It creates an infinitely curved region of space-time, from which nothing can escape, not even light. Do black holes rotate? This is an interesting but not so simple question that I received in one of my recent lectures. To answer it completely and accurately, we need a clear understanding of the very verifiable properties of black holes as well as about the nature of rotation. To date, the concept of rotating black holes is not new. In fact, every object in the universe, once having a mass large enough to be spherical, will also have a rotation. Since mass exerts gravity, every object tends to compress itself – because its parts attract each other. For small masses, this gravitational compressive force – commonly known as centripetal gravity – is so small that it cannot exert any effect on the object, because it is simply an intermolecular force of cohesion. substance – especially solids – is much larger than it is. But with very large masses, on the other hand, the force of gravity is so great that matter will rearrange until it becomes spherical. That is, the state in which the force of gravity directed at the center of the object from all directions is equal to each other. That’s how every object as large as a planet or a star gets its spherical shape. At the same time, when there is such a large mass, another problem arises, and also related to gravity. Since no single star or planet is perfectly uniform, in fact the gravitational forces in their different regions are unequal. This difference is the main reason they oscillate, and hence the rotation. Thus, all large objects in the universe rotate because of their own gravity. What about black holes? The most common types of black holes known to scientists today are stellar-mass black holes. It is formed from the late-life contraction of the cores of massive stars. These stars are usually at least 8 to 10 times the mass of the Sun. Towards the end of their lives, their cores shrink very rapidly because the fusion reaction no longer produces enough energy to resist the contraction of that enormous mass. This sudden contraction causes an explosion that is considered one of the most violent events in the universe” supernova explosion. This explosion tore apart the stellar shell that was previously in the state of a red supergiant. The remaining core of the star shrinks and collapses to become a black hole. All stars rotate on their own axis (our Sun, for example, has a rotation period of more than 25 days). It is not difficult to speculate that something formed from a rotating stellar core would also have to rotate, because that momentum is simply still there. The same is probably true of supermassive black holes – black holes with masses ranging from hundreds of thousands to billions of times the Sun, located at the center of most galaxies ever observed. In fact, when the first image of a black hole was released in 2019, scientists were able to see the spirals of the accretion disk surrounding the black hole. It shows that the giant accretion disk is rotating, not fixed. Just like the fact that all the stars in each galaxy are constantly moving around the center of the galaxy (for example, our Sun takes about 230 million years to complete one full circle around the center of the Milky Way). Two things need to be clarified before concluding that the black hole rotates on its own The entire initial mass of the black hole – in theory – is packed into an extremely small singularity. It is so small that it can mathematically be considered sizeless. That singularity has a certain radius (Schwarzchild radius) known as the black hole’s event horizon, but it is just a region of pure space-time, not an object like it has a surface. like a star or a planet. As such, it is difficult to consider something with no dimensions, or a boundary without a surface, to be rotating, since there is simply no alternate motion of points to a particular surface. No radiation comes out from within the event horizon, which also means that all information inside a black hole is unknown. If matter were indeed crushed and completely collapsed into a single point, the space within the event horizon could itself be a place of absolute uniformity, i.e. no rotation would occur due to the difference. interesting. With these two points in mind, don’t forget that what we see spinning is itself just the accretion disk surrounding the black hole. Of course, one can also calculate the rotational speed of an accretion disk based on its mass when taking into account as well as when not taking into account the presence of a black hole at the center, from which to compare and predict. It looks like the black holes in those places are spinning very fast. Even so, given that we don’t know anything about what lies within the event horizon, or even something specific happening at its very edge, concluding that black holes are indeed rotate or not and how fast they rotate is still too early. Likewise, the charge of a black hole is also a purely theoretical concept and is calculated from solving Einstein’s equations. There is no way for us to verify if an electric charge really exists after being swept inside the black hole’s event horizon. In the future, to know more about this information, we will need to look forward to new generations of telescopes and new methods to image and track more black holes with much greater detail. compared to what there are today.

According to the latest information published by the US media, Commander of the Pacific Air Force Kenneth Wilsbach said that Vietnam has ordered T-6 Texan II training aircraft. General Kenneth Wilsbach affirmed that “this is one of the most important and obvious points in bilateral cooperation” and “Vietnam ordered T-6 Texan II training aircraft to improve its pilot training program. “. The commander of the US Pacific Air Force also said that the US side is committed to supporting the handover and commissioning of T-6 Texan II aircraft, helping the Vietnam Air Force improve its pilot training capacity. . However, he did not disclose the exact number of T-6 Texan II aircraft that the Vietnamese side ordered. Delivery times and total contract value, were also not disclosed by Kenneth Wilsbach. Previously, from 2018, the Vietnamese side sent two pilots to train with T-6 Texan II aircraft in the US with a duration of 52 weeks. Lieutenant Dang Duc Toai became the first Vietnamese military pilot to graduate from this training course and master the T-6 Texan II training aircraft. The US side said that pilots like Dang Duc Toai had completed training with at least 167 hours of flying time on this single-engine aircraft. Born in the early 2000s, the T-6 Texan II is one of the most popular primary trainers in the world. This aircraft has two seats and one propeller engine. Theoretically, every pilot, whether civilian or military, would have to learn to fly single-engine aircraft first, and then “upgrade” to multi-engine or jet-engined types later. . T-6 Texan II aircraft is equipped with a P&W engine with a capacity of 1100 horsepower, a 4-blade engine, allowing the aircraft to fly at a maximum speed of 510 km/h, with a maximum speed limit of 586 km/h. This type of aircraft has a maximum range of 1700 km, the highest ceiling of 9400 meters above sea level. Even though it’s just a propeller-powered aircraft, the T-6 Texan II still has a very strong fuselage structure that can withstand a maximum acceleration of gravity of 7G, allowing pilots to get used to the pressure of injection control. counterattack later. Currently, the primary single-engine aircraft that Vietnam is using for training is the Yak-52 – an aircraft manufactured by the Soviet Union since the 70s of the last century. Trainer Yak-52 is only equipped with a 530 hp engine with two blades, the maximum speed it can achieve is no more than 285 km/h. The flight ceiling of this type of muscle trainer, is also only about 4000 meters. Not only used for training military pilots, the Yak-52 is also considered a fairly popular private aircraft in the world, due to its easy controllability and low operating costs. Image source: Pinterest. Close-up of the cockpit of the T-6 Texan II trainer aircraft. Source: DM.

Humans used to believe that the Earth was the center of the solar system until Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, proved that our Earth is just a planet revolving around the Sun. Later, Newton proved the principle behind the planets orbiting the Sun with the law of universal gravitation. He said the larger the objects, the greater the force of attraction between them, but the further apart they are, the weaker the attraction. Next came Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, which suggested that all objects in the universe lie on “a cloth”, which is a four-dimensional continuum known as space-time and causes distortion. Massive objects like the Sun warp space-time around them, so Earth’s orbit is simply the result of our planet obeying this curvature, similar to gravity. Newton. Does quantum theory contradict the concept of space-time? Besides, we also have another concept that is quantum theory. In the quantum world, a physical system always has overlapping states. Specifically, a particle can exist in many places or have many velocities at the same time. In the 1930s, physicist Erwin Schrödinger devised a thought experiment that is still known today as “Schrödinger’s cat” to discuss this quantum theory. Suppose there is a sealed box, inside is a living cat with a vial of poison and a radioactive substance that will decay after about an hour (but also probably not). If decay occurs, it will be recorded by the quantum state meter and activate the counter causing the hammer to be dropped to break the vial of poison, which will kill the cat. If the potion hadn’t been broken, the cat was still alive. The problem here is that until the measurement is taken, the cat will be in two superpositions of life and death. Massive objects warp the structure of space and time around them, resulting in neighboring objects following a curve. Photo: Space. This cannot be reconciled with the space-time continuum. “The gravitational field cannot be in two places at once,” said Sabine Hossenfelder, a theoretical physicist at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Study. According to Einstein, space-time is warped by matter and energy, but according to quantum physics, matter and energy exist in many states simultaneously. “So where is the gravitational field?” Hossenfelder asked. However, no one has an answer to that question. Looking for a solution To be able to reconcile the two theories, physicists have tried to find a common theory that solves both quantum physics and space-time theory. Perhaps the most famous theory is the string theory of physicist Andrew Strominger. It’s the idea that subatomic particles like electrons and quarks are created from the continuous oscillations of microscopic filaments, not from collections of particles. However, the strings must vibrate in 11 dimensions, while Einstein’s fabric of space-time has only four. “String theory is interesting math, but whether it describes the space-time we live in, we need an experiment to prove it,” said Professor Jorma Louko from the University of Nottingham. know. String theory, a way to reconcile relativity and quantum theory, says that reality is made of vibrating strings. Photo: Spice. Evolving from the limitations of string theory, other physicists have turned to an alternative called Ring Quantum Gravity (LQG). They argue that space-time is made up of a series of interwoven loops structured on the smallest size scales, like a cloth. However, it is made of a network of stitches, or like a computer photo, made of individual pixels. According to physicists studying the LQG, these loops are so small that the number of rings in a cubic centimeter of space is more than the volume of the entire observable universe in cubic centimeters. “If space-time differs only on the Planck scale, this would be difficult to test in any particle accelerator,” says Louko. You’ll need an atom smasher 1,000 trillion times more powerful than the large particle accelerator (LHC) at CERN. To find the answer, scientists must use light from Gamma rays at a distance to look for evidence for LQG. The signals we receive from the universe may have traveled billions of light years, experiencing the influence of space-time. Cosmic flashes are emitted as stars reach the end of their lives, scientists are still trying to understand the meaning of these explosions in space. “Their spectral ranges have systematic distortion,” commented Hossenfelder. However, the problem now is to find the answer to the cause of this distortion. An alternate picture shows that space and time are not smooth, but are instead created by a series of small loops. Photo: Space. Quantum entanglement According to Einstein, space-time always exists even if there are no stars or planets around it. However, physicists Laurent Freidel, Robert Leigh and Djordje Minic argue that space-time does not exist independently of the objects in it. According to them, space-time is defined by the interactions between objects. “This may sound confusing, but it’s the best way to approach the problem,” Mr. Minic said. The theory mentioned above is called the modulus of space-time, which can explain a well-known phenomenon called “quantum entanglement”. Quantum entanglement is when two atomic particles are brought together and linked their quantum properties. Then, when the scientists separated them from each other, they found that the particles retained their property bonds. When the properties of a particle are changed, the particle at the other end will sense this change immediately, faster than the speed of light. Einstein was so confused by this phenomenon that he called it the ‘spooky effect at a distance’, because the speed of light is the fastest, according to him. Modularity of space-time theory can modify the properties of a particle by looking at the “separation” from a different perspective. If space-time emerges from the quantum world, it would be simpler to be closer in the quantum sense than in the physical sense. “Each person will have a different concept depending on the context,” says Minic. It’s like a person-to-person relationship. We can feel closer to our loved ones far away than to strangers around us,” added Hossenfelder. Albert Einstein presented a Newtonian picture of gravity as a force, replacing it with space-time. Photo: Science Photo Library. Freidel, Leigh and Minic have been working on their concept for the past five years and believe they are taking steps towards perfecting it. According to Minic, this would be a novel approach to bring the concept of gravity into the quantum world, instead of quantizing gravity as with the LQG theory. However, any scientific theory needs to be tested. For now, the trio is looking for a way to incorporate time into their model. This new discovery could have a more profound effect on our daily lives. “All of our current devices work solely on quantum theory. If we better understand the quantum structure of space-time, that will have an impact on future technologies – maybe in 200 years,” said Hossenfelder.

Dark matter is thought to be six times more abundant than normal matter. What is dark matter? First and perhaps most confusingly, researchers are still unsure what exactly dark matter is. Initially, some scientists surmised, the missing mass in the universe was made up of faint small stars and black holes. However, detailed observations have not shown enough evidence to explain the effects of dark matter. The current leading hypothesis is a hypothetical particle known as the weakly interacting mass particle, or WIMP. This particle would behave like a neutron and be 10-100 times heavier than a proton. However, this conjecture has opened a series of other unanswered questions. Is it possible to detect dark matter? In the 1930s, Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky discovered that galaxies in a distant cluster were orbiting each other much faster than they should have been visible. At the time, he suggested, an invisible substance, dark matter, could be pulling gravity on these galaxies. Since then, researchers have confirmed, this mysterious matter can be found throughout the universe. They are six times more abundant than ordinary matter. If dark matter were produced from WIMPs, they would be all around us, invisible and virtually undetectable. While they won’t interact much with normal matter, there’s always some small chance that a dark matter particle could bump into an ordinary particle like a proton or electron as it travels through space. So the researchers carried out a series of experiments to study the huge numbers of ordinary particles deep underground, where they are shielded from interfering radiation. These particles can behave like a collision between dark matter particles. After decades of searching, none of these detectors have made a reliable discovery. Earlier this year, China’s PandaX experiment reported failing to detect WIMP. According to physicist Hai-Bo Yu at the University of California, Riverside, it seems that dark matter particles are much smaller than WIMP, or lack properties that make them easy to study. Does it include more than one particle? Ordinary matter is made up of particles like protons and electrons, as well as more exotic particles like neutrinos, muons, and pions. So some researchers have wondered, could dark matter, which makes up 85 percent of the matter in the universe, be just as complex? “There is no good reason to assume that all dark matter in the universe is made up of one type of particle,” said Harvard physicist Andrey Katz. According to Katz, dark protons can combine with dark electrons to form dark matter. From there, create configurations as varied and interesting as those found in the physical world. However, this problem has not been elucidated so far by scientists. Does the dark force exist? Some researchers have been looking for “dark photons,” analogous to photons exchanged between ordinary particles that generate the electromagnetic force. However, dark photons will only be sensed by dark matter particles. Physicists in Italy are preparing to break a beam of electrons and their antiparticles, called positrons, into a diamond. If dark photons exist, electron-positron pairs could annihilate and create one of the strange force carriers. From there, it is possible to open up a whole new realm of the universe. Is it made up of axions? As physicists pay more and more attention to understanding WIMPs, other dark matter particles are starting to gain favor. One of the top substitutes is the axion. This hypothetical particle is very light, smaller than a proton. Axion is currently being searched for in a few trials. Recent computer simulations have raised the possibility that these axions can form star-like objects. At the same time, they can produce radiation that is easily detected, similar to the mysterious phenomenon known as fast radio bursts. What are the properties of dark matter? Astronomers have discovered dark matter through its gravitational interaction with ordinary matter. This is also an indication that it is the main way that the presence of dark matter is known in the universe. According to some theories, dark matter particles must be their own antiparticles. This means that the two dark matter particles will annihilate each other when they meet. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) experiment aboard the International Space Station has been looking for amazing signs of this destruction since 2011. As a result, AMS detected hundreds of thousands of events. Scientists are still unsure if these come from dark matter, and have yet to determine exactly what dark matter is. Does it exist in every galaxy? Because of its greater mass than normal matter, dark matter is often thought to be the driving force that organizes large structures such as galaxies and galaxy clusters. So it was strange that earlier this year, astronomers announced that they had found a galaxy called NGC 1052-DF2. Surprisingly, this galaxy barely contains any dark matter. At the time, Pieter van Dokkum of Yale University said: “Dark matter does not seem to be a necessary element to form a galaxy.” However, another team of researchers analyzed and showed that van Dokkum and colleagues miscalculated the distance to the galaxy. This means that visible matter is much fainter and lighter than first detected.

Illustration. If the universe is filled with matter but there is no force of interaction between them, there would be no formation of nuclei, atoms, molecules… and galaxies, stars and planets. Basic interactions of nature Electromagnetic interaction or electromagnetic force is the interaction between charged particles, for example protons with the same positive charge repel each other, but attract electrons because electrons have a negative charge. This interaction is not only a matter of attraction or repulsion of the magnet poles due to the excess or lack of electrons, but the most important thing is that it is the attractive properties of this proton and electron that the electron can keep its orbit around the atomic nucleus. , and thus the atoms, molecules and, more generally, all the matter we see every day, that make us up. Electromagnetic interactions are transmitted by bosons or photons, or as we know them as light-transmitting particles. Light is precisely an electromagnetic wave of the right wavelength to produce images on the retina of the human eye. The photon itself has neither mass nor charge, it only plays the role of transmitting electromagnetic interactions through its oscillation frequency. The frictional force generated when one object slides over another is due to the electromagnetic interaction of the atomic particles of the contact surface, the elastic force of a spring or the tension of a string is also an electromagnetic interaction due to the change in the surface area. changing the distances of the atoms from each other leads to a change in the magnitude of the interaction from the initial steady state, the force produced by muscles when you lift a heavy object or any other movement that is elastic muscle bundles, so of course there’s also an electromagnetic interaction… Strong interaction (also known as strong nuclear force). The interaction is caused by bosons called gluons – a type of particle with no mass and no charge. This is the bonding interaction between quarks, the main components of the two types of baryons, protons and neutrons, which as we know are the particles that make up the nucleus of an atom. It is thanks to this type of interaction that new baryons are formed and also bind the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus together (protons carry the same charge, so they generate an electromagnetic force that repels each other, thanks to the presence of electrons). neutrons, so the nucleus of an atom can exist). The strong interaction is the strongest of the basic interactions of nature, but it also has the shortest range of effects. Simulation of forces in the universe. Outside the radius of the atomic nucleus, the strong interaction does not work and of course that is also the reason why matter can exist today because with the magnitude of this interaction it can act. As far as the electromagnetic interaction goes, there will be no existence of atoms with electron shells because they will be crushed by the attraction between the nuclei themselves (because this force is much stronger than the electromagnetic repulsion). between nuclei). The weak interaction (or weak nuclear force) plays a role in causing beta decay of neutrons, thereby causing nuclear decay such as radiation and fission. The neutrons themselves are unstable in isolation, they are stable only when bound to protons. Stand-alone, neutrons can absorb or emit W or Z bosons and undergo beta decay to form a proton, an electron, and a neutron fraction. The nuclei of heavy elements have many protons and, respectively, require many neutrons to keep the protons from repelling each other. But at the same time when there are many neutrons, there will be neutrons isolated from the proton, out of the range of the strong interaction. Then the weak interaction causes them to decay and make the nucleus unstable. Elements whose nuclei have this phenomenon are called radioactive elements. The heavier the nucleus, the more unstable it is, and so the weak interaction is what keeps the number of elements in the universe finite, not infinite. Standard model of particle physics These three types of interactions are now uniformly described in the standard model of particle physics. According to the standard model, at sufficiently high energies, these interactions are consistent, although as already stated they appear to be very different in mechanism. In the cosmological model based on the Big Bang theory, the first stage of the universe from the age of the universe is 10–43s to the time of 20-36s the universe undergoes a period known as the great unification epoch. , in which the three types of interactions mentioned above have not been separated from each other. Immediately after the great unification era is the electroweak era, when the strong interaction has separated but the remaining two interactions are still united, called the electroweak interaction. It wasn’t until the quark era, when the age of the universe was 10-12s, that the universe cooled down enough for the electromagnetic and weak interactions to separate. Illustration. Gravitational interaction (or gravity) Interactions tend to pull objects and particles of mass toward each other. This is the weakest of the four basic interactions of nature on a certain object, but it is the one with the furthest range of effects. It plays a major role in forming the great structures of the universe, from stars, planets, asteroids, satellites to galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies. The Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun also due to the effect of this type of interaction. Despite being the weakest force, gravity has not only the longest range, but also an unstoppable force, every man-made weightless environment or gravitation-isolating material in sci-fi movies. thought is unscientific. It cannot happen not because of technology but because of the general principle of the universe. For the same reason, gravity is also the force that causes the most violent phenomena in the universe, typically the collapse of matter to form neutron stars or black holes and supermassive black holes. In this phenomenon, thanks to the large amount of matter, the gravitational force is enough to overcome the electromagnetic force and the strong interaction causes the structure of matter to be destroyed. Gravity is very common to everyday life as we can stand on the ground and objects that are thrown high fall because of gravity. Some so-called forces, such as the resistance of the ground when you are standing on it or the Archimedes earth force in a liquid, are just indirect manifestations of gravity. The reason this universal force is mentioned last in the article is because it is the only one of the four fundamental interactions of nature that is not included in the standard model. Is there a fifth fundamental interaction? The existence of a fifth interaction of nature is still believed by many scientists, especially since the presence of dark matter has been confirmed. To date, there have been a number of experiments showing the involvement of a strange variation that was thought to be such a small interaction that has never been known. But so far, the fifth interaction has not been described in any way. Thus, the number of fundamental interactions of nature is still only four, with three unified in the standard model and gravitational interactions standing independently of them.

Exploring the stars is man’s way to the universe. Some people think that each star represents a destiny, others say that the stars are small angels tasked with lighting up the night. Today, science has been able to give us a more precise answer. What is a star? Stars are all celestial bodies that are capable of emitting their own light. All of them are giant air spheres. They are tens to hundreds of thousands of times more massive than Earth. Only thanks to such a large mass can they create their own light. An object to be able to emit its own light needs to have a mass of at least 70 times the mass of Jupiter – the largest planet in the Solar System, that is, about 7% of the mass of the Sun. Why do we see the stars? The stars in the sky have always been a mystery to the human imagination. Our Earth has a mass of about 6x1024kg (6 million billion billion tons). The Sun is 330,000 times heavier than the Earth. That is, a star with a mass of 7% of the mass of the Sun would be about 23,000 times heavier than the Earth. Every object has a gravitational force that directs the center of it to its heart. Normally no one notices but we ourselves are always attracted to our own. Because each part of the body is attracted to each other and the sum of them all form a gravitational force directed towards a center of mass in our body (the center of gravity of the object). The table, the chair, the Earth, are always gravitating to itself by a force called centripetal gravity. But why doesn’t it all burn brightly? That’s because the mass of the objects we come into contact with every day just can’t afford that. Because gravity is a force proportional to mass, gravity in everyday objects is so small that they don’t cause any significant effects. With very large objects such as planets, Earth, gravity is also negligible because it creates a clear attraction that pulls everything towards it. For example, when you jump high, you will fall very quickly because of the pull from the Earth. As for the aforementioned massive objects (tens of thousands of times heavier than the Earth), the great gravity makes the pressure at the center of the celestial body very high, this pressure provides a great acceleration for the celestial bodies. gaseous atoms (mostly hydrogen). They collide strongly with each other at high velocities, breaking the electron shells, separating electrons from the atomic nucleus. At the core of the star is no longer ordinary gas but a state of chaotically moving nuclei and electrons. This state is called plasma. In the plasma state, the hydrogen nuclei have a chance to collide directly with each other at high velocities, which causes what we call fusion reactions, fusing hydrogen nuclei into heavy hydrogen and finally is the helium nucleus. This reaction is known on Earth in hydrogen bombs – bombs capable of releasing thousands of times more energy than atomic bombs of the same mass. The fusion reaction at the core of a star releases a lot of energy in the form of radiation, some of which is visible light. This radiation is transferred to the star’s surface and causes the star to glow. Stars are composed mainly of hydrogen (over 70%), with a large part helium remaining, and an insignificant fraction of heavier gases. The surface temperature of a star is usually in the range of 3,000 to 50,000K, and the temperature at the center is in the range of several million to several tens of millions of K. It can be as high as 100 million K for red giants and several billion K. with red supergiant stars. Star classification Graphic image. By mass, stars are divided into two types, dwarfs and giants. Today, modern division is based on spectral charts. In which, the star with the obtained spectrum of which position on the chart will be determined to belong to which group with specific characteristics of mass and temperature. The most widely used spectrogram today is the Hertzsprung-Russell chart. This graph represents the luminosity, size, and temperature of any star when its spectrum is obtained. According to temperature, the chart is divided into 7 levels with the symbols O, B, A, F, G, K, M respectively. In which, the star closer to O is hotter and closer to M is cold. Each level itself is divided into several sub-levels. Through the chart, it can be seen that most of the stars in the universe are concentrated in the main sequence of the chart. This sequence is a sequence of dwarfs and subgiant stars. Our sun is also on this sequence. It is located in the G group, has the detailed spectral designation G2V (yellow dwarf/Yellow dwarf). Below the sequence are groups of white dwarfs, and above are giants and supergiant, supergiant stars. Star evolution All stars form from large clouds of dust and gas called protostar nebulae. Due to gravity they gather together and shrink until they form a dense mass. As we all know, all objects that carry mass carry gravity. The same object itself also has a force of attraction between different parts of it. However, the gravitational force between small masses is negligible and we hardly notice it. Only significant forces, such as Earth’s gravity acting on people and objects, are enough to be noticed. In stars, gravity is very strong (due to its high mass). When the force of gravity is too great for the atoms to bear, they break the atomic shells and accelerate their nuclei. Hydrogen nuclei (consisting of 1 proton) when collided at high velocity, combine to form heavy hydrogen, and then helium. This reaction releases energy that causes the star to burn brightly. This is a fusion reaction (also known as a nuclear explosion. This reaction is used in the hydrogen bomb (H bomb) – the most destructive destructive weapon that mankind has built). Thanks to the great energy released from nuclear fusion in the star’s core, the gravitational contraction is halted as the released energy balances the gravitational force. The star burns so brightly for several tens, hundreds of millions or billions of years. The lower the mass of the stars, the longer the lifespan. For example, our Sun is a dwarf, medium mass, it can live for about 10 billion years. Meanwhile, stars are much larger, sometimes only living a few hundred or even tens of millions of years because the high mass creates greater pressure towards the center. It causes nuclear fusion to happen faster and the star to deplete energy faster. After burning out all of its hydrogen energy, the star no longer produces energy against centripetal gravity. It will once again shrink. At this time, the helium nuclei combine to form nuclei of heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen and heavier elements up to iron. This process releases an energy that inflates the star’s crust while the star’s core continues to contract. This is the red giant stage. For medium-sized stars (with a mass between 0.5 and 10 times the mass of the Sun), the red giant shell, when inflated sufficiently large, will explode and break up to form a planetary nebula. Meanwhile, high-mass stars have massively inflated stellar shells, becoming red supergiant stars. During this stage, the stellar core continues to contract due to gravity, temperature and pressure both increase many times compared to the previous stage, allowing nuclei of heavier elements to be synthesized (from familiar metals). from copper, silver, and gold to radioactive elements). Up to a certain limit, the energy released from the core creates a large explosion that breaks the outer shell. This is a supervova explosion. After the shell is broken, the star’s core remains for both massive stars as well as light stars. For low- and medium-mass stars like the Sun, the core will stop shrinking, becoming a white dwarf, emitting a very faint light. After billions or tens of billions of years, the generation of radiation ends, stars no longer emit light. It’s called a black dwarf, a dark, dead mass of matter. In fact, the process for a white dwarf to become a black dwarf is so long that so far a black dwarf is only a theoretical prediction. No white dwarf in the universe has been around long enough to become a black dwarf. For massive stars whose core remains after the supervova are at least 1.4 times more massive than the Sun, the mass is so great that they continue to shrink. The nuclei react with each other to form heavy nuclei. The contractions are not over yet, they cause the free electrons to be squeezed tightly against the protons, combining to form neutrons. The star becomes a solid mass of matter, composed entirely of neutrons. Therefore, it has extremely high density and extremely fast rotation speed. This object is called a neutron star. Previously, when this object was first observed, astronomers saw that it emitted a very strong amount of electromagnetic pulses, so they called them pulsars. Even more massive stars with a core mass at least 2 or 3 times that of the Sun, have not stopped after reaching the neutron star stage. They squeeze all matter together to an infinitely large density, concentrated at a location called a singularity. This singularity warps the space around it, a region of space that is bent to an infinite (closed) curvature. The boundary of this space is called the event horizon. Because the space is bent inward, anything that goes in can’t get out, not even light. This entire region of space bounded by the event horizon is called a black hole.

The resort complex has a size of 180ha in Dam Bay, where is located in the direction of the sea. In addition to the beautiful terrain of nature, the highlight of the project is the daring design to create an artificial island in the shape of a golden lotus flower that stands out among the majestic mountains, creating a rich and prosperous area on the island. Ngoc Phu Quoc. Project overview image of Selavia Inspired by the noble values ​​associated with lotus flowers, Selavia brings the lotus image into her architecture, creating the first man-made island area on Ngoc Phu Quoc Island. Project Selavia makes people think of the image of Palm Jumeirah artificial palm island in Dubai. Selavia Lotus Island is expected to become a symbol and create a highlight for the city. Phu Quoc in the future; at the same time becoming a destination to attract domestic and foreign tourists. The busy and luxurious Avenue of Light in Selavia Experience of many countries shows that the iconic works of the destination often create a unique highlight and thereby form the attraction for the whole region such as: Singapore has a lion statue, Shanghai has Minh Chau tower, Taiwan has Taipei 101 tower, Da Nang recently has the world famous Golden Bridge … “Our top desire not only to create works worthy of a large-scale commercial entertainment urban area like Selavia, but also to create a symbol of culture and tourism in a rich destination like Phu Quoc “, Phu Quoc TTC representative said. Shophouse Selashine – Vibrant Avenue of Light On the way to becoming an international tourist city, Phu Quoc needs large-scale projects and meets international standards, not only to make Ngoc Island a vibrant tourist, resort and entertainment hub. but also to anticipate a big transition in population size and economic structure here. Therefore, projects need to be practical not only to attract tourists but also to create a living and living space suitable for a vibrant coastal city. Oriented with this strategic vision, Selavia Phu Quoc Complex is invested in the trend of high-class “ecosystem” to serve the needs of relaxation, entertainment, living and business. Notably, the busy commercial street named “Selashine – Avenue of Light” is multi-utility. This is a vibrant food and service area 24/7 on a beautiful boulevard connecting the central North-South island with a coastal road of more than 1,200 meters, attracting more than 100 major brands of food, fashion and entertainment, along with many other unique festival activities. 99 Selashine shophouse where the city doesn’t sleep Attractive destinations like Phu Quoc are converging many conditions to develop business and commercial activities to welcome millions of domestic and foreign tourists to visit every year. Along with the city upgrading, the night economy in Phu Quoc is being promoted by managers, promising to create a vibrant “sleepless destination”. As a result, businesses here have an attractive market for profits, creating a huge demand for the shophouse. Marine shophouse currently focuses mainly on large tourism complex projects with a scale of hundreds of hectares, which are well planned by well-known investors in the market. Shophouse area is designed in a modern, luxurious and convenient way at Avenue of Light Therefore, shophouse Selashine is being noticed by many investors when possessing a lot of potential. Selashine has a diverse area from 160m2 to 270m2, expected to be handed over in March 2022, suitable for diverse business models, helping to maximize the used area to optimize profitability. In addition, each shophouse in a total of 99 units, has its own character, modifications and freedom of color, flexibility in spatial layout but still ensures the bold indigenous whole area in the whole area, creating so different experiences for visitors as well as the owner of the house. Regional linkage of the Selavia Complex project is also very convenient for famous connecting destinations across the island: 15 minutes from Phu Quoc international airport, only 10 minutes from JW Phu Quoc, … Resonating with destinations This development model of Selavia is to become an “all-in-one” tourism ecosystem in the international stature resort complex. Selavia’s products include: 6-star villas on the sea, commercial centers, villas for professionals, shophouse, hotels, 4-5 star resorts. Besides, there are a series of classy facilities such as walking square, clam theater, infinity pool, marine park … Thereby, visitors always feel comfortable in their journey to discover unexpected things at Ngoc Island. But business people and connoisseurs find a familiar feeling about a second home of a fully integrated project. “Selavia Golden Lotus” has been sent by investors with high expectations along with Vietnam’s potential for resort real estate development thanks to building confidence in the anti-epidemic phase, attractive natural landscape and growth. high economy.

Most planets in the universe are not suitable for us to live in. With the current environment in the planets, imagine how, if we humans lived there, the body would change. Mars Gravity is lower on Mars than on Earth and it is further away from the Sun, so if we live on Mars, we will see less sunlight. Mars also lacks a protective magnetic field due to its thin atmosphere, everything there, including humans, is exposed to radiation. Occasionally, strong winds create dust storms that fly across the planet, and dust continues to settle for months to come. So if you go to live on Mars, you may be taller, stronger body to compensate for the poor gravity. You will have big eyes for better visibility when the Sun is too far away. In addition, the main pigment in your body changes from melanin to carotenoids (carrots, tomatoes and oranges). So your skin is likely to be orange. Jupiter Living on the surface of Jupiter is challenging because the planet has no real surface. It is purely air. However, this does not mean it is just a giant cloud suspended in space. If you travel through its atmosphere to deeper parts, the gas will become dense until it turns into a liquid. In a nutshell, Jupiter is an ocean layer made up of hydrogen instead of water. With such high pressure, extreme temperatures and liquid environments, humans would have to mimic creatures that live in deep water. We would be like animals with small legs and hard shells to protect the body from Jupiter’s radiation. Saturn Saturn is also a giant cloud of hydrogen and helium, with no soil or no wind. However, inside it is much denser and much smaller than Jupiter. Its iconic belts are made of countless ice particles, so nothing can live on this planet. The Saturn rings are innumerable ice particles. Saturn’s weight is too small, so it can float in a bath if there is a tub large enough to hold. The only way to get around in the dense mist of Saturn is to hover around like a jellyfish. Your body will not have a skeleton so that it cannot be crushed by the pressure. Mercury Life on Mercury is extremely difficult. This tiny planet is closest to the Sun, so the sunlight here is seven times bigger than Earth, no sunscreen can resist. Mercury’s temperature is extremely extreme, around 430 ° C during the day and -180 ° C at night. The planet is also prone to meteor shower and earthquakes. There is no atmosphere here to breathe. How must we change to accommodate Mercury? Meat and bones can never withstand the harsh conditions here. So to live in Mercury, our bodies must be made of something similar to the refractory metal, for example, titanium. There’s no need for a respiratory system, so your pretty metal face won’t have a nose. And your eyes will be like a thick sunglasses to protect them from the sun’s light. Venus If there’s a place that’s harder to live than Mercury, it’s definitely Venus. The temperature here is a whopping 471 ° C. The atmosphere is extremely thick, creating a greenhouse effect. The planet’s surface is very dry, there are many natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, hurricane winds and lightning. The pressure here is like you are 1 mile underwater, giving you constant headaches. Unfortunately, the only thing that can exist on Venus is bacteria. Venus corrode everything, even metal, making it impossible for human spacecraft to stop here. Venus’s atmosphere contains phosphine, which is toxic to any organism that breathes oxygen, but is very beneficial for bacterial growth. Uranus, Neptune Frozen, dark and plagued by strong winds, Uranus and Neptune are mostly made up of cold liquids – methane, water and ammonia. They do not have a solid surface, and their atmospheres slowly mix with the water around the cores of other planets. Gravity is stronger here than on Earth and puts more pressure on everything. With such a strong gravity, the human body living here would have to be shorter and muscular, muscular, and thicker in skin to resist the cold. And for the liquid environment here, the best form to live in is a cosmic dolphin or manatee, making it easier to navigate around the planet. The Pluto Pluto is the planet farthest from the Sun, covered with ice and snow. Gravity is extremely weak and the atmosphere is fragile. The sun seen from Pluto is just a dot on the horizon, like the Moon to Earth, so there won’t be much light. However, scientists believe that there may be ocean water below Pluto’s surface. If you live on Pluto, your body needs antifreeze, like some insects and fish. Low gravity causes muscles and bones to shrink, the space between the vertebrae expands and makes us taller. Human posture will also change as the spine is not doing too much. So you can be tall, thin, and somewhat spiderman with flexible limbs and a curved spine.

Keep youthful beauty at hand Not to mention how hard women work in their skincare work, how much money they spend on cosmetics, or try some crazy beauty treatments, the prerequisite for them to shine enduringly. comes from self-love. A woman will not be able to capture every eye if she does not love her original things. From this inspiration, JinHye came up with the “Facial Time Machine Mask” to convey the message: “Every new day is an opportunity for you to love and cherish yourself.” This is a line of lifting masks to help rejuvenate the skin, neutralize the effects of time and bring the beauty of the ladies back to the age of 20 full of vitality. It doesn’t take too much time, just 30 minutes a day to love yourself, take care of your skin is enough to see the difference. To pursue its mission, JinHye’s team of experienced experts has been researching and developing constantly to produce many high-end product lines, serving unlimited beauty needs. Taking the safety of all skin types, health-free and eco-friendly, each product of this brand uses organic ingredients. JinHye’s products are manufactured in one of the largest cosmetic factories in Korea, meeting ISO 9001: 2008 standards. Ambition to bring women into the center of all attention The word “Hye” in Korean means a beautiful, intelligent girl and is the focus of all attention. This is also JinHye’s biggest goal, wanting every woman to appear anywhere, always be confident, shine brightly and make the most flustered people flutter. This has been demonstrated in the journey Dep Test Drive 01, the road from Hanoi to Tu Le (Yen Bai) organized by the Depict and Dep Driving Ladies magazine. JinHye has brought into full play his strengths when becoming a powerful assistant, accompanying the skin care process of trendy ladies during the trip. Although it took nearly 8 hours of driving to conquer the pass and burn all the way with outdoor activities that require a lot of energy for 3 days, but the charisma of women not only makes others swoon, but also their skin. they are also impressed by smooth, radiant, bright white and succulent stretch. With natural ingredients rich in nutrients such as starch Zea Mays (corn), Natto Gum – a natural organic collagen extracted from beans, Lavandula Angustifolia (lavender) flower oil, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (orange) peel oil ), eucalyptus leaf oil, Camelia Japonica flower extract, Lonicera Japonica flower (honeysuckle), Triticum Vulgare (wheat) sprout extract, Brassica Oleracea Italica (broccoli) sprout extract; JinHye’s “Facial Time Machine Mask” perfectly moisturizes, brightens and evenens skin tone, tightens pores, controls oil, increases elasticity to revitalize skin quickly. To keep youthful age no longer a miracle, “Facial Time Machine Mask” also has a special ingredient – hydrolyzed collagen. With the powerful support of the amino acid Serine found in hydrolyzed collagen, women are not only supplemented with collagen to help firm the skin and lift facial muscles, but also slow down the aging process when wrinkles, wrinkles, etc. The crow’s feet were gradually blurred. In the past decade, women have changed their definition of beauty by not only surprising others with the calmness, but also the admiration of radiant, sharp, pure and salty beauty. that of them. And of course there is no miracle here, every secret of the top beauty of the ladies of this time comes from their own choice. Perform: Huyen My Truong

In the Spring-Summer 2021 ad campaign, Versace immerses fans in the fantasy world with the iconic faces Precious Lee, Hailey Bieber, Kendall Jenner and the latest La Medusa handbag. Modern creative thoughts were captured by photographer duo Mert & Marcus in a scene constructed from Donatella’s imagination. Inspired by the vastness and beauty of nature, designer takes us to previously undiscovered depths of the ocean to present a new campaign full of magic and thought-provoking. Designer Donatella Versace shared that: “ For this campaign, I want to depict a modern image of Medusa. Or better yet, to be able to highlight many of her faces, possibly opposing each other, and every real woman could be Medusa. All of us, with our unique differences and personalities, express ourselves through our dress. Of course I do too! We live in a world where gender differences are no longer important and we’ve been given an ever more kind of freedom. Use it and use it to your fullest! ” Medusa was the ruler of Versacepolis and shares the same name with Versace’s newest line of handbags, the La Medusa. Each bag is decorated with a Medusa head – similar to the sign on the door at 12 Via Gesù, the brand’s first headquarters in Milan. This handbag is the focal point in a series of images and videos that show strength, confidence and seduction – core values ​​of the brand as well as Versace’s Spring Summer 2021 collection. Bringing outstanding colors to the eye, along with a design of flexible straps and straps, the Medusa bag promises to become the “IT-bag” of global fans, an item without any problems. Everyone wants to own. Dua Lipa enjoys her La Medusa bag Perform: Tuan Anh

The Mars expedition can last at least 3 years. Brain structure effect The missions that bring humans to Mars are considered to be a major leap in space exploration. NASA has a goal of sending people to Mars by 2030. However, a trip to Mars is not the same as taking a flight to New York. Because space is an extremely harsh environment for human life, including the lack of gravity and harmful radiation, as well as isolation and lack of day or night. Missions to Mars will require more astronauts physically and mentally than man-made journeys in 60 years of space exploration. A flight to Mars and back will take about 14 months. Meanwhile, the actual exploration mission will last at least 3 years. Maintaining good cognition and effective teamwork are the prerequisites for the safe and successful outcomes of these tasks. However, a new study published in the journal Frontiers of Physiology found that the lack of gravity during such missions can have negative effects on cognitive skills, as well as emotions. of the astronauts. Since the first space missions, it is clear that exposure to a “microgravity” (weightless) environment leads to drastic changes in the human body. This includes changes in the cardiovascular, skeletal and nervous systems. On Earth, we discover gravity with the aid of our eyesight and various organs, including those in the inner ear. When our heads are upright, the hearing stones in the vestibular system are perfectly balanced by a viscous liquid. However, as we move the head, gravity causes the liquid to move with it. This activates signals to the brain that our heads have changed positions. In space, this process is no longer active. Space flight can even bring about adverse changes to the brain structure of astronauts. Changes in brain structure were observed in astronauts after they returned from the International Space Station (ISS). The scientists found that in these astronauts, the brain physically moves inside the skull and reduces the ability to connect between regions of the brain layer, the cortex and the inner regions. Emotional perception is extremely important to astronauts. Difficulty recognizing other people’s feelings The acumen and quick thinking of astronauts are essential elements in a space mission. So is the ability to accurately “read” each other’s emotional expressions. Because, they have to spend a lot of time sitting together in a small space. Therefore, it is recommended that space agencies consider training, as well as psychological support for astronauts before the flight, to minimize this risk. To date, how these changes affect behavior is not concretely understood. However, scientists are getting closer to the answer. Because, they realize, astronauts can be disoriented, disturbed perception, balance disorders and motion sickness. However, such findings are often made based on a small group of people. New NASA-backed research has explored the effect of microgravity on cognitive performance. However, 24 study participants were not sent to space. Instead, the scientists asked these people to lie in bed. This is because the effect of a certain type of bed rest is similar to that of microgravity. Therefore, scientists have repeatedly applied this method in research. When we are upright, the body and hearing stones in the vestibular system are in the same direction as gravity. Meanwhile, the moment of lying down, the body and hearing stones are perpendicular to each other. Therefore, study participants had to lie on their back at an angle of 6 degrees, their head lower than their body. They were asked not to change their position for almost two months. At the same time, the participants also routinely perform a series of cognitive missions designed for astronauts and related to space flight. As a result, it helps to evaluate their spatial orientation, memory, risk-taking behavior and understanding of their feelings about others. The results showed that the cognitive speed of these people slowed a bit but remained reliable in tasks related to sensory and motor skills. This seems to be consistent with reported changes in brain tissue density across “motor sensory regions”. These are the main motor and sensory regions of the brain, helping to process sensory input and movement, observed after a person has flown into space. Participants also had difficulty recognizing emotions when looking at people’s faces. Adjusting to changes in gravity takes time and effort. While performance on most cognitive tasks initially decreased, after about 60 days, the participants remained unchanged throughout the test. However, their ability to perceive emotions continued to deteriorate. In fact, the participants became inclined toward negative emotions. They are more likely to recognize another person’s expression as angry and have a hard time explaining how happy or normal the other person is.

Mr. Scott Kelly while living on the ISS Station. Photo: NYT In a study published in the journal Circulation on March 29, scientists found that during 340 days in space, Mr. Kelly’s heart was reduced in size even though he still exercised hard for 6 days. week. Luckily, the smaller heart did not seem to have any effect on the health of Mr. Kelly when he returned to Earth in 2016. This finding has added to the list of the types of transformations the human body has to undergo in an unstable environment of gravity. Astronauts also tend to have head edema, eyeballs crushing, leg shrinkage, and bones become more brittle. According to the New York Times, Dr. Benjamin D. Levine, study author and professor of internal medicine at the Southwestern Medical Center at the University of Texas (USA), said: “Kelly’s heart has changed to adapts to reduced gravity conditions. It does not have any dysfunction. He is still healthy. Without gravity, the heart doesn’t need to pump blood fully, and like any other muscle, it is altered by decreasing the intensity of the activity. For Mr. Scott Kelly, the shrinking phenomenon still occurs regardless of the regular exercise 6 days / week on the ISS. This regimen has been shown to be effective in reducing brittle bones and reducing muscle mass. After 340 days in space, Mr. Kelly’s heart weight dropped by about 27%, from 190 grams to 140 grams. Mr. Kelly shared that his body also underwent some other changes, such as bone loss, and these phenomena have almost returned to normal. However, the miniature heart phenomenon could be a concern for future missions to Mars. Based on the experiences of Mr. Kelly and other astronauts on the ISS, Dr. Levine thinks that the upcoming visitors to Mars will remain in good health. However, problems can arise if an astronaut is injured, becomes ill and cannot exercise, or if the exercise equipment is damaged. With weaker hearts, they can be dizzy and faint as they step onto the red planet after months of weightless travel. Swimmer Benoit Lecomte. Photo: CNN In the study, Levine and his colleagues compared the heart of astronaut Scot Kelly to that of long-distance swimmer Benoit Lecomte, when he tried to swim across the Pacific in 2018. The buoyancy in the water has the same impact on the body as the weightless environment. Lecomte athletes spend most of the day in the horizontal position: 8 hours of swimming and 8 hours sleeping on a support boat. Scientists think that extended swimming hours will be strenuous enough to maintain Mr. Lecomte’s heart size. But instead, it shrinks at a rate nearly as fast as Mr. Kelly’s time in space. After more than 159 days, the Lecomte athlete abandoned the plan after swimming two thirds of the planned 5,650 miles because the boat was destroyed by a storm. Through ultrasound, it was found that his left ventricle was about 28 grams lighter. The left ventricle is the heart’s largest and most powerful chamber, pumping blood to the aorta and throughout the body. Dr. Levine expressed surprise when she learned the results. “I thought his heart would get bigger. That is a huge amount of training ”. In an interview, Benoit Lecomte estimated his heart rate could be below 100 while swimming, and described the intensity of long-distance swimming as walking briskly, or running very slowly. Now, the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) can design better training programs for astronauts. In space, Mr. Scott Kelly has been exercising 6 days a week, 30-40 minutes walking on the treadmill or cycling. In addition, he also uses a resistance machine to lift weights. “This practice regime is quite strenuous. I have to push weights quite hard. The weight is definitely heavier than I can lift at home, ”said Kelly, now retired at NASA, in an interview. Dr. Benjamin D. Levine said there is another study to track the hearts of 13 astronauts before and after 6 months on the space station. This unpublished study will provide a broader amount of data.

However, research by the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) shows that humans can travel on the Moon at a faster speed than the astronauts on the Apollo. Theoretically, the time it takes to walk around the Moon is shorter than previously estimated. During the Apollo mission, astronauts “jump” on the Moon at a speed of about 2.2 km / h. According to NASA, this speed is quite slow due to the bulky astronaut suit, containing the pressure. If wearing a more comfortable outfit, the movement will be easy and maximum speed can be reached. Humans can walk on the Moon at a faster speed than astronauts during the Apollo mission. Photo: Shutterstock. Maximum walking speed on the Moon A 2014 NASA study, posted above Journal of Experimental Biology ( Journal of Experimental Biology ) tested human walking and running speeds in a simulated environment for the Moon’s gravity. According to the Live Science The team invited 8 people (including 3 astronauts) to use the treadmill on the DC-9 jet. The aircraft is piloted in a special parabolic trajectory, simulating gravity on the Moon for up to 20 seconds. Test results show that participants can walk at up to 5 km / h before running. Not only double the speed of the Apollo astronaut, the figure is almost equal to the average maximum walking speed of humans on Earth (7.2 km / h). The above speed is achieved because participants can walk while swinging their arms. This movement creates a downward force, compensating for the lack of gravity. One of the reasons astronauts on the Moon move slowly is not being able to swing their arms due to the tight suit. The footprints of astronaut Neil Armstrong on the Moon. Photo: NASA. If you apply the top speed above (5 km / h), it will take approximately 91 days to walk around the 10,921 km circumference of the Moon. Meanwhile, it takes 334 days to go continuously all the circumference of the Earth (40,075 km). Of course, that can’t happen because the Earth has an ocean. The same applies on the Moon as well. 91 days is just a number under ideal conditions. In fact, it will take longer to walk around the moon. Determine the roadmap and influencing factors Aidan Cowley, scientific advisor to the European Space Agency, says walking around the Moon is a possible task, but “too weird to be helped.” According to him, one of the biggest challenges is supplies such as water, food and oxygen. “I don’t think you would put them in your backpack because the masses are so great, even in environments with a gravity of 1/6 (compared to the Earth),” said Cowley, we need a support vehicle, also. is a shelter. “Many agencies are looking at the idea of ​​a pressurized rover, which will assist astronauts on exploration missions. They look like mobile bases, to store supplies and sleep at night, ”says Cowley. Adventurers also need suits that are optimal for mobility. Astronaut clothing is not currently designed for vigorous activity, but some agencies are developing suits that fit better, allowing wearers to freely swing their arms while walking on the Moon. Scientist, astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt was traveling on the Moon, during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. Photo: NASA. The rugged terrain on the Moon makes it difficult to find the right route, especially the craters many kilometers deep. Light and temperature are also two factors to note. “At the equator (of the Moon), during the day the temperature goes up about 100 degrees Celsius. By night, it drops to -180 degrees C,” Cowley said. The lunar cycle leaves some days with very little, or no sunlight. Therefore, at least half of the journey will take place in the dark. The temperature problem can be solved with rovers and clothing, but it also alters the regolith state – the fine gray soil that covers the lunar background – affects movement speed. Solar radiation is an important issue. Unlike the Earth, the Moon does not have a magnetic field that deflects radiation. “If the Sun emits a solar flare or releases aurora material (CME), your state will be very bad if your body is affected by the Sun’s high radiation,” said Cowley. The circumference of the Moon is 10,921 km. Photo: NASA. The final element of the quest is fitness. Participants need long-term exercise in conditions of low gravity, so that the heart and muscles adapt. Even when everything is ideal, one person can only walk at full speed for 3-4 hours / day. If you maintain a speed of 5 km / h for 4 hours / day, it will take you 547 days (nearly 1.5 years) to walk around the circumference of the Moon, in the condition of the road without a crater, no Affected by changes in temperature or solar radiation. Cowley thinks humans won’t have the technology or equipment for this task, at least until the 2030s or 2040s. “No agency will support such missions. But if some crazy billionaire wants to try, they’ll shake hands, ”Cowley said. Astronaut Alan Shepard plays golf on the Moon Live broadcast from the lunar surface on February 6, 1971, astronaut Alan Shepard said the golf ball was flying kilometers away.

Twelve astronauts have already set foot on the Moon. The answer depends on a multitude of factors, including how fast you go, how long will you walk each day, and which detours you need to take to avoid dangerous terrain. Such a trip around the moon might take more than a year, but in reality, there are many challenges to overcome. According to NASA, a total of 12 people have ever set foot on the lunar surface, all of which were part of the Apollo missions from 1969 to 1972. Screened Earth footage shows walking around in the low-gravity region of the Moon, equal to 1/6 of the Earth’s gravity. However, research from NASA shows that humans can travel on the moon much faster than the astronauts aboard the Apollo. Theoretically, walking the circumference of the moon could be done faster than previously predicted. During Apollo missions, astronauts circled the surface at a normal speed of 1.4 miles per hour (2.2 km / h). This slow pace is mainly due to their bulky, pressurized space suit not designed for mobility. If moon hikers wore nicer sportswear, they might find it a lot easier to move. In 2014, a NASA study published in the Journal of Experimental Biology tested the speed at which people can walk and run in simulated lunar gravity. To do this, the team invited eight participants (3 of which are astronauts) to use the treadmill on the DC-9, which travels in a special parabolic trajectory on Earth to model it. simulates gravity on the moon for up to 20 seconds. This experiment showed that participants were able to walk up to 3.1 miles / hour (5 km / h) before starting to run. According to the researchers, this figure is not only more than twice the walking speed that the Apollo astronauts have, but also quite close to the average maximum walking speed of 4.5 mph (7.2 km / h) on Earth. The participants slowed this down because they could swing their arms freely, similar to the way humans run on Earth. The pendulum’s movement creates a downward force, which partially compensates for the lack of gravity. One of the reasons the Apollo astronauts move so slowly on the surface of the Moon is because they cannot do this correctly due to their tight suits. At this new hypothetical top speed, it would take about 91 days to walk 6,786 miles (10,921 km) of the moon. Meanwhile, it would take approximately 334 days to walk non-stop (i.e., don’t stop to sleep or eat) around Earth’s 24,901 miles (40,075 km) circumference at this rate, though it is impossible to do so. . Obviously, 91 days of continuous walking is not possible, so the actual hike around the moon will take longer. Walking around the moon poses a number of different challenges. “I think logically, that can be done,” said Aidan Cowley, a scientific advisor at the European Space Agency. But it will be a very strange task to assist. ” One of the biggest challenges is carrying supplies, such as water, food, and oxygen. “I don’t think you’ll bring them in a backpack,” said Cowley. “Because that would be too much mass even if you were at 1/6 gravity. Therefore, you would need to have a support vehicle with you. This vehicle could also act as a shelter. hidden. ” “A lot of agencies are looking at the concept of having a pressurized aircraft, which can assist astronauts when they are on expeditionary missions, like portable mini bases,” Cowley said. You can use it to go at night and resupply, then go back during the day and go around. ” Moon explorers will also need a space suit with a design that allows for optimal mobility. The current space suits have yet to be created for the purpose of over-maneuvering, Cowley said, but some agencies are developing suits that fit properly to walk on the moon. “The moon’s harsh topography will also make finding a suitable path around it quite complicated, especially with a meteor crater that can be several miles deep,” Cowley added. You really want to go around craters. This is too dangerous. ” In addition, you will also have to take into account the lighting and temperatures when planning your route. Because, at the equator of the moon and during the day, the temperature is about 100 degrees Celsius. And then at night the temperature drops to minus 180 degrees Celsius.