The research results were published in the international academic journal “Science Advances” on June 11. The discovery is the result of a six-year experiment. In the experiment, the scientists stored freeze-dried mouse sperm on the International Space Station (ISS) and exposed them to radiation.

Healthy offspring from freeze-dried mouse sperm stored on the International Space Station

Researchers once thought that radiation in space would damage the DNA in cells, and may inherit mutations in future generations, making reproduction impossible. Cancer caused by radiation is another worrying issue.

Sayaka Wakayama, a member of the research team and a scholar at Yamanashi University in Japan, said that the lack of freezers on the International Space Station hindered long-term research on living cells. Moreover, even the current NASA space radiation cancer risk model is based on data from Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors, “not from real space experiments.”

To overcome these limitations, the researchers freeze-dried sperm samples from 12 mice, sealed them in small capsules, and transported them to the International Space Station by rocket without the need for a freezer.

“Unlike the Earth’s surface, there are many different types of radiation in space. For example, heavy ions, protons, and electromagnetic waves from solar flares,” Wakayama explained. “It is very difficult to irradiate and replicate all these types of radiation on the ground at the same time. , So I think DNA damage in biological samples can only be measured in space.”

Schematic diagram of freeze-dried sperm preparation and the types of experiments performed

Scientists regularly test a small number of samples, send some of them back to Earth after 9 months, and leave the other two batches on the International Space Station for 2 years and 9 months and 5 years and 10 months respectively. After testing, the researchers found that freeze-dried sperm stored on the International Space Station for a long time did not cause DNA damage.

Studies have pointed out that when rehydrated sperm cells are injected into fresh ovarian cells and transferred to female mice, “healthy space pups” will be born.

The researchers said that although X-rays and space radiation damage DNA differently, it is roughly predicted that freeze-dried sperm “can be stored on the International Space Station for more than 200 years without causing damage to DNA.”

A total of 168 pups were born from sperm stored in space for 6 years. Compared with control mice born from sperm preserved on Earth, these “space pups” have normal appearance and genetic activity. mode.

Scientists believe that more studies from similar airborne experiments can reveal the effects of radiation and the tolerance of life forms that stay in space for a long time.

The Mars rover is roaming on Mars

These discoveries are crucial for mankind to enter the space age. At present, Mars probes from the United States and China are roaming on Mars, trying to find signs of life. In the future, there are plans for manned missions to Mars.

Southern Reporter Shi Minglei

Now, people can even design complex chips through artificial intelligence to further train and generate more powerful artificial intelligence.

This Wednesday, Google published a paper in the “Nature” magazine that its development of AI can already design chips faster than humans.

According to the description in the paper, the same TPU chip(Tensor processing unit, an integrated circuit dedicated to accelerating machine learning), it takes a few months for humans to design it, and the AI ​​can be completed in less than 6 hours.

The paper said that based on a deep reinforcement learning algorithm, the AI ​​has a generalized chip design method.

Generally speaking, the use area of ​​the computing chip is only tens to hundreds of square millimeters. In such a small and limited space, thousands of components need to be accommodated, including memory, arithmetic and logic units, and nano-circuits that connect these components together and are several kilometers long.

In the chip design process, one of the most challenging is “chip floor plan.” This involves determining the best place to place these components, just as architects design the interior space of a building to accommodate all the necessary fixtures and accessories.

Humans usually arrange components in neat lines, which means more time is spent.

Researchers at Google used 10,000 chip floor plans to train the AI. It can design its chips using a more decentralized method that is superior to human design.

The paper claims that this new chip design model may have a “significant and far-reaching impact” on the semiconductor industry.

This AI design method has been used to design the next-generation Google TPU, which is expected to save thousands of hours of manpower for each generation of computer chips in the future.

The project is led by Azalia Mirhoseini and Anna Goldie, the two leaders of the ML for Systems team currently leading Google Research.

In 1945, von Neumann published a landmark “101-page” report that laid the foundation for the modern classical binary computer architecture. And this, only 76 years ago.

In less than a hundred years, the development of computers has progressed by leaps and bounds, from the first behemoth that needed to be measured in tons to gradually evolve into smart phones in our hands.

No one can be sure where the limits of Moore’s Law are. This can be said to be a victory for artificial intelligence or a victory for mankind.

There are risks in the market and investment needs to be cautious. This article does not constitute investment advice.

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According to Lieutenant Colonel, Associate Professor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chu Van Men, Director of the Center for Clinical Trials and Bioequivalence, Military Medical Academy, phase 3 injected the Nano Covax vaccine to 13,000 people and administered only a single dose group injection. at least 25 mcg and the placebo injection group. Specifically, according to the protocol approved by the Ministry of Health, the first 1,000 trial injectors of the first phase of phase 3, the volunteers are injected with the ratio of “6 people vaccinated, 1 person injected placebo”. The remaining 12,000 people injected according to the ratio “2 people vaccinated, 1 person injected placebo”. It is expected that the first phase of phase 3 will be conducted by the Military Medical Academy and the Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City with 1,000 volunteers, each with 500 people. Vietnam’s first COVID-19 vaccine tested in phase 3 on humans. Regarding the reason for choosing the dose group of 25 mcg, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chu Van Men said that testing at 3 dose levels of 25-50-75 mcg showed that the vaccine was safe on volunteers, capable of generating immunity in 3 doses. There was no difference in dose groups. Therefore, the National Ethical Council in Biomedical Research, Ministry of Health decided to only inject 1 optimal dose of 25 mcg at this stage. Phase 3 is implemented in many centers in the country: The North is deployed by the Military Medical Academy as the focal point at Military Medical Hospital 103, in collaboration with the Preventive Medicine Center of Hung Yen province to deploy locally; In the South, the Ho Chi Minh City Pasteur Institute is the focal point to deploy, in collaboration with the Preventive Medicine Centers of Long An and Tien Giang provinces to deploy locally. After the phase 1 and phase 2 trials, the Nano Covax vaccine is judged to be quite safe, so the criteria for recruiting volunteers will be relaxed more than the previous two phases. 13,000 volunteers participating in phase 3, aged 18-75 years old, only need to check their blood count and check for antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. People who have been exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or already have antibodies will be excluded from the test population. As of June 11, more than 6,500 volunteers have registered to test the Nano Covax vaccine against COVID-19 phase 3. Senior Colonel, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ho Anh Son, Deputy Director of the Military Medical and Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Military Medical Academy added: “It is expected that by mid-September 2021, after about 42 days of the second injection. In two of the first 1,000 experimental injections, we will summarize the results of the quality assessment to report. If it is favorable, we will submit the dossier and propose the Government, the Ministry of Health, and the National Ethical Council in the study. In parallel with that process, the unit will continue to test the Nano Covax vaccine on 12,000 volunteers to continue to control the experimental injection and evaluate the effectiveness. protective power of vaccines”. During the testing process and after the antibody sample is available, the Military Medical Academy will coordinate with the Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company, the testing units to conduct the assessment of the ability to neutralize the SARS-CoV virus. -2 in the laboratory for existing virus strains to determine the development direction of vaccine research in the coming period. Through discussions with the expert group of Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company, in addition to recombinant protein technology, there are other technologies for research and production of vaccines. Nanogen as well as many Vietnamese scientists are very interested in mRNA technology – which has been of great interest to the world in recent years. This technology has the advantage of reacting very quickly to the disease, quickly getting a vaccine. According to available information, vaccines produced by this technology are very safe for human use. More information about the phase 3 trial, Lieutenant General, Prof. Dr. Do Quyet, Director of the Military Medical Academy, said that this trial phase is designed according to the adaptive design method, continuing to inject the experimental vaccine. trial and placebo group; health assessment at the time of the first injection, the second dose (done on the 28th day), the 35th day and the 42nd day after injection. The Director of the Military Medical Academy expressed confidence in the safety of the Nano Covax vaccine with the results achieved through the previous two testing phases. Specifically, the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies after the phase 2 trial injection showed that the antibody titre increased very high, from tens to hundreds of times. After the second injection, the volunteers had a physical examination (blood test, blood pressure measurement…) once a week to assess the amount of antibodies appearing in the body; then continue to be monitored for 6 months to get information, assess health as well as immunity ability. Up to now, 100% of volunteers who have been vaccinated with Nano Covax vaccine have produced antibodies in the blood. – Phase I (December 2020), the COVID-19 vaccine Nano Covax was administered to 60 volunteers. – Phase II (February 2021) injected over 554 people. From phase 2, the trial was conducted both at the Military Medical Academy and the Medical Center of Ben Luc district – Long An province (by the Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City).

More than 100,000 years ago, the ostrich eggshells and crystals collected by humans in the interior of South Africa revealed the cultural evolution of early humans and demonstrated technological innovations off the coast of South Africa at that time. Pliny the Elder of ancient Rome once said, “Ex Africa semper aliquid novi”-there is always something new in Africa. Wilkins et al[1]An example of this is the report on “Nature” about materials excavated in a rock shed in inland northern South Africa. The objects they found indicate that our current view of the birth of early human cultural innovation has to be changed. In the 1980s, researchers put forward new ideas about the origin of our species-Homo sapiens. These new ideas are based on newly developed technologies, such as optical luminescence dating (OSL), which can accurately date ancient sites as far as 50,000 years (50,000 years is the upper limit of radiocarbon dating). These views are also rooted in the study of genetic diversity. The evidence comes from mitochondria, the organelles that provide energy in cells. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the maternal line. Some mitochondrial DNA does not code for proteins, and tracking the rate of change of mutations accumulated in this DNA over time can provide a “molecular clock.”A study on existing human mitochondrial DNA concluded that we all have a certain nearest common ancestor, nicknamed “mitochondrial Eve” (mitochondrial Eve), she may be African, living 200,000 years ago[2]. By 1988, researchers were still arguing[3]Whether the question of the origin of modern Homo sapiens has been answered, some people subsequently put forward the theory called “Out of Africa 2”. The theory believes that our direct ancestors evolved in Africa alone, and some of their offspring left the African continent at some time after about 50,000 years ago, distributed across the world, and interbred with ancient humans (close relatives of humans) in Eurasia. Important sites related to modern human fossils in Africa have been re-dated, and innovative technologies have been discovered in some early sites. This shows that about 200,000 years ago or even earlier, Africans belonged to modern humans in anatomical and cultural sense. But usually they mainly rely on stone tools, the same as those made by their ancient human cousins ​​(Neanderthals and Denisovans) in Eurasia at the same time. In sub-Saharan Africa, this technology is considered the Mesolithic Age (MSA). In Eurasia and North Africa, similar types of artifacts belong to the so-called Middle Palaeolithic.Both technologies can be traced back to approximately 300,000 to 30,000 years ago[4].Current evaluations of archaeological, fossil, and genetic data confirm these views[5]It also supports Africa’s outstanding role in the later stages of human evolution. Archaeological evidence shows that signs of modern humans outside of Africa are related to the beginning of the late Paleolithic period (about 50,000 to 40,000 years ago). It is defined as a series of technological innovations: movable art, and eventually cave paintings and carvings; the original non-stone tools (such as bone or horn); the earliest known jewelry; and the occurrence of lifestyle and resource acquisition Evidence of major changes. These evidences that were once regarded as “human revolution” are a qualitative leap in cultural evolution and can only be related to modern people in the true sense. Unsurprisingly, the researchers tried to find similar evidence in sites from the Middle Stone Age and Middle Paleolithic Age in Africa. Now that modern people of anatomical significance have lived there, where is the evidence corresponding to the late Paleolithic period? But throughout Africa, archaeological evidence is fragmentary. There are some late Paleolithic elements, but they sometimes disappear, appear and disappear in one area, and only reappear in other places after thousands of years. Part of the problem is that only a small number of African regions have been studied in detail, mainly at the northern and southern ends of the continent with a temperate climate (Figure 1). Other places that have been investigated in depth are places where researchers have reason to expect to find ancient relics, such as where fossils and stone tools have been exposed due to erosion of the natural landscape. These important locations are located in the Gregory Rift Valley in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania[6]And South Africa’s dolomite limestone caves, the latter is known as the cradle of mankind[7]. But these two areas contain records of the very early stages of human evolution. Mesolithic records are most commonly found in rock sheds and caves. Figure 1 | Some African archaeological sites related to the Mesolithic Age. Certain sites mainly located in coastal areas (cross-hatched) have a long history of excavation, and they help reveal the evolution of early human populations. In contrast, the surveys of the listed inland points are only the past three decades.Research on these inland sites reveals important technological innovations in the Mesolithic Age (MSA) from 300,000 to 30,000 years ago[8-14]. Wilkins et al[1]The report found fragments and crystals of ostrich eggshells (OES) in the rock shed on Ga-Mohana Mountain, which indicates that humans had collected unusual objects at least 105,000 years ago (105 ka). All these findings show that MSA’s innovations are diverse in time and space, and illustrate the necessity of investigating and studying other parts of the African continent. LSA: Late Stone Age; after 40,000 years ago. People have been reluctant to investigate new areas, probably because it is easier to continue working where results have already been produced, and there is no need to go to other places at the risk of nothing. Figure 1 shows that the MSA site is far from the traditional research area that has been surveyed in the past 30 years.The evidence from the excavation work is surprising[8-15], From early ostrich eggshell beads and carved shell containers, to spear-shaped bones and stone tools, and possibly even bows and arrows . However, a single African site has never discovered all the technologies of the late Paleolithic period in Eurasia. In South Africa, researchers mainly learn about MSA through coastal sites, including the Cresses River and Blombos Cave.The builders of these sites used a lot of shellfish and fish[15]. This has led some people to conclude that marine food has played an important role in the evolution of human brain and behavior, and in general terms have resulted in the true modern human population. But what can we know about the inland Africa in the Mesolithic Age? Wilkins and others reported that there were some unexpected discoveries at a site on Ga-Mohana Mountain (Figure 1)-on the edge of the Kalahari Desert 665 kilometers from the coast. Some of these items are presumably used for decoration, and may represent an early ritual symbolic act . The author reports a long list of archaeological discoveries, including a limestone layer called travertine, which was dated using uranium-thorium analysis.In addition, the travertine allowed the author to reconstruct the past environment, showing the existence of multiple wet and lush “green Kalahari” periods, reminiscent of the Sahara[16]And arab[17]There was a period of lush greenery. Wilkins et al. used optical luminescence dating to date some sediments. A sedimentary layer on the Ga-Mohana Mountain is approximately 105,000 years old and contains 42 charred ostrich eggshell fragments and 22 calcite crystals. This may be a material storage warehouse with no signs of deliberate changes to the contents (burning is considered to occur naturally). The author reports that such crystals have never been found in southern African sites over 80,000 years old. Wilkins and colleagues systematically studied all the reasons these objects might be there. After excluding all possible natural explanations, just as forensic researchers exclude other possible situations in their investigations, they only have one conclusion left- People specially collected such non-practical items . Researchers speculate that they were piled up for some symbolic purpose; this is a sign that their collectors are modern humans in the sense of behavior. Are there similar discoveries in other early African sites? In western South Africa, many charred and carved fragments of ostrich eggshells were unearthed in Diepkloof Cave. They are about 60,000 years old.In the Diepkloof cave[8]And Mount Ga-Mohana, These shells may be remnants of ancient water containers, which are common in the ruins of later times.If so, their main role may also be functional rather than symbolic . Given the age of the objects discovered by Wilkins et al., it may not be surprising that the ostrich eggshell was undecorated (as in the Diepkloof cave) or not made into beads. These situations were about 50,000 years ago in Magubike, Tanzania.[9]Rock Shed and Panga ya Saidi[10,11]It just started to appear; Panga ya Saidi is a group of caves located off the coast of Kenya, with artifacts that span about 78,000 years. Wilkins and colleagues said their findings indicate that it is imperative to investigate sites in the interior of southern Africa. In East Africa, I want to say that we have the opposite problem, because archaeologists have almost never investigated coastal sites from the Stone Age. In fact, Panga ya Saidi may be the first East African coastal site ever discovered that contains a time series spanning such a long Stone Age. The Mesolithic residents there made ostrich egg shell beads and snail shell beads, used ochre as a pigment, and collected resources in a forest environment that was completely different from the grassland. (Grassland is assumed to be the norm in the Mesolithic Age). The purpose of the excavation of Panga ya Saidi is to study the trade links of the entire Indian Ocean, and a large number of Stone Age deposits were discovered by accident. Even the Mesolithic inland sites in East Africa-once thought to be well understood-have unexpected gains.For example, at the Olorgesailie site in Kenya[12], People transport stone materials long distances, and use ocher to make pigments.In Katanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, there is a large catfish living in a river, and people nearby made bone forks and other fishing gear[13]To make use of these rich river resources. In the late Stone Age (LSA; after 40,000 years ago), the ability to pierce a fish with a spear was common, but its appearance in the Mesolithic was unexpected. Mumba Cave in Tanzania[14]It is one of the first excavation sites in East Africa focusing on the Mesolithic Age. The excavation was led by Norwegian archaeologist Margit Kohl-Larsen in the 1930s. At the same time, her husband Ludwig was collecting ancient human fossils in Littleley near Lake Eyasi a few kilometers away; later British archaeologist Mary Leakey and colleagues discovered the footprints of ancient humans in Littleley, 3.75 million years ago.They are produced by bipedal individuals and are the oldest ever discovered[18]. Mumba contains Mesolithic sediments, with late Stone Age sediments above it.There is no sign of any technological mutation; innovative technologies existed in the Mesolithic Age, and these technologies hardly changed in the late Stone Age[14]. Wilkins et al. emphasized, It is necessary to conduct a continent-wide examination of the evidence of innovation in the Mesolithic Age and beyond . Only in this way can we understand the cultural evolution of our recent common ancestors.Homo sapiens[5]The fossil record of Africa shows that there does not seem to be any single technological and social development model over time. Investigation and excavation of little-known areas will help clarify what made our direct ancestors become truly modern humans in the biological and cultural sense. Cover source: Pixabay references [1] Wilkins, J. et al. Nature 592, 248C252 (2021). [2]. Cann, RL, Stoneking, M. & Wilson, AC Nature 325, 31C36 (1987). [3]. Stringer, CB & Andrews, P. Science 239, 1263C1268 (1988). [4]. Willoughby, PR The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: A Comprehensive Guide (Altamira, 2007). [5]. Bergstr m, A., Stringer, CB, Hajdinjak, M., Scerri, EML & Skoglund, P. Nature 590, 229C237 (2021). [6]. Gregory, JW The Great Rift Valley (Murray, 1896). [7]. Bonner, P., Esterhuysen, A. & Jenkins, T. (eds) A Search for Origins: Science, History and South Africa’s Cradle of Humankind (Witwatersrand Univ. Press, 2007). [8]. Texier, P.-J. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 6180C6185 (2010). [9]. Miller, JM & Willoughby, PRJ Hum. Evol. 74, 118C122 (2014). [10]. d’Errico, F. et al. J. Hum. Evol. 141, 102737 (2020). [11]. Shipton, C. et al. Nature Commun. 9, 1832 (2018). [12]. Brooks, AS et al. Science 360, 90C94 (2018). [13]. Yellen, JE, Brooks, AS, Cornelissen, E., Mehlman, MJ & Stewart, K. Science 268, 553C556 (1995). [14]. Bushozi, P., Skinner, A. & de Luque, L. Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 37, 293C310 (2020). [15]. Langejans, GHJ, Van Niekerk, K., Dusseldorp, GL & Thackeray, JF Quat. Int. 270, 80C94 (2012). [16]. Larrasoa a, JC, Roberts, AP & Rohling, EJ PLoS ONE 8, e76514 (2013). [17]. Petraglia, MD, Parton, S., Groucutt, HS & Alsharekh A. Quat. Int. 382, ​​1C7 (2015). [18]. Leakey, MD et al. Nature 262, 460C466 (1976). The original article was published under the heading Early humans far from the South African coast collected unusual objects in the News and Views section of Nature on March 31, 2021.

Workers give an H9 bird flu vaccine to chicks at a farm in Changfeng district, Anhui province, April 14, 2013. Photo: Reuters. A 41-year-old man in eastern China’s Jiangsu province has been confirmed as the first case of a rare bird flu called H10N3, Beijing’s National Health Commission (NHC) said. The man, a resident of Zhenjiang City, was hospitalized on April 28 and was diagnosed with H10N3 on May 28, the NHC said on June 1, adding that his condition was stable. determined. The NHC did not give details on how the man became infected but said a check of his close contacts found no other cases and the risk of transmission was very low. What does the world know about H10N3? Little is known about this virus, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which appears to be very rare in birds and does not cause serious illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) said that although the source of the patient’s exposure to the H10N3 virus has not been identified and no other cases have been found in the local population, there is still no indication of the disease. person-to-person transmission. However, avian influenza viruses may have little effect on birds but can have much more severe effects in humans, such as the H7N9 strain that killed nearly 300 people in China during the winter of 2016-2017. The WHO says there are only rare cases of human-to-human transmission of the H7N9 virus. What is the risk of H10N3 infection? The risk of further transmission of H10N3 is currently thought to be very low, with experts describing the case as “sporadic”. Such cases occasionally occur in China, where there are large numbers of domestic and wild birds of many species. And with increased surveillance of avian influenza among the population, more and more cases of avian influenza virus infections are occurring. In February, Russia reported its first human case of the highly damaging H5N8 virus on poultry farms across Europe, Russia and East Asia last winter. Authorities said seven people infected with the virus had no symptoms. Experts would be wary of any cluster of H10N3 cases, but for now, a single case is not a cause for concern. The WHO told Reuters in a statement: “As long as avian influenza viruses are circulating in poultry, sporadic human infection of avian influenza is not surprising, it is a living reminder that the threat of an influenza pandemic persists.” According to Filip Claes, regional laboratory coordinator of FAO’s Transboundary Animal Diseases Emergencies Center in the Asia Pacific regional office, only about 160 virus isolates have been reported. for 40 years to 2018. However, influenza viruses can mutate rapidly and mix with other strains circulating on farms or among migratory birds, known as “reclassification,” which means they can produce new strains of the virus. Genetic changes pose a threat of transmission to humans. What more will the world need to know? The genetic sequence of the virus that infects the patient has yet to be published and will be needed to fully assess its risk. Scientists will want to know how easily H10N3 can infect human cells to determine if it could pose a greater risk. For example, the H5N1 variant that first infected humans in 1997 is the most lethal, killing 455 people globally to date. It takes only a few mutations before the H5N1 variant is capable of spreading easily from person to person, said Ben Cowling, a professor at the University of Hong Kong’s School of Public Health. Having the genetic information of the H10N3 variant will help assess whether it is “closer to the virus we should be worried about,” he said.

The Revenant (2015) Movie content: The Revenant is based on a true story, the film tells the story of the hunter Hugh Glass (played by Leonardo Dicaprio). After a bloody battle with the Native Americans, Hugh was wounded and ruthlessly abandoned by his comrades in the snowy mountains. From there, Hugh Glass must do everything to survive the brutal cold, predators and war with the tribes in the wilderness. Thanks to his strong will, the hunter miraculously survived, crossing a distance of more than 3,000 miles (4,828 km) alone to return and take revenge on John Fitzgerald (played by Tom Hardy) – who was once the old friend of mine. The scene where Hugh Glass (Leonardo DiCaprio) is attacked by a mother bear is one of the most spectacular and unrealistic moments in this movie. The bear used its claws and fangs to bite and jump on Hugh. You may not know: The bite force of the gâú is 1,160psi (it’s like a human biting a sausage), their claws are 10-15 cm long and their weight is about 300-400 kg. You see, no one can survive such a war. Another strange point is that the grizzly bear attacks the main character because he is a threat to its cubs. For a mother, nothing is more important than protecting her cubs, but the bear just stops in the middle of a fight, leaving the opponent alive and gone. In another scene, Glass takes off his wet clothes and gets inside the horse’s belly to keep warm. It was a method used by many soldiers during the war, but…the main character spent the whole night inside the horse. Since the snow was everywhere, the temperature was definitely below zero and the horse’s corpse was dead. will freeze after a few hours. If it was in real life, Glass would have no chance of coming back alive the next morning. He could freeze to death in the night. In short, although “The Revenant” is based on a true story, we should only treat it as a feature film. The Leader – Alpha (2018) Movie content Alpha: The Leader is an ambitious action-adventure film from Sony. Not only possessing an overwhelming exterior depicting the majestic ancient world, the work also embraces an extremely touching scenario. The film is the story of the feud between a prehistoric boy (Kodi Smit-McPhee) and a stray wolf. Also from here, human history completely changed. In this movie we enjoy the majestic landscape and beautiful friendship between a boy and a wolf. But there are many mistakes in the movie that are quite obvious. The beginning of the film is the fight of a boy and a buffalo. But you can’t say it’s a war either: The animal just attacked the boy, and if it were in real life, he’d be broken/paralysed. At the end of the attack, the boy falls from a rock but only dislocates his hip. The wolf’s behavior is also quite strange. Its injuries don’t look too serious and a wild animal would rather follow its pack than stay with its enemies – a wolf can still walk on three legs. . Talk a little bit about the appearance of the wolves. We see prehistoric mammoths and saber-toothed tigers in the movies, but the wolves in the movie look like today’s wolves and are no bigger than a normal dog. How can they survive in a world full of giants? The Meg – The Meg (2018) Another recently released movie about a giant shark. It is difficult to judge the appearance and behavior of prehistoric monsters, but all creatures will be subject to certain biological laws. The size of the shark in the film is described as 70 – 75 ft (21.3 – 22.8 m) long. But scientists think its size was 60 ft (18 m). One of the heroic characters in the movie also said that such a shark could easily bite a whale in half. But they do not specify the size of the whale. What do we imagine when we think of whales? It is true that there are really huge whales. But there are whales that are only 13 – 16 ft (about 4 – 5 m) long like the dwarf sperm whale, while the size of a blue whale is 110 ft (33.5 m) – almost twice the size. shark size. As for bite force, sharks can bite a whale in half. But can the shark expand its jaws to that extent? Scientists have proven that megalodon can attack whales, but these whales must not be too large, only 40 – 50 ft (12 – 15 m) long. Sometimes in the movie, the shark attacks only one person (one of the main characters). But scientists don’t think this is characteristic of prehistoric predators. They will not chase 1 or 2 humans, but may swim to attack places with many people (such as the beach). In the beach scene at the end of the movie when the megalodon hunts on the beach, the shark approaches people swimming far from the shore and opens its mouth to swallow them, however it suddenly hears the sound of whales and swims away. . But in reality, it would have easily swallowed the prey that was lying right under its nose and continued to attack other victims.

1. Corn cob In the 1700s, Native Americans often used dried corncobs as ‘toilet paper’. This material is quite abundant, rich and soft, easy to absorb. Although the user may be a little sore, it is still considered safer and more comfortable than many other materials. 2. Snow For people living in cold areas, snow was a good candidate in a time when toilet paper wasn’t available. The only downside is probably the feeling of cold to the bone, but if you get used to it, no one will feel embarrassed because it is very clean. 3. Rocks It sounds unbelievable, but there were times when people used stones for cleaning. The advantage of this type of “toilet paper” is that it is easy to find, abundant. Just like the cob, although this is not the most comfortable material, it is at least very convenient when there is no other better material to replace it. 4. Wooden stick About 2000 years ago, people in ancient China used toilet sticks. This “toilet paper” is cut from bamboo and other woods, shaped like spoons. People call this tool salaka, cachou or chugi. The ends of the tools are covered with cloth to create a more comfortable feeling for the user. Even so, it still makes people shudder just thinking about it. 5. Broken ceramic shards Compared to the Chinese, the Greeks have even more creepy “toilet paper”. In ancient toilets, the Greeks used “pessoi” (small pieces of pottery) to clean after defecation. These ceramic pieces, usually 3-11 cm in diameter, are cut and angled from broken pottery. This material is so popular that the Greeks have an adage: “Three pieces are enough to wipe”. 6. Tersorium If the above materials are too hard and easily cause pain to the user, the Roman tersorium seems more comfortable. Tersorium is a cleaning device created by attaching sponges to a stick. Although there is no specific document on how to use it, many people think it is likely that tersorium is a toilet brush and not “toilet paper”. 7. Mussel shell People in the island and coastal areas often make use of natural resources as an alternative to “toilet paper”, despite the fact that they have many sharp edges. If there is no mussel shell, people will replace it with coconut shell. 8. Grass Grass and leaves are the softest method ever used by man in history. The advantage of this natural material is that it is easy to find, environmentally friendly and convenient. 9. Sand Different climatic conditions lead to different cleaning methods. In arid places, people are forced to use sand to replace toilet paper. This way is not very comfortable but is almost the only option for many people.

This is the second time this giant predator has been found to have COVID-19 after eight tigers and lions at Bronx Zoo, New York, USA, had similar results in April 2020. According to experts, it is likely that these lions were infected with COVID-19 from people working in the NZP, because more than 25 NZP staff has reportedly been infected with COVID-19 to date. NZP is a 54-hectare zoo, caring for more than 2,000 animals, the most visited place in India today. Because the incident on the NZP had to close and wait until further notice. Lions infected with COVID-19. Viruses can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa Many studies have found airborne transmission and animal-to-animal contact, from human to animal, and vice versa. Cats and weasels are the two animals most susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, while dogs are shorter; chickens, pigs and ducks are not infected. ZS-CoV-2 reverse transmission from animals to humans in dogs and cats has been confirmed by genetic analysis of virus strains isolated from domestic animals and domestic animals. Most studies show no clinical symptoms in infected dogs and cats. There is no evidence of animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2, although this possibility is not excluded. COVID-19 in mink farms showed both human-to-mink transmission and vice versa. This raises concerns about weasels becoming an unexpected vector for SARS-CoV-2. According to three studies updated by the European Center for Infectious Diseases and Policy (CIDRAP), a high proportion of dogs and cats may have acquired COVID-19 from the owner, and the virus “jumps”. People and weasels go back and forth on farms in the Netherlands. Weasel is the most susceptible animal to SARS-CoV-2. First, a small study conducted by the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. As a result, most dogs and cats may have acquired COVID-19 from their owners, scientific evidence finds antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in their blood. “Testing an animal’s blood after the owner has recovered is the best way to assess human-to-animal transmission because the time it takes to determine the current infection in the pet is narrow. There is sufficient evidence from many studies to recommend that people infected with SARS-CoV-2 should be isolated from humans and animals. Dr. Dorothee Bienzle, University of Guelph, key author. The second study was published in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases late September 2020. Scientists in Hong Kong examined respiratory and fecal samples from 50 cats from COVID-19-infected households or their close contacts for SARS-CoV-2 RNA from November 11. 2 to 11/8/2020. 6 out of 50 cats (12%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on RT-PCR and the viral genome from a pair of hosts and cats were identical. All cats show no symptoms but have lung abnormalities similar to those found in infected people. The researchers call for broader serological monitoring of cats connected to COVID-19 patients to determine the incidence of human-to-cat transmission. The third study, presented at the ESCMID conference, monitored COVID-19 contamination in 16 mink farms with more than 720,000 animals in the Netherlands. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 was found to have “jumped” back and forth between people and weasels, in the case of animal-to-human transmission or vice versa. Researchers who examined and sequenced the entire genome showed that 66 out of 97 people (67%) who lived or worked on farms were diagnosed with COVID-19 on PCR or a resistance test. can. Currently, COVID-19 is still spreading in farms, despite human efforts, the authors reveal. In order to minimize the risk of transmission of the virus between humans and animals and vice versa, scientists argue that close cooperation between animal health agencies and people is essential for early identification and control of schools. infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cats need to be isolated to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, to avoid transmission of the virus from infected households and pets to livestock, the livestock must be in the same quarantine as applies to humans. Letting your pet roam in a community increases the likelihood of spreading the virus. The original origin of the virus has not been determined yet, so livestock should be strictly managed and all measures are taken according to the veterinary authorities, especially pets in areas where epidemics have occurred. and has been translated. Ngoc Anh ( People / Ejmed / CUE– 5/2021 )

However, one sense that humans can soon master, is bat-like echolocation. Sixth sense experiment According to the Popular Mechanics Scientists in Japan have tested this ability in a laboratory, proving that humans can use it echolocation , or the ability to sense echoes for navigation. This ability helps people recognize the shape and rotation of many objects. Thanks to that, people can “see” in the dark. When the volunteer presses the tablet, a synthesized echo is emitted from the amplifier speaker (red line). The sounds obtained with the binaural are 1/8 of the original pitch by reducing the sampling frequency, which is transmitted into the volunteer headphones (green line). Photo: Miwa Sumiya. As bats fly around objects, they emit intense sound waves from different angles and bounce off at isolated intervals. Thanks to that, this tiny mammal can determine the topography, texture or movement of an object. According to Dr. Miwa Sumiya, if humans were able to perceive the patterns of time-changing sounds similar to bats, they could see the world in new ways. Dr. Sumiya, a researcher at the Center for Nerve and Information Networks in Osaka, Japan and was the first author of a paper to appear on Plos One on this topic. “Testing that humans are capable of detecting multiple environments via sound waves could add a new step in understanding the complexity of the human brain,” Sumiya said. According to Sumiya, humans have the ability to further understand the perception of other species (such as bats) by comparing with knowledge gained in echolocation studies of humankind. To test this theory, Mrs. Sumiya’s group made a meticulous arrangement. In one room, the researchers gave volunteers a pair of headphones and two tablets, one that produced a calibrated signal using a synthesized echo, the other to listen to pre-recorded echoes. . In room 2, only the strangely shaped 3D axes stand in one place and rotate around themselves. When prompted, 15 volunteers turned on echolocation signals from their tablets. The sound waves emit each beat, travel to room 2 and hit the 3D axes. Participants need a little bit of imagination to convert sound waves into a certain object. Sumiya explained that the synthesized echo-locating signals used in this experiment were high-frequency signals up to 41 kHz, which cannot be heard by humans. Dolphins are also a mammal that uses echolocation to detect and hunt. Photo: Getty Images. Researchers used a humanoid (1/7 the size of a real skull) to “hear” the sound in room 2 before passing it on to volunteers. The fake head is equipped with 2 microphones attached to the two ears and creating a 3D resonance. The sound output is quite similar to the surround sound experienced in movie theaters. Reducing the frequency of the echoes in both ears enabled volunteers to hear “with the feeling of being heard in real space”. Many people like to listen to podcasts or watch videos with headphones to create surround sound and give a tingling sensation in their ears. This is called the Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response, or ASMR. Result Finally, researchers and volunteers guessed whether echoes were coming from stationary or spinning objects. At the end of the experiment, the volunteers were able to accurately identify two pillars thanks to the time-varying echolocation signals emanating from them. Identifying clue is thanks to the pitch and timbre. However, it was difficult for them to discern the shape of the standing pillars. Sumiya’s group study is not the first to test the ability of human echolocation. Previous studies have shown that blind people can use mouth-clicking sounds to see 2D objects. However, Ms. Sumiya said her experiment was the first to specifically explore the ability of echolocation to change over time. The researchers said their work is evidence that both humans and bats are capable of decoding objects through sound. In the future, engineers could apply this technology to wearable devices such as watches or glasses to improve how visually impaired people can navigate the world, except for headsets.

According to Chronicles of Sima Qian, in 219 BC, Qin Shihuang, fearing death, assigned the body to seek the secret of immortality. Regrettably, the dream of the first Emperor to unify China did not come true. Later, oil king John Davison Rockefeller – considered the richest American of all time – became the first person to successfully extend life with six heart changes in 38 years. These are two of the many examples of human desire to become immortal. That desire is becoming more and more burning, and based on the reality and the achievements of current science and technology, one day, man’s immortal dream will come true … Technology that prolongs life For scientists, human immortality is also an area of ​​research that receives a lot of attention. Although negating the immortality hypothesis from some religious point of view, atheists maintain Albert Einstein’s theory of relative immortality. In addition, modern scientific achievements are gradually proving the concept of relative immortality of the individual through physical immortality and biological immortality, instead of the subconscious “having death becomes immortal”. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the development of life-prolonging intervention technology has made great progress. Sinclair, a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, thinks we are witnessing new developments in technology and that one day all humans can live to be 150 years old .. In medicine, gene therapies have long been used to help people regenerate themselves and fight all diseases. The current achievements of gene implantation, reversing the aging process by enzyme and NAD, effects on chromosomes or stem cells … are still quite limited. While it is possible to maintain a person’s lifespan for up to 15%, or even longer, the distance to immortality is a long way to go. In contrast, studies such as Syncardia and Carmat artificial hearts that have just been approved for commercial use will make the human immortality process more and more realistic. This artificial heart possesses a structure similar to that of a human heart and can automatically adjust the rate of blood flow throughout the body. They can also be replaced in the face of depletion and self-adapting to the changing mechanisms of life. An artificial heart works similarly to a human heart Currently, 81 patients have received artificial heart transplants worldwide. Not only the artificial heart, the famous academic journal Nature recently selected the “Seven Major Aging Intervention Technologies,” including a β-nicotinamide derivative from the Harvard laboratory, which was put into experiment. Sinclair, who discovered how the substance works, revealed that there is an important coenzyme called NAD +, which is equivalent to the body’s energy production plant, but its content is not static and will decrease with age. This is the cause of problems like aging and depression. Scientists have discovered the β-nicotinamide derivative adds enzyme levels to longevity. However, the price barrier of β-nicotinamide is a major hurdle to address. The famous investment bank Bank of America Merrill Lynch forecasts that the global anti-aging industry has a huge potential market of up to $ 600 billion. Realize the immortal dream with technology Biological immortality from life-prolonging technology only helps people have a few decades of life expectancy, which is not the final destination of the human future. Now, the new achievements of artificial intelligence (AI) will open up a promising direction. The move from Elon Musk’s computer-brain research recently went beyond the experimental basis, showing that the line between humans and AI is almost broken. From the idea that was once thought to be crazy, the research achievements of Elon Musk and scientists were able to initially modify human limitations. The first trials have been effective in patients with polio, the next challenge that this project aims to be to break human limits … Elon Musk’s brain-computer interface opens the door to breaking human boundaries After brain-computer interfaces, gene editing, nano-robots or the advent of an artificial heart, the new achievements add new magical weapons to the realm of life-prolonging technology. The company’s most recent achievement Promobot has released a new robot model developed by artificial intelligence covered entirely with artificial leather. This robot can express more than 600 expressions by making eye, eyebrow, lip and body movements similar to a real person. If it is possible to combine with medical nanotechnology or cloning based on cloning techniques, create living individuals with genetically identical multicellular structure using metamaterial metamaterials, at the same time In terms of human intelligence, consciousness, and memory, such as the Avatar Project (or Project of Life) by tycoon Dmitry Itskov, that’s when people can literally become immortal and dream “wisdom. “artificial intelligence” will become a reality. Some futurists say that before our bodies can achieve immortality, we can fully connect our thoughts with the mechanical world, and we will live well in the cloud. Even a Swedish funeral company has been looking for volunteers to allow deceased loved ones to be tested in hopes of creating robotic copies of their loved ones. In the near future, humans will be able to store their consciousness on hardware, meaning the portal to digital immortality has opened up.

The extinct prehistoric mammoth was believed to be prehistoric human prey. A controversial new study found that the first humans were large predators who took down prey with skilled hunting skills. In a new research paper, the scientists argue that humans and close relatives have been adept hunters from a very early age, starting at least 2 million years ago. Miki Ben-Dor and Ran Barkai, researchers at Tel Aviv University in Israel, and Raphael Sirtoli, a PhD student at Minho University in Portugal. “Until now, efforts to recreate the Stone Age human diet have been based mainly on comparison with 20th century hunter-gatherer societies,” says Ben-Dor. Of course, this comparison is lame, because 2 million years ago, hunter-gatherer societies could hunt and consume elephants and other large animals, while hunter-gatherers today. It can’t be like that. The whole ecosystem has changed, and the conditions cannot be compared. ” Scary evidence Fossil evidence from earliest human ancestors is scarce. But based on archaeological evidence, Ben-Dor said, it was clear that Homo sapiens and their close relatives ate anything that was edible. But how much of their diet consists of plants versus animals is the bottom line. Many animals that are considered omnivores actually have the diet in one way or another. Chimpanzees, for example, are technically omnivores, but meat makes up only about 6% of their diet. Dogs and wolves are predominantly carnivorous but sometimes also nibble on grain, leading to a debate over whether they should be classified as omnivores or predators. According to Ben-Dor, ancient humans Homo habilis ate meat at least 2.6 million years ago. Another primitive human species, Homo erectus, appeared to be an avid carnivore 1.8 million years ago; Their teeth and intestines shrank compared to their previous ancestors, adapted to digest meat instead of plants, and it used stone tools capable of grinding meat. Ben-Dor and Barkai argue in their paper, published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, that meat is not just a reward for these humans and the early Homo sapiens. Instead, the authors believe, large animals weighing more than 1,000 kg, such as elephants, hippos and rhinos … make up the bulk of the human diet. The elephants 500,000 years ago could weigh 12 tons, compared with 4 to 6 tons today. Eat a lot of meat, human brain evolution? According to the researchers, these animals can eat fatty meat, which is very suitable to feed the energy-hungry human brain. The authors argued in another recent article that hunting large prey could be the driving force behind human brain evolution. However, the idea is controversial, and researchers disagree on how huge amounts of meat would be useful to hunter-gatherers in the days before refrigeration, as well as about ancient humans skilled in taking down prey that other predators like lions, struggled to defeat. “There are some archaeologists who say, they hunted elephants once, but it’s like a once in a lifetime hunt; that’s what grandparents often tell their children,” John said. “There are people who say that elephant meat can last a long time without preserving, but it’s part of their routine,” said Hawks, a paleontologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. important to them. ‘” Ben-Dor and his colleagues wrote in their article that eating large, fatty animals would be a benefit to humankind at the earliest, because losing so many calories on a hunting trip – instead of repeatedly trying to stalk smaller prey. Humans exhibit this high-fat adaptation, researchers say. Archeologically speaking, it was difficult to classify humans and their relatives as carnivores before about 50,000 years ago. That’s because the only reliable biochemical way to distinguish an animal as the top predator or lower in the food chain is a method known as stable nitrogen isotope analysis, requires collagen testing for molecules that are taken orally into the body. Despite the limited evidence of humankind’s early evolution, the researchers say, much remains to be done to prove whether the human ancestor was indeed carnivores. This could include more research on the abundance of animals of different sizes during the Pleistocene, exploring genetic changes over time that could alter the digestibility of species. Different human feeds and comparison of prey size trends over time.

Once a concept only in the imagination, people are getting closer and closer to immortality thanks to the achievements of modern science and technology … According to Chronicles of Sima Qian, in 219 BC, Qin Shihuang, fearing death, assigned the body to seek the secret of immortality. Regrettably, the dream of the first Emperor to unify China did not come true. Later, oil king John Davison Rockefeller – considered the richest American of all time – became the first person to successfully extend life with six heart changes in 38 years. These are two of the many examples of human desire to become immortal. That desire is becoming more and more burning, and based on the reality and the achievements of current science and technology, one day, man’s immortal dream will come true … Technology that prolongs life For scientists, human immortality is also an area of ​​research that receives a lot of attention. Although negating the immortality hypothesis from some religious point of view, atheists maintain Albert Einstein’s theory of relative immortality. In addition, modern scientific achievements are gradually proving the concept of relative immortality of the individual through physical immortality and biological immortality, instead of the subconscious “having death becomes immortal”. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the development of life-prolonging intervention technology has made great progress. Sinclair, a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, thinks we are witnessing new developments in technology and one day all humans can live to be 150 years old .. In medicine, gene therapies have long been used to help people regenerate themselves and fight all diseases. The current achievements of gene implantation, reversing the aging process by enzyme and NAD, effects on chromosomes or stem cells … are still quite limited. While it is possible to maintain a person’s lifespan for up to 15%, or even longer, the distance to immortality is a long way to go. In contrast, studies such as Syncardia and Carmat artificial hearts that have just been approved for commercial use will make the human immortality process more and more realistic. This artificial heart possesses a structure similar to that of a human heart and can automatically adjust the rate of blood flow throughout the body. They can also be replaced in the face of depletion and self-adapting to the changing mechanisms of life. An artificial heart works similarly to a human heart Currently, 81 patients have received artificial heart transplants worldwide. Not only the artificial heart, the famous academic journal Nature recently selected the “Seven Major Aging Intervention Technologies,” including a β-nicotinamide derivative from the Harvard laboratory, which was put into experiment. Sinclair, who discovered how the substance works, revealed that there is an important coenzyme called NAD +, which is equivalent to the body’s energy production plant, but its content is not static and will decrease with age. This is the cause of problems like aging and depression. Scientists have discovered the β-nicotinamide derivative adds enzyme levels to longevity. However, the price barrier of β-nicotinamide is a major hurdle to address. The famous investment bank Bank of America Merrill Lynch forecasts that the global anti-aging industry has a huge potential market of up to $ 600 billion. Realize the immortal dream with technology Biological immortality from life-prolonging technology only helps people have a few decades of life expectancy, which is not the final destination of the human future. Now, the new achievements of artificial intelligence (AI) will open up a promising direction. The move from Elon Musk’s computer-brain research recently went beyond the experimental basis, showing that the line between humans and AI is almost broken. From the idea that was once thought to be crazy, the research achievements of Elon Musk and scientists were able to initially modify human limitations. The first trials have been effective in patients with polio, the next challenge that this project aims to be to break human limits … Elon Musk’s brain-computer interface opens the door to breaking human boundaries After brain-computer interfaces, gene editing, nano-robots or the advent of an artificial heart, the new achievements add new magical weapons to the realm of life-prolonging technology. The company’s most recent achievement Promobot has released a new robot model developed by artificial intelligence covered entirely with artificial leather. This robot can express more than 600 expressions by making eye, eyebrow, lip and body movements similar to a real person. If it is possible to combine with medical nanotechnology or cloning based on cloning techniques, create living individuals with genetically identical multicellular structure using metamaterial metamaterials, at the same time In terms of human intelligence, consciousness, and memory, such as the Avatar Project (or Project of Life) by tycoon Dmitry Itskov, that’s when people can literally become immortal and dream “wisdom. “artificial intelligence” will become a reality. Some futurists say that before our bodies can achieve immortality, we can fully connect our thoughts with the mechanical world, and we will live well in the cloud. Even a Swedish funeral company has been looking for volunteers to allow deceased loved ones to be tested in hopes of creating robotic copies of their loved ones. In the near future, humans will be able to store their consciousness on hardware, meaning the portal to digital immortality has opened up.

The venom helps the snakes defend themselves and hunts. Explaining the venom in the snake The research was carried out by experts at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (Japan) with the Australian National University (Australia) and published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). . Research indicates a link between mammalian salivary glands and snake venom glands. Agneesh Barua, lead author of the paper and a graduate student in evolutionary genetics at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan, said: “In the past, we had the basic foundations. to find out about this. “Now, thanks to evolution, we can dig deeper and more accurately into the relationship between mammalian salivary glands and snake venom glands.” Previously, scientists believed that the venom gland evolved from the salivary gland because the venom is composed of proteins that are transformed from saliva. The oral venom system is assumed to evolve through evolution, but how it evolved and the molecular structure in the venom system remains unknown. Research by the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology and the Australian National University are the first scientific evidence to find an answer to this fake snow. To produce toxins, snakes have evolved in the direction of converting many different substances in the body into venom. Initially, scientists suspected the gene was behind the poison formation in snake venom and a number of different species such as spiders and coolie – the only primate to have venom. However, the study did not find out what causes the venom to develop in the mouths of the animals. The research does not focus on toxins because they grow quickly, they are complex mixtures of many compounds, the Baride scientist explains. From there, the scientists decided to switch not to check the genes that produce the toxin, but to study the genes that help change the salivary system into the venom gland in the mouth. These are genes that are involved in the venom but are not responsible for the toxin production. Contact toxins in the human body Human saliva contains toxins that produce toxins. Through testing the genome of Taiwan habu snake, the researchers found the gene that supports the change, named “metavenom network”. This gene is responsible for protecting cells from the stress caused by the production of large amounts of protein. Similar genes are found in the salivary glands of some mammals such as chimpanzees, mice, even humans or terrestrial egg-laying animals such as birds and reptiles. These two genes have quite similar modes of action. Both produce large amounts of protein in saliva. With snakes, this gene helps to create large toxic saliva, suitable for their hunting and defense purposes. While in mammals such as humans, genes also make large amounts of protein in saliva but does not contain toxins. The common thing that these genes have in common is their ability to produce toxins, but snakes combine many different toxins, while mammals produce simpler venom, which has a similarity with saliva, Baride says. In fact, under certain environmental conditions, rats can make many toxic proteins in their saliva. Or in human saliva contains Kallikrein, an enzyme that helps digest proteins and they are also components in the “metavenom network”. If mutated, Kallikrein will convert saliva into venom that causes pain and death for infected objects. If so, according to evolution, in the next ten thousand years rats may have venom in their mouths, and so can humans. Mechanism of venom production However, Barua said, Kallikreins in human saliva can hardly evolve into toxins in snake venom. The “metavenom web” is a method of defense or elimination of prey and it evolves according to the animal’s way of life. The same species of snake, but living in different terrains and environments, the toxin is also different. For example, snakes live in the desert, mainly hunt rats on flat terrain, their venom slowly seeps into their prey. But snakes that live in the rocky mountains have a stronger toxin, instantly killing the lizard-like agility. Meanwhile, humans have invented tools, weapons and social structures to increase labor productivity and to process food, so there is no need to use venom. In addition, the creation of the venom is difficult. If not used regularly, the venom is lost. For example, sea snakes used to possess venom but are now harmless because they switch from eating fish to eating fish eggs, which do not require the use of toxins. New research may not raise hope for human “superpowers” but scientists have found a way for species to control venom in the body, which may be the key of medicine. . Find out how genes that control external protein expression can recognize diseases like cancer. Because most deaths from cancer are due to cancer cells growing out of control.

So the question is? Can the deceased hear the cry of their loved one? Although there is currently no 100% confirmation of yes or no, after all, this test must be done when a person is dead. Whether people have short-term consciousness, consciousness after death or not. At the end of the 18th century, people tried and answered them. However, since this answer is only a single evidence, there are no repeated experiments, so the answer of yes or no has not been clearly verified. According to his research, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier is a chemist and member of the French Academy of Sciences, he clarified the theory of oxidation in case of fire and laid a solid foundation for fundamental research on chemistry. . He can also be seen as a leader in the French chemical industry. Unfortunately, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s private life was not consistent with the old notions at that time, he not only lost his passion for science but also lost his life. In 1769, Lavoisier won the title of honorary scholar of the French Academy of Sciences, at the same time, he used 500,000 francs to become a presumptive tax officer, subject to salt and tobacco tax, then took over. position on the Royal Gunpowder Supervision and Finance Committee. This was when Lavoisier was not only one of the most powerful men in France, he also stood at the top of his scientific career, winning the highest academic honor in France. As they say, prosperity and decline. When Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier is enjoying his perfect life, unfortunately, he gets caught up in the chaotic political situation after the French Revolution, and at the same time becomes a pawn to give to others the wrong side. The radicals in the French parliament at that time, to please the oldest people, decided to kill tax officials – who were considered “vampires” to suck people’s blood before the Revolution, in which there is Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s captors completely ignored his important contributions to the science and economics of France. Even if he made no mistake, Lavoisier still died because he was a tax officer. His death was destined to stabilize the hearts of the people. Faced with life’s misfortune, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier remained steadfast, calm, not depressed and hopeless, thinking about what he could do in his last days. As a result, Lavoisier is that he decided to use his last life experience to prove something the world has never confirmed, which is whether humans are still aware after death, whether they can hear. See the voice of family or those who love you? When he stepped onto the guillotine, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier called the executioner on his side, making the last plea in his life, that when he was beheaded, Lavoisier hoped that the executioner could watch. Will his eyes still blink and if they blink how many times? The executioner was amazed by the scientist’s request to die, and out of respect for the man with all his heart for science, he agreed to do this. The results of this experiment shocked the entire French academic community. The executioner had actually seen Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s eyes blink after his head left his neck, even blinking several times, a total of 11 times. Thus, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier proved that his consciousness still existed and he could hear everyone’s sounds. In other words, although the Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier experiment was ruthless, he clearly showed that humans are still conscious shortly after death.