In the past, all three planets were rocky planets, the surface of which was composed of solid metals and silicates. Among them, our Earth is the largest planet, the mass and radius of Venus is only about 82% and 95% of the Earth, respectively, the mass and radius of Mars only account for about 11% and 53% when compared to our planet. Over the past few decades, humans have launched many unmanned probes to Venus and Mars, and it turns out that the environments on these two planets are very harsh. Venus is too hot, and Mars is too cold, and there is no oxygen on either planet, so life on Earth could not exist in such an environment, and astronomers could not find it. see any other traces of life there. So, how were Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago? Why are Venus and Mars now barren, and only our planet is habitable? Calculated based on the radiant power of the sun, Venus and Mars also operate in the same habitable zone as Earth, which means they can receive just the right amount of solar radiation to water. on their surface can still be in a liquid state. Astronomers speculate based on current signs on Venus and Mars and surmise that there may have been an ocean of liquid water on both Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago. For the first few hundred million years, Venus was a warm and humid planet. In the primordial oceans of Venus, life was fully qualified to evolve. They could be carbon-based life like life on Earth or could be other life forms. However, Venus’s habitable period did not last long. Because Venus is so close to the sun, and the temperature of the sun gradually increases over time, making Venus hotter and hotter, and a large amount of liquid water has also been evaporated. At the same time, the volcanic activity on Venus is also gradually becoming more active and continuously releasing carbon dioxide, causing a strong greenhouse effect. Without oceans, carbon dioxide would not be neutralized. They enter the atmosphere and cause a severe greenhouse effect, which will increase the temperature on Venus. Meanwhile, on Earth, the oceans, plants and minerals absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, so the Earth will not become too hot due to the strong greenhouse effect during that period. Eventually, Venus’ greenhouse effect was completely out of control, liquid water completely evaporated, and life could have been destroyed. According to data returned by the Venus probe, the current concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’s atmosphere is as high as 96.5%, and the surface atmospheric pressure is 91 times higher than the Earth’s surface. Under the influence of this extreme greenhouse effect, Venus has essentially reached thermal equilibrium, and the average surface temperature is as high as 464 degrees Celsius. Although it is essentially impossible to have life on the surface of Venus today, some astronomers speculate that there may be some strange life in the atmosphere of Venus. In the sky high enough above the surface of Venus, the atmospheric pressure will be moderate, and the temperature will not be high, possibly for the synthesis of organic matter and the evolution of life. On the other hand, ancient Mars was probably also a habitable planet. Currently, on Mars there is a large amount of water-washed terrain, and there are some iron ores that can only be generated in the aquatic environment, which is strong evidence for the existence of a large amount of water. liquid water on ancient Mars. So, how did Mars become such a uninhabitable planet as it is? At present-day Mars’ North Pole, there is a giant basin whose surface is equivalent to two-fifths of the surface of Mars. This huge Arctic basin was formed by a massive collision. Studies have shown that about 3.9 billion years ago, a dwarf planet (about the size of Pluto) with a diameter of about 2,000 km collided with the north pole of Mars. This massive collision completely changed the core of Mars, causing activities inside Mars to quickly stop, and the Martian magnetic field also gradually weakened and finally almost disappeared. lost. Without the protection of the magnetic field, the solar wind gradually strengthens and melts the atmosphere of Mars, liquid water continues to evaporate, causing Mars to quickly become a barren land. Currently, there is almost no atmosphere on Mars, but there is still some water ice in the polar regions. In addition, there may be a seasonal amount of liquid water in some areas of Mars, which has a high salt content and may be temporarily liquid in the low-temperature Martian environment. At the moment, the temperature on Mars is very low, the average temperature is only -63 degrees Celsius. If humans want to settle on Mars in the future, the first thing to do is to strengthen the star’s magnetic field. Mars and produces large amounts of greenhouse gases to “heat” Mars and melt the solid water that exists on Mars. Mars is much smaller than Earth, so it would have cooled from its molten state at its inception faster than Earth, so liquid water on Mars may have appeared earlier, which could This means that life on Mars may have formed and evolved earlier than our planet. Therefore, there are conspiracy theories that, when celestial bodies collided with Mars, the rocks that were thrown into space by the collisions could have carried the germ of life on Mars into space, and then some someday fall to Earth, becoming the source of life on Earth. And perhaps by coincidence, life on Earth also began to form around the same time that Mars’ North Pole collided. From the point of view of time, this is consistent. In addition, astronomers have discovered traces of suspected life in meteorites on Mars that have fallen to Earth. Life on Earth may have originated on Mars, but this has so far required more convincing evidence. In the past, the Curiosity rover has detected some carbon-containing organic substances in the rocks on Mars, which may be evidence that ancient Mars once had a few living things. Even now, it is still possible for life on Mars, they did not go extinct billions of years ago, but moved into the Martian underground and developed a unique survival mechanism to adapt to the harsh environment. harsh on this planet. Compared to Venus and Mars, our planet is very lucky. For billions of years, Earth has always been a habitable planet, so hundreds of millions of species have appeared here. Our Earth is like a “chosen planet”, a moderate distance from the sun, with a magnetic field that can resist solar radiation so that all kinds of life can continue to multiply and develop. Although it cannot be ruled out that some planets in the solar system (such as Europa) also harbor life, the environments of those planets are very different from those of Earth, and most life on Earth is not ruled out. Soil cannot exist there. In the near future, Earth will still be the only planet inhabited by humans in the universe.

A photo of Mars in April 2021. Photo: NASA The word “telepathy” with Martians… Then, a John Hopkins University professor named Robert Wood suggested covering the white alkaline earth plains of Nevada (USA) with giant black spots made of square kilometers of black cloth. “It might be easier to ‘blink’ the signals with dark spots like a mirror of the same size,” explains Mr. Wood. But like Professor Pickering’s plan, Mr Wood’s solution soon fell through due to a lack of funding. Another professor, David Todd of Amherst University, thinks that by raising a balloon 15,000 meters, he can get any message from Mars. “If life really did exist on Mars, they would have tried for years to talk to us, and perhaps wonder how stupid our behavior was for not responding to them,” said Todd. spoke in May 1909, months before the proposed flight was in September. The Tacoma Times reported on Professor David Todd’s plan for a hot air balloon to capture Mars signals on June 14, 1909. Photo: Library of Congress But Professor Todd’s balloon test flight only reached an altitude of 1,500 meters. Soon after, the support that David Todd received from the US War Department abruptly ended, leaving the scientist with no means to continue with his plan. The use of sound waves, mirrors, hot air balloons, and even giant black spots to “make contact” with any possible life on Mars has at least the backing of science. But on October 27, 1926, a London lawyer named Hugh Mansfield Robinson claimed it was “absurd” that he had tried to send a telegram straight to Mars, which is 56 million miles away from us. km, where “Mars girlfriend” is waiting for him! Dr. Robinson is confident that his message will reach the recipient. Mars was then closest to Earth in its two-year orbit. In addition, Robinson said he had a “telepathic” conversation with a six-meter-tall Martian woman named Oomaruru. According to Dr. Robinson, Oomaruru and her Martians live like Earthlings, driving cars and smoking pipes! However, he asserts, they fly through the sky in electric balloons and eat fruit from electric trees. For months before transmitting the message, Robinson worked with the Central London Telegraph Office to send a physical message to his “Mars girlfriend”. Incredibly, the Telegraph Office agreed to send a telegram from Rugby Tower, the most powerful wireless station in the world at the time, at a standard long-distance rate: 18 British cents per word, or about zero. 35 USD. Although the telegraph staff heard no response, Robinson claimed to have heard telepathically from Oomaruru. She told him that the Martians had “sitted for hours to receive the signal”. “They laugh at our scientists because they themselves are completely out of the trouble in the atmosphere, but we are not,” Robinson said. A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Perseverance probe in April 2021. Photo: NASA … to land on the “Red Planet” The ideas of the scientists who came before them seemed far-fetched, but their curiosity and relentless pursuit inspired generations to come. By 1976, the US Space Agency (NASA) had brought the search for life on Mars to the actual surface of the planet via two Viking landers. One of the metabolic reactions conducted by the lander also revealed positive results, suggesting that there may be life on the “Red Planet”. However, those results remain controversial to this day. Subsequent explorations of the landers have provided evidence that Mars may have once been very friendly to life. For example, the Curiosity rover, which landed in 2012, discovered a mountain in the middle of Gale crater on the Red Planet called Mount Sharp. This 4,800-meter-high mountain is formed from layered sedimentary rock, composed of different minerals, and has been formed over time by wind and water, two elements that require an atmosphere to exist. . helicopter (The Ingenuity Helicopter, from the Perseverance probe, has made many flights to Mars). Scientists believe that if there ever was an atmosphere around Mars, then perhaps microorganisms existed billions of years ago while the layers of material were forming, and the “Red Planet” has could have harbored life for about 1 million years. NASA’s Perseverance rover was launched on July 30, 2020 and landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. Most recently, on May 15, 2021, the Tianwen-1 probe and China’s first self-propelled Mars rover, Zhu Rong, successfully landed on the surface of the “Red Planet”. The mission of Thien Van-1 is to land a lander carrying autonomous robots to the surface of Mars to collect data on groundwater sources, looking for signs of ancient life on this planet. Any discoveries by landers from Earth could be microbial, but they will be no less remarkable than the “canal engineers” we had hoped to find on Earth. Mars from the 19th century. Watch part 1 : CHANNEL OF THE ALTERNATIVES

Artwork: Teslarati.com According to NASA’s announcement, the contract to bring astronauts to the Moon as early as 2024 was signed with a value of nearly $ 3 billion. The contract will use the prototype spacecraft Starship, designed for a large crew with the necessary equipment for space exploration missions. Starship ships can land vertically on the surface of the Earth as well as other planets in the universe. So far, test flights have not been successful, but the group is working to build new test vehicles. NASA expert Lisa Watdon-Morgan said: “We have selected a partner and are preparing to implement the next phase. “We have to make sure to run the tests because we won’t send people to the Moon until the trials are successful.” Unlike the Apollo lunar landings between 1969 and 1972, NASA is currently preparing for a permanent presence on the Moon, a stepping stone to an even more ambitious plan, that is. is to send astronauts to Mars. This decision by NASA makes the race to conquer the Moon and other planets in the universe between the US and other powers becomes hotter. In the latest move, China’s aerospace science community on April 24 affirmed that this country is a cosmic power, capable of exploring space, exploring deeper areas in the universe by unmanned vehicles. . Scientists in this country also did not hide their ambition to bring people to the Moon soon. Chinese Academy of Sciences scholar Ye Peijian, Ye Peijian, said: “We are planning to conduct asteroid probes. We will accomplish this mission in 10 years. We also hope that China will soon be able to send people to the Moon in the near future. In early December 2020, China announced that the Hang Nga 5 probe had landed successfully and placed a flag on the surface of the Moon. This is the third successful Chinese landing in the past 7 years. Once a weak country in the space race, China has continuously developed aerospace programs in recent years with the ambition to conquer new territories. In early March 2021, the Russian Space Agency Roscosmos said that the country and China signed a memorandum of understanding to build a lunar space station together. The space station will be designed as a complex of experimental research facilities that operate on the surface or orbit of the Moon. Russian officials also announced that they will try new boosters to continue their lunar exploration program this year. Besides the US, Russia, China, some other countries such as Japan, European Union, India, Korea, Israel, South Africa … also announced ambitious Moon exploration programs in the coming time. Besides the Moon, conquering Mars is also becoming a target of fierce competition among countries. Just in February, the American Perseverance self-propelled vehicle, China’s Tianan-1 spacecraft, Hope of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) visited Mars one after another. According to space experts, the polls have different objectives but all show the interest of space powers to the Red planet. Not only is it intended for military and civilian purposes, the future space race is also related to economic benefits estimated to be worth trillions of dollars./.