Solutions against heat Planning solution In the past, our ancestors had a saying: “Get a gentle wife to make a house facing south”. It is a very natural and simple way of planning to avoid the direction that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The south direction is the direction to catch the cool wind, avoiding the radiation of the sun. Of course it is a folk house in the village-rural structure. Modern urban areas depend on many other factors, so it is not possible to completely choose the direction for the project. This is not to say that the direction is dependent. Where possible, the orientation of the building should be optimized. The Vietnamese standard on heat protection for houses clearly states: “For houses, try to arrange so that the west-east side of the house has the smallest surface area to limit solar radiation”. As with clusters of works or complexes of works, it is necessary to design a reasonable total ground, giving priority to good orientation for mainstream works, works with higher heat resistance requirements such as living and working places. Environmental and ecological solutions This solution is associated with the planning solution. This is also a solution that our ancestors have applied very thoroughly in traditional architecture. Trees, water surface are always indispensable elements, accompanying the architecture. Trees create shade, prevent and cover architectural surfaces from solar radiation. The water surface (pond, lake, aquarium …) and green trees regulate the climate, making the environment cooler and cleaner. Under conditions of unsaturated air humidity, the water surface always has the phenomenon of evaporation. Water evaporation is an endothermic process, so it causes the ambient temperature to drop. Trees and water surface are attached to natural land; All have low emissivity, which are effective factors for overall heat resistance, with a large range of influence. Currently, in many urban areas, the ratio of trees, water surface to construction works is at an alarming rate, plus other areas are concretized at a high level (yard, summer, parking lot). …). The surfaces of these materials have high emissivity, causing the air environment to heat up significantly. Architectural solutions This is considered the broadest and most flexible solution. The architectural solution is the combination of the ground and the building block, the design of a reasonable cover structure to limit the surface exposed to the sun – avoid radiation, or reduce the heat conduction in the material, enhance thermal convection. The basic architectural solutions are as follows: Reasonable ground layout, prioritizing main spaces to avoid contact with sun-catching surfaces; push the extra spaces such as stairs, storage, toilet to that side. Create setbacks, negative spaces such as halls, loggias, technical slots, etc. to avoid solar radiation entering the main space surface. Use side shading structures installed outside the enclosure (walls) to reduce radiation and heat conduction. In traditional folk architecture, many places have a bamboo mat on the veranda. This element has been applied a lot in modern architecture with different forms and different materials. Facade complex with “rigid structures” to block the sun; attached to the bearing structure and cover. Usually it is an umbrella, vertical and horizontal sunshades. In the 70-80s, this type of architecture was very developed – especially in the category of administrative and office buildings. Those designs are carefully studied in terms of architectural physics according to the climate and solar chart of each locality. Build thick walls, box walls (hollow), use insulation materials (hollow bricks, insulation panels, 3D panels, aerated aggregate concrete…) for the covering structure. The door design is reasonable in terms of location and materials. These solutions are all based on the principle of reducing radiation and conduction of heat from the outside. Use heat-resistant materials for roofs such as woven panels, brick holes, corrugated iron roofs (for flat and concrete roofs), use heat-insulated false ceilings (for sloping, tiled roofs). This solution must pay special attention to the problem of ventilation for the air mass between the two roof layers. Reduce the emissivity of the building surface with plants, such as growing vines on the wall, garden design – water surface on the roof. This is a pretty good aesthetic solution, but there are certain changes over time. Organize the premises, design the location and structure the door reasonably; design courtyard, skylight to enhance air convection. The goal is for the hot air to escape up and out, making room for the lower heat mass. Technical solution Air conditioners (Air conditioners): Considered modern, and easy to deploy applications. However, air conditioners also reveal certain disadvantages. First of all, this solution consumes significant energy resources, and affects the environment. According to the principle of thermal balance, to reduce the temperature in the room, it increases the outside temperature by the same amount of heat. Besides, air conditioners are difficult to meet for open spaces, too large spaces. Ventilation: In addition to natural convection, forced ventilation is considered an effective solution to combat heat when natural convection is not effective. Properly designed ventilation systems will contribute to heat resistance, and should be taken advantage of – combined with architectural solutions such as skylights. Spraying water, misting: Misting systems have recently been deployed to many applications, in public spaces such as restaurants, and even houses. Spraying water and mist creates the phenomenon of evaporating water and collecting heat, while enhancing air convection. In addition, the pressure of water spray, mist creates cool air movement (will be discussed in the next section). In addition, homeowners can also use specialized heat-resistant paint for the surface of the building, which is also an effective anti-heat solution.

In April 2021, the Prime Minister issued a document assigning the Ministry of Science and Technology to assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with the Ministry of Industry and Trade in, soon finalizing and promulgating national technical regulations on gasoline, diesel fuel, and biofuel corresponding to emission standards at level 5. The Ministry of Industry and Trade is responsible for directing petrol and oil suppliers to have a plan to supply gasoline and diesel at level 5 to ensure that they meet demand for use and are in sync with the application roadmap. emission standards level 5. According to the Vietnam Register, with this regulation, the Euro 5 emission standard only applies to new cars when the vehicle type approval certificate is issued. The emission test method for new vehicles is carried out in a dedicated laboratory. Euro 5 emissions do not apply when periodically checking with cars in circulation. For cars in circulation, the emission standards are applied according to the rapid test method at the registration facilities according to the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 16 on the roadmap for applying emission standards of cars participating in traffic and automobiles. Imported used. This standard stipulates that cars with gasoline and diesel engines manufactured after 2008 will apply the level 2 emission standard from January 1, 2020. Thus, raising the automobile emission standard from level 4 (in 2017) to level 5 in January 2022, Vietnam becomes one of the top countries in ASEAN in terms of controlling emissions that have an impact on the environment. In addition, the improvement of automobile emission standards will reduce the cost of disaster recovery due to the greenhouse effect and the cost of medical examination and treatment for the community.

Film insulation was first used in the 60s of the last century. Insulation film consists of 3 layers. The surface layer has the effect of shading and insulating, anti-heat. The adhesive layer plays the role of bonding the surface layer to the glass with a special glue layer. Glue protection layer is used to protect the adhesive layer when it is not applied to the glass surface. Although there are many different technologies, basically the insulation film works by the mechanism of heat absorption and heat reflection. With the principle of heat reflection: Heat from the sun transmitted to the film surface will be reflected to the outside environment. This heat will be completely removed. Thereby the film will help reduce the amount of heat transferred from the outside to the inside. With the principle of heat absorption: Heat from the sun transmitted to the film surface will be absorbed by the film on the surface. In general, when sunlight passes through a glass with film, part of it will be reflected back to the environment, another part will be absorbed by the film onto the glass, a low-emissivity layer is arranged on the outside of the film. Heat radiated from the non-permeable glass back into the room. The use of insulating film is to reduce heat from direct sunlight (about 4 – 8 degrees Celsius) thereby cooling the interior air and reducing air conditioning power. Even, in addition to heat resistance, the product is also capable of cutting UV rays. However, experts also know, insulating film also has many disadvantages: looking from the inside out or being dazzled, sore eyes, difficult to feel the true brightness outside. The UV resistance is really not as high as advertised. Another disadvantage is that the insulation ability is easily reduced over time, prone to fading, color fading. In particular, due to exposure to high temperatures, it is very easy to peel, yellow, lose aesthetics and costly to rebuild. The way experts advise, if you choose insulation film to prevent heat for your home, you need to pay attention to indicators such as UV resistance, UV rays and the ability to penetrate light through the glass layer when choosing products. In particular, it is recommended to paste in the early morning and late afternoon when the air and surface temperatures are not too large, reducing the ability of the glue layer to contact the glass. Too high a temperature will blister, the adhesive layer will stick, but it is easy to have air bubbles and quickly peel off. In addition, standard procedures should be followed because the film is very thin and difficult to apply. Film pasting requires the paster to have ingenuity, perseverance and fully follow the instructions. Invite readers to watch the video: Desert greening movement. Source: VTV24.

As if understanding our astonishment at these professional phrases, Colonel Hoang Minh Quan explained: “Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the ability of equipment, radio equipment systems, Electricity and electronics operate normally in the electromagnetic environment and do not cause interference to other equipment and systems. However, the development of science and technology has increased the level of electromagnetic emissions into the environment, affecting the operation of equipment. Therefore, electromagnetic control in devices becomes an urgent requirement, regulated by international, regional or national standards. The commander of the Center for Quality Assessment checks and exchanges experiences in performing temperature and humidity testing tasks with the center’s officials and engineers (photo taken before April 27, 2021). The fact also shows that the control of electromagnetic compatibility for defense products is increasingly urgent. Therefore, in July 2017, the first and only MIL-STD 461 E/F military standard EMC Laboratory in Vietnam, up to now, was equipped for the Quality Assessment Center, officially. come into operation. Under the management and operation of the Electro-Electronics Quality Control Department, these systems have been tested for many types of VKTB, defense goods products with hundreds of different modules/systems of more than 50 categories, thereby performing well the following roles: Strictly and accurately managing product quality; help manufacturing units perfect products; provide suitable plans for the units in the arrangement and use of equipment. From the results achieved, the center has determined that one of the breakthrough tasks in the coming time is to propose to invest in more equipment to expand the field of EMC testing, ensuring that all testing criteria are met. military standard MIL-STD 461 E/F and cargo testing group 2 specified by specialized ministries for use in the military. With the assigned functions and tasks, over the years, the center has always performed well the task of inspecting, evaluating, assessing and testing the quality of VKTB, products and defense goods. Thereby, the origin, quantity and quality have been clearly identified, helping the units to perform well the management and exploitation work more and more effectively. In 2020, the center has inspected goods for 34 agencies and units, with 75 systems of all kinds, nearly 9,000 equipment, more than 26,000 supplies and spare parts…; also conduct EMC tests, electrical tests, radio tests, temperature tests, humidity tests, vibration shocks, metal composition analysis, tensile tests, material compression tests, non-destructive tests. In order to improve the quality of task performance, the Center for Quality Assessment always attaches great importance to the movement of promoting initiatives and technical improvements with many initiatives winning the Innovative Youth Award in the army. At the Department of Electrical and Electronic Quality Control, a typical unit in the implementation of this movement, a group of officials and engineers are holding hands on a product called “TKN-GDCL-19 watertight test equipment”. Major Nguyen Tat Nam, Head of Electrical-Electronics Quality Control Department, said: “This is the initiative that won the second prize of the Army’s Innovative Youth Award in 2020, which has the effect of testing water tightness for information equipment. for counterfeiters. The advantage of this device compared to previously equipped equipment is that all operating processes are controlled by a computer, which is convenient and gives higher accuracy. The Electro-Electronics Quality Control Department also owns an initiative that won the first prize of the Army’s Creative Youth Award in 2019 and the second prize in the National Technical Innovation Contest in 2020 which is the initiative to measure the frequency hopping speed of the army. frequency hopping radio transmitters used in the military. The initiative not only gives the same accuracy as imported equipment, but also saves billions of dong for the unit. Working at the Department of Quality Assessment of Information Technology (IT), Captain Bui Huu Quan, Technical Assistant is not only responsible for quality assessment of IT equipment, but also conducts environmental testing. From the tests of vibration, temperature, and humidity, he can detect errors early from the sockets, welds, etc., helping the manufacturer to take remedial measures and perfect the product. IT is a rapidly developing field, so the inspection object is upgraded regularly. In order to successfully complete the task, Captain Bui Huu Quan must actively update information related to his specialty, and at the same time research and develop management software to improve the quality of inspection work. Along with the development of the military, inspection products are always diverse in types, technology is increasingly modern and complex. Therefore, the Quality Assessment Center has determined to constantly strive to become the leading inspection facility in the industry, having the facilities and a team of qualified and qualified assessors to perform and complete the tasks comprehensively. assigned.

Use a telescope to track the stars. Illustration: IT. Stay away from lights when observing the sky When using a telescope to observe the sky, determine for yourself reasonable objects and choose the right time and place to observe them. Strong light is the enemy of the astronomical observer. Therefore, stay away from city lights. If you are in the city, you can go to the quiet suburbs if possible. Otherwise, you should choose high positions and have a wide viewing angle to limit the effects of light pollution. Which objects are best for you to observe with amateur telescopes? Many young people after completing the telescope with their own hands feel disappointed. Because you have too much hope for a dream glasses without taking into account the reality factor. Remember, even the glasses that cost thousands of dollars that you order from the world’s leading manufacturers cannot allow you to see the colors shown in the photos taken on Google. Also, pay attention only to the brightest and most observable subjects. Which objects are the brightest? Except for the Moon, readers with basic knowledge of astronomy will think of Venus, Jupiter, Mars or Sirius – the brightest star after the planets in the system. However, Venus is not a good object to observe even though it is very bright. All you see is a yellow halo due to its thick and toxic atmosphere. Stars like Sirius, Canopus, although many times brighter than that, they are just distant balloons. It is not a reasonable target for observation through amateur optical telescopes. The best observed objects are the Moon first, followed by Jupiter, Saturn, Mars and a few galaxies, remarkable nebula. Don’t Observe When The Moon Is Full To observe the Moon, adjust the position of the eyepiece accordingly and aim at the vicinity of the semi-dark area during the nights between the 6th, 7th and 11th of the 12th lunar month. The full moon is a bad subject because it is so bright that it will obscure the craters and valleys you can see. You can solve this with a thin layer of glass called a moon filter, which will reduce the light of the Moon as it reaches your face. With industrial-grade telescopes, most have this. As for the homemade glasses, you can also design it yourself using a glass or a piece of blue plastic but still clear enough to see through it. Even so, the Moon should not be observed on full moon nights. Because in addition to it covering itself, it also obscures other attractive objects of observation, except, of course, on full moon days when the lunar eclipse occurs. You should have a map of the visible part of the Moon to compare when observing. These maps are now easy to find on the Internet and simply print out with any black and white printer. To observe the planets, it is best to choose the right time for good results. Planets have a different period than Earth, so they do not have a stable position like the distant star background. The easiest way is to use computer software to check the positions of the planets, or you can use free software downloaded at www.stellarium.org. Do not forget to set the exact location of the user and when you want to observe. It is advisable to choose days that are not full moons because the planets are in relatively high positions. Jupiter is the most observable object through amateur telescopes. Push your eyepiece a little deeper than when looking at the Moon and try to orient the lens because it will disappear instantly if you don’t keep your gaze exactly. Although it is not possible to see the colors as clearly as in the photos online that have been taken with exposure techniques, and through equipment thousands of times more modern than the amateur glasses you own, the colors Basic with brown lines, dark yellow is what you will see, and moreover the 4 Galilean satellites of this planet. Saturn is like Jupiter, just determine the right direction and fix the glass and you will easily observe it. The most interesting thing to look at this planet is its ring. However, it won’t be as colorful as you’re used to seeing in the photos, both the planet and the ring appear pale yellow. Next in the Solar System is Mars. But observing this planet is not very interesting because all you see is a faint red and maybe some black patches with faint ice caps at the poles if the telescope is relatively good. Anyway, this is the only planet in the Solar System that we can see some of its surface through amateur telescopes. One type of object that is very interesting to observe with amateur telescopes or, more neatly, tubes are bright galaxies and nebulae. Remember to push your eyepiece even further towards the objective so that you can observe the celestial bodies at infinity. The first notable is the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), a spiral galaxy. At a distance of nearly 3 million light-years, it emits light strong enough to be seen with the naked eye. Even with a small binocular you can see a band of light that seems to be a combination of countless small bright dots when directed towards it. What you see is billions and billions of suns like our own. Next is the Pleiades star cluster (M45), also known as the stellar group. It is also easy to recognize with the naked eye, it is a small group of 7 brightest stars located right in the constellation Taurus. Through binoculars or small telescopes, it can be clearly seen that it is a blue star cluster with many stars, including 7 brightest stars visible to the naked eye, so it is called the Seven Stars. This is an open cluster in the milky Way located 400 light-years from Earth. Another member you should look out for is the Orion Nebula (M42), an emission nebula with the same galaxy about 1,350 light-years from Earth. The Orion Nebula, although visible to the naked eye, is quite faint.

NASA’s Parker Solar probe has picked up radio signals on Venus. This is the first direct measurement of Venus’s atmosphere in nearly 30 years, and it is quite different from Venus in the past. A study published May 3 confirms that Venus’ upper atmosphere undergoes puzzling changes during a solar cycle, the Sun’s 11-year cycle of activity. This marks the latest clue to why Venus and Earth are so different. Born from similar processes, Earth and Venus are twins (both rocky, similar in size and structure), but the development paths of these two planets have been different since then. born. Venus lacks a magnetic field, and its surface heats up to a temperature hot enough to melt lead, and the spacecraft only lasts a few hours there. Earth-like planets with life? Studying Venus helps scientists understand how the twins evolved and whether Earth-like planets have life. Video enhancement converts the data from Parker Solar’s FIELDS instrument into audio. FIELDS detected a natural, low-frequency radio emission as it passed through Venus’s atmosphere. This helps scientists calculate the density of the planet’s electrically charged upper atmosphere, known as the ionosphere. In just seven minutes when the Parker Solar Probe was closest to Venus – FIELDS detected a natural, low-frequency radio signal. Like Earth, Venus has a layer of electrically charged gas at the upper edge of its atmosphere, called the ionosphere. This sea of ​​charged gas or plasma naturally emits radio waves that can be detected by instruments such as FIELDS. When Collinson and his team identified the signal, they realized the Parker Solar Probe had passed through the upper atmosphere of Venus. The researchers used this radio emission to calculate the density of the ionosphere over which the Parker Solar probe flew. Researchers last obtained direct measurements of Venus’ ionosphere from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter in 1992. At that time, the Sun was near the maximum of the solar cycle. In the years that followed, data from ground-based telescopes showed that great changes were taking place as the Sun entered its quiescent phase, i.e. minimum. While much of the atmosphere remains the same, the ionosphere – at the top, where gases can escape into space – is much thinner during the sun’s minimum. Observations from the recent flight of the Parker Solar probe, which occurred six months after the sun’s last minimum, show that Venus’ ionosphere is much thinner than previous measurements made. during the solar maximum. “When multiple missions confirm the same results, it gives you a lot of fun,” said Robin Ramstad, study co-author and postdoctoral researcher at the US Space and Atmospheric Laboratory. believe that thinning is real.” Understanding why Venus’ ionosphere is so thin near the Sun’s minimum is part of unraveling how Venus reacts to the Sun. This will help researchers determine how Venus, once very Earth-like, became the toxic atmosphere world it is today. For example, the ionosphere of Venus is prone to leakage, which means the escape of energized gases into space. Collecting data on this and other changes in the ionosphere is key to understanding how Venus’s atmosphere has evolved over time. Venus researchers think that data collected from the Parker Solar probe will give them a new perspective on a mysterious planet like Venus, our twin sister to Earth.

Roadmap well prepared According to the registry centers in Ho Chi Minh City, the number of cars produced from 1999 to 2008 failed to register much. One of the reasons is due to the pre-existing registration roadmap, so people are aware of car maintenance and care during use. In addition, cars currently operating on the streets in Vietnam are not large and instead of using 10-20 years as before, car owners only use about 5-10 years to have the need to change new cars. . Mr. Tran Van Chu, branch director of the 5003V Registry Center, said that people had prepared and cared for cars in advance, so the fact that the car produced from 1999 to 2008 applies level 2 emission standards. it was too sudden for them to panic or worry. On a professional perspective, the director of another center shared that nowadays people also ride a lot of new cars, so the new emission standards are being met. According to this position, the good is not 100% of the cars are qualified, but with the current threshold, most cars do. In particular, the care and maintenance is one of the issues that greatly affects the emission standards. This director analyzed further, it is possible to compare emissions like using the stove for cooking, if you want to smoke out well, you must have a good source of ingredients. If wet firewood is used, the haze of the sky, likewise, poorly maintained engine and exhaust, not changing filters, or not cleaning the exhaust pipes will affect the exhaust gas. “As for a diesel engine, it doesn’t matter how to burn it, but being sprayed with black smoke is not good. Sometimes the exhaust or exhaust is clean, but the engine’s source (gasoline, oil) is not up to quality, ”- emphasized this taste. According to the Vietnam Registry Department, gasoline-powered vehicles from 1999 to 2008 accounted for 5.5% of the total number of sleds registered. Photo: THY NHUNG Tighten the emission test to protect the environment According to data provided by the Vietnam Registry Department, the number of vehicles produced from 1999 to 2008 failed to register too much. Specifically, from the beginning of 2021 to the end of April 19, for gasoline-powered vehicles, there were 13,121 sleds out of a total of 541,390 vehicles registered. Particularly, this type of vehicle has a production life from 1999 to 2008, accounting for 5.5% of the total number of registered sleds. As for diesel-powered vehicles, there are 36,278 sleds out of a total of 460,878 registered vehicles. Likewise, the number of cars produced between 1999 and 2008 also accounts for 12.7% of the total number of sleds registered. According to the Registry Department, the inspection of emissions in the automobile inspection started in 1999 in Vietnam. Currently, regulations on emission standards and emission measurement procedures for automobiles are regulated in Decision No. 16/2019 of the Prime Minister and National Standard TCVN 6438: 2018. . Accordingly, any vehicle may not meet the regulations on emissions in the technical safety inspection and environmental protection of motor vehicles in traffic if the vehicle is not inspected and maintained. regularly according to the manufacturer’s instructions and regulations. “The application of the new emission standard is part of the roadmap to raise the emission standards and tighten the inspection process for motor vehicles in Vietnam. Accordingly, this will contribute to reducing environmental pollution caused by transportation, contributing to creating a better living environment, protecting the environment, and protecting people’s health ”- Mr. Dang Tran Khanh , Deputy Head of Motor Vehicle Inspection Department, Vietnam Registry Department, said. According to Mr. Khanh, people should check and maintain their cars regularly, in accordance with the regulations and instructions of the manufacturer and before going to the inspection. In addition, it is also important to use a vehicle that conforms to its design specifications, without overloading the design load. From 2022, cars must meet 5 emissions standards Circular 06/2021 of the Ministry of Transport promulgating national technical regulations on level 5 emissions for new manufactured, assembled and imported cars takes effect from January 1, 2022. This Technical Specification specifies emission limits, tests and test methods, requirements for the management and organization of level 5 emissions checks in quality control, technical safety and protection. production and assembly automobile environment and new imported cars. Accordingly, the types of cars applied in this regulation include cars with at least four wheels, classified as low-standard-volume cars and high-standard-volume cars (explained in the circular. ). Tricycles with a self weight greater than 400 kg (considered cars according to TCVN 6211: 2003) are tested for exhaust gas according to QCVN 04: 2009 and QCVN 77: 2014. This Regulation does not apply to the following types of cars: Cars designed and manufactured to run on all types of terrain and roads that do not belong to the road traffic system; electric cars (cars that use electricity only as the driving force).

On April 6, the Ministry of Transport issued Circular 6/2021 regulating national technical regulations on level 5 emissions for new manufactured, assembled and imported cars. Accordingly, the national technical regulation QCVN 109: 2021 of the Ministry of Transport applies to the following subjects: production, assembly establishments or organizations and individuals importing cars; agencies, organizations and individuals involved in the testing and certification of quality, technical safety and environmental protection for cars. The types of cars to be applied in this Regulation include cars with at least four wheels, classified as low-volume cars and high-standard-volume cars (explained in points 4.1 and 4.2, Article 4, Part I of the Regulation). According to this Circular, level 5 (Level 5) is a standard of testing and limits for pollutants contained in the exhaust gas corresponding to the Euro 5 level specified in the technical regulations on motor vehicle emissions of the Commission. The United Nations European Economic Commission (ECE) applies to new imported, assembled and manufactured motor vehicles. Regulations on level 5 emission standards. Notably, this regulation does not apply to the following types of cars: Cars designed and manufactured to run on all types of terrain and roads that do not belong to the road traffic system; electric cars (cars that use electricity only as the driving force). Circular 6/2021 of the Ministry of Transport takes effect from January 1, 2022.