Our understanding of Earth’s ocean floor is less than that of Mars. Here, scientists believe that the unusual physical and chemical conditions associated with hydrothermal systems on the seafloor may have created the right environment for the origin of life on Earth. Mysterious Megaplume Scientists discovered large areas of thermal fluid in the ocean above volcanic ridges. These large and powerful hot waters, rich in chemicals, rising from the ocean floor are called megaplume. Their size is really huge, with a volume that can exceed 100 km3, equivalent to 40 million Olympic swimming pools. Although they appear to be related to subterranean mountain eruptions, their origin remains a mystery. In their study, the scientists used a mathematical model to explain the dispersion of volcanic ash across the ocean. Thanks to detailed mapping of a volcanic ash deposit in the Northeast Pacific, scientists know that this ash can spread up to several kilometers from an eruption. This cannot be easily explained by tides or other ocean currents. Instead, the results suggest that these water columns are very energetic. The energy required to drive the flow and carry the ash is surprisingly large, about 1 terawatt (nearly half of the energy needs of the entire United States at a time). The scientists calculated that this would create water columns of similar size as said. They have since produced strong evidence that megaplumes are associated with active seafloor eruptions and that they form very quickly, possibly within hours. So what is the source of heat and chemicals to make this megaplume? The most obvious candidate is of course newly erupting molten lava. At first glance, the scientists’ results seem to support this hypothesis. Accordingly, the formation of megaplume occurs simultaneously with the eruption of lava and volcanic ash. However, when the scientists calculated the amount of lava needed for the megaplume, it was unrealistically high, about 10 times larger than most underground lava flows. The scientists’ best guess is that although the occurrence of megaplumes is linked to undersea eruptions, they are mainly derived from depleted hydrothermal reservoirs present in the ocean. . As the lava directed upward to create undersea eruptions, it may have pushed this liquid hotter than 300 degrees Celsius along. Volcano erupts under the sea. Life in harsh environments In contrast to terrestrial volcanoes, detecting an eruption occurring on the seabed is extremely difficult. Therefore, there is still much for scientists to learn about submarine volcanism and its role in the marine environment. A new study by scientists Sam Pegler and David Ferguson at the University of Leeds (UK) published in the journal Nature Communications has yielded important insights. It’s amazing to find extreme ecophiles (polar biologists) around hydrothermal vents. This discovery expands what we know about life and where it exists. The fluid flow involved in megaplume formation may be the main mechanism in dispersing these microorganisms from their subterranean origin. If this is the case, deep-sea volcanism is an important factor influencing the geography of polar communities. Some scientists believe that the unusual physical and chemical conditions associated with undersea hydrothermal systems may have provided a suitable environment for the origin of life on Earth. Thus, the megaplume may have been involved in this dispersal of life across the ocean. In the absence of other sources of nutrients and light, these types of organisms would have been the first to exist on our planet. They are present because of the heat and chemicals that lava spews up the volcanoes under the sea. Because volcanic ash deposits carried by megaplume appear to be fairly common in the deep sea, the scientists’ study found that the proliferation of life through megaplume dispersal could be widespread. Although it is not yet possible to observe a deep-sea eruption firsthand, efforts are being made to collect data on submarine volcanic events. Most notable is the observatory at Axial Volcano in the Pacific Ocean. This seabed measuring device can transmit data in real time, recording ongoing events. Through such efforts, along with continued mapping and sampling of the ocean floor, the character of volcanism under the oceans is gradually being revealed.

David Garcia bakes pizza on lava from the Pacaya volcano in San Vicente Pacaya, Guatemala on May 11, 2021. (Photo: AFP/VNA) Guatemala’s Picaya volcano began erupting again in February with a lava flow more than 1km long. Active volcanoes scare a lot of people, but for local resident David Garcia, this is where he came up with a unique idea – baking pizza using the heat from lava flows. That is the reason for the birth of a pizza called “Pizza .”. Picaya .” Follow Mr. Garcia, a 34-year-old auditor, to witness pizza baking at the foot of Picaya volcano and visit volcano This is a very enjoyable experience. Ingredients Pizza Picaya is like any other ordinary pizza, the main difference is that the special oven is created from lava and the mold can withstand temperatures up to 1,000 degrees Celsius. After spreading the dough into a special mold and adding the necessary ingredients such as meat, sausages, cheese, vegetables, tubers…. cake. With high heat in special “ovens”, Picaya pizza is ready to serve guests in less than 15 minutes. Visitors enjoying this cake all feel the strange taste of pizza baked on Picaya volcanic lava. Of course, in order to bake the cake, Mr. Garcia must wear protective gear. Mr. Garcia promoted this experiential tourism model in 2014 after he discovered several locations at the base of Picaya volcano that had the ideal temperature for baking pizza. Initially, there were not many customers, but gradually his Pizza shop attracted the curiosity of many people and now everyone who comes to Guatemla knows about Picaya pizza. Even as the Picaya volcano “wake up” and spewed lava over the past several weeks, Mr. Garcia baked cakes directly on the red lava. Pacaya, located 2,552 meters above sea level, is one of three active volcanoes out of a total of 32 volcanoes in Guatemala. In addition to this volcano, two other active volcanoes in the country are Fuego in the central region and Santiaguito in the west. Pacaya volcano has erupted since late February, affecting the lives of about 38,000 people in 20 surrounding areas.

David Garcia makes pizza to bake on lava from the Pacaya volcano in San Vicente Pacaya, Guatemala on May 11, 2021. Photo: AFP/VNA Guatemala’s Picaya volcano began erupting again in February with a lava flow more than 1km long. Active volcanoes scare a lot of people, but for local resident David Garcia, this is where he came up with a unique idea – baking pizza using the heat from lava flows. That is the reason for the birth of a pizza called “Pizza Picaya”. Following in the footsteps of Mr. Garcia, a 34-year-old auditor, to witness the pizza baking at the foot of Picaya volcano and visit this volcano is an extremely interesting experience. The ingredients for making Picaya pizza are the same as other ordinary pizzas, the main difference is that the special oven is created from lava and the mold can withstand temperatures up to 1,000 degrees Celsius. After spreading the dough into a special mold and adding the necessary ingredients such as meat, sausages, cheeses, vegetables, etc., Mr. Garcia placed the molds in the stone cavities with the right temperature for baking. . With high heat in special “ovens”, Picaya pizza is ready to serve guests in less than 15 minutes. Visitors enjoying this cake all feel the strange taste of pizza baked on Picaya volcanic lava. Of course, in order to bake the cake, Mr. Garcia must wear protective gear. David Garcia bakes pizza on lava from the Pacaya volcano in San Vicente Pacaya, Guatemala on May 11, 2021. Photo: AFP/VNA Mr. Garcia promoted this experiential tourism model in 2014 after he discovered several locations at the base of Picaya volcano that had the ideal temperature for baking pizza. Initially, there were not many customers, but gradually his Pizza shop attracted the curiosity of many people and now everyone who comes to Guatemla knows about Picaya pizza. Even as the Picaya volcano “wake up” and spewed lava over the past several weeks, Mr. Garcia baked cakes directly on the red lava. David Garcia bakes pizza on lava from the Pacaya volcano in San Vicente Pacaya, Guatemala on May 11, 2021. Photo: AFP/VNA Pacaya, located 2,552 meters above sea level, is one of three active volcanoes out of a total of 32 volcanoes in Guatemala. In addition to this volcano, two other active volcanoes in the country are Fuego in the central region and Santiaguito in the west. Pacaya volcano has erupted since late February, affecting the lives of about 38,000 people in 20 surrounding areas.

From April to September, Ly Son entered the tourist season. At this time, the weather is stable and suitable for exploring the sea and islands. Move 1. Travel by speedboat – You buy train tickets at Sa Ky port for about 180,000 VND / person / time. – Train timetable: From 7:50 to 15h10. – Travel time is about 35 minutes. 2. Travel by speedboat – High-speed train ticket departing from Sa Ky port is about 135,000 VND / person / way. – Train timetable: From 7:30 to 15:00. Each day only about 5 flights / day. – Travel time is about 60 minutes. To avoid seasickness, you should travel by speedboat. Photo: Kangjiri1402. Resort The wild and magnificent beauty of Ly Son Island always attracts tourists. There are many places to stay here from budget to high class. Some reference addresses: – Ly Son Pearl Island Hotel & Resort (8.5 / 10 points). Muong Thanh Holiday Ly Son (8.2 / 10 points). – Bep’s House (9.3 / 10 points). – Central Ly Son (7.2 / 10 points). What play 1. Hang Cau About 15 minutes by car from the center of Ly Son island district, Cau Cave is a famous destination for its fresh and pleasant air. Over time with the impact of wind and waves, the cliffs in Cau cave have been deeply gouged out to form many special and impressive shapes. Here, you will be immersed in the cool blue water, enjoy the poetic, peaceful scene and enjoy taking pictures by check-in. Hang Cau is a famous check-in place in Ly Son. Photo: Bing29496, Iam.rachelbui, Nhonho200496. 2. Hon Mu Cu Located 3.2 km from the district center, close to the An Hai boat mooring puddle, Mu Cu islet is a new check-in site recently unearthed. The scene here is wild, created by black rocks with unique shapes. Hon Mu Cu is known as the most ideal sunrise viewing place in Ly Son Island. Photo: Lenglynnn, Kimtien_1208. 3. Arch Gate This is a tourist attraction in Ly Son, To Vo gate 2.5 m high, formed from the volcanic eruption millions of years ago. Around the gate are shiny black lava rocks with strange shapes. You can visit To Vo Gate at any time of day, every hour brings a different interesting perspective. The clear blue sea water in Ly Son Island always attracts tourists. Photo: Lindathuw, Bing29496. 4. Be Island Dao Be, also known as An Binh Island, is about 1 km from Ly Son island district. This place is becoming the “island tourist paradise” in the Central region, attracting many tourists, especially young people. Here, visitors will be immersed in the clear water and fine white sand beaches, participating in fun activities such as diving, watching coral, camping and eating seafood. The cost to see coral is 120,000 VND / person. After you agree, the islanders will take you to the middle of the sea by basket boat. They will also be your guide and protection throughout your journey to explore the underwater world. The wild natural scenery of Be Island. Photo: Tvkhang1412, Phuongngabui_, Gucci318, Huyentrangg262. Eating Garlic and seaweed salad are two famous specialties that must be tried in Ly Son. The seaweed here is not limp and fishy, ​​in contrast it is fragrant with crunchy. Meanwhile, the garlic salad has a special aroma. When sipping, you may feel spicy, but when swallowing it will feel warm garlic flavor. Reference shops: – Phat Hai Seafood Restaurant, located near the busiest entertainment area on the island, is a delicious seafood restaurant in Ly Son that is well-known. Spacious airy space with a variety of seafood for you to choose from. Price is about 100,000-650,000 VND. Dai Hang Seafood Rice: The restaurant has a diverse and rich menu for diners to choose from. Average price is about 100,000-700,000 VND.

Russian long-range radar system. “It is known that the lower the frequency range, the greater the penetrability of the waves, so our radar shooting can be done not only through clouds, fog but also under foliage and camouflage vehicles. . Accordingly, if a forest can be optically photographed under ideal conditions, our radar will be able to penetrate the foliage and be able to see any objects in the scanning area. ” Said Ilya Kuzmin, engineer of the Institute of Micro Devices and Control Systems called LN Presnukhina of NRU MIET. With the help of radar, it is possible to generate images not only of the visible surface but also to give its extensive interpretation, determining, for example, the state of soil and vegetation. By attaching the platform to an aircraft or drone, it is possible to capture volcanic eruptions, earthquakes or collapsing buildings. The new radar-controlled aircraft will provide images from which not only can the scale of the disaster be assessed, but also the detailed examination of objects. This development could also serve as the basis for satellite radars and applications in both scientific and military research. In the future, the satellite could carry out radar surveys on large areas of the country and around the world. The new radar can also be useful in agriculture for tracking crop growth, soil conditions and even fruit ripeness. During ice exploration in the Arctic and Antarctic conditions, the radar will determine the thickness of the ice and suggest routes that the icebreaker can take. In addition, the new radar system can help monitor the pipeline and oil pipeline. Radar is not, of course, an instant image projection camera; These are the reflected signals that are digitally recorded on a hard disk and processed by software, explains Ilya Kuzmin. At the same time with the revelation of new radar technology, Russia has also put into service the first unmanned radar system to monitor all flight activities in an area of ​​300,000 km2. General Andrei Koban, Commander of the Radio Technical Force of the Russian Aerospace Forces, said that each system is equipped with 20 radar modules. Each module can scout an area with a radius of 450km. “Integrated radar system with 20 modules, automatically control the aircraft’s operation over an area of ​​300,000 km2”, said General Koban. In addition to airspace control, the Nablyudatel radar is responsible for navigation, providing flight routes for aircraft that pass through the area in which it operates. General Koban also affirmed that this is the first radar system in history that can operate fully automatically without anyone participating in the control. Currently, Russia has deployed at least two Nablyudatel complexes to areas with the highest and most complex air traffic traffic.

1. Death Valley in America: If Earth is our home, Death Valley is the oven. This beautiful valley holds the record for the highest temperature ever recorded on our planet 56.7 ° C. No matter how healthy you are, the harsh heat and heat of the valley will tire you out very quickly. Without water, you can only live here for 14 hours. (Photo: Tpsdave). 2. Danakil Desert (Ethiopia): The average temperature is usually higher than 50 degrees Celsius and there are many active volcanoes with geysers of toxic gas. It’s hard to imagine the brutal landscape of Africa’s Danakil Desert. Most people might think this is a terrible “hell on earth” place, but it still attracts a lot of brave adventurers from all over the world. (Photo: (c) V). 3. Mount Washington, USA: Mount Washington holds the world record for the fastest winds on the Earth’s surface. The highest recorded speed recorded here is 327 km / h. However, this is not the only danger, freezing temperatures can drop as low as -40 degrees and the continuous heavy snowfall makes Mount Washington a very dangerous place. Although the height is only 1,917 meters, Mount Washington is one of the most dangerous mountain peaks in the world (Photo: The Pilot’s-Eye View). 4. Volcano Sinabung, Indonesia: This is an active volcano located on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Eruption occurred here so often, leaving thousands with no shelter or livelihood. Nearby towns and villages were covered with lava and ash several times in 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015. The most recent eruption occurred on February 27, 2016. That eruption had launched. a cloud of volcanoes, rocks and ashes. And no one knows what will happen tomorrow (Image: M.Jacobs). 5. Snake Island (Brazil): Located off the coast of Brazil, this island is recognized as the most dangerous place on this planet. The reason for this is quite simple – this place is full of one of the most poisonous snakes in the world. The Brazilian government has banned any tourists from setting foot on it (Image: Joao Marcos Rosa). 6. Madidi National Park, Bolivia: At first glance, this place looks very beautiful, but it is really dangerous. Why? Because it is home to the most poisonous and ferocious animals in the world. Any of the plants here can cause itchiness, rash, and dizziness. Any cut, or even a small wound, can become infected with a tropical parasite. (Photo: Jess Kraft). 7. Death Valley, Kamchatka, Russia: The Kamchatka Peninsula, in the Russian Far East also has its own Death Valley. The high concentration of toxic gas in this area seriously threatens all living things: plants and animals die quickly, while people feel unwell and have fever, dizziness and cold. (Photo: Igor Shpelenok). 8. Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands: This island looks like a paradise. However, Bikini Atoll is indeed home to many nuclear testing programs, which has turned the picturesque Bikini Island into a radioactive wasteland. Residents were forced to leave their homes, and even today still dangerous to living organisms, the abnormally high levels of radiation here can cause cancer. (Photo: Pixabay). 9. Crocodile farm in Chonburi, Thailand: In Thailand, a crocodile farm is open for tourists to visit and fish for crocodiles. Tourists are taken to a small house in the middle of the lake, they use the meat caught in the hook to fish for crocodiles. The reptiles then jump out of the water to capture their meat and food. There are tourists who also tease the crocodile by suspending the meat in front of them and then pulling it up when the hungry animals reach out. (Photo: Jon Nok / SWNS). 10. Erta Ale Volcano, Ethiopia: Erta Ale volcano, in the Afar region of Ethiopia, is one of the most dangerous volcanoes on the planet. Small earthquakes are continuously shaking the area, forming many deep trenches. This happens because Erta Ale contains two lava lakes in the crater. The amount of lava in them constantly changes, causing the Earth’s surface to shake up and down. (Photo: Matthew – Heather). 11. Lake Natron, Tanzania: It may seem like an extraterrestrial landscape, but this surreal image is actually a photograph of Lake Natron in Tanzania. The alkaline salt crust on the surface of the lake is so dangerous that all living organisms will die if they come into contact with it alone. And the strong smell of hydrogen sulphide coming from the lake’s surface will not allow you to admire the beautiful scenery for long. (Photo: Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH).