One of 17 decapitated bodies found in an ancient Roman cemetery. The cemeteries held the burial of 52 people, and 17 beheaded bodies including 9 men and 8 women and all were over 25 years old at the time of death, a team of researchers reported in an article published online May 19 in the British journal Britannia. In many cases, the heads of the decapitated people were buried next to their feet and the pottery was placed in the position where their heads would normally have been. Some bodies were also laid face down in their graves. Researchers believe that those who were beheaded were executed. They note that the number of criminals in Roman law increased dramatically during the third and fourth centuries, around the time these skeletons were buried. Remains of archaeological evidence shows that the Roman army used Knobb’s farm as a supply center and they would take strict action if there was any violation. “During the third and fourth centuries, the penalties imposed under Roman law became more and more severe. The number of criminals applying the death penalty increased from 14 at the beginning of the third century to about 60 by Constantine’s death in 337 AD,” The researchers have noted that security concerns are one of the reasons for the increase in the death penalty. During the third and fourth centuries, there were many civil wars in the Roman Empire, many of which were fought to be crowned emperor. Despite the possibility of execution, individuals were still buried with ceramic pots and in some cases placed in coffins. Isabel Lisboa, the archaeologist who led the excavation, said: ‘A beheaded woman had the richest collection of tombstones, buried with two urns and a coal bead necklace. Pipe coal is a type of coal that is easy to glow. Under Roman law, family and friends could demand that the body of an executed criminal be returned for burial. Those executed were likely not slaves, as slaves had no status and likely would not have been buried. Scholars argue Even so, Simon Cleary, emeritus professor of Roman Archeology at the University of Birmingham in the UK, said: “What we know of the sites of Roman judicial executions suggests that they are mainly in cities and towns and have a deterrent effect. Knobb’s ranch is not near any major towns or cities.” Cleary adds that a law made by the emperor in Rome is difficult to enforce in a remote place. It is possible that these people were executed but Roman law may have nothing to do with why they were killed. By the fourth century, the Roman army had for centuries become a draconian rule, with no way back for the common man, says Cleary. Why most of the burials of decapitated people in the Roman Empire occurred in Britain is unclear. Roman Britain can be really weird at times, especially in its treatment of the dead, there are plenty of ritual practices other than beheading or burial that to our eyes look eerie. . To people’s eyes at the time, they could be completely conceivable.” Other scholars have also expressed doubt that Roman law had much to do with the burial of the decapitated. Caroline Humfress, director of the Institute for Constitutional and Legal Studies at St. Andrews in Scotland, said: “I personally think it is very unlikely that the executions on Knobb’s farm were related to Roman legal processes.” “If they have a judicial context, it’s more likely to be localized and involve executions carried out without trial,” Humfress said. However, other scholars argue that these people could have been executed according to Roman law. “The official execution seems to be the best explanation for the Knobb Ranch cases,” said Judith Evans Grubbs, a professor of Roman history at Emory University in Atlanta. He noted that women in the Roman Empire were often the target of accusations of witchcraft and adultery, both of which could have been considered crimes by the Romans. Stunned with the largest, deepest $ 211 million swimming pool in the world 08/06/2021

The Dahomey Amazons Women’s Troops. Photo taken in the 1890s Well trained From the 17th century until 1904, the Kingdom of Dahomey in West Africa included a large area, today known as the Republic of Benin. The kingdom had a prosperous economy, a complex tax system, and a powerful military. But most impressive of the pre-colonial strength of Dahomey was the brave female warriors. Known as Mino, or “mothers,” and Ahosi or “king’s wife,” this legion of more than 3,000 female soldiers defended the Kingdom of Dahomey for centuries. One scholar has traced these famous warriors back to the early days of Dahomey. At that time, the king recruited bodyguards from “third-rate” wives, or women he considered too unattractive to have sex with him. These female bodyguards have an advantage over the male soldiers. Since they were married to the king, though mostly in name only, their loyalty was guaranteed. They could patrol the palace grounds at night, when men were forbidden to enter. In the mid-19th century, the Dahomey Amazons made up 40% of the kingdom’s army. Arthur Eardley Wilmot, a British naval officer, visited Dahomey in 1862 and found women outnumbered men in the towns – a phenomenon he attributed to military losses and the consequences of the trade. sell slaves. Divided into several units, each unit has a female commander, wearing a military uniform and carrying a characteristic weapon. Among these, the famous gbeto, made up of female hunters, was the oldest unit of the female army. In the 1850s, a French tourist reported that a group of 20 women armed with curved daggers and tied with antelope horns had attacked a large herd of elephants. Despite being the king’s “pet” army, these female soldiers also had to pass a series of challenging tests, from demonstrating physical strength, to acts of torturing enemies. But the most brutal tests belong to the so-called “insensitivity training”. Most of the recruits had never killed before joining the army, so the king wanted the warriors to execute prisoners to show their bravery. In one test, the women were ordered to throw bound prisoners from a raised platform. In another challenge, the recruits had to use blades to execute prisoners. In 1861, an Italian monk, Francesco Borgero, described an exercise in which thousands of barefoot women climbed thorny acacia trees without flinching. In 1889, Jean Bayol, the officer in charge of the French colony, described the scene he witnessed: “A young woman of the Amazons in training approached a prisoner. She happily stepped forward, raised her sword with both hands three times, then calmly cut off the flesh that was still attached to the prisoner’s head and body. Then she wiped the blood off the weapon and swallowed it.” After passing the tests, the female recruits will enjoy a lavish life in the king’s palace, drinking alcohol and tobacco given by the king. According to one scholar, “when the Amazons came out of the palace, ahead of them was a slave girl carrying a bell that sounded to all men to get out of their way, to take a step back. and look the other way”. Failure to comply will result in the violator being punished with death. Female soldiers practice. Photo taken circa 1890. Fight till the end In late 1978, a Benin historian met an elderly woman in the village of Kinta, named Nawi. She claimed to have fought against the French in 1892. She died in 1979, aged over 100 years. Perhaps this is the last female soldier of the army of Dahomey Amazons. In 1890, during the First Franco-Dahomey War, the French prevailed thanks to more advanced rifles. What makes Dahomey’s female warriors legendary is that they fought, willingly died for the king and country. In the final battles against the superiorly armed French army, about 1,500 women went to battle and only about 50 were fit to carry out the final mission. A French legionnaire named Bern praised them as “warriors who fought with great courage, always ahead of other armies. They are very brave, well trained and very disciplined.” One French marine, Henri Morienval, said, “…they were ready to throw themselves at our bayonets with extraordinary courage.” After Dahomey fell to the French, the female warriors continued to fight. They mingled with the women captured by the French, sneaking out at night to kill French officers. The French were terrified, outlawed the Amazons and banned Dahomey women from serving in the army or carrying weapons. But the Dahomey Amazons haven’t completely disappeared. Most sources suggest that the last female warriors died in the 1940s, but Stanley Alpern, author of Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey (Dahomey’s Women Warriors) opposes this. He pointed out that, “a woman who fought France as a teenager would not be older than 69 years old in 1943. It is likely that one or more will survive long enough to see their country regain its independence. in 1960”.

1. The strongest earthquake in Nepal that killed more than 7300 people and injured more than 14,000 occurred on April 25 of which year? Icon 2014 Icon 2015 Icon 2016 The correct answer is answer B: The 2015 Nepal Earthquake is a magnitude 7.8 or 8.1 magnitude (Mw) earthquake that occurred on Saturday, April 25, 2015, with an epicenter of about 29 kilometers. (18 miles) east-southeast Lamjung, Nepal at a depth of about 15 kilometers (9.3 miles). This is the strongest earthquake occurred in Nepal since the 1934 earthquake in this country. It is estimated that more than 9,000 deaths have been found and more than 22,000 people have been injured by the earthquake in Nepal and the surrounding areas of India, China and Bangladesh. Millions of people lost their homes, and at the same time flattened many centuries-old temples. 2. April 25, 1792 – What reason did Nicolas J. Pelletier become the first person to be executed by the guillotine? Icon Nicolas J. Pelletier attacks tourists Icon Nicolas J. Pelletier killed the king Icon Nicolas J. Pelletier poisoned people in the royal family The correct answer is Answer A: Like the gas chamber, the guillotine is first introduced to the world as a form of humane execution. Evan Andrews of History notes that the guillotine was named after Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin in late 1789. Guillotin personally disagreed with the whole idea of ​​the death penalty, but he argued that beheading was equal. the machine will be much more humane than Thrones Style beheading Game with a sword or ax. At that time, sword or ax beheadings were frequent and essentially inhumane. The first guillotine execution was a revolution, not just a new method of execution. This method was first used during the French Revolution, which is famous for having at least 40,000 people killed with guillotines. Some of the famous executions include King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Maximilien Robespierre, one of the early leaders of the French Revolution and the catalyst behind the Dynasty of Terror, was also executed by guillotine. From June to July 1794, 1,400 enemies of the French Revolution were killed with guillotines. But the first person killed by the guillotine was not a member of the royal family or anyone famous from afar. It is an ordinary criminal and a highway rider named Nicolas Jacques Pelletier. Pelletier, according to Marc Estier in The Good Doctor Guillotin, was convicted of assaulting a tourist and killing him. This is the story of the first guillotine execution, and the precedent it sets for the guillotine throughout history. 3. Which of the following famous canals is construction on April 25, 1859? Icon Panama Canal Icon Suez Canal The correct answer is answer B: April 25, 1859 was the day when the construction of the Suez Canal began to connect the Mediterranean and the Red Sea in what is now Egypt. The Suez Canal man-made traffic channel is located on the territory of Egypt, running in a north-south direction passing through the Suez Strait in northeastern Egypt, it connects the Mediterranean with the Gulf of Suez, a branch of the Red Sea. The canal provides a shortcut for ships passing through Europe-America ports to ports in southern Asia, ports in eastern Africa and Oceania. The canal was started on April 25, 1859 and completed on November 17, 1869. When completed, the Suez Canal was 193.30 kilometers (120.11 miles) long, the narrowest section was 60 meters, and a depth of 24 m is enough to allow a large vessel of 250,000 tons to pass. This 164 km long route has permanently changed the history of international sea transport, helping ships not to pass through the southern tip of Africa, shortening 6000 km. 4. What year was Hong Duc atlas published on April 25? Icon 1490 Icon 1491 Icon 1492 The correct answer is answer A: 1490 – Hong Duc atlas published. Hong Duc Map, ie Hong Duc map book (kanji: 洪德 版圖 冊), sometimes called geographic Hong Duc is a set of geographic maps of Dai Viet issued in the reign of King Le Thanh Tong, the 21st year of Hong Duc (ie 1490). This is considered the first set of geographic maps made by the feudal state of Vietnam. The Hong Duc map was made in the 8th year of Quang Thuan (1467) when King Le Thanh Tong ordered his captains to draw maps and send them to the Ministry of Ho. The map was completed and issued in the 21st year of Hong Duc (1490). However, the original set of the map has been lost. The atlas shows the scope of the boundaries and administrative system of Dai Viet in the second half of the 15th century. 5. Who is the author of the song selected as the national anthem of the French Republic? Icon A famous musician Icon An officer Icon A writer The correct answer is answer B: April 25, 1792 – Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle composed La Marseillaise after the Austrian emperor declared war on France, later selected as the national anthem of the French Republic. Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (1760–1836) was an officer in the French engineer force. His name is associated with the song “La Marseillaise”, the French national anthem, composed in April 1792 in Strassburg. He was born on 10 / 5,1760 in Lons-le-Saunier, Jura, France and died on June 26, 1836 in Choisy-le-Roi, Seine-et-Oise, France. 6. What year was Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe adventure story first published on April 25 of the year? Icon 1719 Icon 1720 Icon 1721 The correct answer is answer A: Robinson Crusoe (Vietnamese translation name: Ro-Bin-xon Cru-Buck) is a novel by English writer Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), full English name: The life and strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner (Vietnamese meaning: Life and interesting adventures of Robinson Crusoe, the sailor of York). This is the best of more than two hundred and fifty works of long stories and short stories by Daniel Defoe, first published in 1719 when the author was nearly sixty years old. Its success prompted Defoe to write more “post-stories” for this and many other amazing adventures by pirates, wanderers and gang girls. 7. On April 25, 1882, the French captured Hanoi, causing which of the following Governor-General to commit suicide? Icon Hoang Dieu Icon Nguyen Tri Phuong The correct answer is the answer A: The Battle of Hanoi 1882, also known as the Second Hanoi Battle, was part of the French-Vietnamese war (1858-1884) that took place on April 25, 1882. This is the battle. fought between the French under the command of Henri Rivìere against Hanoi citadel, with the Southern forces commanded by General Director Hoang Dieu. As a result, Hanoi citadel fell quickly after a few hours of shooting, General Hoang Dieu committed suicide. Result Please work harder! point