Primates make laughter when they play. However, laughter in animals often means an invitation to mate, join a herd, or find food. The meaning of animal laughter Laughing together helps people connect and bond. Although the reason for laughing can vary widely between individuals and groups, this sound can still be distinguished from crying, screaming, groaning or shouting. In humans, laughter expresses a wide range of emotions, from positive such as amusement to negative such as annoyance. People laugh when they hear an interesting story or when they see funny things. But what about animals? Do they laugh and is the reason they laugh the same way humans laugh? It’s hard to tell if animals have a sense of humor like humans. A study published in the journal Bioacoustics in April 2021 found that when communicating, animals sometimes make sounds that have a comforting, pleasant nuance. Sasha Winkler, lead author of the study, at the University of California, Los Angeles (USA), said that rhesus monkeys (scientific name Macaca mulatta) often pant when playing. This is the inspiration for her and her colleagues to expand their research on animal laughter. They looked to see if other animals let out gasps like rhesus monkeys during play. The researchers say that such sounds closely resemble human laughter. They continued to study the prevalence of laughter among animals. The team identified 65 species that “laughed” while playing, most of which were mammals. Some birds also make cheerful sounds. This analysis helps scientists go back to the evolutionary origins of laughter in humans. When playing, animals may cry or laugh to keep interactions at a harmonious level, not becoming aggressive. Unlike fighting, the concept of play in animals is often mating, foraging. Play can be clearly seen in primates because their facial muscles show human-like expressions when playing. The study grew out of an experiment from 2017 on kea parrots living in New Zealand. Experts recorded the laughter of the kea parrots and played them back for others to hear. As a result, these parrots will play together relatively closely. This study shows that the laughter of kea parrots is like an invitation to others to join the flock or to feed together. Investigation results show that mammals, especially primates, rodents, carnivores and cetaceans emit similar sounds. These sounds are only emitted when playing, such as the whistle like the whistle of a bottlenose dolphin (scientific name is Tursiops truncatus), the hiss of a mouse. Most primates, including chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, and baboons, exhibit laughter by: panting, smirking, chuckling to “click, clack” and loud cries. . Birds emit laughter to attract their fellow humans. Laughing is not just for fun Research also shows that fish, amphibians and reptiles do not produce laughter because this group may not organize play activities. However, laughter between humans and animals is quite different. Usually, people’s laughter shows that they are having fun or sharing their joy with those around them. People also put laughter into communication to express their attitudes and feelings towards the behavior of people around them. For example, smirking, sarcastic laughter, sarcastic laughter to express a reaction of praise or disapproval of the actions of people around. But in some animals, laughing is not synonymous with cheerfulness. For example, hyenas often laugh when feeling dangerous, threatened, attacked or simply upset. Human and animal laughter also differ in volume. For example, older hyenas often laugh at a low pitch while young hyenas’ laughter is high, even shrill. Some species laugh very softly, just enough for the other person to hear. While human laughter is loud, loud and nuanced. Before Winkler, in 2000, Jaak Panskeep, a psychologist and neuroscientist working at Washington State University, USA, discovered that tickled rats emit chirping sounds similar to the sounds they make when they play. Some lab rats liked to be tickled so much that they simulated this amusing activity. From there, Panskeep and his colleagues began to seriously study the play of animals. He identified seven basic emotional expressions activated by the mammalian brain. Since then, he has applied this result to the study of human emotions and found a treatment for depression in humans. Panskeep has clinically developed an antidepressant, named GLYX-13. He considers this modulation product to be proof that scientists should seriously evaluate the emotional state of animals. Animal studies could pave the way for the development of psychopharmaceuticals for humans. He also added that we think rats and monkeys can laugh because they are smart. But in fact, intelligence is not a funny factor. Play in any animal can stimulate laughter, increase cognitive ability.

Elephant Mammoth Columbia Voi Extinction time: 11,500 years ago Living area: America and Mexico Illustration. Elephant Mammoth, you probably already know. They are huge, have long fur and a pair of huge tusks. They appear in many pictures, documentaries, movies. However, here we are talking about the Columbian Mammoth elephant, which is a relative of the long-haired but larger Mammoth. A Mammoth Columbia can be from 3.7 to 4.2m tall, weighing from 5.5 to 11 tons. Their tusks average 3.7m long, the largest of the elephant family and extremely strong, used to handle any carnivores that dare to come close. Prehistoric people, of course. Lazy land Extinction time: 4200 years ago Living area: South America The sloth is a lovely, harmless creature. The Megatherium is also a sloth, but it’s not like the slow, bully sloths you’re used to seeing. Megatherium also does not live on trees, because no tree can withstand its huge body. Megatherium has several subspecies, the smallest species is as big as a rhinoceros, and the largest can weigh up to 4-5 tons when mature, equivalent to modern African elephants. They can be up to 6m tall, similar to giraffes when standing on 2 legs. In addition, they also have a set of super-large claws used to slap the mouth of any carnivore. The ground sloth finally lived peacefully on the islands of the Caribbean, until about 4200 years ago, when the “species that everyone should fear” set foot and drew an end to the sloths walking on the face. land. Orangutan Gigantopithecus Extinction time: 100,000 years ago Living area: Mainly in Southeast Asia Gigantopithecus was a close relative of modern orangutans but was much larger. They can be 3m tall, weigh up to half a ton and are the most massive primates that have ever walked the Earth. If you need a clearer picture to visualize the size of a Gigantopithecus, check out the cute giant orangutan in The Jungle Book. But that’s in the movies, who knew what such a huge beast could do to a small human? Gigantopithecus went extinct with the main cause not being human. The fact that they are large also means that they need a lot of food to survive. However, about 100,000 years before the climate changed and the forests of their homeland – Southeast Asia – became savanna, Gigantopithecus simply “flies” because there is not enough food. Cave hyena Extinction time: 11,000-13,000 years ago Living area: Europe If you often watch documentaries about wildlife in Africa, such as the Diary of the Cat Family, you are probably familiar with spotted hyenas. These guys have a lot of bad reputations. They are cunning, reckless, attack in herds, scavenge for prey of other species such as leopards and lions or even enter villages to capture children. However, spotted hyenas are still not comparable to their ancient relatives – the cave hyena. Cave hyenas were twice the size of modern spotted hyenas, weighing on average 130kg, 90cm high and 1.5m long. They have extremely strong jaws, enough to chew the bones of their prey. Calculations based on fossils show that a cave hyena can easily kill a small elephant weighing about 1 ton. But that’s not enough to say how scary they are. They still live in groups of about 30 to help hunt more effectively. However, with our ancestors, they are not easy to touch. Cave hyenas became extinct somewhere between 11,000 and 13,000 years ago. The main cause is believed by paleontologists to be that prehistoric people took the caves for shelter during the Ice Age. Sword tooth tiger Extinction time: 10,000 years ago Living area: All Americas The saber-toothed tiger sounds like that, but in fact, they don’t have a close family to the tiger. Most saber-toothed tigers became extinct before modern humans appeared. However, there are still a few that can encounter humans, such as Smilodon populator and Smilodon fatalis. In which, Smilodon fatalis is as big as an African lion, and Smilodon populator is bigger, as big as a Siberian tiger (about 350kg). According to the calculations of paleontologists, saber-toothed tigers have rather weak jaws, the bite force is only about 1/3 of that of modern lions. However, in return, they have other things. In addition to their trademark long fangs, saber-toothed tigers also have extremely muscular forelimbs, the strongest of the cat family to assist in capturing prey before slicing its throat with long scythe-like fangs. Another theory is that they can use these fangs as knives to “skewer” their prey to death. But no matter how they killed their prey, a prehistoric human would surely explode if caught by it.

Skybed Scar – mighty lion king once dominated the Kruger grassland. In April 2018, in Kruger National Park, South Africa, photographers Larry Pannell and Greg Parker took a rare set of photos of male lions that spontaneously breath their last breath outside of the wild. wild. In the last moments of his life, Skybed Scar – the mighty lion king that once dominated the Kruger grassland and photographers stood at a distance of more than one meter apart. This male lion is a famous lion king in Kruger Park and once dominated a swarm of lions for several years. In his heyday. Skybed Scar has a mighty and majestic appearance, with muscular muscles and a loud roar that can make the surrounding herbivores tremble, even other male lions want to usurp its throne. also must carefully consider the enormous power hidden in this roar. However, at the time the two photographers took these pictures, Scar was older and had to leave her lions, or be kicked out of the lions, so she could only hunt alone. Lions are the only species of herd social behavior among large cats. They hunt together and take care of the offspring in herds. This makes them more effective at hunting and may even kill large animals such as the African buffalo. A group of lions will normally consist of a male lion and a few female lions, sometimes even a group of lions running in the background. A group of lions can have up to 50 individuals and in such large groups there may also be a few more mature male lions. Throughout her life, female lions in a group of lions will be mainly responsible for hunting, while male lions are mainly responsible for territorial patrol, threatening other lions or other lions. invaders, protect the safety of lions, and sometimes help female lions with hunting. When the male lions are close to reaching adulthood (under 3 years old) they will be kicked out of the herd to roam, sometimes they will bond with a few male lions like them to hunt together. bait. Until these male lions are 6 years old (fully mature), they will bring their power to battle with other male lions to gain dominance over lions. The defeated dominant male lions will often be killed by severe wounds, but if they are not dead, the rulers of this era will be kicked out of the pack and have to roam alone, even if they do. being a target for hyenas and being able to die naturally would become a luxury. The photographer saw the Skybed Scar at a watering hole, where usually a herd of small elephants drink. When they got there, they noticed that a lion was drinking water on the shore, seemingly having a problem with its left leg because its seat angle is not very normal right now. And then they saw the lion standing up in a swaying posture like a drunk, but finally they discovered that it was an old lion and had not eaten for a long time, its body covered with skin bone. Parker is a local photographer and recognized the old lion as Skybed Scar. It left the puddle and stumbled toward a small, tall field. Every few steps it will stop, bow to rest, accumulate the remaining strength in the body to be able to take a few more steps. After walking up the high ground, Skybed Scar looked back at the puddle one last time and then slowly stepped down the slope, but only halfway through the road it fell. But just then, a herd of elephants came to the puddle to play and to satisfy its thirst, an elephant left the herd of elephants toward the high ground, seemingly wanting to stand at a higher position to see the pulse Are there any dangers around? At first, it did not detect Lion Scar at 30 meters away, and Scar deliberately avoided view to avoid the elephant from discovering her. But unfortunately, the elephant still found it, stepped back and rushed towards Scar with a roar, when the other elephants heard the sound, they started to rush towards the old lion. Scar wanted to growl at the elephants as a child to drive away these terrifying giants, but right now, she had only one option, to turn around and run with all her might. The sound of loud footsteps gradually disappeared, the dust also subsided, two photographers drove to find the old lion, finally found Scar lying on the grass under the shade of trees, dying unable to move. This last run had obviously exhausted him. Scar looked at the photographer with sad eyes, no one dared to approach the former king, but now, the photographer more than a meter away, stared at its death. The old lion breathed hard, his chest was undulating weakly, and his eyes were fading. Finally, after taking his last breath, Skar safely left this world with his eyes closed forever, and a generation of lion kings fell. You can often hear the traditional virtues of respect for the elderly and care for young children on buses, but in essence, such a statement clearly confuses many animals. Once the weak old male lion will be kicked out of the lions, only death waits for it; The new lion king will also kill the old lion king’s cubs, so that the female lion can mate with it In fact, most of the animals in the wild are unlikely to survive to old age, it is not that they do not want to die, but that their congeners do not. Think again, have you ever seen wildlife dying of old age? Most people may not see that in their life.

The Ethiopian calendar has 12 months and 30 days, almost like the Gregorian (solar calendar) we are using. But the slight difference is that they have a 13th month (only five to six days). These extra days are called “epagomenal” days, and are essentially leap days. These additional dates ensure that the calendar follows the seasons and phases of the Moon. This addition has resulted in huge differences in the Ethiopian calendar and the normal calendar (7 years behind ours). The Ethiopians also follow a very different clock system. They obey a 12-hour clock, as opposed to the 24-hour time system that the rest of the world obey. While most people start the day at midnight (0 o’clock), Ethiopians start the day at dawn. So when the world is at 7:00 a.m. in this African country it will be 1 a.m. daytime time for Ethiopians. At 12 noon, it will be 6 o’clock during the day in Ethiopia (This is quite similar to China, Vietnam and some other feudal co-writers, using a 12-hour system, each watch and hour will be corresponds to 12 o’clock, but the beginning of the day will be counted as Little, starting at midnight). Despite international standards, this timing system exists to this day. 2. In 2017, although Ethiopia had become the fastest growing economy in the world, nearly a third of the population was still below poverty. According to the World Bank’s Global Economic Prospects, Ethiopia was the fastest growing economy in the world in 2017. While global growth is forecast to be 2.7%, Ethiopia is projected to be 8.3%. ! Although these numbers may sound astonishing, in fact, with high growth rates, Ethiopia is still deep in public debt. 3. Ethiopia is home to the world’s most salty lake When someone talks about salty waters, the first thing that comes to your mind is the Dead Sea. But there are lakes that are much more salty than the Dead Sea. In fact, the Dead Sea is in seventh place and the waters that occupy first place is Ao Gaet’ale located in Afar, Ethiopia. It was formed in 2005 after an earthquake caused an underground hot spring to form on the surface. The water in Gaet’ale Pond has a salt concentration of up to 43.3%. 4. Ethiopians do not have surnames Worldwide naming conventions dictate a person’s given name, which will be preceded or followed by a parent’s surname (depending on culture). But in Ethiopia, the naming rules are going to be a little bit different. The names of the people here will include their own name, followed by the name of their father. From time to time, people can also take the name of a grandfather or any other male ancestors in the family. In addition, women cannot change their names after getting married. 5. Ethiopia is one of the lowest calorie consuming countries in the world Out of 172 countries, Ethiopia occupies the 167th place in calorie consumption. The average Ethiopian consumes 1,950 calories per day. Even lower than the minimum daily caloric intake prescribed by the World Health Organization (2,200 calories). For many communities in Ethiopia, daily survival is a very difficult thing because they often have to fast for many days because they cannot find food. According to a 2008 study, 16% of Ethiopia’s population earns less than $ 1 a day. Only 65% ​​of rural households make enough money to meet the minimum daily food intake of 2,200 calories. 6. Coffee was first discovered in Ethiopia There is a saying in Ethiopia – “Buna dabo naw”, which means “Coffee is our bread”. This clearly shows how important coffee is to the people of Ethiopia. There is a widespread belief that Ethiopia may be the birthplace of coffee. This country has a popular legend associated with this. A goat herder named “Kaldi” was busy grazing his goats when he noticed a strange expression that seemed to be extremely excited. After that, this goat kept jumping up on his hind legs and didn’t stop resting all night. Then, Kaldi realized that the goat had eaten some red berries from a small shrub. Out of curiosity, he tried it and was surprised when it filled him with energy. He then brought these to a nearby monastery. At first, the monks were skeptical about this fruit, but when they tried their seeds with hot water, they found it very interesting. In fact, there is no conclusive evidence of this legend, but it coincides with the time when coffee started being planted in Ethiopia. 7. The oldest fossil human skeleton discovered in Ethiopia in 1974 Ethiopia is one of the most talked about countries when it comes to the paleontological world. In 1963, Gerrard Dekker, a Dutch hydrologist, discovered many stone tools were used about 1 million years ago. Another important discovery was made by Tim D. White, a paleontologist. when he discovered a hominid fossil 4.2 million years old. But the most mentioned hominid fossil would be Lucy. The skeleton belongs to a woman, hence the name “Lucy”, and she lived 3.2 million years ago. She belongs to the species Australopithecus afarensis, an extinct hominid species. She is the oldest human skeleton discovered to date. 8. Raw meat is considered to be the palate of Ethiopia This trend is mainly seen in the city of Addis Ababa, where raw meat is slowly becoming a sought-after dish. The type of meat eaten raw most often is beef. There is also goat meat, but its price is quite high so people will eat it on special occasions. 9. Many Ethiopian holy places forbid women from entering The point above may make you laugh, but it’s 100% true. Those who have visited Ethiopia will confirm that. Known as “Mount Athos”, this monastic facility follows rules drafted back to the 800s C.E. There are about 20 monasteries on the campus, and this is home to 2,000 monks. These monks live a completely separate life from the rest of the world. They were so isolated that anyone who wanted to visit the sanctuary had to climb a great wall, and that could only happen with the permission of the monks. Women and animals are prohibited from entering the sanctuary. 10. In the Ethiopian city of Harar, humans and hyenas have been living together in harmony since the 16th century A common sight in the walled Harar city in Ethiopia are hyenas roaming the streets in search of food. Here, hyenas do not harm humans, and humans are not afraid of animals. Hyenas live in caves just outside the city, and whenever they need food, they look for it in the city. They are seen as agents of nature sent to clean up the mess that people have created in the city. Since the 16th century, people have offered hyena food to mark the birth of the prophet Mohammed. They believe that if the hyenas accept the food, a good time will come and vice versa.

Oos Lions, hyenas and other predators still stalk the wildebeest, preventing them from eating too much of the plant. The variety of plants and grass supports other species, from fish birds to insects. In turn, these animals carry seeds or pollen throughout the plains, creating conditions for many types of plants to reproduce. Humans also appear there, but with relatively meager density. This is a prime example of an intact ecosystem: complex relationships that together maintain the rich diversity of the Earth. According to a survey of the ecosystems on Earth, most of the land on Earth – about 97% – no longer qualifies for ecological integrity. Researchers announced on April 15 in the journal Frontiers in Forest and Global Change: in the past 500 years, too many species have been either extinct or in decline. Specifically, scientists set the year 1500 AD, which means that only parts of the world are ecologically intact like 500 years ago with the addition of species of similar abundance. can be considered a wilderness. As a result, only 2.8% of planet Earth’s surface matches the description. These “wild plaques”, each with an area of ​​10,000 square kilometers or more, are scattered in various parts of the world. Of the few intact ecosystems, only about 11% of the land is in existing protected areas. These include Nouabale-Ndoki National Park in Congo, Serengeti-Ngorongoro in Tanzania, Alto Rio Negro indigenous territory in the Amazon forest, Great Siberian Polynya in northern Russia, and Kawésqar National Park in southern Chile. These are very rare and special places to be preserved, but only 11% of them are in protected areas. “Those are the best of the best, the last places on Earth have not lost a species as we know it,” said Oscar Venter, a conservation scientist at the University of North British Columbia. . It is important to identify such places, he said, especially for areas under development threats that need protection, such as the Amazon rainforest. Conservation scientists have long tried to map places that have not been affected by human activity. Researchers estimate that 20-40% of the Earth’s soil surface can be considered ecologically intact. But what can be detected by satellite is the ugly reality of the true extent of wildlife habitat. Beneath the seemingly intact tree canopy, the extinction of mammals and large birds from hunting, invasive species or disease has undermined the biodiversity of the areas. wild in the world. Biologist Andrew Plumptre, University of Cambridge said: “Hunting, impact of invasive species, climate change – these can harm ecosystems, but they are not easily detected. right through the satellite ”. Plumptre and his colleagues began looking for habitats that fully retain natural species, in abundance, in 1500 AD. That is the basis that the International Union for Conservation of Nature uses to evaluate the extinction of species, even though humans have changed their ecosystems by wiping out many large mammals over the past thousands of years. Overall, the amount of ecologically intact soil “is much lower than we expected,” said Plumptre. This shows how terribly man has affected nature. Some scientists question whether study authors are too strict in their definition of ecosystem integrity. Many ecosystems around the world have lost one or two species, but they remain vibrant, diverse communities. The decline of some species may not cause a catastrophe to the entire ecosystem, as other species may replace the role of lost species. The researchers calculated that while only 3% of the land is currently ecologically intact, bringing in up to five species lost could restore 20% of the land as before. This helps the ecosystem gradually return to balance.

Most wild deer have no contact with humans. However, when threatened and during heat season, wild deer will probably attack you. In this case, calm down and slowly step back. If it shows signs of rushing to attack you, put an obstacle between you and the deer and run away or climb the tree. In case you can’t run away or can’t climb the tree, raise your arms and spread your jacket open for a creepier look. When attacked by a deer, protect your head and neck by curling up like the pose shown in the photo above. 2. When meeting a bear The bear does not usually come near noisy areas, but in case you happen to encounter a bear in the forest, absolutely do not scream or run away or climb into a tree, as the bear runs very fast and can break the tree. Easily. Make yourself look bigger by reaching up high, holding your backpack or jacket over your head, and slowly backing away. Once you are out of sight of the bear, you can run away quickly to safety. 3. When meeting a lion Mountain lions often attack prey from behind so never turn your back on it or run away because you definitely cannot run faster. You need to be more fierce than it is. You stand up straight and look him in the eye, hold your coat up high to look more scary. If necessary, throw whatever you have at it. If a mountain lion attacks, do not stand still but fight back. Try to hit its eyes, nose, and mouth and it may leave you alone. 4. When meeting wolves Wolves often live and move in groups. If you see a wolf it means others are probably also around. So, if your wolf sees a fairly large distance from you, slowly walk away in silence until you reach safety. However, if the distance between you and the wolf is very close and it has noticed you, here’s what you should do: – Slowly step back and don’t look away. – If the wolf comes close, scream as loudly as possible at its face and throw whatever is on it at it. Pay attention to your footsteps, for if you stumble, the wolf will pounce on you immediately. – In that case, attack with the most forceful force on its eyes and nose. When it sees you as a dangerous subject, it leaves. 5. When meeting a bison Keep your distance from the bison, as the bison will only attack when someone approaches it. Don’t be fooled by their slow, gentle appearance, bison can run three times faster than a human and have very strong vigor. If you accidentally approach a bison and see signs of wanting to attack you, give up. Find shelter behind trees, rocks, or any other object large enough to hide or climb on trees. Once you see that the bison has moved away, you can now move to safety. 6. When you meet the newspaper Never go near a leopard, especially cheetahs. Cheetahs may not be intimidating, but their mother will attack anything that gets close to her to protect her. If you come across a cheetah, stand still and do not make eye contact. If the leopard is about to attack, shout, wave, clap, or do anything to make you look more dangerous. 7. When meeting the hyena Instinctively, hyenas will chase anyone who runs away. So when you encounter a hyena, calm down and talk to it. If you have food, throw it to the hyena. Hyenas are lazy animals and if there is something to eat, it will most likely leave you alone. If it approaches you, surprise them by taking a few steps toward it and making loud noises, waving, clapping, trying to look as scary as possible. The hyena will think you are about to attack and it will most likely run away. 8. When meeting a wild boar The wild boar is extremely ferocious. So if you spot a wild boar in the distance, don’t stop to take a photo but leave the area immediately. If you are too close to the boar, do not run away, but do the following: – Keep calm and step back slowly. – If it comes towards you, climb the tree. Boars cannot climb so after being bored they will leave. – If it goes crazy and decides to get along with you and you can’t find any place to hide, fight it. A fight with a boar usually lasts only about a minute, you should fight until it leaves. Dieu Linh (According to Bright Side)