Dark matter is thought to be six times more abundant than normal matter. What is dark matter? First and perhaps most confusingly, researchers are still unsure what exactly dark matter is. Initially, some scientists surmised, the missing mass in the universe was made up of faint small stars and black holes. However, detailed observations have not shown enough evidence to explain the effects of dark matter. The current leading hypothesis is a hypothetical particle known as the weakly interacting mass particle, or WIMP. This particle would behave like a neutron and be 10-100 times heavier than a proton. However, this conjecture has opened a series of other unanswered questions. Is it possible to detect dark matter? In the 1930s, Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky discovered that galaxies in a distant cluster were orbiting each other much faster than they should have been visible. At the time, he suggested, an invisible substance, dark matter, could be pulling gravity on these galaxies. Since then, researchers have confirmed, this mysterious matter can be found throughout the universe. They are six times more abundant than ordinary matter. If dark matter were produced from WIMPs, they would be all around us, invisible and virtually undetectable. While they won’t interact much with normal matter, there’s always some small chance that a dark matter particle could bump into an ordinary particle like a proton or electron as it travels through space. So the researchers carried out a series of experiments to study the huge numbers of ordinary particles deep underground, where they are shielded from interfering radiation. These particles can behave like a collision between dark matter particles. After decades of searching, none of these detectors have made a reliable discovery. Earlier this year, China’s PandaX experiment reported failing to detect WIMP. According to physicist Hai-Bo Yu at the University of California, Riverside, it seems that dark matter particles are much smaller than WIMP, or lack properties that make them easy to study. Does it include more than one particle? Ordinary matter is made up of particles like protons and electrons, as well as more exotic particles like neutrinos, muons, and pions. So some researchers have wondered, could dark matter, which makes up 85 percent of the matter in the universe, be just as complex? “There is no good reason to assume that all dark matter in the universe is made up of one type of particle,” said Harvard physicist Andrey Katz. According to Katz, dark protons can combine with dark electrons to form dark matter. From there, create configurations as varied and interesting as those found in the physical world. However, this problem has not been elucidated so far by scientists. Does the dark force exist? Some researchers have been looking for “dark photons,” analogous to photons exchanged between ordinary particles that generate the electromagnetic force. However, dark photons will only be sensed by dark matter particles. Physicists in Italy are preparing to break a beam of electrons and their antiparticles, called positrons, into a diamond. If dark photons exist, electron-positron pairs could annihilate and create one of the strange force carriers. From there, it is possible to open up a whole new realm of the universe. Is it made up of axions? As physicists pay more and more attention to understanding WIMPs, other dark matter particles are starting to gain favor. One of the top substitutes is the axion. This hypothetical particle is very light, smaller than a proton. Axion is currently being searched for in a few trials. Recent computer simulations have raised the possibility that these axions can form star-like objects. At the same time, they can produce radiation that is easily detected, similar to the mysterious phenomenon known as fast radio bursts. What are the properties of dark matter? Astronomers have discovered dark matter through its gravitational interaction with ordinary matter. This is also an indication that it is the main way that the presence of dark matter is known in the universe. According to some theories, dark matter particles must be their own antiparticles. This means that the two dark matter particles will annihilate each other when they meet. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) experiment aboard the International Space Station has been looking for amazing signs of this destruction since 2011. As a result, AMS detected hundreds of thousands of events. Scientists are still unsure if these come from dark matter, and have yet to determine exactly what dark matter is. Does it exist in every galaxy? Because of its greater mass than normal matter, dark matter is often thought to be the driving force that organizes large structures such as galaxies and galaxy clusters. So it was strange that earlier this year, astronomers announced that they had found a galaxy called NGC 1052-DF2. Surprisingly, this galaxy barely contains any dark matter. At the time, Pieter van Dokkum of Yale University said: “Dark matter does not seem to be a necessary element to form a galaxy.” However, another team of researchers analyzed and showed that van Dokkum and colleagues miscalculated the distance to the galaxy. This means that visible matter is much fainter and lighter than first detected.

Illustration. If the universe is filled with matter but there is no force of interaction between them, there would be no formation of nuclei, atoms, molecules… and galaxies, stars and planets. Basic interactions of nature Electromagnetic interaction or electromagnetic force is the interaction between charged particles, for example protons with the same positive charge repel each other, but attract electrons because electrons have a negative charge. This interaction is not only a matter of attraction or repulsion of the magnet poles due to the excess or lack of electrons, but the most important thing is that it is the attractive properties of this proton and electron that the electron can keep its orbit around the atomic nucleus. , and thus the atoms, molecules and, more generally, all the matter we see every day, that make us up. Electromagnetic interactions are transmitted by bosons or photons, or as we know them as light-transmitting particles. Light is precisely an electromagnetic wave of the right wavelength to produce images on the retina of the human eye. The photon itself has neither mass nor charge, it only plays the role of transmitting electromagnetic interactions through its oscillation frequency. The frictional force generated when one object slides over another is due to the electromagnetic interaction of the atomic particles of the contact surface, the elastic force of a spring or the tension of a string is also an electromagnetic interaction due to the change in the surface area. changing the distances of the atoms from each other leads to a change in the magnitude of the interaction from the initial steady state, the force produced by muscles when you lift a heavy object or any other movement that is elastic muscle bundles, so of course there’s also an electromagnetic interaction… Strong interaction (also known as strong nuclear force). The interaction is caused by bosons called gluons – a type of particle with no mass and no charge. This is the bonding interaction between quarks, the main components of the two types of baryons, protons and neutrons, which as we know are the particles that make up the nucleus of an atom. It is thanks to this type of interaction that new baryons are formed and also bind the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus together (protons carry the same charge, so they generate an electromagnetic force that repels each other, thanks to the presence of electrons). neutrons, so the nucleus of an atom can exist). The strong interaction is the strongest of the basic interactions of nature, but it also has the shortest range of effects. Simulation of forces in the universe. Outside the radius of the atomic nucleus, the strong interaction does not work and of course that is also the reason why matter can exist today because with the magnitude of this interaction it can act. As far as the electromagnetic interaction goes, there will be no existence of atoms with electron shells because they will be crushed by the attraction between the nuclei themselves (because this force is much stronger than the electromagnetic repulsion). between nuclei). The weak interaction (or weak nuclear force) plays a role in causing beta decay of neutrons, thereby causing nuclear decay such as radiation and fission. The neutrons themselves are unstable in isolation, they are stable only when bound to protons. Stand-alone, neutrons can absorb or emit W or Z bosons and undergo beta decay to form a proton, an electron, and a neutron fraction. The nuclei of heavy elements have many protons and, respectively, require many neutrons to keep the protons from repelling each other. But at the same time when there are many neutrons, there will be neutrons isolated from the proton, out of the range of the strong interaction. Then the weak interaction causes them to decay and make the nucleus unstable. Elements whose nuclei have this phenomenon are called radioactive elements. The heavier the nucleus, the more unstable it is, and so the weak interaction is what keeps the number of elements in the universe finite, not infinite. Standard model of particle physics These three types of interactions are now uniformly described in the standard model of particle physics. According to the standard model, at sufficiently high energies, these interactions are consistent, although as already stated they appear to be very different in mechanism. In the cosmological model based on the Big Bang theory, the first stage of the universe from the age of the universe is 10–43s to the time of 20-36s the universe undergoes a period known as the great unification epoch. , in which the three types of interactions mentioned above have not been separated from each other. Immediately after the great unification era is the electroweak era, when the strong interaction has separated but the remaining two interactions are still united, called the electroweak interaction. It wasn’t until the quark era, when the age of the universe was 10-12s, that the universe cooled down enough for the electromagnetic and weak interactions to separate. Illustration. Gravitational interaction (or gravity) Interactions tend to pull objects and particles of mass toward each other. This is the weakest of the four basic interactions of nature on a certain object, but it is the one with the furthest range of effects. It plays a major role in forming the great structures of the universe, from stars, planets, asteroids, satellites to galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies. The Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun also due to the effect of this type of interaction. Despite being the weakest force, gravity has not only the longest range, but also an unstoppable force, every man-made weightless environment or gravitation-isolating material in sci-fi movies. thought is unscientific. It cannot happen not because of technology but because of the general principle of the universe. For the same reason, gravity is also the force that causes the most violent phenomena in the universe, typically the collapse of matter to form neutron stars or black holes and supermassive black holes. In this phenomenon, thanks to the large amount of matter, the gravitational force is enough to overcome the electromagnetic force and the strong interaction causes the structure of matter to be destroyed. Gravity is very common to everyday life as we can stand on the ground and objects that are thrown high fall because of gravity. Some so-called forces, such as the resistance of the ground when you are standing on it or the Archimedes earth force in a liquid, are just indirect manifestations of gravity. The reason this universal force is mentioned last in the article is because it is the only one of the four fundamental interactions of nature that is not included in the standard model. Is there a fifth fundamental interaction? The existence of a fifth interaction of nature is still believed by many scientists, especially since the presence of dark matter has been confirmed. To date, there have been a number of experiments showing the involvement of a strange variation that was thought to be such a small interaction that has never been known. But so far, the fifth interaction has not been described in any way. Thus, the number of fundamental interactions of nature is still only four, with three unified in the standard model and gravitational interactions standing independently of them.

Source: NYT After years of delays, the federal government approved the third offshore wind project in the US – and the biggest to date. The “Vineyard Wind” project consists of 84 giant turbines that will be built about 19 km from the Vineyard and Nantucket islands off the coast of Massachusetts. Vineyard Wind will have 800 Megawatts of generating capacity, outperforming Block Island Wind’s 30 MW and output from two test turbines installed in Virginia. According to the US Department of the Interior, this project, after going into operation in 2023, will generate enough energy to supply 400,000 homes and businesses. “Vineyard Wind” is a joint project between the energy company Avangrid Renewables and the Copenhagen Infrastructure Construction Company. It is expected that, when operating at full capacity, the Vineyard Wind farm has a total investment of 2 billion USD, can generate 800 MW of electricity / day. The Joe Biden government has a target by 2030 to generate 30 gigawatts of wind power. Interior Minister Deb Haaland evaluated the US licensing for this project as an important step to achieve the set goals of creating more jobs, combating climate change and strengthening the country. The US currently operates a number of small-scale wind farms off the coast of Virginia and Rhode islands.

With modern air defense systems, dealing with such UAVs is both extremely difficult and very expensive. REX-1 electromagnetic gun. (Source: Top War) To deal with small pulse and reconnaissance UAVs, Russia is developing specialized equipment such as the Kalashnikov Military Technical Corporation’s REX-series electric guns or special anti-air missiles being developed by engineers of the Russian Nuclear Center. In 2015, Kalashnikov Military Engineering Corporation acquired a stake in drone maker ZALA Aero to develop unmanned technology and anti-UAV weapons. This group is working to develop electronic warfare systems focusing on fighting against modern UAVs. Among them are two models of non-lethal weapons REX-1 and REX-2 that appeared at military technical exhibitions. REX-1 electromagnetic gun In terms of parameters and weight, the REX-1 electromagnetic gun is compact in size, comparable to modern automatic weapons. According to the manufacturer, the weight of REX-1 reaches 4.5 kg, built-in battery backup, ensures 3 hours operation. The main mission of the REX-1 is to protect critical facilities and enclosed areas from intrusive drone vehicles. This is especially important because modern air defense systems are not always guaranteed to destroy UAVs, and detecting small drones using conventional electronic reconnaissance means is difficult. towel. According to the Kalashnikov Group, REX-1 can interfere with the signals of the US GPS satellite navigation system, the BeiDou of China, the European Galileo or the Russian GLONASS within a radius of 5 km. In addition, at a distance of 1 km, REX-1 can block LTE, 3G, GSM signals, interfering with the running frequencies: 900 Mhz, 2.4 GHz, 5.2-5.8 GHz. Thanks to these capabilities, the REX-1 is able to neutralize enemy drones without causing physical harm. Besides, controlling the REX-1 is quite simple. In addition, the REX-1 is equipped with additional lights, target indicators and various points of view. REX-2 electromagnetic gun In the framework of the Army International Forum 2019, the new version REX-2 launched has been rated by many military experts as the world’s most compact anti-drone gun. The main advantage of the REX-2 is its compact size and light weight. If the original design REX-1 weighed approximately 4.2-4.5 kg, the weight of the non-lethal REX-2 was only about 3 kg and the length should not exceed 500mm. According to the developers, the REX-2 is designed to disable all types of UAVs, including optical devices used on the ground or underwater. The lighter and smaller version of this device effectively overwhelms the signal of the satellite navigation systems within a radius of 2km. The REX-2 works by suppressing radio and satellite navigation signals – technology used in the operation of most modern UAVs. The REX-2 developer wants this new weapon to be able to counter a wide variety of targets since their components are interchangeable, as well as tailored to suit missions. Specifically. Antidrone jet rockets Last March, the sheet Izvestia reported that the experts of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center are developing high-speed anti-drone equipment with jet missiles (antidrone). The antidrone missile consists of the missile hull, a target guidance system and a net-trap container (nets with dumbbells in corners). Missiles carrying “mesh bullets” shoot directly to the enemy’s drones, then open the net, ensuring to capture and disable the UAV. However, experts say, similar UAV trap projects in Russia are not effective enough to intercept high-speed vehicles when performing complex aerial maneuvers. According to the news agency RIA Novosti In order to intercept UAVs with mesh bullets, the antidrone missiles need to be adjusted to launch a network of traps at a predetermined rate. The process above will take steps and be difficult as high-speed targets can quickly get out of range of the device. (According to Top War)

The event was attended by Ambassador of Israel to Vietnam Nadav Eshcar, Secretary of Hoan Kiem District Party Committee Vu Dang Dinh, Vice Chairman of Hoan Kiem District People’s Committee Nguyen Anh Quan. With events Clean & Green , Israel will launch a solar drip irrigation system for flower plants at the Uncle Co flower garden as a gift to Hanoi city. Drip irrigation is an Israeli invention to save water for crops, bring high efficiency to plant health and reduce emissions of environmental pollution. The irrigation system uses electricity from pre-programmed solar panels and pumping stations. Israeli Ambassador to Vietnam Nadav Eshcar and guests take photos at the event. Israel is a world leader in water conservation, water reuse and smart water use. Offering the city an economical irrigation system affirms Israel’s commitment to support Hanoi in particular and Vietnam in general in environmental protection, creating a green, clean and beautiful society. On the same day at the Uncle Co flower garden, the Embassy of Israel in collaboration with the Central Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union and the non-governmental organization Green Life organized the activity “Redeem paper for trees”. Each resident brings paper, plastic, metal and battery items to the activity to be collected and sorted for recycling, and at the same time receive a decorative stone lotus tree. Activities aimed at raising public awareness and action on recycling. Uncle Co Flower Garden is also a space for biogas technology demonstration and photo exhibition of eco-friendly technologies in Israel. Add some photos of the event:

Inauguration of a model combining agricultural production and solar power. The model will be deployed from May 2020, completed and connected to the grid in December 2020, exploiting electricity from the beginning of 2021. Solar power system with a capacity of 45kwp, installed on an area of ​​400m2, Below is a plant membrane house. Photovoltaic panels are designed with suitable spacing, ensuring the growth of plants. On average, the system produces 103kwh of electricity per day. From January to March 2021, the project has sold more than 4,471kwh of electricity, equivalent to more than VND 22 million. Underneath the panel system, farmers experimentally planted cucumbers. Cucumbers grown in the model had a higher fruiting rate than the outside control field. The fruits were long, beautiful, and the average fruit was harvested more than 30kg per day. Mr. Truong Kien Tho, Deputy Director of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of An Giang province, said that this is the first model of combining agriculture – solar power with a tripartite cooperation between people, businesses and teams. non-profit organizations are conducted in An Giang. The model helps farmers have dual income sources, increases production efficiency in a sustainable direction. The positive test results have proved the suitability and feasibility for replication. Farmers grow cucumbers in a net house, with solar panels above. Delegates visit the model.

Facebook logo at headquarters in Menlo Park, California, USA. Photo: AFP / VNA According to a joint statement by Facebook and CleanMax, the 32 MW wind power plant will be located in the state of Karnataka in southern India, as part of a larger project on wind and solar power that the two companies are working with. to provide renewable energy to the Indian power grid. CleanMax will own and operate the above projects, while Facebook will buy electricity from the Indian grid. Facebook’s head of renewable energy, Urvi Parekh, said the tech company usually does not own the power plants, instead signing a “long term” power purchase agreement with the renewable energy company. According to her, this will help projects find the necessary capital. India is currently Facebook’s largest market in terms of users. Meanwhile, in Singapore, Facebook has also announced similar partnership arrangements with energy suppliers such as Sunseap Group, Terrenus Energy and Sembcorp Industries, which can generate 160 MW of solar power. Power from these plants will be supplied to Facebook’s first data center in Asia and located in Singapore, the facility expected to come online next year. Last year, the International Energy Agency (IEA) said data centers were causing technology companies like Facebook to consume about 1% of all global electricity. Tech companies like Amazon, Alphabet Inc and Microsoft have pledged to move towards zero carbon emissions and achieve zero net emissions, amid demand for digital data and services. ants will increase steadily. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg on April 15 announced that the company’s global operations are now run entirely on renewable energy and have reached zero net emissions.