Musk cows in Greenland. Photo: Caff The habitat of animals in the Arctic has an area of ​​​​about 7 million square kilometers with an extremely cold, dry climate, strong winds in each season. The species living in this environment have adapted to survive and thrive in the harsh environment. But the climate crisis has taken a toll on their survival, according to the report on Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity, published by the Arctic Flora Conservation Working Group (Caff. ) belongs to AC. “Climate change is a major driver of change in terrestrial ecosystems in the Arctic and is likely to increase the magnitude of the impact, multidimensional, and unpredictable,” the report said. above said. The temperature in the Arctic is increasing at twice the rate of the rest of the world. This situation leads to extreme weather events that cause southern species to move north and spread pathogens among species inhabiting the area. During the AC ministerial meeting in Reykjavik, Iceland on Thursday, a report assessing the status and development trends of Arctic species was released for the first time, following a five-year assessment. Caff’s 2017 on Marine Biodiversity. This report draws on decades of biodiversity monitoring in the area to provide an overview of the changes that have occurred here. In some parts of the Arctic, the number of important pollinating flies has decreased by 80% between 1996 and 2014. Photo: Caff At the Zackenberg research station in northeastern Greenland, scientists have found that important species such as pollinators have reduced their populations by 80% between 1996–2014. This data reflects the disparity between the timing of flowering of plants and pollinator activity caused by climate. The researchers also found that more than 50% of the 88 species of seabirds surveyed had declined in number, and up to 20% of the species were severely reduced. “On the Arctic tundra, seabirds are the most diverse group of birds,” said Paul Allen Smith, biologist and avian expert who contributed to the report. It is also estimated based on different climate scenarios that 80% of seabird species living in the high Arctic could also lose most of their habitat and breeding grounds in the next 50 years. Photo: Caff With reindeer herds migrating from Russia to Alaska, Ms. Christine Cuyler, an expert and consultant of the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, said: “The number of reindeer individuals is always fluctuating, changing irregularly and there is a change in the number of reindeer individuals. abundance cycle”. “But in some cases, the amplitude of the fluctuation is tending to increase. Now, we are seeing fluctuations in the number of these species falling beyond historical records,” Ms. Cuyler pointed out. The majority of forest reindeer populations and species migrating to the Arctic tundra have declined in recent years. The Bathurst reindeer herd alone, which stretches from Canada’s Northwest Territories to Nunavut, has declined by 98% between 1986 and 2018. Ms. Cuyler said a number of factors that make this animal unable to survive the winter could be responsible for this decline, including the depletion of the main food source, snowfall, insects. pest infestation,… Rising temperatures in the Arctic also cause new pathogens to emerge that adversely affect the health of some species. In 2012, an outbreak of erysipelas, a bacterial infection that affects the skin, killed about 150 musk cows on Banks Island. “Bacteria are present all over the world, but when it comes to the Arctic, it’s completely unusual,” Cuyler said. “It usually won’t work in areas with low temperatures, cold climates. Things are changing as the Arctic is warming.” Furthermore, due to global warming climate change, mammal species are moving north. It is likely that the condition will become a source of parasites and new diseases, directly affecting species living in the area. The report also shows some facts about species that migrate to the Arctic, such as: red foxes compete with and even kill arctic foxes for lairs. In Alaska, brown bears are also competing for muskox habitat. “What’s happening is completely different from before and it’s devastating,” Cuyler said. As species move north, terrestrial ecosystems in the Arctic will increasingly shrink. “Extreme weather events – wildfires or devastating insects – will have systemic consequences for many years in the Arctic,” said Niels Martin Schmidt, a researcher at Aarhus University and also a researcher at Aarhus University. participants reported, emphasized. Sapphire According to The Guardian

The Greenland shark is a shark indigenous to the North Atlantic waters around Greenland and Iceland. They have a massive body, the size of a ferocious white shark, 6-7m long, weighing over a ton. As a carnivore. So although the “gentle” one of the “family”, Greenland sharks are still quite dangerous. Usually they eat small fish in cold seas, however they also sometimes catch seals. Despite its giant stature, what attracts ocean scientists more than that is the longevity of this ancient fish. Humans have been looking for ways to prolong their life, and it seems that the Greenland shark is the key to longevity. Biologist Julius Nielsen of the University of Copenhagen (Denmark), after a lengthy study, had to say: “From the beginning, we had expected them to be longevity but did not expect them to live that long. “ Usually sharks are about 30 years old. But in Greenland sharks, this is just the age “know how to crawl” … using the carbon measurement method, the scientists confirmed the average life expectancy of the Greenland shark is over 240 years. Even the oldest specimen is 512 years old – super longevity This means that the sea monster was born from the time Cristoforo Colombo discovered America, and lived until smartphones flooded the planet. Researches suspect that the extremely slow growth, growing only about 1 cm each year under the cold water has helped the animals to live a long life. Until the age of 150, Greenland sharks are fully mature, entering the reproductive age. Currently, scientists are still hoping to be able to find, separate and map genes that are directly related to this species’ longevity. In addition to longevity, large size, Greenland sharks also contain many interesting secrets, for example, they swim very lethargic. Unlike the terrifying speed of the white shark, the average Greenland shark only swims over 1km / h. When hunting prey, it can increase … 2km / h, only half the speed of human walking. Because of this “crawling” speed, scientists believe that it can only catch seals when prey is asleep. There is also an opinion that because it does not need to spend too much energy on moving, plus the cold water of the North Atlantic helps to “preserve fresh” the cells in the body, making Greenland sharks live. to 5 centuries. Adding a perfect factor for longevity is that this sea monster has almost no natural enemies when hiding its giant body forever on the ocean floor. The species that most threatens their lives is humans. This kind of confrontation in reality is completely absent Originally, Greenland sharks live in cold seas, so the body has to secrete a special substance to keep warm, preventing them from freezing. This substance for humans is extremely poisonous, but not so that the animal is ignored … As early as the Viking era, the indigenous people of this cold land discovered that burying sharks for several weeks removed the toxin. … To this day, it is well known that just boil the Greenland shark meat many times, it will achieve the same result. After 3 – 6 months, when the fish goes through a freezing cycle, they dig up and hang the carcass in the wind, for at least 9 months. In the end, just cut off the brown skin, take the white flesh inside, and we have a local specialty called Hákarl However, when trying to eat Hákarl many people say that it “tastes of nightmares” with a scent like urine, rotten cheese. Going back to the deep ocean, the Greenland sea monster also has another strange feature, that is, they are all blind … As a curse, this shark gets attached to the eye by the copepoda parasite, damaging the lens layer In return, Greenland sharks have a sharp sense of smell, can smell prey from extremely far distances. After all, it doesn’t matter much to not seeing anything on the undersea of ​​the sea. Until now, this sea monster is still an interesting research topic for scientists around the world.

Project Iceworm was the US Army’s 1958 Cold War experiment to hide hundreds of missiles under the ice caps of Greenland. This secret site is believed to be an ideal place to launch attacks against the Soviet Union if war breaks out. The project started with the construction of a prototype ice base called Camp Century. This work consists of a system of tunnels made of ice, steel and snow, arranged into scientific laboratories, a hospital and is home to more than 200 people. Project Iceworm was a technical miracle, but the displacement of the ice cubes disrupted the consistency of the structure making the site not a safe place to protect nuclear weapons. The project was stopped in 1966. Project Pigeon: Renowned psychologist BF Skinner came up with the idea for a new weapon during World War II. What’s even more remarkable is that the US military actually invested in this experiment with the idea of ​​training missile-guided pigeons to more accurately target enemy targets. Psychologist Skinner observed the pigeon’s excellent vision and mobility and believed these would help his experiment. He trained the pigeons to cut into a number of predetermined images, such as enemy ships, and then place them in a small compartment with a screen showing the missile’s flight path. Recognizing the targets, the pigeon pecks on similar images on the screen, leading the missile to its destination. Surprisingly, the pigeons have demonstrated their outstanding ability, while the Skinner scientist’s experiment has been praised by both psychologists and physicists. However, the US military later thought the idea was too bizarre that it ceased to apply in practice. During World War II, a dentist named Lytle S. Adams contacted the White House to present his bat-bomb ideas amid the US seeking to attack Japan. Accordingly, when the incendiary devices mounted on the bats were activated, the towns would be engulfed in flames. However, when the US military tested the idea, it failed and they accidentally burned their own Air Force Base in New Mexico. In 1972, the US military received information that the Soviet Union was investing millions of dollars in psychic experiments and controlling objects with thoughts. Not wanting to be left behind, they launched the Star Gate Project. Uri Geller led this research. Although he was known for his ability to bend metal objects with his thoughts, the military was more interested in his ability to read and even control the minds of others. The psychic were then invited to assume the role of “remote observer”. They endeavor to use their abilities to gather intelligence about the enemy. They have participated in countless anti-terrorist campaigns and have helped track down the fugitives in the heart of America. However, the Star Gate project ended in 1995 with complicated results. Dark sighting plays a very important role on the battlefield, so night vision goggles are an indispensable part of the soldiers. However, the US Navy wanted to improve vision in the dark, so it mimicked the visual abilities of night creatures like raccoons. Raccoons have pigments in their eyes that allow them to see infrared light that cannot be seen by humans. The goal of the project is to help soldiers detect infrared signals, facilitating the transmission of confidential information. However, this idea does not seem to be working. Carriers are usually large ships because they have to carry tons of fighter jets and other vehicles. However, in the 1930s, the US military tested an aircraft carrier in the air. They created two such aircraft carriers, the USS Akron and USS Macon, with a length of 244 meters and each carrying about five fighters. However, in the end, as both carriers crashed, the test was abandoned.

Madagascar – An island nation off the coast of East Africa, Madagascar has a coastline of 4,828 km.

Spain, Not only is it one of the countries with unique cultures in Southern Europe, Spain is proud to be the country with the sunniest hours in Europe, the climate is mild, and bustling year round with festivals Traditionally imbued with identity, this country is also the owner of many beautiful beaches. The country has a coastline of 4,964 km.

Iceland – Known as a charming tourist destination with majestic waterfalls, ice, rocks, volcanoes and snow, especially with a coastline of 4,970 km.

Argentina – Argentina’s coastline is 4,989 km long. Cities along the coast include Mar del Plata and Puerto Madryn.

Papua New Guinea- This mysterious country covers an area of ​​nearly 463,000 square kilometers with about 600 islands, large and small, with the only land border with Indonesia. Papua New Guinea has a coastline of 5,152 km.

Turkey There are beautiful beaches with a coastline of 7,200 km.

Denmark – This country has a coastline of 7,314 km. Beach vacations are still an important part of Danish culture.

Brazil – there are many famous seaside cities, like Rio de Janeiro. The total length of the coastline of the country is 7,491 km.

India – India’s coastline is longer than 7,516 km. The country has many beautiful beaches, like Fort Bekal beach and Mumbai beach.

Italy- adorned with stunning coastal cities and towns, like Amalfi and Positano. Italy has a coastline longer than 7,782 km.

Mexico – This country is famous for its beautiful beaches, is a destination that attracts many tourists. Mexico has a coastline of 9,330 km.

UK has a coastline of 12,429 km long.

Greek – This country is not only known for its history, culture, religion, traditions, food, churches, architecture, but it is also known as a beautiful country with natural beaches. seems to be an attractive destination for travel in the summer. Greece has 13,676 km long coastline.

New Zealand With a coastline of 15,134 km, New Zealand is famous for many beautiful beaches, rainforests and majestic mountains.

USA – There are 19,924 km of coastline, with seaside cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Miami.

Australia – 25,760 km of coastline with many coastal cities.

Philippines There are more than 7,600 islands in the Pacific Ocean, the country has a coastline of more than 36,000 km.

Russia – The largest country in the world also has a coastline of over 37,000 km.

Greenland – Autonomous territory of Denmark, is the largest island in the world located in the arctic climate. Greenland has a coastline of over 44,000 km.

Indonesia – As one of the 3 countries with the longest coastline in the world. The country has a coastline stretching over 54,000 km.

Norway – Norway’s coast is extremely diverse and winding with many fjords and many small islands along the coast with a length of 58,000 km.

Canada owns the longest coastline in the world with a length of more than 202,000 km. Adjacent to 3 oceans, Canada has beautiful beaches, famous for tourists such as Greenwich, Kluane, Manitou.

According to Stars Insider

Red tree bark flattened beetle

This beetle about half an inch long has a habitat from North Carolina to the Arctic Circle. They live under the bark of a tree and their bodies are purposefully designed to survive the harshest conditions in mid-winter.

The arctic climate in August acts like the resting climate for this species. In laboratories, they can withstand freezing temperatures up to -150 degrees Celsius.

In fact, this is the coldest we’ve ever seen. They can overcome this extreme cold by forcing 30-40% less water in the body and preserving the remaining water by using antifreeze proteins between the cell membranes.

Thyme beef

Muskrats have lived in the Arctic for a long time, from the ice age about 200,000 years ago. With double-layer coat, the first layer is a thick dark gray outer coat that reaches the ground long and the inner undercoat gives them very good resistance to cold to temperatures down to minus 40 degrees. , to withstand the rigors of the Arctic.

Muskrats live in herds from 12-24 in winter and 8-20 in summer. During the summer, musk cows live in humid areas, such as deep valleys, and move up into higher mountainous regions in winter. Their food includes arctic willow grass, lichen and moss under the snow. Thyme is raised for meat, milk and feathers. Currently this species is protected, so the number is kept at a stable level.

Great Greenland shark

The Greenland giant sharks live in deep waters in the North Atlantic and Arctic regions, and these giant sharks not only survive in the cold water, but also have the longest lifespan of any species. are there any vertebrae on the planet – an average of 300 to 500 years old.

Greenland giant sharks have an extremely slow metabolic rate that helps control temperature and prolong life, and they are also the largest shark, can reach 6.4m in length and weigh about 1,000kg . Therefore, this shark is also very slow, often only hunting prey that has gone to sleep.

The price for a 500-year-old shark’s longevity is also not small. Specifically, it not only swim very slowly, difficult to find food, but the body also contains many parasites. Sometimes it even has to eat scavengers to relieve its hunger.

Besides, scientists are also hoping, the study of 500-year-old shark’s DNA could open a way to longevity for humans.

Before that, indigenous people in Greenland and Iceland used to believe in increasing longevity by eating Greenland shark meat.

Greenland shark meat is considered a specialty in Iceland, although toxic if not handled properly.

Snow Sheathbill

The snow Sheathbill is a brave, white, dove-like bird; This is the only native bird that lives on the surface of Antarctica and is the only species to breed here.

With their thick fur to help keep them warm, they live mostly on the ground, trying to pick up other birds’ scattered food scraps. They are also the only birds in Antarctica that do not have membranes.

So how can the snowy Sheathbill keep his toes warm while spending so much time on frozen ground? The secret lies in their life-long “bounce hobby”, they spend a lot of time hopping from leg to foot in order to reduce the coldness from the surface of the ice and snow. Furthermore, Snow Sheathbills also possess an extremely thick, fine coat that helps them retain heat well.

Weddell seals

If you are looking for a mammal that loves a few dozen degrees of negative cold every minute, then you will definitely love the Weddel seal.

They are the farthest Antarctic species of any kind, and spend most of their time living underneath the Antarctic ice, where they can hunt and avoid being caught by killer whales.

With the ability to dive deep to a depth of more than 600 meters, Weddell seals can stay underwater for up to 45 minutes and if they cannot break the ice to get the oxygen they need, they use their teeth to dig a hole. take the gas.

Antarctic seawater is actually warmer than surface air (which can drop to -70 degrees Celsius), so especially during intense winter storms, seals will stay warm by diving into the ocean. .

The arctic soil squirrel

If the current epidemic in the world makes you want to hibernate, you can consider the Arctic ground squirrel as an example.

Living in the arctic tundra in North America, where temperatures can drop below -63 degrees C in winter, they can escape the coldest winter by burrowing underground and sleeping for as long as eight. the month of the year.

When hibernation, the temperature in the brains of these squirrels can drop to just above freezing, while the body temperature can drop to -2.9 degrees C and the heart rate drops to just one beat per beat. minute. When the hibernation time is over, the squirrels need about three hours to warm up the body again.

This ability of arctic ground squirrels is due to them being able to cut off nerve connections and synapses to hibernate, then reconnect them immediately after awakening and warming the body, almost 2 – Every 3 weeks during winter.

In addition to its sublime cold tolerance, the arctic ground squirrel is also famous for its ability to fast for 8 months. The arctic ground squirrel body has the ability to recycle its own nutrients during hibernation for many months.