interested are looking forward to seeing the “king tide” in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. The blood moon eclipse, the longest of the 21st century, was observed over Hong Kong on July 27, 2018. Photo: Getty Images. When does a total lunar eclipse happen? The “blood moon” is the result of the full moon moving through the Earth’s shadow. This phenomenon can happen when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, but not often because the Moon’s orbit around the Earth is eccentric, so it usually moves below or above the Earth’s shadow. If not, there would be a total lunar eclipse every month. The last time there was a partial lunar eclipse in Hong Kong was on July 17, 2019. Illustration of a total lunar eclipse that occurs when the Moon is completely in the Earth’s shadow. Why did the “Super Blood Moon” turn red? The only light you’ll see at the Moon as it rises over Hong Kong will be filtered by the Earth’s atmosphere first. The sun looks orange-red at dusk and dawn because red light has the longest wavelength. As a result, it moves through Earth’s atmosphere more easily, colliding with fewer molecules in the air as it passes (while blue has the shortest wavelength, thus hitting more obstacles and scattering, that’s why the sky is blue). The same thing happens during a total lunar eclipse. Because the Earth lies between the Sun and the Moon, light that can reach the Moon must first pass through the Earth’s atmosphere. People take pictures of the lunar eclipse from the Avenue of Stars in Hong Kong in October 2014. Photo: AFP. When can you see the “Super Blood Moon”? The Pacific Rim – which includes East and Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the island nations of the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of the US – will be able to see the total lunar eclipse on May 26. People in eastern Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii are said to have the best views of the “Blood Moon”. According to the timeanddate website, in Ho Chi Minh City, the moon rises at 6:07 pm on May 26, but at a low position and the total lunar eclipse phase will make the moon too dim, difficult to track until the moon rises. over the sky and the total lunar eclipse ends.

A super blood moon turns red-orange (right). The color fades during a partial lunar eclipse (center), followed by a penumbral eclipse, when the Moon appears in a faint gray (left). Photo: Getty Images The “super blood moon” combined with the total lunar eclipse on the full moon day of the fourth lunar month will create a magnificent and beautiful sight that the people of our country as well as Asian countries can enjoy watching. A supermoon occurs when the moon is full at the point where the Moon’s orbit brings it closest to Earth. And the “Blood Moon” appears as it moves through the Earth’s shadow, obscuring the light from the Sun. A combination of such events will occur on May 26, with a total lunar eclipse followed by a partial lunar eclipse, the Moon appearing in red, then fading to gray. Right after sunset on May 26 (the full moon of the fourth lunar month), a “super blood moon” will hang in the sky to the east-southeast of Ho Chi Minh City. At this time, the supermoon and total lunar eclipse will combine to create a rare celestial image. This is Asia’s first total lunar eclipse in nearly three years – a brief but dramatic sight. This spectacle was observed for only 15 minutes from around the Pacific Rim, over the entire night part of the Earth. At this time, astronomy and sky lovers are hoping that the full moon night of April will be clear so they can watch the Moon turn red-orange. Phases of total lunar eclipse observed in Hong Kong in 2011. Photo: AFP What causes the “Super Blood Moon”? The Moon orbits Earth in an elliptical orbit every 27 days, so every month there is one point when it is furthest from Earth and another when it is closest. This moving closer and further away causes tides in the oceans. When a full moon occurs at the point closest to the Earth, it is called a Super Moon. Supermoons have occurred several times this year, but this “Flower Moon” will be the closest of the year. “Sister Hang” will be located 357,311km from Earth just 9 hours before the “Blood Moon”, or total lunar eclipse. As a result, the full moon in April this year will be about 8% larger than the full moon on average. Usually that means a brighter moon, but not this month. However, those interested are looking forward to seeing the “king tide” in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. The blood moon eclipse, the longest of the 21st century, was observed over Hong Kong on July 27, 2018. Photo: Getty Images When does a total lunar eclipse happen? The “blood moon” is the result of the full moon moving through the Earth’s shadow. This phenomenon can happen when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, but not often because the Moon’s orbit around the Earth is eccentric, so it usually moves below or above the Earth’s shadow. If not, there would be a total lunar eclipse every month. The last time there was a partial lunar eclipse in Hong Kong was on July 17, 2019. Illustration of a total lunar eclipse that occurs when the Moon is completely in the Earth’s shadow. Why did the “Super Blood Moon” turn red? The only light you’ll see at the Moon as it rises over Hong Kong will be filtered by the Earth’s atmosphere first. The sun looks orange-red at dusk and dawn because red light has the longest wavelength. As a result, it moves through Earth’s atmosphere more easily, colliding with fewer molecules in the air as it passes (while blue has the shortest wavelength, thus hitting more obstacles and scattering, that’s why the sky is blue). The same thing happens during a total lunar eclipse. Because the Earth lies between the Sun and the Moon, light that can reach the Moon must first pass through the Earth’s atmosphere. When can you see the “Super Blood Moon”? The Pacific Rim – which includes East and Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the island nations of the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of the US – will be able to see the total lunar eclipse on May 26. People in eastern Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii are said to have the best views of the “Blood Moon”. According to the timeanddate website, in Ho Chi Minh City, the moon rises at 6:07 pm on May 26, but at a low position and the total lunar eclipse phase will make the moon too dim, difficult to track until the moon rises. over the sky and the total lunar eclipse ended. Watch a video demonstrating the “super blood moon” phenomenon on May 26 (Source: The secret of universe) At 6:11 pm on May 26, the total lunar eclipse begins, the moon is completely red. Those interested are encouraged to go to high points or areas with a clear view of the East-southeast of the City for the best view of the lunar eclipse. At 18:18, the total lunar eclipse is at its maximum; and at 18:25: Total lunar eclipse ends. At 19:52: The partial lunar eclipse ends and at 20:49, the penumbral eclipse also ends. What will the “super blood moon” be like? There are a few different phases to this lunar eclipse. The full Moon will be completely obscured – and reddish – for 15 minutes before it moves out of Earth’s shadow and the left side of the Moon begins to shine. Over the next 92 minutes, the Moon will be less red. Once completely gray again, the moon will remain in the Earth’s shadow and will look like a dim full moon. People take pictures of the lunar eclipse from the Avenue of Stars in Hong Kong in October 2014. Photo: AFP With a clear sky, it would be a strange sight. Because a total lunar eclipse occurs just as the Moon is rising, you may find the red full moon looks larger than average. When the 15 minutes of total lunar eclipse are over, if the sky is still clear blue, then the best scenes can appear. After the “blood moon” phase, the Moon will drift out of the Earth’s shadow, but the partial lunar eclipse (“half-blood moon”) is now as strange a sight as the total. As the full Moon rises higher in the sky, you’ll be able to see a slight curve above it. It is the edge of the Earth’s shadow in space projected onto the surface of the Moon. It is one of the strangest images of nature.

On May 21, G7 pledged to completely stop funding coal-fired power plants. On May 21, environment ministers from the Group of Top Industrialized Countries (G7) agreed to take concrete steps by the end of the year to stop government funding for coal-fired power plants as part of efforts to curb global warming. In a statement after the two-day video conference, the G7 environment ministers said: “(We) are committed to taking concrete steps towards an absolute end to the new direct government assistance. for international coal-fired power generation by the end of 2021, including through Official Development Assistance (ODA), export finance, investment, financial support and trade promotion” . However, the statement did not mention the possibility of phasing out coal-fired power generation, leading analysts to believe that the G7’s call would have little impact on global efforts to tackle the problem. climate change issue. The removal of government support for fossil fuel financing, which emits large amounts of greenhouse gases that warm the Earth, is seen as essential to limiting the growth of fossil fuels. global temperature increase at 1.5 degrees Celsius, above pre-industrial levels. (according to Kyodo)

Phil Schneider, a government employee, said he had met aliens. The truth about the above information is still up for debate, but the stories surrounding it have been recorded in detail. The witnesses The desert town of Dulce in New Mexico, USA, with less than 3,000 residents, does not even have traffic lights, yet is a place that attracts ufologists and conspiracy theorists to visit and find understand. They believe that beneath this village is a secret seven-story military facility, known as Dulce Base, dedicated to alien research. While mysterious stories revolving around the deserts of this region are nothing new, information about an alien base has attracted the attention of the public. It all started in the mid-1970s, when a New Mexico State cop named Gabriel Valdez reported on a disturbing cattle mutilation. Accordingly, he saw a “sophisticated spacecraft” flying in the sky near the supposed Dulce Base and then discovered a mutilated cow with a dead fetus inside. He asserted that the fetus was not an unborn calf, but a strange hybrid animal that “looks like a human, a monkey and a frog”. There is no sign that the cow was killed by a wild animal. Political scientist Michael Barkun, author of the popular book A Culture of Conspiracy, which includes Valdez’s account, notes that cattle mutilation is common. related to nearby UFO sightings. The above claims went viral and were followed in 1979 by the revelations of Paul Bennewitz, a physicist and businessman in Albuquerque, a large New Mexico city. Bennewitz said intercepted the electronic signals at Dulce, which he believes emanate from the depths of the earth and are aimed too high for human activity. With growing interest in cattle mutilation and claims of electronic signals, the legend of Dulce Base was born. In 1982, Bennewitz first talked about the existence of the secret base. He even published an article titled “Project Beta” in 1988, detailing how to infiltrate the military facility. By May 1990, John Lear claimed to have obtained “four independent confirmations” that the seven-story underground structure was real. Lear is a former pilot and government employee, and the son of the owner of LearJet, an American business jet maker, so many people believe his claims. Lear goes even further, describing the various alien breeds that are said to have visited Earth. Lear’s story is the basis for subsequent claims about the alien base in New Mexico. However, not long after that, Phil Schneider really overshadowed Bennewitz and Lear’s claims with a strange story about the secret alien base. A self-described former government employee and explosives expert, Schneider said he was involved in the construction of Base Dulce. In his 1995 presentation, he revealed that in the early stages of the project, the army encountered alien entities below the ground and a gunfight took place. He lost several fingers in this battle because of alien laser weapons. According to Schneider, about 60 people were killed in the conflict beneath the desert before a peace deal was settled. However, there is no evidence that what he claims is reliable. In 1996, Schneider committed suicide, taking the mysteries of Dulce Base to his grave. Dulce underground base as described by eyewitnesses. The mystery still covers Many illustrations of the layout of Dulce Base were circulated, but were not very reliable. Experts say it has 7 floors and is located about 3 km below the ground, which is strictly protected. Each floor is dedicated to a specific research, from controlling the human mind, to genetic experiments aimed at conducting human-alien hybrids. Some diagrams even show the aliens having their own homes on the base, while some staff members reveal the sixth floor – also known as the “nightmare Hall” – is the scariest of all. This place often emits the screams of the test subjects that echo through the corridors. According to Schneider, the Dulce Base is just one of 129 facilities of its kind that are concealed across the United States. He and his supporters allege the so-called “black budget” of the United States, somewhere between $50 and $80 billion, is capable of supporting clandestine research at these facilities. UFO sightings in the US still happen. The Pentagon recently acknowledged that Air Force footage of unidentified flying objects is real, and the Navy has drawn up new guidance on how to report these phenomena. For the inhabitants of Dulce, the story of aliens is nothing new. Geraldine Julian, who claims to have seen UFOs since the 1960s, said: “All over Dulce, anyone can tell you about aliens, if you ask. They will tell you what they have seen. It’s not a myth, because I’ve seen it myself.”

Peary reindeer on the British island of Ellesmere. This area is larger than France and Spain combined and three times the size of Germany. However, Canada has a natural area conservation goal called “30 by 30” that aims to preserve at least 30% of the country’s land and seas by 2030. Goal “30 by 30” To live up to the “30 by 30” goal, new protected areas must preserve biodiversity and secure areas for carbon storage, fresh water supply, or protection of recreational areas. based on nature. However, many of these key areas of great benefit coincide with competitive land uses such as agriculture, forestry, and natural resource extraction. This is a challenge for Canada. Traditional conservation methods may not be enough to achieve the “30 by 30” goal and new and innovative conservation methods are needed. The “30 by 30” goal comes from the “Coalition of High Ambitions for People and Nature” – a United Nations initiative to tackle the global climate crisis. 55 member states, including Canada, the European Union, Japan and Mexico, have committed to achieving the “30 by 30” goal. Other countries such as the United States, which are not full members of the alliance, have recently made similar commitments. The reason behind the 30% target is clear: It is imperative to ensure that natural areas that provide essential benefits to humanity such as food, clean water, clean air and a stable climate… are protected. This is considered an “ecosystem service” and is a collection of benefits that the natural environment brings to humans. Humans have dramatically changed, about 75% of the land on Earth, and have caused drastic negative impacts on at least 40% of the oceans, resulting in about a quarter of species being threatened with extinction. Low rates of global biodiversity and loss of natural areas now threaten the world’s natural life support systems, scientists say. Expanding protected land globally is key action that will help reverse these trends, thereby protecting biodiversity and benefiting people. A protected biodiversity area in Canada. Creative conservation Canada’s protected areas cover 12% of the country, and this area could have grown to 17% by the end of 2020 as new parks and new reserves are completed across the country. Expanding from 12% to 30% means adding an area roughly equivalent to the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba combined. One study found that about two-thirds of the area that provides fresh water and recreational opportunities for Canadians coincides with agricultural land and where resources (oil and gas, minerals, and timber) are owned. This highlights the need for innovative conservation approaches, especially those that focus on the landscape. While natural areas are often prioritized for conservation, farms, forests and pastures are also critical to achieving the 30% target. Landscape conservation requires new and flexible approaches. This could include landowners restoring and managing the land, adding wildflower bands to enhance field pollination, or improving soil and water management to protect water quality. In forests, it is necessary to protect old trees and their carbon stores by prioritizing forest ecosystem health and biodiversity over economic profit. In addition, it is necessary to maintain the complex forest structure by conserving large trees or creating gaps in the forest canopy and planting a variety of forest trees to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. Among the techniques mentioned above, there are many techniques that are not new, but combining them in a conservation framework like other conventional techniques would be novel. Previous conservation methods have mainly relied on individual areas in the form of protected areas. It will also be new for governments to actively collaborate with communities, indigenous peoples and conservation groups to carry out conservation work. It is very important to combine the above methods to achieve the “30 by 30” goal. The good thing is that Canada already has a number of factors to make the above combination. Biosphere reserves combine the exploiting lands here to be highly protected, and provide a prime example of how to designate, manage, and operate diverse types of conservation and use. of human. Indigenous protected and conserved areas are another example that can enable countries to manage, use and protect traditional lands according to their legal and cultural systems. These are being applied more and more in Canada. Finally, urban parks such as Rouge National Park in Toronto have been a major benefit to city dwellers and help connect those living in neighborhoods with nature. A forest in Canada. Challenges and benefits Major obstacles to the use of these new conservation methods include the need to rigorously evaluate whether conservation practices are effective. Many of the methods mentioned above are not easily suited to this type of assessment. Next is the “30 by 30” goal of biodiversity conservation, while some of the methods above focus on ecosystem services first and then on biodiversity. How will we decide between these different approaches? The new approaches are complex, requiring large capital and cooperation between governments and communities. In addition, it is difficult to implement and monitor after the method is established, which can lead to unexpected delays and delays. Despite these challenges, new conservation approaches have real potential to conserve some of the most threatened species and ecosystem services where the risk of harm is highest. This ensures the achievement of the “30 by 30” goal of conserving nature and the essential benefits it brings to people.

Part of Vietnam will see the total lunar eclipse, while the remaining areas will observe the partial lunar eclipse with a very high coverage rate. Vietnam can only see the latter stage of the phenomenon A lunar eclipse occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned (or nearly aligned) with the Earth in between. At this time, the Moon enters the shadow region behind the Earth and receives only a fraction of the light from the Sun than if it did not enter this region. For this reason, part or all of the Moon will be darker than usual and appear crimson. A lunar eclipse is a phenomenon that is not too rare and is easy to observe even without the aid of any instrument. Even so, it is still an interesting optical phenomenon and attracts many people’s attention. Particularly with the lunar eclipse that will take place at the end of May, many places in Vietnam will be able to track part of the total phase of the lunar eclipse. Therefore, this is indeed a remarkable phenomenon. Lunar eclipses are not uncommon, but observing the total phase is still something quite special. This lunar eclipse lasted for a total of more than 3 hours from the beginning to the end of the partial phase. If the semi-dark phase is included, the total duration of the phenomenon is more than 5 hours. However, because in the early phase of the lunar eclipse, in Vietnam, the Moon has not yet risen above the horizon. Therefore, observers in Vietnam can only observe the later stages of this phenomenon. Detailed schedule of the phenomenon in Vietnam time on May 26 specifically: Midnight lunar eclipse begins: 15:47; Partial lunar eclipse begins at 16:44; Full lunar eclipse starts at 18:11; Lunar eclipse at 18:18; Total lunar eclipse ends at 6:25 pm; The partial lunar eclipse ends at 19:52; The lunar eclipse ends at 20:49. In the Northern region The moon rises above the horizon at the end of the total phase. The observer can only track the partial phase of the phenomenon. For example, in Hanoi, the Moon rises at 6:29 pm on May 26. Thus, the observer can almost fully follow the later phase of a partial lunar eclipse from that point to its end. Sometime before 19:00 this partial phase was still very high coverage and very noticeable. In the Central and Southern regions Most of the central provinces will be able to track the last part of the total phase, while most of the southern provinces will be able to fully track the full phase if the viewing angle is wide enough to see the eastern horizon. For example, in Ho Chi Minh City, the Moon rises at 18:07, that is, before the total phase begins, so observers in this area as well as the surrounding areas can fully monitor the phase. totality. Although the total phase is visible in many areas, at that time the Moon is so low that it will be difficult to see in places where the view to the East is obstructed. The most favorable observation positions to monitor this period are places with a wide view to the East, areas without front shelters, roofs or windows of tall buildings, the coast… Notes to remember A lunar eclipse is completely harmless to your eyes, so you can look directly at it. You also don’t need specialized equipment like a telescope or binoculars to observe this phenomenon, although if you do, it will be a much more interesting view. Basically, there are two things to keep in mind with respect to observations: Weather is always important. If it is raining, stormy or cloudy, the phenomenon cannot be observed. Therefore, you need a cloudy sky. In general, as long as you see the Moon and it continues not to sink behind some cloud, you can observe a lunar eclipse. Choose a viewing spot so that you can see the eastern sky with as wide an angle as possible, avoiding artificial light (street lights, building lights) shining directly into your eyes from above. Another partial lunar eclipse that can be observed by observers in Vietnam will take place on November 19 of this year, but this May phenomenon is more noticeable because of its clear cover. Finally, a note on terminology, a lunar eclipse is a lunar eclipse, not a “blood moon” (an imprecise but popular term in the last few years). This is also a very normal optical phenomenon, not related to any spiritual or religious factors.

Christian Sommer is an extremely hardworking student, so even while on vacation with his girlfriend, this guy doesn’t neglect his studies. For his studies, he dived into the azure waters under the cliffs of Portofino to learn about the marine life here and found a small jellyfish – Turritopsis nutricula (lighthouse jellyfish). This jellyfish is only four to five mm in size, the whole body is transparent, in the middle of their body is a red digestive system like a lamp, so it is called a lighthouse jellyfish. Although lighthouse jellyfish have a very beautiful appearance, due to their small size, people often do not see or notice them. Immediately after observing and discovering, Sommer collected them in a thin mesh bag and placed them in a container of seawater in the hope of bringing them to the refrigerator and turning them into specimens. But that day was a weekend, on the beach there were many interesting games and because of a bit of playing, Christian Sommer forgot to put them in the refrigerator as originally planned. It was not until the next day that Christian Sommer remembered what he had forgotten. When he found the barrel, he took it out to look, but when he looked closely many times, Sommer found nothing inside the net bag but sea water. So what happened? Even though lighthouse jellyfish are so small they can still be seen with the naked eye, why do they completely disappear in just one? Still not believing his eyes, Sommer checked the container a few more times, this time even more surprised, at the bottom of the container there were many tiny things, almost invisible. can see. After many observations and analysis, Sommer realized that these were exactly the polyps of lighthouse jellyfish. Why did Sommer feel so surprised? In fact, lighthouse jellyfish are a species of hydrophyte, and they have two different developmental stages in their life cycle: a polyp (hydroid) stage and a jellyfish development stage. Adult jellyfish will lay eggs and are fertilized in water, after which they retain the fertilized eggs in the female jellyfish until they develop into planula larvae. These planula larvae can swim freely like worms or float under the sea and then sink to the sea floor to form digestive systems and reproduce asexually into polyps; After asexual reproduction is budding, the polyps slowly develop into adult jellyfish and begin a new life cycle. Usually a jellyfish life cycle lasts a few weeks to several months, and they die after laying eggs. But now, the fact that these jellyfish lay eggs, fertilize, become larvae, mature and then turn into polyps within a few days is what makes Sommer extremely surprised. This means that these jellyfish have not disappeared, instead they are rejuvenated like a full-blown rejuvenation. Further research has found that not all lighthouse jellyfish will rejuvenate, their life cycle will still proceed normally. However, when faced with certain adverse conditions such as food scarcity, water temperature changes, sea water decrease in salinity or physical damage and many other adversities, they will fend for themselves. rejuvenate, turn into polyps and begin their life cycle once more. Theoretically, lighthouse jellyfish can reverse its life cycle continuously without limit of times, so it can be said that lighthouse jellyfish is an immortal life form and is also the only species in the world that can such a mechanism of life. Moreover, each time this rejuvenation process is performed, the lighthouse jellyfish can separate into hundreds of different polyps, which means that the current lighthouse jellyfish have “aged” very much. , may even exceed several thousand years old. Therefore, this species is also considered the longest living organism on the planet, if not completely immortal. It is widely believed that lighthouse jellyfish appeared during the Cretaceous period, and if so, lighthouse jellyfish in the ocean have lived for more than 100 million years. The lighthouse jellyfish is actually an invasive species, it originated in the Pacific Ocean and is thought to colonize oceans around the world through ballast water. Due to its small size, and not causing too many adverse reactions to the ecosystem, few people notice its invasiveness.

NASA’s Parker Solar probe has picked up radio signals on Venus. This is the first direct measurement of Venus’s atmosphere in nearly 30 years, and it is quite different from Venus in the past. A study published May 3 confirms that Venus’ upper atmosphere undergoes puzzling changes during a solar cycle, the Sun’s 11-year cycle of activity. This marks the latest clue to why Venus and Earth are so different. Born from similar processes, Earth and Venus are twins (both rocky, similar in size and structure), but the development paths of these two planets have been different since then. born. Venus lacks a magnetic field, and its surface heats up to a temperature hot enough to melt lead, and the spacecraft only lasts a few hours there. Earth-like planets with life? Studying Venus helps scientists understand how the twins evolved and whether Earth-like planets have life. Video enhancement converts the data from Parker Solar’s FIELDS instrument into audio. FIELDS detected a natural, low-frequency radio emission as it passed through Venus’s atmosphere. This helps scientists calculate the density of the planet’s electrically charged upper atmosphere, known as the ionosphere. In just seven minutes when the Parker Solar Probe was closest to Venus – FIELDS detected a natural, low-frequency radio signal. Like Earth, Venus has a layer of electrically charged gas at the upper edge of its atmosphere, called the ionosphere. This sea of ​​charged gas or plasma naturally emits radio waves that can be detected by instruments such as FIELDS. When Collinson and his team identified the signal, they realized the Parker Solar Probe had passed through the upper atmosphere of Venus. The researchers used this radio emission to calculate the density of the ionosphere over which the Parker Solar probe flew. Researchers last obtained direct measurements of Venus’ ionosphere from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter in 1992. At that time, the Sun was near the maximum of the solar cycle. In the years that followed, data from ground-based telescopes showed that great changes were taking place as the Sun entered its quiescent phase, i.e. minimum. While much of the atmosphere remains the same, the ionosphere – at the top, where gases can escape into space – is much thinner during the sun’s minimum. Observations from the recent flight of the Parker Solar probe, which occurred six months after the sun’s last minimum, show that Venus’ ionosphere is much thinner than previous measurements made. during the solar maximum. “When multiple missions confirm the same results, it gives you a lot of fun,” said Robin Ramstad, study co-author and postdoctoral researcher at the US Space and Atmospheric Laboratory. believe that thinning is real.” Understanding why Venus’ ionosphere is so thin near the Sun’s minimum is part of unraveling how Venus reacts to the Sun. This will help researchers determine how Venus, once very Earth-like, became the toxic atmosphere world it is today. For example, the ionosphere of Venus is prone to leakage, which means the escape of energized gases into space. Collecting data on this and other changes in the ionosphere is key to understanding how Venus’s atmosphere has evolved over time. Venus researchers think that data collected from the Parker Solar probe will give them a new perspective on a mysterious planet like Venus, our twin sister to Earth.

“I used to live in the city before moving to the countryside to find myself a quieter, more peaceful lifestyle. Luckily I found it in the middle of the woods, the hills of the west. South Australia,” Leeanne confided. Miss Leeanne contentedly with her vegetable beds A self-proclaimed lover of trees, forests, nature and all creatures on Earth, Leeanne took a course on aquaculture. That course inspired her to begin her journey to growing food crops. However, it was not until the beginning of last year, when Australia had to experience one of the worst bushfires in history, a severe drought, that she realized the impact of the global climate. Feeling hopeless, sad when witnessing those horrifying scenes of natural disasters, the girl sought to make a change. “I want to change, I seek to change to create the world I want, the life I want, and start with the land right under my feet,” Leeanne said. The girl started creating beds, planting seeds, growing vegetables and food crops to provide food for her family and share more with friends and neighbors. Clean vegetables from the organic garden “I take care of the soil and trees, in return they bring me many green and delicious products. I grow a lot of food plants because I want to eat clean fruits and vegetables. I like the feeling of going to the garden to pick fresh fruits, green vegetables to prepare nutritious, safe meals for the whole family. I want to be as self-sufficient as possible to work towards a lifestyle that can positively impact our land and our planet.” , Leeanne shared. Leeanne’s garden is about 200 square meters near the town of Bridgetown. In which, she uses 2/3 of the area to grow food crops, the remaining 1/3 grows perennial crops and fruit trees. For this girl, in addition to enjoying safe and healthy products from the garden, the bigger reward is enjoying an interesting life, connecting with the land, plants, and natural creatures. She has planted more flowers and herbs to attract some insects. Birds, lizards, grasshoppers, butterflies regularly flock to the garden. At night, some marsupials enter the garden in search of corn or tomatoes. The 200m2 garden changed Ms. Leeanne’s life. Leeanne said: “I don’t see it as a hindrance, I’m happy to be able to share food with the native wildlife, as long as they leave some for us. Through the process of gardening, tending. plants, I understand that the more love and effort you put into taking care of the garden, the better it becomes, and the more you nourish yourself.” According to the girl, focusing on gardening is a way to make a positive contribution to making the Earth greener. It is also a way to help you get rid of a stressful life. “I’ve realized that growing plants can be addictive, the more you plant the more passionate you are about growing the garden, and you won’t have much time left to worry and think negative.” Hoang Dung (translation summary)

But also in the media, it is seen that every morning, hundreds of Indians in the midst of the pandemic go to bathe in the Ganges River. No masks. No spacing. They hardly know or need to know what a Pandemic is… Peaceful Ganges! That’s the real India! Peaceful India is a country of religion! The etymology of the sacred Ganges is “Ganga”, the embodiment of the goddess Ganga – the daughter of the Himalayas – the guardian deity – the great mother of the country. Legend has it that in order to save the people from the severe drought, the god Sihva pulled a river from the sky above the heavens to flow through his hair for thousands of years and then poured down to earth. In the Vedas, there are also the most solemn words praising the Ganges River, which has the function of dissolving all sins and cleansing all impurities. According to Hindu beliefs – the majority of the Indian continent, bathing in the Ganges River means that all sins are washed away. If you drink river water before you die, it is a good omen for both the living and those who return to heaven. Many Hindus also ask to be cremated on the banks of the Ganges and then scatter the ashes into the river. Throughout history, since the legend, every morning, at dawn, tens of thousands of Indians flock to the banks of the Ganges River to bathe, meet, share, and chat. For them it is a great gift of life, so no power can take it away, not even the scary but invisible COVID virus… In the symbol of humanity, “water” which symbolizes the purification of desire directs people to the bright and benevolent domain. Because it is a flow, “river” is a symbol of renewal and rebirth. Moreover, it is also a symbol of purity (because of being purified) and an instrument of liberation. But with Indian culture, the holy Ganges River has a higher symbolic meaning than “giving prosperity and blessed salvation”. Therefore, those who bathe in the Ganges river will be “transmitted purity into their hearts” by the goddess. Most Hindus certainly believe so! The Ganges River becomes the patron god of the life and people of India, the mother river that flows cultural flows into the body of Indian society. Where there is lack of spiritual water from that spiritual flow, that place is not India! The most primitive legend tells that the goddess Ganga was always standing on a sea monster, which was her means of transportation. Her holy face was both stern, tolerant, kind, and holy. Her figure shows a symbol of strength, nobility, courage. She always wears a crown to reveal her high, pure, bright forehead. She always wears a necklace low down to her bountiful breasts symbolizing her ability to bestow prosperity… This legend is the fulcrum for two immortal epics, “Ramayana” and “Mahabharata”, the most massive ancient epics in the world. The “Mahabharata” alone is 7 times the length of the “Iliad” and “Odyssey” combined. A Battle on the banks of the Ganges in “Ramayana”! It can be affirmed that the structure of the massive “Mahabharata” epic is the structure of the great Ganges river flow because the river is like an artistic symbol expressing the spiritual life of the main characters, who govern and direct the people. as a spiritual leader. The opening part of the epic tells about the origin of genealogies with the main core being that the Vasus family sinned against the Taoist Vasita, so they were reincarnated into the world as the children of the goddess Ganges and King Santanu. As soon as they were born, they were thrown into the river by their mother (goddess) to free them from the Taoist spell. This is a great and constant archetype so that everyone wants to bathe in the Ganges River in the future with the desire to wash away sins. The motif of bathing in the sea and sacred river water becomes a common symbol for human culture talking about renewal and rebirth. God of Fire in Greek mythology was a naughty, hyperactive boy who once provoked Dot, so he was thrown into the sea, unfortunately, he fell on an island and lost his leg. Since then, the Fire god has been limping (flashing like fire!). In Egyptian mythology, Prince Morann, son of the king of Cairpe, was born a mute monster and was thrown into the sea. Fortunately, the sea water broke the monster mask so that later the prince became a great judge… But among those episodes, the meaning of bathing in the Ganges river is the most enduring, followed by many people. Best. And maybe forever as long as there is the Ganges! When epic wars occurred, the Ganges River served as a witness to history. Only in the space of the Ganges can the characters “enlighten” the truth and morality as well as the principles of Indian spiritual life, of the Indian spirit of peace and selflessness. Sacred water helps them return to their human roots to neutralize hatred. In front of the Ganges, the sinner will realize his sin and repent… There is an event that no one will miss when reading “Mahabharata” when the villain Aswatthama fled to the banks of the Ganges with the most cruel revenge of killing the Pandava family’s grandson still in the womb. but this action was nullified by the god Krishna. Then the whole Pandava family forgave him… It turned out that the Ganges had sanctified people. Since then forgiveness has become an Indian character, an Indian spirituality. At the end of the war, despite the victory, there is no victory song, because the war is destruction anyway, on both sides. King Yudhisthira triumphantly ascended the throne, but there were no grand festivals. Just a ritual sacrifice: “The king went to the Ganges River and according to the traditional custom of offering sacrifices to pray for the souls of the deceased to rest.” It should be said more clearly that the king prayed for all the dead souls, both on this side, on the other side, regardless. This detail shows more clearly the human meaning of the king’s enthronement without the corresponding ritual. It’s an Indian identity! And yet, King Yudhisthira is also depicted when standing in front of the Ganges River, he is like standing in front of a sacred, sacred and extremely mysterious cathedral, and then the mood rises with torment about what he has caused suffering to people. other. He repented. He judges and punishes himself. He became a symbol of endurance and patience… This symbol entered Indian culture and became a living and action maxim: “Patience is the highest virtue!”, “Tolerance is fame, endurance is glory!”. The Indian cosmology is also: “All things operate according to the principle of endurance!”. So we understand the modern Indian revolution based on the principle of non-violence! Because the moral concepts of endurance and patience have become the spiritual foundation of Indian society! In the epic “Ramayana” the characters always pray and bow to the Ganges. The character always considers the river a fulcrum of strength, a moral fulcrum for action. It is a creed as constant in each character. Legend has it that King Xagara sent sixty thousand sons to find the lost sacrificial horse. Those sons traveled all over the world, finally finding the horse near Kapila. They immediately thought that He was a thief. Enraged, the god Kapila burned all the children of King Xagara. The king’s grandson, Angxumana, received advice: “You must make offerings to the sacred water of Ganga. Okay, then the ashes of these sixty thousand people will go to heaven.” Indeed, when offering water to the Ganges River, the souls of the dead are liberated to the high land of bliss. Legend is deeply ingrained, imprinted in the Indian mind: When you die, you will be cremated on the banks of the Ganges River is a happiness! Tradition must always be in sync with the present for people to enter civilization. To hold on to tradition is to be conservative. The whole world is making the best efforts to prevent the epidemic … but in India it is not yet. That’s the lesson: A traditional gem in the light of modern science will shine even brighter!

“The river that escaped from heaven” Cano Cristal. Cano Cristal (Colombia) The Canõ Cristal is a natural river located in the Sierra de La Macarena National Park, in the La Macarena region (Colombia). It is world famous as the river of five colors, possessing 5 colors: pink, red, yellow, orange and banana green. The Canò Cristal River originates from the 1.7 billion-year-old peak of the Guiana Shield, one of the oldest rocky mountains on the planet. It flows to the south, winding and winding, downhill, 100km downhill. Colombia has a two-season climate, the rainy season and the dry season. During the rainy season, this South American country is soggy. Cano Cristal rolls a torrential, turbid flood, simply a violent stream. But in the dry season, the sun has just turned to make the water recede, it immediately changes its appearance, becoming the most beautiful river on the planet. The dry season in Colombia begins in June and lasts until November. The sun is so intense that the air is on fire. No more silt due to rainwater washing in, Canõ Cristal is clear to the bottom. The entire Canò Cristal riverbed is covered with ancient rocks billions of years old. They are very rich in phosphorus, iron, quartz… suitable for the growth of moss Macarenia clavigera. Macarenia clavigera is a moss endemic to the La Macarena region. It differs from normal aquatic algae in that it changes color according to the intensity of sunlight. When the sun in the dry season is more intense and the water level of Cano Cristal is shallower, they race to change color. Although the same type of moss, each cluster “blooms” a different color. And yet, Macarenia clavigera also changes color randomly. Cano Cristal is always changing its appearance. It is so beautiful that Colombians have to call it “the river that escaped from heaven”. Lac Rose (Senegal) Lac Rose is most gorgeous when it’s sunny. There is no place in the world that is more “fairytale” than Hong Lake – Lac Rose in Cap Vert Peninsula, Senegal. It lies close to the Atlantic Ocean, just a narrow strip of land apart, so close that the waves hit the ocean, salt water has flooded into the lake. True to the name Hong Lake, Lac Rose is bright pink. It stands out in the setting between the green forest and the azure sea. The area of ​​Lac Rose is about 3 square kilometers. The closer to noon, when the temperature reaches 37oC, the sun is fierce and the dry wind is hottest, the more brilliant it is. As in Canò Cristal, the agents responsible for this color are plants. It is the red microalgae Dunaliella salina. Dunaliella salina is one of the common salt-loving microalgae, found all over the world. They possess the ability to synthesize Beta-Carotene, a superior protective organic substance. This substance has the effect of preventing sunburn, increasing the rate of photosynthesis and bringing warm colors. The more sunny it is, the more actively Dunaliella salina produces Beta-Carotene, turning the whole body into a bright pink color like strawberry milk. The water in Lac Rose is 10 times saltier than the Atlantic Ocean. It is the result of receiving water, evaporating, and settling salt year after year. Yuncheng (China) Yuncheng is like a giant paint palette. Similar to Lac Rose, Yuncheng (Shanxi, China) is a salt lake. Different in that, it is divided into compartments, each compartment has a color. Summer has just arrived, the layer of salt-loving microalgae races to produce Beta-Carotene sunscreen. They form a multicolored Yuncheng that looks like a giant paint palette. Of course, Yuncheng did not divide the compartment by himself, but by human intervention. With an area of ​​up to 132 km2, it was soon divided into different large and small fields, convenient for salt harvesting. From about 6,000 years ago, the Han people knew how to take advantage of the salt in the lake bed. In the 6th Century, Yuncheng also acted as a major salt supplier, responsible for a quarter of China’s total salt production. Today, Yuncheng is still one of the important salt producing regions. Since 1980, Yuncheng has turned to salt production according to modern technological lines. Dallol (Ethiopia) Dallol is beautiful but extremely poisonous, lifeless. Dallol is an area of ​​poor water in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. It consists only of small puddles of water, exposed to magical shimmering colors. However, the water here is not really water. If Canõ Cristal, Lac Rose, Yuncheng are living heavens, Dallol is truly hell. All its puddles are concentrated acid, not even bacteria can survive. The temperature in Dallol is extremely hot, always at 40oC, sometimes soaring to 73oC. Beneath these lifeless puddles lies a boiling volcano. Just standing on the ground here for a moment, the soles of the shoes melted. The miracle is that it is in this “gate to hell” that the Afar people find a rich source of life: salt. For thousands of years, Dallol salt has played a role in the livelihood of the Afar people. Every night, when the temperature in “hell’s gate” drops to the lowest, the Afar people light torches to light the way in to get salt. They sell to merchants, earn extra income, improve their dependents on livestock. Grand Prismatic (USA) Grand Prismatic burns the fields, but is still densely populated with microalgae. Grand Prismatic is a hot spring located in Yellowstone National Park, USA. It boils at 70oC, evaporating 2,100 liters of water/min. Although boiling, Grand Prismatic water is full of minerals. It is favorable for many heat-tolerant microalgae to grow. The diameter of the Grand Prismatic is about 110m, with a depth of 50m. Except the center of the lake is too hot, no microalgae can grow, it is dense with micro-organisms. They come in all sorts of hot colors, the most popular being orange and yellow. Like most waters that glow with moss and algae, the Grand Prismatic is just as gorgeous in the summer. The heat of the sun and the boiling of the microbial plant juices produce natural protectors at full capacity. The color of chlorophyll disappears, replaced by bright colors, challenging the burning sun.

Chinese people watch the rocket that sent the Tianwen-1 probe into space. Photo: AP The China National Space Administration (CNSA) announced on May 15 that the Tianwen-1 (Tianwen-1) probe had successfully landed on the surface of the “Red Planet”. “China has left its footprints on Mars for the first time, an important step for our field of space exploration,” Xinhua news agency said. The New York Times reported that since 1976, the US has successfully landed on Mars nine times. The Soviet Union in 1971 became the first country to send a lander to the surface of the Red Planet, but the mission was unsuccessful because the probe then stopped transmitting. Recently, China has continuously recorded new space science achievements. On the morning of April 29, China launched the first module to build its own Space Station (CSS). It seems that to catch up with the US and Russia, China’s ambitions do not stop at Mars and the space station. Moon Dream In January 2019, China was the first country to land a probe on the dark side of the Moon. The dark side can be understood as the night side of the Moon while the other side is observable from Earth due to receiving sunlight and is the day side. This is China’s second successful landing on the lunar surface, the first being in 2013. China is the third country in the world to successfully explore the Moon, after the US and Russia. In December 2020, China sent another probe to the Moon, which is Chang’e-5. On December 16, 2020, the Chang’e-5 spacecraft landed in Inner Mongolia carrying samples from the lunar surface. This is the first time scientists have collected samples from the lunar surface, after the Soviet Luna-24 mission in 1976. Moon samples brought back by Chang’e-5 are on display at the National Museum of China in Beijing. Photo: Getty Images China plans to launch three more spacecraft to the Moon by 2027. Beijing’s goal is to establish a base on the Moon that can be accessed by astronauts within the next decade. In March, the Russian space agency Roscosmos said it would cooperate with China in building a research station on the Moon. However, the two countries have yet to announce the details of this coordination plan. Serious competition The fragmentation of China’s Long March 5B missile falling into the Indian Ocean in May has drawn much criticism from international public opinion. In April, this Long March 5B rocket sent the core module into space to build China’s first space station. In the near future, China plans to carry out 11 more launches to complete the space station by the end of 2022. The International Space Station (ISS) jointly developed by Russia, the US and many countries will “retire” in 2024. It is still unclear what will happen next. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) advocates keeping the ISS operational for a few more years. Russia meanwhile announced it would withdraw from 2025. In the event that the ISS is completely shut down, China will be the only country that owns the space station. Accordingly, the Chinese space station named Thien Cung is expected to be able to host three astronauts operating at the same time. China has selected a team of 18 astronauts, including only one woman. The first three astronauts are expected to spend three months in space. Mars and more Model of China’s first space station. Photo: AP China announced that it plans to make one more Mars landing by 2028 and bring samples from the planet back to Earth for study. NASA and the European Space Agency are also embarking on this work in the hope that the US Perseverance probe, which landed on Mars in February, can bring soil and rock from Mars to Earth by 2031. This is said to be more likely to lead to a race between the parties. China also plans to take 10 years to collect samples from the comet. In addition, the country also intends to set up spacecraft to orbit around Venus and Jupiter. By 2024, China plans to launch a space telescope like the US Hubble, which has been in orbit since 1990. On China Space Day (April 24), President Xi Jinping wrote a letter to senior space scientists, encouraging them to “intensify and expand space exploration and rapidly quickly turn China into a space power.

EUSPA headquarters in Prague. (Source: insidegnss.com) The Vietnam News Agency correspondent in Prague quoted the Czech news agency (ČTK) as saying that the European Union’s space program agency ( EUSPA ) officially operated in Prague from May 12. The EUSPA will centralize the operational management of the EU’s space programmes, while remaining responsible for managing the Galileo navigation system and other space programmes. It is the only EU agency based in the Czech Republic. In the announcement, CEO Rodrigo da Costa said: “EUSPA will play an important role in the implementation of the space program and the realization of the EU’s ambitions. This will be achieved primarily by using maximize the synergy between the various components of the program, especially navigation, Earth observation and secure communications, to stimulate innovation across multiple sectors.” In addition, EUSPA will provide European satellite navigation services, and will operate in the commercial use of data and services from Galileo, EGNOS and Copernic. Another objective of this body is to prepare the coordination of the EU satellite communications program within the public administration ( GOVSATCOM ). EUSPA, formerly the European Global Positioning Satellite System Agency, also known as GSA, has been headquartered in Prague since 2012. According to a representative of this agency, GSA has paid the Czech Republic budget nearly 130 million euros in 2020. After the expansion, the financial contribution is forecast to increase. The number of employees will increase from the current 200 to 600 employees, so the Czech Republic is looking for a new space for the agency, replacing the current headquarters on Janovského street in Holešovice of Prague which will not be enough in the future. future./.

Billionaire Dennis Tito on his return to Earth in May 2001. Photo: CNN CNN channel (USA) reported that billionaire Tito, then 60 years old, spent 20 million USD to realize his dream from a young age. In 1961, before the news that Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space, young Tito set a goal of life. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not in favor of sending ordinary people into space. In 1991, not long after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Mr. Tito started negotiations with Moscow about going to space by “paying for tickets”. Tito recalls: “In the late 1990s, the Russians wanted more funding for the space program. So I realized I could find them.” On April 28, 2001, the Soyuz spacecraft was launched into space in Kazakhstan with 3 crew members including billionaire Tito and two Russian cosmonauts. Billionaire Tito then spent 8 days living on the ISS. Two decades later, billionaire Tito still vividly remembers: “The pencils flew and I could observe both the darkness of the universe as well as the curve of the Earth. I feel so relieved. It was the best time of my life, achieving my life goals… I hope that others experience the same wonderful things I have.” Since billionaire Tito’s space trip every year, only a few other tourists have had a similar experience. However, some US companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are betting on space tourism with the goal of making this form not too far away. These people all chose the space tourism program of the company Space Adventures, which uses Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft to ferry passengers to the ISS. Since 2009, the space tourism program of Space Adventures has ceased to exist because the US Space Shuttle program is “retired” and only Russia’s Soyuz is the vehicle to carry astronauts to and from the ISS. However, a representative of Space Adventures said that once there is competition in the space tourism market, there will be price competition and in the future there will be many units participating in this field. Space Adventures maintains cooperation with the Russian space agency, and they are studying the possibility of a Soyuz launch to the ISS by 2023 with a program to create opportunities for tourists to walk in space. In addition, Space Adventures is planning a space tour in late 2021 via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. NASA contributed funds to develop Crew Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner space capsule. However, both of these companies are privately owned and therefore have the right to sell seats on their spacecraft to anyone who can afford it. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon ship. Photo: CNN NASA has also changed its stance on space tourism since billionaire Tito’s historic trip. In 2019, NASA announced plans to open the ISS to visitors. Former NASA astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman, who now works in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, considers Tito’s 2001 trip to mark the “beginning of a new era” of space tourism”. Mr. Jeffrey A. Hoffman expects that the cost of space tourism will decrease as demand increases. He says that the main obstacle to space tourism is safety concerns. In 2014, a pilot was killed during a test flight of Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo spacecraft. In addition, there have been records of rockets of SpaceX and Blue Origin – a company owned by Jeff Bezos, exploding during testing, fortunately no one was injured. According to the former astronaut, there is always an accident risk with air travel, but “a consistent safety record” will help this form of travel grow. May 2020 marks the first private spacecraft to launch NASA astronauts into space. It’s SpaceX’s Crew Dragon. The company expects by the end of 2021 to use Crew Dragon for a program exclusively for ordinary people with a price of 50 million USD per seat. SpaceX also hopes to plan a spacecraft called Starship to bring Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maeza and a group of artists to the Moon in 2023. In 2019, an American company called Gateway Foundation announced plans for a hotel project operating in the lower Earth’s atmosphere.

The Global Times (China) on the morning of May 15 reported on the successful landing on Mars of the Tianwen 1 mission. According to RT (Russia), the Tianwen 1 (Tianwen-1) spacecraft of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) was successfully launched from Wenchang Launch Site on July 23, 2020 and orbited Mars since February 10 this year. This interplanetary mission is China’s second attempt to reach the “Red Planet” after the 2011 Mars mission of the Huang Huo 1 (Yinghuo-1) probe. Citing CNSA sources, Chinese state media confirmed that the Tianwen 1 spacecraft successfully landed the Zhu Rong (Zurong) rover on the Martian surface on the morning of May 15. Thien Van 1, weighing 5,000kg, includes an orbiter, a lander and a golf cart-sized rover called Chuc Dung, named after an ancient fire god in the god of fire. Chinese phone. Carrying the Chuc Dung rover, the lander endured “seven minutes of horror” as it plowed through the Martian atmosphere on a parachute support lander. The spacecraft landed in Utopia Planitia, the same area where NASA’s Viking 2 mission landed in 1976. Watch a simulation video of the Chinese lander’s landing on Mars: (Source: Global Times) Earlier, in a statement on the same day, CNSA said, “The Tianwen 1 probe has been operating normally since its successful launch on July 23, 2020”. The agency added that it had collected a “massive amount” of scientific data as the Tianwen 1 rover orbited Mars. “With the assessment of the flight status, the Tianwen 1 probe is scheduled to conduct a landing operation against the Utopia Planitia area at the appropriate location from the early morning of May 15 to May 19 according to the Beijing time,” the CNSA statement said. The Utopia Basin is the largest recognized basin on Mars, with a diameter of about 3,300 km. Graphic image of China’s probe landing on Mars. Photo: Space The image of Mars was taken from afar by the Thien Van 1 spacecraft. Photo: AFP. According to The Verge, China is planning to land a pair of robots on the surface of Mars, making a daring attempt to become the second country to successfully land and operate a rover on Mars. Red Planet. China launched the unmanned Tianwen-1 spacecraft from the southern island of Hainan in July 2020, with the goal of sending a rover to the surface of Mars to collect data about the source groundwater and look for possible signs of ancient life there. So far, only the US has successfully implemented the technique to bring the rover to Mars and operate it. After a journey of nearly 7 months, the Tianwen 1 spacecraft successfully moved into Mars’ orbit on February 10 and then sent back to Earth many high-definition pictures of the Red planet’s surface. Image of the surface of Mars taken by the Tianwen 1 spacecraft from a distance of 330 to 350 km. Photo: AFP. “The main mission of Tianwen 1 is to conduct a global and extensive survey of all of Mars using orbiters and to bring the probes to surface locations of scientific interest to conduct detailed investigations with precision and high resolution,” the Tianwen 1 mission’s leading scientists wrote in the journal Nature Astronomy last year. Long March 5B rocket, the same type that launched the Tianwen 1 spacecraft to Mars, during the launch event of China’s space station module in April. Photo: AFP/Getty Images Model of the Tianwen 1 probe. Photo: AFP The Tianwen 1 mission marks the latest step in China’s rapid succession of advances in space exploration. The country became the first country in history to land and operate a probe on the far side of the Moon in 2019. Beijing also completed a lunar sampling mission last December. , with launching a robot to the Moon and quickly returning it to Earth carrying soil samples. Tianwen 1 is China’s first Mars landing mission, but it’s not the country’s first attempt to send a probe to Mars. The first is a fairy orbiter called Huynh Hoa 1, launched in 2011 with Russia’s Phobos-Grunt mission. This ship did not go beyond Earth orbit after launch, plunged into the Pacific Ocean and was destroyed. Before the successful Mars landing of the Tianwen 1 mission, the US successfully landed 5 rovers on the surface of the Red planet. Most recently, on February 20, 2021, NASA’s Perseverance probe passed through the Martian atmosphere and landed on this planet, with the historic mission of bringing back the rocks to help answer the question. whether life ever existed on Mars. On May 28, 1971, the Soviet Union also launched the Mars probe Mars 3, nine days after its “twin” spacecraft, Mars 2, was launched. Illustration of the Soviet Mars 3 probe on Mars. While making a Mars landing on November 27, 1971, the Mars 2 lander crashed to the Martian surface and disappeared in a dust storm. Then, Mars 3 landed in the Ptolemaic crater area in the southern hemisphere of Mars on December 2 of the same year. At first it seemed that Mars 3’s landing went perfectly, but just 110 seconds after landing, the device disappeared in silence. Since then, the Russians have not received any signal from the ship.