The authors of Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology have applied blockchain technology to build a system for issuing and managing diplomas and certificates. To issue a certificate, the training institution registers an account and logs in to the system to create embryos. After filling in the student’s information, the course, etc., the training institution can print it to issue a certificate or issue a digital certificate. Each certificate is issued with a QR code, which can be looked up and verified on the student’s information and the certificate on the mobile application. The system helps to reduce time and costs for training institutions and quickly detect cases of tampering. The glue that helps regenerate nerve cells Researchers at the University of Georgia (USA) have studied a special glue in the form of hydrogel to aid in the recovery of brain cells. The researchers implanted the hydrogel into mice with traumatic brain injury. After 20 weeks, the mouse’s cell repair process was enhanced, motor function improved. The results showed that this glue not only protects tissues from damage, but also regenerates functional neurons at the affected site. The results of the study hold promise for the medical profession to prevent cognitive decline or tissue loss in patients with traumatic brain injury. New battery development Russian scientists have developed a new type of battery that can be charged about 10 times faster than commonly used lithium-ion batteries. Tests show that the new battery can work well in emergency charging situations and in low-temperature environments. The new battery is also safer for the environment.

A heart cell organ that can beat like a real heart. Photo: livescience According to sciencemag.org, this mini organ (cell organelle) mimics the real heart of a 25-day-old human embryo and could help solve many mysteries, such as why children’s hearts don’t have scars. after having a heart attack. Not involved in the new study, but Zhen Ma, a cardiac organelle development bioengineer at Syracuse University, says it’s a great study, and the experiment is important in understanding Congenital heart defects and human heart formation. This process has so far relied solely on animal models. Although other mini-organs such as the brain, intestines, and liver have been grown in the lab for more than a decade, the heart cell organ presents a more challenging challenge for scientists.
The first cardiac organoids were created from mouse heart cells. They may beat on a lab plate, but they look like a bunch of heart cells, not a real heart. According to Aitor Aguirre, a stem cell biologist at Michigan State University, the cardiac organelle needs to function. With the heart, one wants the heart cell organ to have chambers and function to beat in rhythm. Watch a video of a mini heart beating in the lab (source: Sciencemag.org): To create an embryonic-like self-organizing heart cell organelle, the authors of the new study programmed human pluripotent stem cells (cells that have the ability to develop into any type of tissue). which) for this cell to turn into other types of heart cells. They wanted to create three layers of cells in the wall of the chambers of the heart, one of the first developing parts of the heart. Next, they embedded these stem cells in different concentrations of growth-promoting nutrients. They tried until they found a recipe to get these stem cells to form tissue in the correct order and shape in the embryo. After a week of development, the cardiac organelle was structurally equivalent to the heart of a 25-day-old embryo. At this stage, the heart has only one chamber, which will later be the left ventricle of the mature heart. Cardiac organelles are only about 2mm in diameter and have the typical major cell types in this stage of development: myocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and the epicardium. They also have a clear chamber that beats at a rate of 60-100 beats per minute, similar to the heart rate of embryos of the same age. Lead study author Sasha Mendjan, a stem cell biologist at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, said: “When I first saw it, I was surprised that these chambers had self-forming. What’s amazing is that you see right away whether this experiment works and if this organelle is working, because it has a pulse.” Scientists were able to study heart formation in unprecedented detail. Photo: livescience The mini-heart has so far been more than three months old in the lab and will help scientists monitor the heart’s development in unprecedented detail. They can know the source of heart diseases such as congenital heart defects in children and heart cell death after a heart attack. Mendjan and his colleagues also frozen organelles to test their response to injury. They found that cardiac fibroblasts, a type of cell responsible for maintaining tissue structure, travel to the site of damage to repair dead cells, as happens in children who have had heart attacks. Scientists have long wondered why children’s hearts can regenerate after being damaged without scarring, unlike adults. Mr. Aguirre said the next step would be to connect this organ of beating heart cells to a network of blood vessels and test its ability to pump blood. Mendjan’s team intends to find a way to modify the nutrient solution to produce a four-chambered heart cell organ. With this innovative heart cell organ, researchers were able to learn more about heart problems that can arise when the walls of the heart’s chambers begin to form. Meanwhile, Mr. Ma said that growing a more mature heart cell organ with all four chambers and structure is a matter of the future. He thinks this will take a decade to materialize.

Bleeding: Bleeding and menstrual-like cramps can be signs of a problem with your baby. Bleeding is the most common and basic sign of miscarriage. During a miscarriage, the amount of bleeding is usually very large, unlike the light bleeding that is common in healthy pregnant women. Severe pain: Abdominal pain is common during pregnancy. However, if the pain becomes intense and spreads down to the pelvis and lower back, it could be a warning sign of a miscarriage, especially if accompanied by bleeding and uterine contractions. Placenta: During the first trimester of pregnancy, the fetus is formed mainly from tissues. It is not until at least the first 6 weeks of pregnancy that the embryo begins to develop into the main parts of the fetus. Abortion of the placenta – or tissues – is a sign that accompanies a miscarriage. When the placenta is delivered, pregnant women will notice blood clots coming out of the vagina, along with pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen. Chills: Chills and fever or aching pain all over the body can be signs of an infection and you should see your doctor for an immediate diagnosis. Infection during pregnancy can cause serious harm to the unborn baby. Chills are also a symptom of septic abortions. Severe muscle spasms: Abdominal pain and cramps are common during pregnancy and can also be experienced by healthy pregnant women. However, if a pregnant woman has abdominal pain with menstrual-like contractions, and the pain does not show any signs of improvement, it could be a symptom of miscarriage. Relieves Pregnancy Symptoms: If common pregnancy symptoms such as breast tenderness, nausea, and morning sickness gradually disappear, it could be a sign of miscarriage. Unusual Vaginal Discharge: In addition to placental abruption and vaginal bleeding, a pregnant woman may also find her vaginal discharge has an unusual color and odor during a miscarriage or fetal infection. In the case of miscarriage, vaginal discharge is often bloody and this is accompanied by vaginal bleeding. Negative pregnancy test results: Some women may want to take another pregnancy test to make sure that the first pregnancy test gives an accurate result. Depending on the timing of the second pregnancy test, a negative pregnancy test result could be a sign of an early miscarriage or simply indicate that the first test was false. Reduced fetal movements: The loss of a fetus that occurs within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy is considered a miscarriage, and after this period is considered a stillbirth. At any point during pregnancy, if you feel your baby is moving less than usual, you should seek medical advice immediately. Weight loss: Weight loss is an unusual sign of pregnancy. Normal pregnant women with normal weight gain 12-16kg during pregnancy. If a pregnant woman suddenly loses weight and feels anorexia, she should seek medical advice to detect problems with the fetus early.

Picture/Picture Worm Creative

What does “human-monkey hybrid embryo” mean?

Our reporter/Peng Danni Li Mingzi

Issued in the 993th issue of China News Weekly on 2021.4.26

By implanting human stem cells into embryos of other animals, we may one day cultivate new organs in animals for patients with heart or kidney failure. In the process of moving towards this ultimate goal, Chinese and American scientists succeeded in cultivating a “human-monkey hybrid embryo” with a higher survival rate for the first time.

On April 15, the Institute of Primate Translational Medicine of Kunming University of Science and Technology and the provincial and ministerial departments jointly established the State Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Biomedicine Ji Weizhi, Niu Yuyu, Tan Tao, Dai Shaoxing’s research group and the Salk Institute of the United States The staff published an article in the journal Cell, assessing the chimeric ability of human expanded pluripotent stem cells (hEPS) in cynomolgus monkeys. It has aroused ethical discussions and concerns among the public: this is a “human-monkey hybrid.” ? Wang Xiaoqun, a researcher at the Beijing Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, explained to China News Weekly that, unlike this shocking claim, this experiment explored whether a small number of human embryonic stem cells fused with monkey early embryos can differentiate with the embryos. , This is actually just a proof of concept.

Xeno-chimerism research: from mice to monkeys

Since the 1970s, scientists from all over the world have been using heterogeneous chimeras, such as sheep-goat chimeras, rat-mouse chimeras, etc., to answer basic developmental biology questions, and they have produced some exciting results. . In 2017, scientists transplanted pancreas developed from mouse stem cells into rat embryos, curing the latter’s diabetes. Embryos containing cells from different species are called “chimera embryos”.

At present, mice are the main mixed embryo host, but due to the large difference in embryo size and gestation period between rodents and humans, it is necessary to find other more suitable chimeric hosts. The first research on chimerism in large animals was carried out by Belmont, a professor at the Salk Institute for Biology in the United States, who was also one of the authors of this paper.

In 2012, Japanese researcher Shinya Yamanaka won the Nobel Prize for his research on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). His research shows that the expression of four transcription factors in mature cells can transform mature cells into induced pluripotent stem cells with embryonic morphology. This gave Belmont an enlightenment. If these human induced pluripotent stem cells are transplanted into animals, can they replicate the development of human embryos in animals?

In 2017, Belmont and his colleague Wu Jun and others injected human stem cells into pig embryos. The paper was published in the journal Cell. At the time, Belmont said that the ultimate goal of the research was to grow human cells, tissues and organs for transplantation in animals. However, because the two are far from each other, there is a big evolutionary difference. After the embryo develops in the sow for 3 to 4 weeks, only one cell per 100,000 cells belongs to human beings, so this goal is still far away. .

What happens if human stem cells are placed in monkey embryos that are more closely related to humans? Wu Jun, one of the authors of the paper and an assistant professor in the Department of Molecular Biology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, told China News Weekly that after discovering that the research on human-pig chimerism did not work well, they considered turning to monkeys and found Kunming on the other side of the ocean Professor Ji Weizhi and Tan Tao from the University of Science and Technology.

The team of Ji Weizhi, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and dean of the Institute of Primate Translational Medicine of Kunming University of Science and Technology, has more monkey resources and has also done basic research on monkey and human embryo development. Related to this research, in October 2019, they collaborated with Belmont and published a paper in Science, claiming that they have established a culture system that can culture cynomolgus monkey embryos in vitro for up to 20 days. .

In this latest study, the researchers first isolated fertilized eggs from cynomolgus monkeys, grown them in a petri dish, in vitro fertilization and development to the sixth day, they injected 132 monkey embryos with 25 human embryos. Expand pluripotent stem cells. Subsequently, the researchers observed the development of these embryos to understand whether the two types of cells can coexist.

Ten days after fertilization, 103 chimeric embryos continued to develop, nearly 80%, but after that, the survival rate of the embryos dropped rapidly: after 11 days, the number was 91; after 17 days, the number became 12; it reached the 19th day. Today, only 3 chimeric embryos are still alive, which is also the limit of the current in vitro culture of cynomolgus monkey embryos. On the 20th day, all the embryos died and the embryo in vitro culture ended.

Arias, a developmental biologist at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, believes that the data in this study is not convincing. The survival rate of embryos drops rapidly after 15 days, indicating that the condition of these chimeric embryos is not good. Wu Jun explained that monkey embryos that have not been injected with human cells cannot develop after 15 days in vitro, not because of chimeric embryos, but because the embryo culture system itself is not very mature.

Although the survival rate is not high, the percentage of human cells in the continuous growth of human-monkey chimera blastocysts is as high as 4%. “This result proves that human-monkey chimeric embryos are more efficient than human stem cells and other species.” Ji Weizhi, the corresponding author of the paper, said in an interview with the media that in the human-pig and human-mouse chimeric embryos previously reported by academia, human stem cells accounted for only about one-thousandth to one-tenth of a million.

However, Wang Xiaoqun said that it is impossible for these embryos to continue to develop because the number of cells is very small, and they are slowly diluted; and after the primate’s immune system is established, it recognizes that this is not its own cell, it will Human cells are killed.

Is it against ethical norms?

The ethical controversy surrounding the study of human-animal hybrid embryos has not stopped.

Japan lifted the ban on “human-animal chimerism” in 2019. Previously, Japan stipulated that animal embryos containing human cells cannot be cultured for more than 14 days, but the new rules allow that under scientifically reasonable and necessary conditions, chimeric embryos can not only continue to be cultivated after 14 days, but also allowed to be transplanted into surrogate animals. , But it cannot be combined with human germ cells in any way.

Currently, experiments with chimeric embryos are not banned in China, but ethical approval is required. According to a report in the Spanish newspaper La Nacional in August 2019, Belmonte has been collaborating with Chinese researchers. The latest sources of funding for this research are the National Natural Science Foundation, Yunnan local basic scientific research project funding, a Spanish university and an American foundation.

The National Institutes of Health stipulates that federal funds cannot be used to create human-monkey hybrid embryos. However, Wu Jun said that human-monkey inlays can be made in the United States, but they need to be approved by the ethics committee. In terms of funding, The US government does not provide financial support, but there are other sources of funds, personal donations, and so on.

Niu Yuyu, a professor of biology at Kunming University of Science and Technology, another corresponding author of the paper, also said in an interview with the media: “Our entire experiment was performed in vitro, without entering the body. In vitro culture is like culturing cells and does not produce individuals. For our work, this is an important ethical boundary.” In the paper, the researcher also attached the process of receiving ethical review.

Wang Xiaoqun said that prior to this, Japanese scientists used monkeys to study early embryonic development. There were hundreds of monkeys used to provide eggs and serve as surrogate mothers. This shows the importance of this problem. The embryo in vitro culture system of cynomolgus monkeys established by Ji Weizhi and Niu Yuyu of Kunming University of Science and Technology can just solve this ethical problem.

After the publication of this paper, Henry Greeley of Stanford University and Nita Falani of Duke University published a review article “Advancing the Ethical Dialogue About Monkey/Human Chimeric Embryos” and pointed out that the human cells in the chimeric blastocysts, It may develop into various parts of the embryo, and then differentiate into more controversial cells, but these are all later, provided that the chimeric embryo containing human cells can and is allowed to develop.

Ways to solve the gap in the number of transplanted organs include: 3D printing, culturing organoids in vitro, directly transplanting organs from other animals, or letting chimeric animals “grow” human organs. Although this research may help to facilitate the realization of chimera organs one day, at present, it can not afford such high expectations.

Qiu Zilong, a researcher at the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told China News Weekly that this research is fully in line with the scientific research ethics consensus and does not involve the gene editing or modification of human fertilized eggs. Moreover, the research is not to give birth to mixed human and animal embryos, but to clarify the development principles of early embryos and lay the research foundation for human organ transplantation. As far as he knows, the famous Chinese scientist and Professor Zhang Yi of Harvard University have also done similar research.

Wang Xiaoqun said that this study does not simply extend the observation of human embryonic development from 14 days to 21 days, but observes the partial development of human cells in a living environment. Take the development of cardiomyocytes as an example. In the past, cardiomyocytes could be differentiated in vitro using petri dishes, but after all, it is still different from the in vivo environment. In addition, with this model, if it can be scaled up, it can actually help small molecule drug screening.

Although human-monkey chimerism has achieved higher efficiency, there is still a long way to go to truly cultivate allogeneic organs. Ji Weizhi estimates that it may take about 10 years to finally achieve this goal at the current speed of scientific and technological development.

Overview of the signing ceremony.

According to the cooperation content, NAPAS and VietinBank agreed to develop 2Card dual card products in accordance with the State Bank (SBV) ‘s domestic chip card technical standards in order to simplify the procedures and the delivery process. card issuance for customers, meeting diversified spending and shopping needs of customers, increasing convenience and safety during card usage.

The 2Card dual card is expected to be officially released by VietinBank in the third quarter of 2021.

Speaking at the event, Mr. Dam Hong Tien, Head of Retail Division of VietinBank, said: VietinBank is the pioneer bank cooperating with NAPAS in the development of 2Card dual card product line to bring completely new experiences and difference for domestic cardholders. The 2Card card promises to provide more payment utilities with low cost and outstanding incentives.

And Mr. Nguyen Dang Hung, Deputy General Director of NAPAS emphasized that the 2Card dual card is a unique domestic card line for the first time in Vietnam, applied with the most advanced payment technology and completely owned by Vietnam. own.

2Card dual card in particular and multifunctional and multi-utility payment products in general will make an important contribution to promoting non-cash payment solutions in Vietnam – a major policy of the Government during the period. present paragraph.

The cooperation in the development of 2Card cards continues to affirm the commitment of VietinBank and NAPAS in always taking customers as the center, connecting customers with the bank with innovative, reliable, easy-to-access payment products. , easy to use for everyday life.

CONTENT::::

1. Classification of the respondent mumps vaccine
2. Classification of the double mumps vaccine

1. Classification of the respondent mumps vaccine1.1. Defendant mumps vaccine classification concept

The mumps vaccine is the only vaccine that prevents mumps. It is usually a vaccine containing a live virus. The virus has been adapted and propagated in chicken embryonic cell culture. The preparation of the mumps vaccine classification is usually in the form of sterile, lyophilized powder. So need to prepare vaccines before injection.

The defendant mumps vaccine classification is indicated for vaccination in children over 12 months of age. It is not recommended for infants under 12 months of age, as the child’s body may still be retaining protective antibodies from the mother. This will interfere with the immune response, affecting the vaccine’s effectiveness.

Defendant mumps vaccine is not recommended for infants under 12 months (Image: Internet)

1.2. Side effects

The mumps vaccine classification the defendant may have side effects such as:

– Itching or stinging at the injection site.

– Fever.

Rash, redness of the skin, especially around the ears.

When does the status

Unusual fatigue or weakness.

– Have allergic reactions such as difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, itching of the feet or hands, swelling of the eyes or inside of the nose, …

Rare effects may include:

– Appears bruises on the skin.

– High fever.

Severe headache.

– Anger, bewildered.

Pain or swelling in the testicles and scrotum in men.

– Neck is stiff.

– Vomiting.

1.3. Note when using mumps vaccine

If you have a history of allergies, let your doctor know. Especially if you are hypersensitive to eggs. This is because live mumps vaccines are produced in chicken embryonic cell culture.

Studies in women show that the mumps vaccine classification poses minimal risk to the infant when used during lactation.

In people with weakened immune systems it may decrease the effectiveness of the vaccine or may increase the risk and severity of side effects.

2. Classification of the double mumps vaccine2.1. Common mumps vaccines

Currently, the mumps vaccine is used very rarely, replacing the dual vaccine. The double mumps vaccine is also known as the mumps vaccine. In addition to the mumps vaccine, the double mumps vaccine is also effective against a number of other infectious diseases. The most common types of mumps vaccine available today are MMR and MMRV.

In addition to the mumps vaccine, the double mumps vaccine is also effective in preventing a number of other infectious diseases (Photo: Internet)

– MMR vaccine protects the body against 3 diseases: measles, mumps and rubella.

– The MMRV vaccine protects the body against 4 diseases: measles, mumps, rubella and chickenpox.

These are very contagious diseases. They can be passed from person to person through coughing, sneezing or just by breathing.

2.2. The dose of mumps vaccine is double

The double mumps vaccine is usually in the “attenuated” form of each virus. That means they are the weakened life form of the virus in medical laboratories. The drug can be given to children from 12 months to 12 years. Ideally:

– The first dose when the child is from 12 to 15 months old.

– The second dose when the child is from 4 to 6 years old.

2.3. Side effects

Pain, redness, or rash where the shot was given.

– Fever.

Children may experience side effects such as fever after dual mumps vaccination (Image: Internet)

Swelling of glands in the cheeks or neck.

Allergic reactions such as hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, dizziness or weakness may occur.

– More serious reactions may include convulsions due to high fever, unusual bleeding or bruising from low platelets, etc.

Reference source: https://www.rxlist.com/mumpsvax-drug.htm#warnings