Illustration. Skin aging is the process of declining skin functions, blood circulation and lymphatic system decline, damaging the skin’s basic structure, weakening the capillaries under the skin, toxins cannot be eliminated. leading to “degraded” skin that is wrinkled, dry, dark and appears melasma, freckles, wrinkles, … Did you know that up to 90% of aging causes are due to external environmental influences and only 10% are due to genetics. Basically, aging is divided into 2 basic groups of causes: Endogenous causes (endogenous aging): According to the law of nature, collagen fibers will gradually lose as we age, the elastic fibers (Elastin) of the epidermis are atrophied, and cell production is reduced. down. Skin becomes thin, loses elasticity, sags, deep wrinkles and pigmentation appear. Group of exogenous causes (exogenous skin aging): Due to the impact of external factors such as: sunlight, environmental pollution, chemicals, smoke, …. Anti-Aging Drinks Avocado smoothie Avocados are rich in omega 3 fatty acids and vitamins and minerals that help fight oxidation and destroy free radicals. Besides, avocado also provides abundant collagen to maintain firmness of the skin. Lemon juice High vitamin C content in citrus fruits helps fight free radicals, effectively whitening skin. Lemon juice The high vitamin C content in citrus fruits helps fight free radicals, effectively whitening the skin. Strawberry juice Strawberries and berries contain a lot of ellagic acid, which prevents UV rays from affecting collagen fibers in the skin, minimizing the formation of wrinkles and signs of aging. Tomato juice Tomatoes contain lycopene, which inhibits collagen destruction by removing collagenases. Tomatoes also support the skin against environmental damage. Tomato juice Tomatoes contain lycopene, which inhibits collagen destruction by removing collagenases. Tomatoes also support the skin against environmental damage.

Dermatologists deny the effect of fresh milk perilla mask to treat melasma, millions of women are passing on each other The skin is red and swollen because of the stale mask On hot summer days, many hospitals and cosmetic facilities limit receiving patients, many women share the secret to treating melasma at home. Accordingly, the recipe for making a mask of fresh milk perilla to treat melasma is passed on by many sisters. It’s very simple, just wash the perilla leaves and put them in a mortar or blender with pureed fresh milk. Then clean the melasma area with warm water and then apply the mixture of perilla and fresh milk directly on the face for about 10 minutes, then rinse with clean water. Not only applying perilla masks, many women also tell each other that in order to achieve faster results, they need to drink more perilla smoothies or perilla tea. Seeing that this method is simple, according to the description of many women, “is very effective”, so Ms. Hoa also tried it. With the same work, she also grinds a 300ml mortar of mask and perilla mixture and keeps it in the refrigerator for use gradually. “The first three days, the freckles on my cheeks did not see any change. On the 4th day, when applying, I felt a stinging, hot skin. After 10 minutes, she went to wash her face and the next morning, her face was red and swollen. The doctor said she was irritated, red and swollen. The reason is that the mask of fresh milk, perilla … is stale”, Ms. Hoa complained. Does treating melasma with perilla leaves really work? Studies have shown that perilla leaves possess a good amount of Vitamins A, C and a variety of minerals: Calcium, iron, zinc, essential oils. These compounds will penetrate into the skin epidermis, stimulate the proliferation of new cells, helping the skin to be bright, smooth and even. Although perilla leaves are benign, not harmful to users, however, is the treatment of melasma with perilla leaves really effective? Ths.Bs. Nguyen Ngoc Yen, Head of Medical Examination Department, Hanoi Dermatology Hospital, confirmed to reporters Infonet “The principle that what you eat in your mouth can hardly have any effect on the skin.” Because of the antioxidants, vitamin C .. in perilla leaves, according to Dr. Thuy, “cannot penetrate the protective barrier of the skin to change the properties of the skin”. Agreeing with this point of view, another dermatologist also confirmed that natural ways to treat melasma, if effective, are also very slow and require a long, continuous time. Besides, natural ingredients only bring temporary effect with light and newly formed pigmentation. In particular, with difficult-to-treat melasma, melasma is deeply rooted in the skin, … only using natural methods such as applying natural masks has almost no results. So melasma – freckles deep in the skin, deep melasma, mixed melasma will not be able to treat the root if only perilla leaves are used. Do not buy or apply products according to rumors Analyzing more closely the mechanism of melasma generation, Colonel, Doctor of Dermatology Nguyen Xuan Truc, said that melasma is a benign hyperpigmentation disease with a complicated pathogenesis. Melasma has many causes, which can be divided into two main groups: endogenous causes and exogenous causes. Endogenous causes include familial, endocrine (puberty, pregnancy and lactation, menopause, thyroid disease, utero-ovarian) or simply aging. skin aging over time and a number of other causes. The leading exogenous cause is caused by UV rays in sunlight, followed by the abuse of many cosmetics of unknown origin, peeling cream, whitening cream, and corticosteroid cream. In addition, the polluted environment also affects the skin pigmentation. “To treat melasma safely and effectively, it is necessary to have the examination and consultation of a qualified doctor. At the same time, each person must have a basic skin care process: cleansing – moisturizing – sun protection, especially sunscreen to be able to improve as well as maintain good treatment results,” emphasized Dr. . According to him, arbitrarily treating melasma by applying alcohol, applying masks from betel leaves, fresh milk perilla… according to oral tradition is not only ineffective but even left behind. very serious consequences. Accordingly, women may face mild consequences, such as skin irritation, redness, swelling, itching, severe endocrine disorders, pigmentation disorders, skin tan, secondary melasma, loss of color. factors, skin erosion… These are all extremely difficult diseases to treat. The colonel doctor said that he had encountered countless cases of melasma treatment in the wrong way. All of these actions have very unfortunate consequences. The remedial treatment takes a lot of time, effort and money, and it is not even possible to return the original skin. Agreeing with this point of view, Dr. CKI Tran Thu Trang – In charge of Laser-Cosmetic – Dermatology Unit, Bai Chay Hospital recommends, to ensure safety, when there are facial problems such as tan, acne Acne people should not buy, apply products according to rumors, need to be examined and treated with a dermatologist. In particular, when starting to use skin care products on the face, dermatologists also recommend that you test the reaction by applying cosmetics to the skin on the inner arm for 24-48 hours, if If the skin area does not show any signs of itching, redness, or blisters, you can safely use it on your face. If unfortunately your facial skin is red, rash or acne, itching, peeling, burning pain, you must immediately stop the product and consult a specialist for timely treatment. At the same time, it is recommended to maintain a daily skin care routine including cleansing, moisturizing and sun protection while combining with a healthy lifestyle, eating and exercising, limiting stress and staying up late.

There are 3 groups of causes leading to earthquakes, including: endogenous causes – due to tectonic movements of tectonic plates in the earth’s crust, leading to faulting activities or volcanic eruptions in subduction zones. (where two tectonic plates move in the direction and attract each other and subduction occurs); exogenous causes – due to meteorites hitting the earth or large landslides; human causes – due to survey or mining or construction, especially underground nuclear tests. Regarding the level of danger, the direct impact of earthquakes is shaking the ground, causing cracking, collapsing constructions, landslides and avalanches. Its severity is based on its magnitude, distance from the epicenter, and geological and geomorphological conditions at the affected site. Earthquakes also often cause fires when they destroy power lines and gas lines. Undersea earthquakes can cause landslides or deformation of the seabed, giving rise to tsunamis (large waves that overwhelm the oceans and then make landfall). Sometimes earthquakes even cause volcanoes to be active, even volcanoes that have long since died…. What to do if an earthquake occurs? According to scientists from the Center for Earthquake Reporting and Warning: “People in Hanoi’s high-rise buildings should not panic and run away from the building, but need to calmly handle the situation. For hanging objects in the house, especially glass to stay at a height, it is necessary to arrange them properly to avoid shaking and dropping them. Because earthquakes happen so suddenly, there is nothing we can do to prevent them. The only way to cope is to minimize the damage caused by the earthquake. When an earthquake occurs: To avoid injury, even loss of life due to earthquake, the most basic rule is to find a safe place to avoid hard objects falling on the head/person when there is shaking. For those who are indoors, it is possible to get under the table / under the bed, away from the glass doors, and avoid moving while there is still a tremor. If you are cooking, close the gas cylinder valve immediately. Use flashlights instead of matches, lighters, candles… because they are easy to cause fires. In the case of being on the street, it is necessary to stop at the curb, take refuge in empty lots, avoid crowded areas; Stay away from tall buildings, high walls, under bridges, power lines, power poles… If you are in a stadium or theater, you need to sit still until the tremor has subsided before moving out in an orderly manner. When near the coast, it is necessary to move away from the coast because earthquakes can cause tsunamis. After an earthquake occurs: Turn off the gas lock and unnecessary power sources to avoid fire. After an earthquake occurs, there is a good chance of further aftershocks, so continued careful attention is needed. If the house is damaged or the current location may be dangerous, it is necessary to move to a shelter. While moving, it is necessary to stay away from areas with glass doors and hanging electric lights. Absolutely do not use the elevator because it may be stuck due to a power failure. In addition, all emergency plans should be prepared such as: Develop a disaster response plan at home and at work; Identify the best places to hide in the house; Household items such as televisions, mirrors, computers, bookshelves, cabinets, etc. should be fixed and placed away from the bed to limit the risk of falling. Back up flashlights, batteries, radios, tapes, medicines… at convenient, easy-to-reach locations. Change them as often as they expire. Shaping indoor locations and emergency exits in apartments and high-rise buildings; follow notices and instructions of natural disaster prevention, control and rescue agencies. Save emergency phone numbers of emergency, fire protection and other authorities to call for help when needed, like 114 – fire, 115 – emergency…

A case of skin pigmentation disorder caused by using whitening cream, melasma treatment (photo illustration) Nguyen Thu Trang (37 years old) went to the hospital because all the skin on her cheeks was blackened. She said that when she was young, she also had a few cheeks on her cheeks, but in the last few years, especially since her second child, the freckles on her cheeks have increased. “Some rapid blemishes have spread and tend to become spots. I am very worried, so I use “special treatment” cosmetics that have not improved yet. Many experienced people said that I have a hormonal disorder, leading to melasma, freckles. Someone tells me to take hormonal drugs (birth control pills) that can improve melasma, “said Trang. Obediently, she also bought a daily pack of oral contraceptives to try for a month, but the freckles were still thicker and thicker. Not to mention that taking oral contraceptives also made her periods go wrong. Afraid she would go to the hospital for examination Talk to reporters Infonet, Colonel, BSCK II, major in dermatology Nguyen Xuan Except, said melasma is a benign hyperpigmentation disease with a complex pathogenesis mechanism. One of them is the influence of endocrine factors. However, taking hormonal drugs to treat melasma is not recommended by doctors. “Even in a few cases hormonal drugs (birth control pills, hormone replacement …) are the cause of melasma onset or aggravation”, said doctor Nguyen Xuan Except. More ominously, Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Tien, Director of the National Fertility Center once emphasized that using any hormonal drug into the body, including birth control pills, must screen for all cancers. breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, .. Incorrect use of hormone supplements increases the likelihood of cancer. Therefore, dermatologists recommend that women do not mistakenly think that taking hormones to treat melasma. Because that’s not exactly, it’s not safe. If you want to take medicine to treat melasma, you should take drugs with ingredients such as: vitamin C, Glutathion, vitamin PP, L-cystin, Explaining this, BSCK II Nguyen Xuan Except said, melasma due to many reasons, can be divided into two groups of major causes: endogenous causes and exogenous causes. Endogenous causes include familial, endocrine factors (puberty, pregnancy and lactation, menopause, thyroid disease, uterus – ovary …) or simply aging. skin chemistry over time and a number of other causes. The leading exogenous cause is due to the UV rays present in sunlight, followed by the overuse of cosmetics of unknown origin, peeling creams, whitening creams, and creams containing corticosteroids. In addition, the polluted environment also significantly affects the skin pigmentation. “To treat melasma safely and effectively, it is necessary to have the examination and consultation of a qualified doctor. At the same time, each person must have a basic skin care process: cleansing – moisturizing – sun protection, especially sun protection in order to improve and maintain treatment results “, Dr. Xuan Except emphasized . According to him, the self-treatment of skin pigmentation by taking hormonal drugs or applying alcohol, betel leaves … by word of mouth is not only ineffective but also has very serious consequences. . Accordingly, women may have to face consequences such as endocrine disorders, pigmentation disorders, darkening of the skin, secondary pigmentation, loss of pigmentation, skin abrasion … These are all extremely disease aspects. difficult to treat. “For example, the application / covering of betel leaves is not communicated by many people, even shared on social networks such as facebook, tiktok … because betel leaves do not contain hydroquinone – a compound that has been Scientifically proven to be effective in treating melasma. However, this compound must be formulated and extracted in the form of a safe and effective pharmaceutical or cosmetic product, but cannot be used in “raw” form, leading to darkening of the skin, pigmentation disorder “. Dr. Xuan Except said. The doctor colonel said, he had encountered countless cases of wrong treatment of melasma. These are the cases of using acid, tattooing skin color on the melasma, burning with CO2 laser, applying / applying alcohol, betel leaves, applying bleaching cream, using cosmetics containing oral contrast or sugar. smear … These actions all leave very unfortunate consequences. The remedial treatment takes time, effort and money, and cannot even return the original skin. Notably, during the epidemic season, the examination is limited, so many women look for ways to cure melasma … However, with personal experience, Dr. Xuan Except said that the information reference in journals Prestige, doctors, experts are essential. Women absolutely do not apply any form of treatment on their face without consulting a specialist. When possible, women should go to reputable facilities to be examined by doctors, skin exams and counseling to make the regimen and therapy most suitable for their skin. Along with that, it is recommended to maintain daily skin care routine including cleansing, moisturizing and sunscreen while combining with a healthy lifestyle of eating and exercising, reducing stress and staying up late.

Earth has been 4 billion years old since its birth in the universe. In the long history of the Earth, the stars, planets, satellites, asteroids in the universe along with the Earth have all had a fixed or uncertain mode of action. The formation of the Solar System, the Moon, asteroids crashing into the Earth, comets … prove that claim.

As the development of human civilization took shape on Earth, we began to explore the mysteries of the universe and our own planet.

Humans have discovered countless impact craters on Earth formed by the “falling stars” that once crashed into the Earth. These “falling stars” are then referred to as “meteorites / asteroids”, and the traces they leave on Earth are known as “meteorite craters” or impact craters.

It can be said that the crater is a symbol and evidence of the intersection of cosmic objects and the Earth. Not only that, some scientists who support the “exogenous” theory even believe that the water and energy necessary for life on Earth today are due to the impact of meteorites and comets.

Although this is not supported by strong evidence, the craters are still very valuable to scientists studying celestial celestial bodies. It is of great significance for the study of the formation and evolution of the Earth, the change in climate, the environment and animals in ancient times, the role of biological processes and mineralization.

Today, many meteorite holes have been discovered, through studying them, people have discovered many unknown secrets from ancient times as well as unique minerals created when Huge asteroid collided with the Earth.

THE LARGEST THIEN THIEN THE PLANET

According to the report of the Earth Impact Database released in 2016, worldwide there are about 190 impact craters detected so far. And the planet’s largest, oldest and most severely eroded asteroid crater is Vredefort Crater in South Africa.

The Vredefort asteroid crater is a crater that has existed on Earth for 2 billion years – it is the result of a meteor’s shock impact with the Earth at speeds right between 40,000 and 250,000 km / h. The diameter of the Vredefort Crater exceeds 300 km, making it the largest and oldest meteorite crater in the world (second after the Yarrabubba crater in Australia (2,229 billion years old), NASA updates for 2020.

The Vredefort meteorite hole in South Africa.

This huge meteorite hole is located in the Free State province, South Africa. Because the crater is so large, local people do not realize it is the “legacy” from the “meeting” of the Earth and meteorites. However, its enormous size has attracted scientists and geologists from all over the world.

In 2005, the United Nations decided to include the Vredefort impact pit on the list of World Heritage Sites in need of protection.

LOOK AT THE PAST – FORWARD TO THE FUTURE

Talking about the crater / meteorite hole, many people do not know the Chicxulub (Yucatán peninsula in Mexico), 150 km in diameter, occurred about 65 million years ago.

Many scientists believe that perhaps the extinction of a generation of dinosaurs on Earth at that time was related to the climate change due to the impact of this meteorite.

Likewise, as the world’s largest crater, the formation of the Vredefort Crater should have had a serious impact on Earth’s climate and biological evolution. We just haven’t figured out exactly what it has affected and how it affects it.

Before that, the United Nations formed a scientific research group, based in South Africa, and conducted scientific research in the Vredefort crater for seven years. In the end it was asserted that the meteorite’s destructive power plunged into Vredefort enough to change the climate and the structure of the African plate. Scientists are continuing to study the long-term effects from Vredefort’s earlier.

What is different from Vredefort’s other meteorite craters in the world is that it has grown from what should have been abandoned into a city complete with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, and generations of people have been in This huge crater is like a peaceful paradise.

Scientists said, meteorites that plunged into the Earth may leave large “scars” for Earth on the bottom of the deep sea. Because the asteroid craters we’ve found so far are all above ground.

Due to the very large and deep seabed area, scientists currently do not have enough technology to conduct detailed investigations. Therefore, the impact crater on the sea floor remains an unsolved mystery in the scientific world. If you want to research, you must go through a long process of discovery by scientists, and this will also be the direction that scientists need to strive for in the future.

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