Poster production: Feng Juan On the 21st, the summer solstice. Astronomical science experts reminded that around the summer solstice, the International Space Station (ISS) ushered in good observation opportunities. It would frequently stroll the night sky and compete with the stars in the night sky for “C position.” By then, if the weather is fine, the public in northern my country can appreciate this rare heavenly “marathon” with naked eyes. Beijing astronomy enthusiast Zong Haiyang took a close-up photo of the ISS in Beijing in February 2018. (Photo provided by me) ISS is currently the largest space platform operating in orbit. It is a space laboratory with modern scientific research equipment that can carry out large-scale, multidisciplinary basic and applied scientific research. The scale of the ISS is close to a standard football stadium, which was jointly constructed by 16 countries including the United States, Russia, Canada, and Japan, and it took 12 years to complete the construction. Guangxi astronomy enthusiast Wang Jin took a photo of the ISS transit trajectory taken at Heishantou, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, May 15, 2021 (Photo provided by me) Shi Zhicheng, a member of the Chinese Astronomical Society and director of the Tianjin Astronomical Society, said that at night before and after the summer solstice, for mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere, the sun can shine on the solar panels of the ISS at a position not too low below the horizon to form a reflection, so It looks like a moving “bright star”. A close-up photo of the ISS taken by Beijing astronomy enthusiast Zong Haiyang in Beijing in April 2020. (Photo provided by me) Under ideal conditions, it is possible for the public to witness the ISS flying over China more than 5 times in one night. Tianjin astronomy enthusiast Wang Shuo took a photo of the ISS transit trajectory in Tianjin on May 30, 2021. (Photo provided by me) Astronomical science experts said that ISS transits through my country almost every month, but due to factors such as weather conditions, space station transit orbits, geographic location, urban light pollution and other factors, most of the time the observation conditions are fairly normal. The period when the comprehensive observation conditions are relatively good around the summer solstice is very rare throughout the year. Interested members of the public can try to see the ISS style. Beijing astronomy enthusiast Wang Junfeng took a photo of the ISS flying over the moon halo in Honghe, Yunnan on December 22, 2019. (Photo provided by me) Beijing astronomy enthusiast Wang Junfeng suggested that interested members of the public can use small programs such as “Tenron” or professional apps to view information about the transit time, azimuth, and brightness of the ISS at their location. Wang Junfeng said that the average ISS transit time is 3 to 5 minutes. When the weather is fine, it is easy to see a bright “star” quickly across the night sky. Astronomy enthusiasts in certain areas can also see the ISS quickly passing over the surface of the moon. This phenomenon is called “transiting moon.” Beijing astronomy enthusiast Zheng Zhi took a photo of the ISS “Lingyue” in Beijing on March 25, 2018 (multiple superimposed). (Photo provided by me) Under more severe conditions, through professional observation equipment, you can even see the ISS quickly passing by the surface of the sun during the day. This phenomenon is called “transit”. Beijing astronomy enthusiast Sun Si took a photo of the ISS “transit of the sun” in Beijing on April 7, 2019 (multiple superimposed). (Photo provided by me) Tianjin astronomy enthusiast Wang Shuo took a photo of the ISS “transit of the sun” in Tianjin on May 29, 2021 (multiple superimposed). (Photo provided by me) “ISS’transit of the sun’ and’transit of the moon’ are more difficult to observe and photograph, especially the’transit’. Because the sun is extremely bright and the time is very short, you must not use the naked eye to observe directly, and you need to be equipped with special equipment.” Wang Junfeng Say. ISS Micro Record. (Video content provided by Wang Junfeng, an astronomy enthusiast in Beijing) Although China did not participate in the ISS project, the first launch vehicle of the Chinese space station mission, the Tianhe core module, was successfully launched on April 29 this year. The China Space Station has three cabins: Tianhe Core Module, Wentian Experimental Module, and Mengtian Experimental Module as the basic configuration. At 11:23 on April 29, 2021, the Tianhe core module was launched at my country’s Wenchang Space Launch Site and entered the scheduled orbit accurately. The mission was a success. (Issued by Xinhua News Agency) After the successful launch of the three-cabin vehicles of the China Space Station, they will be in orbit through rendezvous, docking and transposition to form a “T” configuration combination, which will operate in orbit for a long time. The successful autonomous rapid rendezvous and docking of the Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft and the Tianhe core module taken at the Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center on June 17, 2021. (Issued by Xinhua News Agency) Tianjin astronomy enthusiast Wang Shuo took a photo of the transit trajectory of the Tianhe core module in Tianjin on May 1, 2021. (Photo provided by me) Publisher: Zhao Cheng Producer: Hu Qinghai Planning: Liu Xinhui Reporter: Zhou Runjian Editor: Chong Dahai Jointly produced by Xinhua News Agency and Xinhua News Agency Tianjin Branch Produced by Xingkong Studio

Apollo 11 astronauts in spacesuits set foot on the Moon for the first time. Photo: NASA Hollywood films often draw attention with the iconic spacesuit, the design of which makes the public believe that it is a costume that can be taken off within minutes. But in fact, the spacesuit is a “spaceship” with its own full function, requiring the wearer to take off or take off with the help of colleagues. Cathleen Lewis, curator of international space programs and spacesuits at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, said: “The purpose of the spacesuit essentially exists as a humanoid spacecraft, allowing astronauts to autonomously explore and do meaningful work outside of spacecraft or space stations.” Ms. Lewis said it can take up to four hours for an astronaut to get dressed, from start to finish. Before going to space, astronauts must check each piece of equipment and make sure they have enough essential supplies, such as oxygen and water. During the spacewalk, they will be supported by a team from Earth. Watch Apollo astronauts in spacesuits fall up and down in zero gravity on the Moon (source: NASA) Sarah Korona, extraterrestrial flight control specialist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston (Texas), said: Flight controllers must adhere to a plan of procedures about 30 pages long, but still have other plans if problems arise. The “anatomy” of a space suit According to NASA, a spacesuit is made up of 6 different components and can have up to 16 layers.
Astronauts on the Artemis missions, NASA’s next program to send the first woman and first black man to the Moon, will wear the latest spacesuit, called the Visitor Mover. alien probe, abbreviated as xEMU. Before the spacesuits reach the Moon, their components will be tested on the International Space Station (ISS). NASA unveiled a prototype of the xEMU suit in 2019 at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. Photo: NASA One of the key components of the new spacesuit is the cooling fiber, said Richard Rhodes, vice president of xEMU pressurized garment development at NASA. The suit is made of tubes that help circulate water around the astronauts, regulating their body temperature and removing excess heat as they complete their work. According to NASA, each spacesuit has a portable life support system, which includes a water tank to cool the clothes, a carbon dioxide removal system, and other components, including a two-way radio for astronauts to communicate. Previous spacesuits used in the Apollo missions were less flexible than those used today. “When the Apollo astronauts walked on the Moon, they couldn’t bend down and pick up a rock,” said NASA astronaut Mike Fincke. They had to have a particularly compact tool with a handle mounted on it.” The space suit of astronaut Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Photo: NASA But the spacesuit has come a long way since then and has a more flexible construction, with active support gloves. According to Ms. Lewis, gloves are one of the most complicated parts of a spacesuit, and they are often the source of most complaints from astronauts about their suits. “Gloves are difficult to design to both protect and allow astronauts to demonstrate manual dexterity to get the job done,” the expert notes. Pressure gloves can also contract, especially after long hours in space. The astronaut’s fingers are also cold, so heating elements need to be built into the glove. Gloves are an important part of the spacesuit that NASA designed for the mission back to the Moon. Photo: NASA When astronauts train for space flight, one of their training exercises includes picking up a coin in a spacesuit while underwater, Ms. Lewis said. These explorers need extreme dexterity when working in space, and gloves are a big challenge. Much of astronaut spacesuit training is conducted in a swimming pool at NASA’s Laboratory in Houston. Water simulates the feeling of weightlessness, similar to the feeling in space. To develop the spacesuit, scientists have experimented with a variety of materials and with varying degrees of success over the years. At one point, researchers experimented with Kevlar fingertips (a fiber five times stronger than steel) on gloves. “The Kevlar material is very useful in blocking bullets but not very good at stopping knives – it is very easy to cut,” Ms. Lewis said. Astronauts currently use synthetic plastic gloves, but scientists are always looking for better options. In addition, the outside of the spacesuit has color stripes specific to each suit. Here’s how astronauts can tell who’s wearing which suit while in space. Crafting the Artemis . space suit The first step in designing a spacesuit is “understanding who you’re designing the suit for, what you want them to be able to do, and where you want them to be able to,” says Rhodes. For the Artemis program, NASA needed their astronauts to be able to safely explore the Moon’s surface. Prototype of new spacesuit, xEMU, by NASA. Photo: NASA Over the past four years, NASA has invested more than $300 million in the development of the xEMU suit. Richard Rhodes’ team tested dozens of ingredients and weighed the pros and cons of each. He said the biggest challenge for the Artemis suits was making sure they were optimized for exploration of the Moon. The suits needed to be “light enough to support a mission to the Moon and sturdy enough to protect astronauts when working in very dangerous environments”. According to Rhodes, there are thousands of parts produced to make the Artemis spacesuit, and they are sourced from all over the United States. Some parts can take up to a year to build, but NASA is working to shorten the time. Space suits will also be upgraded for the latest Moon mission. Current and past NASA spacesuits allow only minimal movement of the waist, hips, or ankles. Artemis astronauts need to have extra mobility. to be able to explore the rough terrain of the Moon, so Mr. Rhodes’ team is working on a suit that allows for more movement while still being sturdy enough to protect the wearer.

Healthy mice were created from freeze-dried sperm stored for 6 years in space. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. A new study shows that rat sperm that was freeze-dried and stored on the International Space Station (ISS) for nearly six years didn’t suffer any DNA damage and went on to produce “mice pups” healthy”. The study was published June 11 in the journal Science Advances . According to the scientists, this discovery sheds more light on whether mammals, including humans, can reproduce in space. Combined with ground-based experiments exposing mouse sperm to X-rays, the study found that mammalian sperm cells can be preserved on the International Space Station for up to 200 years. Researchers have long thought that exposure to space radiation can damage the DNA in cells and lead to the possibility of passing mutations on to offspring. The lack of freezers on the ISS has prevented long-term research into living cells. To overcome these limitations, the researchers frozen dried sperm samples from 12 mice and sealed them in small, lightweight tubes and transported to the ISS by rocket without the need for a freezer. Mouse sperm were freeze-dried in glass tubes and stored on the ISS . Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. Because of the complex mix of different types of radiation in space, scientists say, only simulation experiments to assess DNA damage on Earth cannot capture the reality of conditions. outside our atmosphere. Dr. Sayaka Wakayama, Yamanashi University, Japan, lead author of the study told The Independent : “There are different types of radiation flying around in space, unlike on the ground. For example, there are heavy ions, protons and electromagnetic waves from the rays of the sun.” “It’s very difficult to irradiate and reproduce all these types of radiation at once on the ground, so I think DNA damage in biological samples can only be measured in space,” he explains. . Scientists periodically test small portions of the sample. The samples returned to Earth after 9 months, 2 years 9 months, and 5 years and 10 months, respectively. Mouse embryos developed normally in the laboratory after fertilization with freeze-dried sperm and stored in space. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. When the researchers examined the samples using instruments that measured how much radiation they had absorbed and performed tests to assess DNA damage in the cell nuclei, they found a long stay. Long duration on the ISS did not result in DNA damage to freeze-dried sperm. Dr Wakayama said: “The total amount of space radiation absorbed by the ISS, as measured by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is 0.41 milli Gray (mGy) per day. Meanwhile, typical radiation doses used to treat cancers such as solid epithelial tumors range from 60 to 80Gy. “The results of the ground X-ray experiment show that freeze-dried sperm can withstand up to 30 Gy and still be able to produce the next generation,” added Dr Wakayama. The freeze-drying process used in the study is “similar to instant coffee, or freeze-dried fruit,” explains Dr. Wakayama. With food, just adding water can be used “instantly”. The freeze-drying process kills sperm, but when rehydrated and injected into a mouse egg, the sperm can still fertilize the egg, then develop normally. The rehydrated sperm cells, when injected into fresh ovarian cells and transferred to female mice, resulted in the birth of “healthy pups”. Mouse sperm that has been preserved in space for years is injected into egg cells. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. Although there is a difference between DNA damage caused by X-rays and space radiation, it can be roughly predicted that freeze-dried sperm can be preserved on the surface of the body, the scientists wrote in the study. ISS for over 200 years”. According to the scientists, a total of 168 mice were born from sperm kept in space for six years, all of which were normal in appearance and had no abnormalities in their gene activity patterns. compared with control mice born from sperm preserved on Earth. Some of these mice were raised to adulthood and were able to produce healthy offspring. Scientists believe that more studies from similar experiments could shed more light on radiation effects and the tolerance of life forms for long periods of time in space. Scientists are also conducting research to find out whether mammalian embryos can develop in zero-gravity conditions. Proposals for this experiment were approved by NASA and JAXA in 2015. In August, frozen mouse embryos will be launched to the ISS, where astronauts will thaw and culture in zero gravity.

Design of a space tug to carry Russia’s 500kW Zeus nuclear reactor. Russia’s federal space agency Roscosmo announced that a “space tug” – a term used to refer to a spacecraft that transports astronauts or equipment from one orbit to another – is expected to carry out an interplanetary mission. planet by 2030. Accordingly, the spacecraft’s power module called “Zeus” is designed to generate enough power to propel heavy cargo into deep space. It is essentially a mobile nuclear power plant. Several countries have been eyeing similar technology as a way to shorten trips in space. Currently, spacecraft still rely on solar energy or gravity to accelerate. But that means it could take more than three years for astronauts to make a trip around Mars. Meanwhile, NASA estimates a nuclear-powered spacecraft could shorten that timeline by a year. NASA’s Juno unmanned spacecraft uses solar batteries to make a journey to explore Jupiter. Photo: NASA The US hopes to put a nuclear power plant – a 10-kilowatt reactor integrated with a lander to be exact – on the Moon as early as 2027. However, NASA has only sent one so far. nuclear reactor into space, on a satellite in 1965. Other spacecraft, such as the Mars rovers Curiosity and Perseverance, also run on nuclear power, but they do not use a reactor. Meanwhile, Russia has sent more than 30 reactors into space. Those efforts will be further pushed as the “Zeus” module uses a 500 kilowatt nuclear reactor to propel itself from planet to planet. Watch a video of a Russian space tug model announced in 2020 (Source: ETF News): According to the plan announced on the Russian state news agency Sputnik, the Zeus spacecraft will approach the Moon first, then move towards Venus. From here it can use the planet’s gravity to redirect toward its final destination, Jupiter. That will help save propellant fuel. According to Alexander Bloshenko, Roscosmos Science and Long-Term Programs Executive Director, the entire mission will last 50 months (more than four years). During a presentation in Moscow on May 22, Bloshenko said that Roscosmos and the Russian Academy of Sciences are still working to calculate the trajectory of the flight, as well as the mass it can carry. Going further, this mission could be the precursor to a new frontier of Russian space. Sputnik reported that Russia is designing a space station using similar nuclear-powered technology. The Soyuz rocket launches the spacecraft to the International Orbital Station (ISS) from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. Photo: Getty Images Nuclear power has advantages over solar energy Most spacecraft get their energy from some source: the sun, batteries, or unstable atoms called radioisotopes. For example, NASA’s Juno unmanned spacecraft at Jupiter uses solar panels to generate electricity. Solar energy can also be used to charge batteries in spacecraft, but this energy source becomes less efficient as the spacecraft gets further and further away from the Sun. In addition, lithium batteries can power shorter missions. For example, the Huygens probe used batteries to briefly land on Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005. Design of a NASA spacecraft using nuclear thermal propulsion. Photo: NASA NASA’s Voyager spacecraft uses radioactive isotopes (also known as “nuclear batteries”) to survive in the harsh environments outside the Solar System and interstellar space, but that’s not the same thing. bring a nuclear reactor on board. Putting nuclear reactors on spacecraft offers several advantages: They can survive in the dark, cold regions of the Solar System without sunlight. They are also stable, reliable in the long run. The Zeus nuclear reactor, for example, is designed to last 10 to 12 years. Plus, with their powerful energy, they can propel spacecraft to other planets in less time. But nuclear power also has its own set of challenges. Only certain fuels, like highly enriched uranium, can withstand the extreme heat of a reactor – and they may not be safe to use. In December 2020, the US banned the use of highly enriched uranium to propel objects into space if that mission was possible with other sources of nuclear fuel or non-nuclear energy. Russia prepares to build a nuclear-powered space station Russian cosmonaut Sergey Kud-Sverchkov returning from the ISS landed in a remote area in Kazakhstan on April 17, 2021. Photo: Reuters Russian engineers began developing the Zeus module in 2010 with the goal of getting it into Earth orbit within two decades. And they’re on track to get there. This technology could help Russia develop a new space station by 2025. In April, the BBC reported that Russia plans to stop cooperating with the International Space Station (ISS), which it currently shares with the International Space Station (ISS). America, Japan, Europe and Canada – in that year. Russia cooperated with the United States to launch the ISS in 1998. However, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Yury Borisov told Russia 1 state television last month that the status of the ISS “a lot of things are not yet achieved”. . Even recently, this orbiting station has experienced air leaks and oxygen supply system failures. NASA has announced that the ISS will operate until at least 2028, however, the agency will probably maintain the station for the next 10-15 years.

The animals will head to the International Space Station (ISS) next week as part of SpaceX’s 22nd cargo resupply mission. SpaceX is set to launch microscopic creatures aboard its Falcon 9 rocket on June 3, 1:29 p.m. EDT from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Tardigrades are tiny, measuring just 0.04 inches (1 millimeter) long and are popularly nicknamed “water bears” due to their bear-like appearance when viewed through a microscope. – they are able to survive intense radiation; a pressure six times that found in the deepest parts of the ocean; and the vacuum of space, these microscopic animals are tougher much more than their cute name. In fact, the Israeli Beresheet spacecraft carrying thousands of Tardigrades was dried on board when it crashed to the moon during a failed landing attempt on April 11, 2019. If any life form can survive the crash, it is probably these creatures, especially since they are in a dehydrated state called “tun”, from which they can be resuscitated. . It is these abilities that have made the tardigrade a useful research organism on the ISS, where astronauts hope to identify the specific genes responsible for its remarkable feats of adaptation. with harsh environments. This should give us some important insights into the health effects of long-term space travel. “Some of the conditions in which water bears can survive include being dry, freezing and being heated beyond the boiling point of water. They can survive with thousands of times more radiation than we do, and they can can survive for days or weeks with little or no oxygen,” Thomas Boothby, assistant professor of molecular biology at the University of Wyoming and principal investigator of the experiment, said in a press conference. “They have been shown to be able to survive and reproduce during spaceflight, and can even survive long periods of exposure to the vacuum of outer space.” For Boothby’s study, astronauts will examine the molecular biology of the water bears to look for signs of any immediate and long-term adaptations to life in low Earth orbit. – objects that expose astronauts to the rigors of zero gravity and increased radiation exposure. He hopes that the information gathered from the organisms, prepared to arrive at the ISS in a semi-frozen state before being thawed, will provide important insights into future therapies that could protect health of astronauts during extended space missions. A separate and parallel experiment also carried out by the resupply mission will bring 128 baby bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) to the station. The 0.12-inch (3 mm) long squid have a special light-producing organ inside their body, where bioluminescent bacteria provide the squid with light. The researchers of this experiment hope to investigate the symbiotic relationship between bacteria and squid to see how beneficial bacteria interact with animal tissue in space. “Animals, including humans, rely on our bacteria to maintain a healthy digestive and immune system.” Jamie Foster, a microbiologist at the University of Florida and principal investigator of the Microgravity Understanding for Microbial Interactions (UMAMI) experiment. “We don’t fully understand how space changes these beneficial interactions.” The squids are born without bacteria, which they then get from the surrounding ocean, so the researchers are planning to add bacteria to the squid as soon as they are defrosted at the ISS. This way, the researchers could observe the squid as they established a symbiosis with the bacteria. By studying the molecules produced in this process, the researchers will be able to determine which genes the squid used to achieve the feat in space. Knowing this could help people better take care of the microorganisms in their immune systems and guts during long space voyages. Although the journey into space has been a stressful one, the tardigrades have suffered worse at least, having recently survived being shot from a high-speed gun. In that study, the researchers found that the tardigrade can survive tremors generated at speeds of about 3,000 feet per second (900 meters per second).

Water Bear – Tiny tardigrada that lives in the water. Photo: Earth Life According to CNN (USA), the SpaceX ship will carry necessities, scientific research experiments and even solar panels to the ISS station. In particular, 5,000 water bears and 128 small squids will also be sent to space this time. Both animals will participate in the experiments here. The scientists wanted to find out how water bears can tolerate the environment on the space station and whether microgravity affects the symbiotic relationship between squid and probiotics. Water bear in space Water bears look like little bears under a microscope. Photo: CNN According to Thomas Boothby, Assistant Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Wyoming, water bears are known to be able to survive and thrive in the most extreme environments. They are a group of microorganisms that can survive under extreme pressure. “Water bears have the ability to survive drying, freezing and heating past boiling point. They can withstand radiation levels thousands of times higher than humans and can survive days or weeks without oxygen,” said Boothby. He said this is not the first time water bears have been sent into space. They have been shown to survive and reproduce in spaceflight, and can even survive long periods of exposure to the vacuum of space. “Scientists were able to sequence the genome of the water bear, thereby testing how the microorganism is affected by different environmental conditions based on their gene expression,” he said. more. Boothby’s experiment is also aimed at understanding how water bears are adapted to life in low Earth orbit. This could help to better understand the stressors humans face in the universe. The water bear will arrive at the ISS in a frozen state, then be defrosted, revived and grown in a special system. The results of the study will allow scientists to track which genes help water bears survive. For example, if researchers determine that water bears are making lots of antioxidants to help cope with high radiation levels, that means astronauts need to eat a diet rich in these nutrients. more anti-oxidant. “Our hope is that this knowledge will pave the way to the development of countermeasures or therapies to help protect astronauts during extended space missions,” said Boothby. Glowing squid ink Young long-tailed squid are swimming in sea water. Photo: CNN In addition, the researchers will also conduct the UMAMI experiment – a study that investigates microgravity on interactions between animals and microorganisms. Jamie Foster, a professor in the Department of Microbiology and Cell Science at the University of Florida and the lead researcher on the experiment, said the study aimed to understand how healthy bacteria interact with animal tissue in space. . “Animals, including humans, rely on the microbiome to maintain a healthy gut and immune system,” Ms Foster said. “But we still don’t fully understand how the universe changes those beneficial interactions. The UMAMI experiment using glow-in-the-dark dumpling squid will shed light on these important issues in human health. “. The stomach squid is only about 3mm long, making it the perfect model to study for two reasons. They have special luminous organs in their bodies, which may contain a species of luminescent bacteria. The squid then uses the bacteria to glow in the dark. Since there’s only one species of bacteria and one type of host tissue, it’s easy for researchers to track how that happens. “Squid has a similar immune system to humans. We can see a lot of similarities in how the immune system responds to these beneficial bacteria in the space environment,” she added. The baby squid are born without bacteria, so they must be collected from the environment. The team of experts conducting the experiment will promote a symbiotic relationship by introducing bacteria into the squid and observing what happens in the first few hours. In the experiment, the squids will be placed in an automatic container. The pump will pump water or bacteria as they need it. After that, the squid tissue will be frozen on the ISS station and brought back to Earth. In addition, the scientists also carried out other experiments including mobile ultrasound, remote control of the robotic arm with virtual reality technology, analysis of how kidney stones form in space, studying the microbiome of the kidney. organisms in the mouth and produce more resistant cotton. Hundreds of scientific experiments are conducted every day on the ISS station, which is likened to a space laboratory. Astronauts will monitor this experiment and report their observations to researchers on Earth. These studies will help us better understand zero-gravity life and explore possible benefits on Earth.

According to the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper, the project to build Russia’s own domestic space station was approved by President Vladimir Putin during a closed-door meeting on the development of the space industry. Work on creating a national orbital station is scheduled to launch in the near future. Experts are faced with the task of building the space object as soon as possible, in order to prevent the long-term absence of Russian cosmonauts in orbit. The publication Moskovsky Komsomolets reminds that the estimated service life of the Russian segment on the International Space Station will end in 2025. After that, the module will be destroyed. The proposal to abandon the ISS was previously announced by the Russian National Space Corporation – Roscosmos. The experts of the above enterprise believe that serious system problems of the orbiting station in operation may begin soon, as its useful life is about to end. According to preliminary estimates, maintaining the Russian segment on the ISS in the coming years will cost 10-15 billion rubles, which is very expensive compared to building a completely new one. The International Space Station has been in use since 1998, its life will end in 2024. Currently, the countries participating in the project are considering options to prolong the existence of the multi-space space research complex. capacity until 2030. In the meantime, it is known that some components for the International Space Station ISS will be utilized by Russia. The first basic module for the future Russian national orbital station could be a component previously designed for the ISS. Experts from RSC Energia are currently working on the Science and Energy module (NEM) and it will be ready for launch in 2025. The head of the Roscosmos Group – Mr. Dmitry Rogozin wrote about this on the Telegram channel of the company. myself. Mr. Rogozin also reiterated that Russia intends to withdraw from the ISS after 2025. By that time, Moscow plans to build its own orbiting station for scientific research purposes. Earlier, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov said that the situation related to the “aging” of the ISS structure could lead to dire consequences. So Moscow should create an alternative as soon as possible and not put the astronauts at risk. In addition, Borisov also revealed that the future national orbiting station could become “high-orbit” (located above the ISS), which would not only be used for scientific research, but also serve as a “transshipment base” in the mission to conquer the Moon. As for the NEM module, work on its creation began in 2012. According to the plan, by 2015 the device should have ensured energy independence for the Russian subdivision on the ISS. However, at that time only the preliminary design was completed. NEM’s ground tests only really started in 2018. While its launch date has been repeatedly postponed. In the coming time, Russian scientists will certainly have to be more active, because progress is increasingly urgent. In addition to the NEM that will become the main module, according to Dmitry Rogozin, two permanent working modules named Nauca and Prichal may also become part of the Russian space station in the future, both modules will be sent to the ISS in the future. this year.

Billionaire Dennis Tito on his return to Earth in May 2001. Photo: CNN CNN channel (USA) reported that billionaire Tito, then 60 years old, spent 20 million USD to realize his dream from a young age. In 1961, before the news that Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space, young Tito set a goal of life. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not in favor of sending ordinary people into space. In 1991, not long after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Mr. Tito started negotiations with Moscow about going to space by “paying for tickets”. Tito recalls: “In the late 1990s, the Russians wanted more funding for the space program. So I realized I could find them.” On April 28, 2001, the Soyuz spacecraft was launched into space in Kazakhstan with 3 crew members including billionaire Tito and two Russian cosmonauts. Billionaire Tito then spent 8 days living on the ISS. Two decades later, billionaire Tito still vividly remembers: “The pencils flew and I could observe both the darkness of the universe as well as the curve of the Earth. I feel so relieved. It was the best time of my life, achieving my life goals… I hope that others experience the same wonderful things I have.” Since billionaire Tito’s space trip every year, only a few other tourists have had a similar experience. However, some US companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are betting on space tourism with the goal of making this form not too far away. These people all chose the space tourism program of the company Space Adventures, which uses Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft to ferry passengers to the ISS. Since 2009, the space tourism program of Space Adventures has ceased to exist because the US Space Shuttle program is “retired” and only Russia’s Soyuz is the vehicle to carry astronauts to and from the ISS. However, a representative of Space Adventures said that once there is competition in the space tourism market, there will be price competition and in the future there will be many units participating in this field. Space Adventures maintains cooperation with the Russian space agency, and they are studying the possibility of a Soyuz launch to the ISS by 2023 with a program to create opportunities for tourists to walk in space. In addition, Space Adventures is planning a space tour in late 2021 via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. NASA contributed funds to develop Crew Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner space capsule. However, both of these companies are privately owned and therefore have the right to sell seats on their spacecraft to anyone who can afford it. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon ship. Photo: CNN NASA has also changed its stance on space tourism since billionaire Tito’s historic trip. In 2019, NASA announced plans to open the ISS to visitors. Former NASA astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman, who now works in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, considers Tito’s 2001 trip to mark the “beginning of a new era” of space tourism”. Mr. Jeffrey A. Hoffman expects that the cost of space tourism will decrease as demand increases. He says that the main obstacle to space tourism is safety concerns. In 2014, a pilot was killed during a test flight of Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo spacecraft. In addition, there have been records of rockets of SpaceX and Blue Origin – a company owned by Jeff Bezos, exploding during testing, fortunately no one was injured. According to the former astronaut, there is always an accident risk with air travel, but “a consistent safety record” will help this form of travel grow. May 2020 marks the first private spacecraft to launch NASA astronauts into space. It’s SpaceX’s Crew Dragon. The company expects by the end of 2021 to use Crew Dragon for a program exclusively for ordinary people with a price of 50 million USD per seat. SpaceX also hopes to plan a spacecraft called Starship to bring Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maeza and a group of artists to the Moon in 2023. In 2019, an American company called Gateway Foundation announced plans for a hotel project operating in the lower Earth’s atmosphere.

However, up to now, there have been many times of debris falling from space on Earth, including an event that happened in 2020. Photo: CNN The good news is that the debris falling on Earth generally poses little threat to human safety. As Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer at the Center for Astrophysics at Harvard University, told CNN: “It’s not the end of the world.” Even so, the issue still raises related questions about debris in outer space, how uncontrollably they fall to Earth, and what precautions should be taken when that happens. out? There have been many times of debris falling back to Earth Most of the debris would be burned in the atmosphere before having a chance to make any impact on the Earth’s surface. However, some large objects, like rockets, may remain intact when returned to Earth and are also likely to fall into populated areas. In 2020, one of the largest debris in space flew over the skies of Los Angeles and Central Park in New York City before falling into the Atlantic. This is an empty core from Chinese missiles, weighing nearly 20 tons, is the largest piece of uncontrolled trash when it fell back to Earth since 1991 and is the fourth largest piece ever. Other larger pieces are from NASA’s Skylab space station in 1979, the missile core of Skylab in 1975, and the Soviet Salyut 7 space station in 1991. The space shuttle Columbia from 2003 could also be included in the list. This is because NASA lost control of the ship when it returned to Earth. How many debris are floating in space? The answer is a lot. Above us there is a “cloud” of more than 9,000 tons of space debris – the equivalent of the weight of 720 school buses. This cloud contains hundreds of thousands – maybe even millions – of objects orbiting uncontrollably, including used rocket propulsion engines, dead satellites and debris from the army’s anti-satellite missiles. These debris are concentrated in the orbital regions closest to the Earth’s surface. And while it does not pose a significant threat to humans on the ground, it does pose a threat to many active satellites that provide a number of services such as climate tracking, studying Earth climate. Land and telecommunications service providers. These debris also threaten the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS station had to readjust its orbit several times last year due to space debris. “A few years ago, we had about 1,000 satellites in orbit, but now we have 4,000 satellites,” said McDowell. The tricky problem is that space transport experts do not have a complete map of the objects orbiting the Earth. Potential collisions are being tracked using government or private trackers on the ground, but the process is largely predictable. When will Chinese rockets return to Earth? The Long March 5B missile is expected to return to Earth’s atmosphere around May 8, according to Defense Department spokesman Mike Howard. Space Command is currently monitoring the missile’s path. According to Howard, the point of return to Earth’s atmosphere could only be accurately determined a few hours ago difficult to start falling back to Earth. However, Space Control Unit 18 will update the missile’s exact location via the Space Track website. Astrophysicist McDowell explained that determining where debris could fall to Earth is almost impossible at this point because the rocket’s travel speed can vary and with only 1 change. Very small is enough to greatly change the direction of the missile. “We expect it to return around May 8-10. During those two days, it will travel around the Earth about 30 times and at a speed of about 18,000 km / h “, according to Mr. McDowell. Still, the oceans are still the safest place for debris to land, as it occupies most of the Earth’s surface. Do people need to be on guard? There’s no need to be on guard, said Mr. McDowell. “The risk of it causing some damage or hitting someone is very small. It can still happen, but the chance of it hitting you is extremely small. I won’t waste a second worrying about it. Because there are still other bigger things to think about, ”said McDowell.

4 astronauts returning aboard Space X’s Crew Dragon spacecraft from the International Space Station crashed safely in the Gulf of Mexico, near Panama City at 2:56 a.m. on May 2 (US time). ABCNews reported that the ship left the space station at 20:35 on May 1 after bad weather at the place fell, causing the crew to delay their return twice. But upon landing on target, the spacecraft marked the first night-time fall of an American crew flight in 53 years. The last time was the Moon mission aboard NASA’s Apollo 8 on December 27, 1968. “Dragon, on behalf of NASA and SpaceX, we welcome you back to Earth. For those of you who study in our regular pilot program, you’ve earned 68 million miles (about 109 million kilometers).” on this trip, “a SpaceX crew operations and resource engineer told the Crew-1 astronauts after the spacecraft crashed. “It’s good to be back on Earth,” replied NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins, Crew-1 mission commander. Crew Dragon ship was launched from November 2020. Photo: NASA. Crew-1 marks SpaceX’s second crew flight to the space station and the first to last in six months. The ship was launched into orbit on November 15, 2020. Before that, in May 2020, a test flight of Crew Dragon was also made and lasted for 2 months, bringing 2 astronauts to the international space station. Although SpaceX’s third crew mission has already kicked off, today’s return marks the second crew’s success for the show. That third flight, known as Crew-2, won’t land until later this year. According to information from ABCNews, the Crew Dragon spacecraft has been nicknamed Resilience by astronauts. In addition to captain Mike Hopkins, the ship also carries other NASA astronauts Victor Glover and Shannon Walker and astronaut Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aviation Exploration Agency (JAXA). Steve Stitch, NASA’s Commercial Crew Program Manager said in live commentary: “Certified vehicles land during the day or at night, so there is no problem with the vehicle itself. And we practiced with recovery groups to land during the day or at night. Steve Stitch added that the process went smoother compared to the recovery of the Demo-2 crew back in August 2020, when NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken met a small private fleet. . This time, SpaceX and the Coast Guard have tweaked safety procedures to ensure no civilians get too close to the compartment, in case it leaks fuel. “All four crew members are doing very well. You rarely wake up on the space station and go to bed in Houston … Orbital mechanics and weather don’t always work well, but today.” now they have done so, “NASA Flight Manager Holly Ridings said at a press conference after the Crew Dragon landed safely. NASA’s director of human exploration, Kathy Lueder, recounted the radio station’s moment of silence as the Crew Dragon plunged through Earth’s atmosphere: “Astronauts are only anxious when experiencing a blackout – And it’s nice to hear Mike’s voice “… Four astronauts escaped from the hold with the help of medical staff, before returning to shore to catch a NASA plane back to the agency’s headquarters in Houston, Texas. 4 astronauts (from left to right): Shannon Walker, Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins and Soichi Noguchib inside the Crew Dragon. Photo: NASA According to CNN’s information, since leaving Florida in November last year, four astronauts Mike Hopkins, Victor Glover, Shannon Walker and Soichi Noguchi have had 167 days on the International Space Station – laboratory. The scientific experiment orbits the Earth 250 miles above Earth, which has been home to international crews of astronauts for more than two decades. The return of the four astronauts was originally scheduled for April 28, but was delayed due to strong winds in the area. Crew Dragon, also known as Resilience, is SpaceX’s second spaceship. The ship’s resilience broke the record for the longest serving US spacecraft ever docked on the International Space Station and surpassed the 84-day record of the Skylab 4 crew in 1974. Crew Dragon’s first landing took place in August 2020 on a Demo-2 mission, bringing NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley back from space after a two-month test mission. Before the landing, the second crew of NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, astronaut JAXA Akihiko Hoshide and astronaut Thomas Pesquet of the European Space Agency were also launched to the Space Station. international post. That means crew 1 has a period of 1 week overlapping in orbit with crew 2. The second quartet of Shane Kimbrough, Megan McArthur, Akihiko Hoshide and Thomas Pesquet will remain in orbit until fall, when the 3rd crew enters space to take their place. Support crews were immediately present around the Crew Dragon vessel area that landed in the Gulf of Mexico early May 2 morning. Photo: NASA The first commercial spaceship SpaceX is one of two commercial companies contracted with NASA to fly astronauts in space. Space X’s Crew Dragon spacecraft can carry up to 7 astronauts and Cargo Dragon; was designed to be launched from the top of the Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket and returned to Earth via a crash into the sea. Unlike its predecessors, this spacecraft can be attached to the International Space Station instead of being anchored. Crew Dragon is equipped with an integrated launch escape system (LES) capable of accelerating a spacecraft from an emergency launch missile with an acceleration of 11.8 m / s2 (39 ft / s2), made using a set of four side-mounted thrusters with two SuperDraco engines on each side. The spacecraft has redesigned solar panels and revised outer mold lines compared to the original Dragon, and also has new aircraft computers and avionics systems. As of March 2020, four Crew Dragon spacecraft have been produced. Crew Dragon serves as one of two spacecraft slated to transport crews to and from the International Space Station under NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, the other being the Boeing CST-100 Starliner. . It is also expected to be used in US space travel company Space Adventures flights and transporting tourists to and from Axiom Space’s planned space station. Crew Dragon’s first drone test flight took place in March 2019, and the first crewed flight with astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley took place in May 2020. The two astronauts Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins in the Crew Dragon. Photo: NASA This test flight marks the first time that a private company has launched a crewed orbital spacecraft. Cargo Dragon is expected to deliver cargo to the International Space Station under a Commercial Supply-2 Service contract with NASA, along with Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems’ Cygnus spacecraft and Sierra Nevada Corporation’s Dream Chaser spacecraft. . Cargo Dragon’s first flight is launched in December 2020. On November 10, 2020, the Crew Dragon, comprising the Falcon 9 missile and related ground systems, was fully certified by NASA as the first commercial spacecraft system in history to be capable of maneuvering. transfer people to and from the International Space Station. Initially, the company intended to let Crew Dragon land on land using the LES engine, with parachutes and ocean falls as options available in case of the incident, a Space X representative told reporters. Launch is canceled. Precise landing on water with a parachute has been proposed to NASA as Crew Dragon’s “method of returning to the atmosphere and fundamentally restoring the first few flights”. The forced landing was subsequently canceled, making parachuting the only option. By 2011, Paragon Space Development Corporation had been supporting the development of the Crew Dragon life support system. In 2012, SpaceX was in talks with Orbital Outfitters about developing space suits to wear during launch and return to the atmosphere. Each crew member wears their own custom fitted space suit. The suit is primarily designed for use inside the Dragon, and in the case of the fast depressurization cabin, this suit may protect crew members. The suit can also cool astronauts during normal flight. At a NASA press conference on May 18, 2012, SpaceX confirmed their target launch price for the Crew flights to be $ 160 million, equivalent to about $ 23 million per seat capacity. Crew up to 7 people on board and NASA orders at least 4 Dragon Crew flights per year. This contrasts with the 2014 Soyuz launch price of $ 76 million per seat for NASA astronauts. The design of the Crew Dragon spacecraft was officially announced on May 29, 2014, during a press event at SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California. In October 2014, NASA selected the Crew Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to bring American astronauts to the International Space Station, according to NASA’s Commercial Crew program.

Illustration. (Source: space.com) According to the Vietnam News Agency reporter in Tokyo, Japan in 2030 will launch a rocket with propulsion recycled from engines used in previous missions, in order to reduce costs rocket launch . Kyodo news agency citing unnamed sources said that a panel of experts from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) is expected to put the goal of building the missile. be equipped with recycled propulsion in an interim report drafted on May 12. The current, rocket launch costs Japan’s H2A is very expensive because the rocket propulsion will be disposed of after the missile is launched. Even the H3 – the country’s next-generation missile and expected to be launched by the end of March 2022 – is disposable. Meanwhile, the Falcon 9 missile developed by the American Space Exploration Corporation, can reuse parts that have been used in previous missions to bring astronauts, including Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, boarded the International Space Station (ISS) last month. Since the propulsion of the Falcon 9 rocket is about 10 times reusable, the cost of launching the missile is only about 6 billion yen ($ 55 million), half of the launch cost. H2A rockets Japanese. So the Japan Aerospace Research and Development Agency (JAXA) is conducting research on how to launch a small test missile to a height of about 100 meters and then land vertically in an attempt. missile reuse force. In addition, JAXA also plans to test reusable missiles on a large scale, possibly with France and Germany in 2022./.

China’s Truong Chinh 5B missile was launched into space from April 29 New arena between America-China This week, the US and China have repeatedly debated over the warning that the remnants of the Chinese Truong Chinh 5B missile could fall back to Earth. While the US has criticized this as the result of irresponsibility and negligence and predicts serious consequences, China has countered that the West is overdoing and the impact of heavier missile remnants. The 20 tons falling back on Earth is nothing serious. Observing the latest incident, world commentators said that, even when the huge remnant of Truong Chinh 5B’s missile fell to the Earth and caused no consequences, the controversy related to the row. Space between China and America will not end either. On the contrary, this is just the opening for a new “arena” between the two leading economies in the world because they are spending sparingly to increase their presence in the universe. The more space we invest and build, the greater the amount of space waste will be, and the return of giant objects from space will no longer be uncommon. Just over last month, the Chinese National Aerospace Agency also kept an eye on a massive cosmic litter. In particular, the International Space Station (ISS) emits the largest space trash ever, which is the 2.9-ton base of 48 nickel-hydrogen panels. It is expected that the trash will spend 2 to 4 years floating in low Earth orbit before it burns into the atmosphere. The consequences of this discharge are not the same as the discharge of the remnants of the Truong Chinh 5B missile because the object of the Chinese missile weighs more than 20 tons, so it is difficult to burn out, leaving the large structure falling on Earth. However, as soon as the ISS station’s discharge was announced, the China Space News website immediately published an article warning the risk of a 2.9-ton retrograde waste block. “Pray for that waste block not to come back and hit the space station”, according to the article on this website. The problem of litter will be as bad as climate change The South China Post (SCMP) newspaper published this month indicated that China is tracking about 20,000 blocks of space waste, 50% more than a decade ago. ” In the end, the consequence may be that, even if there are no more people performing any more space activity, the total amount of cosmic waste will continue to increase, the door to human space will be completely blocked. – Mr. Feng Hao, an aerospace specialist in China, said Mr. Feng Hao, lead author of the report and his colleagues at the Beijing Institute of Space Systems Engineering, said that the situation of the rapid increase in the amount of waste in the orbit of the Earth is very alarming because that floating object can collide with each other. The scenario above will take place soon and worse when China and the US continue to compete in space. Both have ambitious plans to expand the space program over the next few years. Tens of thousands of satellites have been launched, a lot of large-scale infrastructure built in orbit from Earth to Moon. Feng estimates that by 2033, the geostationary orbit will be crowded, meaning that adding more satellites to orbit will lead to a chain collision. Space litter “could become the same important political issue as the current state of climate change,” said a Beijing-based scientist, who did not want to be identified. According to this scientist, when the important orbits do not have many gaps, tensions between Washington and Beijing, the two countries most active in aerospace operations, will become increasingly fierce. “Beijing may criticize Washington for its cosmic emissions, on the contrary, Washington will limit Beijing’s future space missions. This will cause a profound geopolitical impact, affecting all countries on Earth “, emphasized the anonymous expert. Furthermore, when the US-China confronts, international cooperation related to space waste disposal will inevitably be affected. Not to mention, the situation of sharing space waste tracking information between countries is still superficial, partly because the technology used in the universe is related to the military, so no country wants to share it clearly. . “You can imagine this situation as two people sitting in the front row scrambling for the steering wheel while the car is about to crash into the wall,” the Beijing expert explained. China launched the 5B Truong Chinh missile into space, carrying the first module of the Chinese-made Tian Cung space station, from April 29. This missile has a 1-core configuration for propulsion, so the size of this floor is very large. When completing the task of bringing the missile to, the separated core will be disabled and become a giant mass of cosmic trash. The problem is this trash is spinning in uncontrollable Earth orbit. Expected to fall to Earth as early as today (May 8).

Japanese rice balls for astronauts to the International Space Station Onigiri rice ball in Japan is one of the dishes with bold unique culinary culture of Japanese people. Even when Japanese astronauts on a mission on the ISS International Space Station, in zero gravity, they bring this dish with them but with a more special preparation. Japanese rice balls created by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA and Onishi Foods to prepare nutritious, easy-to-carry meals for astronauts in extraterrestrial environments. Since these astronaut rice balls are available in the Japanese market, there is an opportunity for everyone to know about food for astronauts on the ISS International Space Station in zero gravity. force. There are instructions for use on the back of the rice ball package Desiccant bag inside the rice ball package The product is called Space Onigiri, which makes special rice ball product without cooking it. The steps to do include tearing open the package, taking out the moisture-proof bag, filling the bag with water to the dotted line and shaking about 20 times, then waiting. Basically rice is hydrated, you can use cold water or boiling water. Rice ball can be eaten after 60 minutes. The resulting product is the plump rice with a bit of salmon. For the convenience of handling and enjoying the food, the user will cut the dotted line to create a triangle. Smart design from the product helps users to always be clean, have a beautiful shape as well as easy to eat. Ingredients rice ball has more salmon with enough nutrients Space Onigiri can be stored for one year, without refrigeration. Each meal costs about 378 yen, equivalent to about 80,000 VND. Currently, Japanese astronaut Hoshide Akihiko is the only person working on the ISS International Space Station. Recently, Hoshide Akihiko was selected as the commander of the space station and will assume the position for about six months. Astronaut Hoshide Akihiko is the second Japanese to command the ISS station, before that, Mr. Wakata Koichi held the position in 2014.

Again, Russia intends to withdraw from the ISS project after 2025. By then, Moscow plans to build its own orbital station for the purposes of scientific research. Previously, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation – Mr. Yuri Borisov said that the situation related to the “aging” of the ISS structure could lead to dire consequences. So Russia should create an alternative to the current project as soon as possible and not leave the astronauts at risk. In addition, Borisov added that the national orbital station in the future could become “high orbit” (located above the ISS), not only used for scientific research but also acting as a “transit base” in the mission to conquer the Moon. Russia will use the ISS international space station’s energy supply module for its future space facility As for the Science and Energy module, work on creating it started in 2012. As planned, by 2015 the device is expected to ensure energy independence for the Russian subdivision on the ISS. . However at that time only the draft design of the device was ready. NEM’s ground tests only really begin in 2018. While its launch is being delayed, Russian scientists will have to be more active in the near future as time is on. increasingly hurry. It should be noted that in addition to the NEM that will become the main module, according to Dmitry Rogozin, two permanent working modules named “Nauca” and “Prichal” could become part of the space station in the future, both modules will sent to the ISS this year.

Photojournalists installed remote cameras to be ready to record the missile launch image on April 22. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon space shuttle, set to take off atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. It will take almost 24 hours to reach the space station, whose orbit is about 250 miles (400 km) from Earth. It was originally scheduled to launch on April 22 but had to be delayed for a day due to unfavorable weather forecast. This rocket launch marks NASA’s second return to service after nine years of stopping the shuttle from space in the United States. It is also the third crew flight to be launched into orbit under a public-private partnership between NASA and SpaceX, the rocket company founded and owned by billionaire high-tech entrepreneur Elon Musk. The crew this time has 4 members including two NASA astronauts, commander Shane Kimbrough (53 years old) and pilot Megan McArthur (49 years old), along with Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide (52 years old) and specialist Thomas Pesquet (43 years old), a French engineer with the European Space Agency. 6 months of space experiment Crew 2 is expected to spend about six months conducting scientific experiments and maintenance before returning to Earth in the fall. The four members of Crew 1, sent to the space station in November, are scheduled to return to Earth on April 28. Crew 2’s mission is also special in that the Falcon 9 launch vehicle using the same early stage booster has put Crew 1 in orbit. This is the first time that a proven booster device has been used again during a crew launch. Reusable booster vehicles, designed to fly back to Earth on their own and land safely after they separate from the missile’s remains a few minutes after launch. SpaceX’s reusable rocket strategy has pioneered more economical space travel. SpaceX has so far recorded more than 45 successful Falcon 9 landings, and the company has refurbished and reused the majority of them for multiple flights. However, all previous flights only carried cargo, not people, into space. The pilot of Crew 2, McArthur, will make history as the first female Pilot of the Crew and the second in her family to ride a shuttle. She is married to NASA astronaut Bob Behnken, who took a SpaceX demonstration flight last year. If all goes according to plan, they will arrive at the space station on Saturday. McArthur and her three friends and crew will be greeted by four astronauts of Crew 1 (three from NASA and one from Japan JAXA Aerospace Exploration Agency) and two crew members. Russian family and an American astronaut were on a Soyuz flight to the space station.

Billionaire Dennis Tito on the ISS. Photo: CNN CNN channel (USA) said billionaire Tito, then 60 years old, had a strong hand only 20 million dollars to realize his dream from a young age. In 1961, before the information that Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin was the first person to enter space, young Tito had set the goal of life. The US Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) does not support sending civilians into space. In 1991, not long after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Tito started negotiations with Moscow to go to space by “spending the money”. Mr. Tito recalls: “In the late 90s of last century, the Russians really wanted more funding for the space program. So I found that I could find them ”. On April 28, 2001, the Soyuz spacecraft was launched into the air in Kazakhstan with three members on board including billionaire Tito and two Russian astronauts. Billionaire Tito then spent 8 days living on the ISS. Two decades later, billionaire Tito still remembers: “The pencils are floating and I can observe both the dark space of the universe as well as the curve of the Earth. I feel so good. It was the greatest moment in my life, reaching my life goals … I hope that others also experience the great things I have. ” Billionaire Dennis Tito returned to Earth in May 2001. Photo: CNN Since billionaire Tito’s space travel year, only a few other tourists have had the same experience. However, some American companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are betting on space travel with the goal of making it not too far-fetched. These people all choose the space travel program of the company Space Adventures, which uses the Russian Soyuz to bring passengers to the ISS. Since 2009, Space Adventures’ space travel program has ceased to exist because the US Space Shuttle program “retires” and only Russian Soyuz is the vehicle to bring astronauts to and from the ISS. However, a representative of Space Adventures said that once there is competition in the space travel market, there will be price competition and in the future there will be many units participating in this field. Space Adventures is still working with the Russian space agency and is working on the possibility of launching the Soyuz to the ISS by 2023 with a program to give visitors a chance to walk in space. In addition, Space Adventures is also planning a space travel in late 2021 via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. NASA contributed funding to the development of the Crew Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner space. However, both of these companies are privately owned and therefore have the right to sell their spaceship seats to anyone who can afford it. NASA has also changed its view of space travel since billionaire Tito’s historic trip. In 2019, NASA announced plans to open the ISS for visitors. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon. Photo: CNN Former NASA astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman, who currently works in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said billionaire Tito’s trip in 2001 marked the “beginning of a new era.” of space travel ”. Jeffrey A. Hoffman hopes that space travel costs will decrease as demand increases. The main obstacle to space travel, he said, is safety concerns. In 2014, a pilot was killed during a test flight of the Virgin Galactic company SpaceShipTwo spacecraft. In addition, there have been records of SpaceX boosters and Blue Origin – a company owned by Jeff Bezos, exploding during testing, thankfully no people were injured. According to the former astronaut, there is always a risk of an accident with air travel, but “a consistent safety record” will help this form of travel grow. May 2020 marks the first private spacecraft to bring NASA astronauts into space. That is the Crew Dragon of SpaceX. The company is expected by the end of 2021 to use the Crew Dragon for a program exclusively for ordinary people at a cost of $ 50 million per seat. SpaceX also has hopes in a spacecraft called Starship to bring Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maeza and a group of artists to the Moon in 2023. In 2019, an American company called Gateway Foundation announced plans for hotels operating in the lower layers of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Currently, there are 15 members participating in the ISS project, of which 5 main members are: Russia, the US, Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency. Construction of the station began in 1998, the first permanent expedition commenced operations in 2000. It was previously announced that, during a meeting with President Putin on Astronaut Day (April 12), Russia decided to withdraw from the ISS project from 2025 and start building its own Orbit Station. The first module for it will be the SEM, which was originally designed for the ISS. Roscosmos notes that the ISS modules have reached the end of their useful life. Usually IS structures are used for only 15 years, but most ISS modules, not only Russian ones, are more than two decades old. Ong Vladimir Soloviev, the leader of the flight division, spoke of the need to create the new station due to technical problems on the Russian segment on the ISS, namely detecting cracks that allow the air to escape. Although the cracks have been sealed, there are still small leaks. Russia decided to leave the ISS and build its own Space Station Mr. Soloviev predicts, after 2025 there will be mass technical problems with the parts of the station. Carrying out repairs and maintenance is extremely costly and downright dangerous. In October, Mr. Soloviev revealed the appearance of a new Russian orbital service station. Under the plan, it will include at least five modules: Basic part, target production, logistics warehouse, platform (slide) for spacecraft assembly, launch, reception and servicing, as well as one The commercial module can accommodate four travelers. According to the documents, for the purpose of being used in the Russian Orbital Station component, this module needs to be adapted to accommodate the “Angara-A5M” boosters from Vostochny aerospace, instead of missile “Proton-M” from Baikonur airport. In addition, on the module will have to replace the assembly from active to passive, place two cabin compartments for astronauts and adjust the systems in charge of movement and navigation, telemetry, communication. and heat guarantee. According to published documents, the plan to build Russia’s Orbital Station will be divided into two phases. Energy Science (NEM) modular model on the Russian Space Station In the first phase between 2025 and 2030, NEM, node, base, and entrance modules are expected to launch. In the second phase, from 2030 to 2035, Roscosmos will produce the target modules as well as the foundation for the maintenance of space apparatus. The Russian orbit station will fly in a Sun synchronous orbit – at an angle of 97 degrees from the equator, on which its solar panels will always receive light. Such orbits also allow the crew to see the North Pole every hour and a half, and every two days they see any point on our planet. In this connection, it is planned to have the part of the Earth-facing Station within the range of the observation system in various spectral bands – from optical to radar, and on the opposite side a device. are intended for monitoring outside of open spaces. To board the New Station in the first phase will be the manned transport “Progress” and the “Soyuz” manned, while in the second stage the manned train “Oriol”.

In April alone, ISS has been busy with flights up and down. On April 9, the Russian Soyuz rocket sent 1 American astronaut and 2 Russian astronauts to the ISS laboratory 420km from the Earth’s surface. Eight days later, another Soyuz rocket carried another trio of American and Russian astronauts back to Earth. On April 23, the US spacecraft SpaceX brought two more Americans, one Japanese and one French to connect to the ISS. However, such bustling scene on ISS is about to come to an end. Last week, Russia announced it would withdraw from the ISS by 2025. Despite the growing tensions between Russia and the US over the past decade, the two countries ‘space agencies continue to work closely with each other, along with 13 countries’ space agencies. According to the US Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), since 2000, ISS has welcomed 243 people from 19 countries. According to the Financial Times, Professor Anu Ojha, director of the UK National Aerospace Institute and an advisor to the European Space Agency (ESA), said: “I only hear positive things about astronauts and astronauts as they work together “. In the early years of building and assembling modules of ISS, since 1998, Russia and Western partners cooperated closely. “NASA and ESA cannot build a space station without Russian experts,” said Ojha. The Russians are masters of building modular space stations ”. The ISS station once welcomed astronauts from many countries Western countries need Russian rockets to carry materials and people to and from the ISS. This reliance increased when NASA decommissioned the space shuttle fleet in 2011 and Soyuz became the only passenger vehicle that could put astronauts in orbit. Only in 2020, NASA will begin to use the SpaceX spacecraft system of billionaire Elon Musk. For the Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos), cooperation with the West through the ISS also adds to the financial resources. NASA spent $ 3.9 billion to hire Soyuz to transport astronauts to the ISS from 2011 to 2019. Although astronaut Mark Vande Hei’s trip to the ISS in April may not be the last of an American on Russian rockets, the majority of non-Russian astronauts will travel on SpaceX or on Boeing’s Starliner, expected to go into service from 2022. During the first 15 years, the ISS crew focused on assembly and engineering work, which meant that the zero gravity work environment was only just being established. Recently, NASA astronaut Kate Rubins, who just returned to Earth in mid-April, recounted her hundreds of hours on the ISS to do biological experiments, from decoding DNA on a space station to growing human heart tissue and vegetables. . ISS’s most important area of ​​research is its attempt to understand the long-term effects of space travel on human health, in preparation for planned attempts at the Moon or travel to Mars. Other direction of cooperation For Russia, the decision to end ISS participation is expected to lead to more spatial cooperation with China. It is also part of the Kremlin’s broader pivot to Beijing. Since Western sanctions were first imposed on Moscow in connection with Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia has doubled down on its efforts to strengthen ties with China. The two countries reached agreements on defense and space cooperation while bilateral trade nearly doubled compared to 2010, reaching $ 110 billion in 2019. In 2020, Roscosmos rejected an offer from the US to join NASA-led Artemis program, aimed at bringing people to stay longer on the Moon. In March, Russia and China agreed to jointly develop a base on the Moon to “promote the peaceful discovery and use of space for all mankind” (according to a memorandum of understanding between the two. country). Roscosmos last week also said it aims to set up its own Russian space station by 2030, using modules designed like the ISS. The Interfax news agency quoted Roscosmos Director, Dmitry Rogozin, as saying: “It is likely that by 2030, we can put a space station into orbit, that will be a huge breakthrough.” On Russian television, Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov said that in the future, on the Russian space station, in addition to astronauts, there will be the participation of artificial intelligence and robotics. He stressed that Russia is ready to consider for foreign crews to visit, but definitely the Russian space station must be national. Interfax quoted an unnamed source as saying that Russia planned to spend up to $ 6 billion to put this project into operation. China will also soon introduce the module to build the China Space Station (CSS). The ship carrying this module is scheduled to take off at the end of April. This is the culmination of the project that the Chinese government launched in 1992. After this module goes into space, China plans to launch at least 10 more times. Another launcher carries the remaining modules and cargo to complete the CSS assembly by the end of 2022. The 100-ton, T-shaped CSS will consist of three main modules: the 18-meter core module, called Tianhe, and two 14.4-meter lab modules, called Wentian, that are permanently attached to the sides. of the core module. As the station’s control and control center, Tianhe can accommodate 3 astronauts with a stay of up to 6 months. CSS has volume less than 1/4 the volume of ISS. Instead, configure 3 modules based on China’s need in doing the necessary scientific experiments. The 440-ton ISS with a construction cost of $ 150 billion will end its lifespan and should be returned to Earth expected by 2025. The future of the ISS is still under negotiation after the current cooperation agreements expire. by the end of 2024. According to NASA, from a technical point of view, the ISS can operate until the end of 2028. Of course, the ISS will be upgraded if it wants to last longer, especially electrical and communication systems. .

“We cannot risk the lives (of the astronauts) … The structures and metals on the ISS (are) getting old, possibly leading to irreversible consequences,” Borisov said. Disaster is waiting to happen. Borisov announced that Russia would withdraw from the ISS by 2025. However, he later delayed the time because the country needed to check the technique, decide and inform partners of the plan to build a new space station. A module of a new space station is under development in Russia. Photo: Roscosmos. The Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos) also confirmed that it is developing a successor space station for Salyut and Mir, two space stations launched into low-Earth orbit by Russia in the 1970s and 1980s. know that agreements with international partners related to ISS will expire in 2024. Share on television, Borisov said that the new Russian space station will orbit the Earth at high latitudes, helping to see the polar regions better. He leaves open the possibility of inviting foreign countries to participate in the construction of the space station. In the video posted to the Internet, Dmitry Rogozin, the director of Roscosmos, said that the first module of the space station is under development, possibly in 2025. Interfax Modules assembled by Energia cost about US $ 5 billion. Still, the prospect of a complete Russian space station is far from over. Andrey Ionin, a member of the Russian Space Academy, said that the new space station would be “a step backwards”. “ISS’s greatest achievement is not technology, but international cooperation,” said Ionin. Before building the new space station, Roscosmos still has to bring the Nauka scientific module to the ISS at the end of the year. Rogozin said Russia will not withdraw from the ISS until the completion of the new space station. However, the announcement from Deputy Prime Minister Borisov will put great pressure on the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) and its partners. Russia believes the ISS is degrading. Photo: Roscosmos. Space stations over 20 years old have regularly recorded incidents in recent times. In March, Russian astronauts patched a gas leak on the ISS that has existed since 2020. This is not the first time Russia has complained about the ISS. Speaking at the Russian Academy of Sciences in October 2020, Vladimir Solovyov, who is in charge of Russian flights at the ISS, thinks the space station will deteriorate rapidly in the next five years, advising the country to prioritize building. new universe. “The ISS partners will have difficulty maintaining the space station without Russia,” said Vitaly Egorov, the space industry watcher. Science . The magazine says SpaceX’s astronaut transportation services can fill the void left by Russia. Two astronauts installed the support frame outside the ISS station Two NASA astronauts step outside of the International Space Station (ISS) to install supports for new solar panels.

Elon Musk left barefoot while sharing with Peter Diamandis about his plans to return to the moon. “Exploring Mars is not an outlet for the rich. The adventurer will probably face death so there are only volunteers and absolutely no coercion ”. Last week, SpaceX won a major order from NASA and became the only supplier designated for lunar landings. Before that, SpaceX plans to send humans to Mars by 2024 and establish a human colony by 2050. SpaceX has also completed the mission of sending four astronauts into space using a Falcon rocket. 9 “used”. The International Space Station (ISS), where NASA and the Global Space Administration have technology that sustains life. But this is different from NASA’s Enhanced Life Support (ALS) program. In other words, although the International Space Station has many different functions, such as water recycling, in Musk’s Mars plan, humans need support in long life instead of taking turns. from earth every few months and frequent short trips. If the Mars colonization program can go on and take root, it would mean providing food, shelter, medical services and ensuring the spiritual well-being of the entire population. Humanity to land on the moon in 2024 is possible It’s been 51 years since Armstrong first landed on the moon in 1969. On April 17, NASA confirmed Elon Musk’s SpaceX selection as a service provider for the moon return plan under contract. monopoly worth 2.7 billion USD. For Elon Musk, that would be another great achievement for SpaceX. As for NASA, this is an important step in pushing the plan to land on the moon repeatedly delayed. Musk believes SpaceX can help NASA achieve this ambitious goal by 2024. At 18:49:02 on April 23, Hanoi time, SpaceX successfully launched the old Crew Dragon spacecraft with the Falcon 9 rocket bringing 4 astronauts into space and they will arrive at the space station after 23 hours. . This is SpaceX’s second commercial launch and the Crew Dragon spacecraft’s fourth launch mission. So far, SpaceX has carried out a total of three manned ship launch missions, including the manned spacecraft DM-2 on May 30, 2020, Crew-1 on November 16, 2020, and Crew- 2 on April 23, 2021. A total of 10 astronauts were sent into space in three launches. Shortly after SpaceX successfully launched the Crew-2 onto the International Space Station, Musk said, “I think a return to the moon can be done.” “It has been almost half a century since man last set foot on the moon. This period is too long. We need to go back there and build a permanent base on the moon. Then build a city on Mars, become an aerospace civilization, a species of multiple planets, “this billionaire confirmed. “Martian” Elon Musk: Dreaming of the galaxy, spreading money into space Elon Musk not only has a large brain, but also has a “big mouth”. In an interview with Business Insider, when asked when humans appeared on Mars, Musk’s answer was, “Maybe six years later, or four years later. As for me, it will be about 2 or 3 years later ”. In fact, the owner of SpaceX has a special passion for Mars and founded Life to Mars to encourage activities to explore the planet. “If you were buried somewhere, born on Earth, and died on Mars is a wonderful thing,” Musk said. Elon Musk has a special passion for Mars “Eventually, life will spread across the entire solar system, and then cross our solar system into other star systems. If not, we will stay on Earth forever until extinction occurs. One of Elon Musk’s most important goals is to help humanity become an interplanetary species and be able to leap from earth civilization to space civilization, so SpaceX is so important. Also on Friday’s live broadcast, Musk announced he would give inventors a $ 100 million bounty for figuring out how to combat global warming by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. book or ocean. This is “the greatest prize in history” and lasted for four years. “The sun will get bigger and bigger, evaporating the ocean. So, to some extent, we should do something better. Mars is a real planet, so we can create a civilization there, ”hopes Elon Musk.

The Mars expedition can last at least 3 years. Brain structure effect The missions that bring humans to Mars are considered to be a major leap in space exploration. NASA has a goal of sending people to Mars by 2030. However, a trip to Mars is not the same as taking a flight to New York. Because space is an extremely harsh environment for human life, including the lack of gravity and harmful radiation, as well as isolation and lack of day or night. Missions to Mars will require more astronauts physically and mentally than man-made journeys in 60 years of space exploration. A flight to Mars and back will take about 14 months. Meanwhile, the actual exploration mission will last at least 3 years. Maintaining good cognition and effective teamwork are the prerequisites for the safe and successful outcomes of these tasks. However, a new study published in the journal Frontiers of Physiology found that the lack of gravity during such missions can have negative effects on cognitive skills, as well as emotions. of the astronauts. Since the first space missions, it is clear that exposure to a “microgravity” (weightless) environment leads to drastic changes in the human body. This includes changes in the cardiovascular, skeletal and nervous systems. On Earth, we discover gravity with the aid of our eyesight and various organs, including those in the inner ear. When our heads are upright, the hearing stones in the vestibular system are perfectly balanced by a viscous liquid. However, as we move the head, gravity causes the liquid to move with it. This activates signals to the brain that our heads have changed positions. In space, this process is no longer active. Space flight can even bring about adverse changes to the brain structure of astronauts. Changes in brain structure were observed in astronauts after they returned from the International Space Station (ISS). The scientists found that in these astronauts, the brain physically moves inside the skull and reduces the ability to connect between regions of the brain layer, the cortex and the inner regions. Emotional perception is extremely important to astronauts. Difficulty recognizing other people’s feelings The acumen and quick thinking of astronauts are essential elements in a space mission. So is the ability to accurately “read” each other’s emotional expressions. Because, they have to spend a lot of time sitting together in a small space. Therefore, it is recommended that space agencies consider training, as well as psychological support for astronauts before the flight, to minimize this risk. To date, how these changes affect behavior is not concretely understood. However, scientists are getting closer to the answer. Because, they realize, astronauts can be disoriented, disturbed perception, balance disorders and motion sickness. However, such findings are often made based on a small group of people. New NASA-backed research has explored the effect of microgravity on cognitive performance. However, 24 study participants were not sent to space. Instead, the scientists asked these people to lie in bed. This is because the effect of a certain type of bed rest is similar to that of microgravity. Therefore, scientists have repeatedly applied this method in research. When we are upright, the body and hearing stones in the vestibular system are in the same direction as gravity. Meanwhile, the moment of lying down, the body and hearing stones are perpendicular to each other. Therefore, study participants had to lie on their back at an angle of 6 degrees, their head lower than their body. They were asked not to change their position for almost two months. At the same time, the participants also routinely perform a series of cognitive missions designed for astronauts and related to space flight. As a result, it helps to evaluate their spatial orientation, memory, risk-taking behavior and understanding of their feelings about others. The results showed that the cognitive speed of these people slowed a bit but remained reliable in tasks related to sensory and motor skills. This seems to be consistent with reported changes in brain tissue density across “motor sensory regions”. These are the main motor and sensory regions of the brain, helping to process sensory input and movement, observed after a person has flown into space. Participants also had difficulty recognizing emotions when looking at people’s faces. Adjusting to changes in gravity takes time and effort. While performance on most cognitive tasks initially decreased, after about 60 days, the participants remained unchanged throughout the test. However, their ability to perceive emotions continued to deteriorate. In fact, the participants became inclined toward negative emotions. They are more likely to recognize another person’s expression as angry and have a hard time explaining how happy or normal the other person is.

International space station. Photo: Getty The Russian Deputy Prime Minister’s office also said that “information on operational incidents is being recorded more frequently than in recent times” and that an examination of the ISS is required to avoid possible emergency situations out. Astronauts have had to find a way to fix the leak due to cracks in some modules. Mr. Vladimir Solovyev, Deputy Director of Energia in charge of ISS of Russia in November 2020, said that some components of the ISS station were damaged, could not be replaced and would stop working after 2025. Energia is currently researching. to build a space station named Russia Orbital to replace ISS. The ISS was commissioned in 1998. The life cycle of this space station has been extended to 2020 and then to 2024. Dmitry Rogozin, the head of Russia’s Roscosmos space agency, said after the ISS was shut down, the Progress cargo spacecraft would pull it out of orbit. Then, the ISS will fall into the ocean like the Russian Mir space station when decommissioned in 2001./.

Mr. Scott Kelly while living on the ISS Station. Photo: NYT In a study published in the journal Circulation on March 29, scientists found that during 340 days in space, Mr. Kelly’s heart was reduced in size even though he still exercised hard for 6 days. week. Luckily, the smaller heart did not seem to have any effect on the health of Mr. Kelly when he returned to Earth in 2016. This finding has added to the list of the types of transformations the human body has to undergo in an unstable environment of gravity. Astronauts also tend to have head edema, eyeballs crushing, leg shrinkage, and bones become more brittle. According to the New York Times, Dr. Benjamin D. Levine, study author and professor of internal medicine at the Southwestern Medical Center at the University of Texas (USA), said: “Kelly’s heart has changed to adapts to reduced gravity conditions. It does not have any dysfunction. He is still healthy. Without gravity, the heart doesn’t need to pump blood fully, and like any other muscle, it is altered by decreasing the intensity of the activity. For Mr. Scott Kelly, the shrinking phenomenon still occurs regardless of the regular exercise 6 days / week on the ISS. This regimen has been shown to be effective in reducing brittle bones and reducing muscle mass. After 340 days in space, Mr. Kelly’s heart weight dropped by about 27%, from 190 grams to 140 grams. Mr. Kelly shared that his body also underwent some other changes, such as bone loss, and these phenomena have almost returned to normal. However, the miniature heart phenomenon could be a concern for future missions to Mars. Based on the experiences of Mr. Kelly and other astronauts on the ISS, Dr. Levine thinks that the upcoming visitors to Mars will remain in good health. However, problems can arise if an astronaut is injured, becomes ill and cannot exercise, or if the exercise equipment is damaged. With weaker hearts, they can be dizzy and faint as they step onto the red planet after months of weightless travel. Swimmer Benoit Lecomte. Photo: CNN In the study, Levine and his colleagues compared the heart of astronaut Scot Kelly to that of long-distance swimmer Benoit Lecomte, when he tried to swim across the Pacific in 2018. The buoyancy in the water has the same impact on the body as the weightless environment. Lecomte athletes spend most of the day in the horizontal position: 8 hours of swimming and 8 hours sleeping on a support boat. Scientists think that extended swimming hours will be strenuous enough to maintain Mr. Lecomte’s heart size. But instead, it shrinks at a rate nearly as fast as Mr. Kelly’s time in space. After more than 159 days, the Lecomte athlete abandoned the plan after swimming two thirds of the planned 5,650 miles because the boat was destroyed by a storm. Through ultrasound, it was found that his left ventricle was about 28 grams lighter. The left ventricle is the heart’s largest and most powerful chamber, pumping blood to the aorta and throughout the body. Dr. Levine expressed surprise when she learned the results. “I thought his heart would get bigger. That is a huge amount of training ”. In an interview, Benoit Lecomte estimated his heart rate could be below 100 while swimming, and described the intensity of long-distance swimming as walking briskly, or running very slowly. Now, the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) can design better training programs for astronauts. In space, Mr. Scott Kelly has been exercising 6 days a week, 30-40 minutes walking on the treadmill or cycling. In addition, he also uses a resistance machine to lift weights. “This practice regime is quite strenuous. I have to push weights quite hard. The weight is definitely heavier than I can lift at home, ”said Kelly, now retired at NASA, in an interview. Dr. Benjamin D. Levine said there is another study to track the hearts of 13 astronauts before and after 6 months on the space station. This unpublished study will provide a broader amount of data.

Astronaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to fly into space. Photo: history.com

On April 12, 1961, the Vostok spacecraft carrying astronaut Gagarin was launched from Baikonour Space Airport in Kazakhstan, then part of the Soviet Union. The flight lasted just 108 minutes when the ship completed one orbit of the Earth and returned. Since then astronaut Gagarin also became a legend, and the day he took his flight became Russia’s Astronaut Day.

The historian Alexander Zheleznyakov called this a moment that gave humanity a firm conviction that discovering another world outside of the vast universe was entirely within reach. The event has made such a deep impression that the 27-year-old astronaut’s “Poekhali” has become a symbolic catchphrase for the Russian people throughout the years to come.

After 60 years, astronaut Yuri Gagarin, still mentioned as a hero of the nation. Every year, many Russian people still come to place flowers at his memorial sites across the country on April 12. Historian Vyacheslav Klimentov calls Gagarin’s miracle an inspiration to unite all Russians.

Not only loved by courage and ingenuity, Yuri Gagarin is also a shining example, a symbol of success rising from difficulties. Gagarin grew up in a working family, whose parents were carpenters and peasants. He initially studied steelmaking before being recruited to pilot the Soviet army and, at the age of 27, became the first person to fly into space.

While Gagarin was honored, the Vostok spacecraft was also put on display at the Space Travel Foundation in Moscow. Here, on April 13, there will also be an exhibition about Gagarin’s life and career, with many artifacts such as Gagarin’s documents, photos and personal belongings, from when he was a child or when he was still sitting. school chair.

Up to now, Gagarin’s flight has always been referred to as national pride for each Russian, a symbol of the Soviet Union’s power in the aerospace field. Four years before Gagarin’s flight, on October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union was also the first country in the world to put a satellite in orbit on Earth – the Sputnik satellite. Until now, the world still considered the first two “beep-beep” signals Sputnik sent to Earth triggered a race between the Soviet Union and the United States in the space field. .

In the years that followed, Russia always took the lead when Gagarin successfully flew his flight, or the fact that the astronaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to step into space and the fact that Russia was the first country to launch. the lunar probe was launched in 1966. However, three years later, the United States became the first country to send a man to the Moon.

Soyuz MS-18 spacecraft carrying three astronauts off the launch pad at Baikonur Space Airport, Kazakhstan, April 9, 2021. Photo: AFP / VNA

Over the past 60 years, Russia has maintained its leading position in space exploration, steadily sending astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS). However, observers assess that Russia is competing with strong competitors such as the US and China in the race to develop space technology. In 2020, Russia loses its monopoly on human launchers on the ISS when US tech billionaire Elon Musk’s Space X Company develops and successfully put into use reusable missile systems, put astronauts the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) successfully landed on the ISS. Although the director of the Russian Aerospace Agency (Roscosmos) Dmitry Rogozin insists the agency is pursuing ambitious projects such as a mission to Venus, Mars or setting up a space station on the Moon, the Industry insiders still see this as a difficult time for Russia as competitors emerge increasingly strong.

However, the Russian people still believe in future success when looking at the historical fact that this country always appears at memorable times in human history. Not only has an influence in the aerospace field, Russia has made its mark on the historic arena with great inventions such as the AK-47 rifle, the hypersonic weapons or most recently, the COVID vaccine. -19 world’s first Sputnik-V.

The International Space Station (ISS). Photo: Wiki

Russian President Vladimir Putin has signed a plan to start building manned orbital satellites to replace the International Space Station (ISS), which appears to be nearing its end of life.

In recent years, the ISS has started to degrade, astronauts are now regularly detecting cracks, according to RT. Last week, it was revealed that Russian astronauts are still working to seal the leak that was first discovered in 2019. The ongoing problems with the International Space Station have prompted Russia began creating an alternative device.

Called ROSS, the Russian orbital satellite will consist of three to seven modules and can carry up to four people. Although only approved by President Putin on April 12, on the 60th anniversary of the landmark first flight into space by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the project has been underway for some time.

Last November, the first deputy design general of space contractor RSC Energia expressed confidence that Russia needs to start building a new station, saying that the ISS has collapsed.

“Until 2025, Russia has an obligation to participate in the ISS program” – Mr. Vladimir Solovyov told the Russian Academy of Sciences. “There were some parts that were severely damaged and no longer working. Many parts are irreplaceable. After 2025, we predict a series of failures on the ISS ”.

Russia has a long history of building its own satellites, with Sputnik 1 being the first satellite launched into low earth orbit in 1957. In 1986, the Soviet Union launched a manufactured space station. in the country called Mir – was the largest artificial satellite in orbit at the time.

Last May, the Russian Space Agency Roscomos revealed, ROSS could be ready for deployment after 2024.

Despite Russia’s willingness to do it alone, Roscosmos has reaffirmed its commitment to international cooperation in recent months. Earlier this month, Russia signed a plan to continue cooperation with the US in space and the two countries would use each other’s rockets to enter space.

Roscosmos also signed a moon exploration agreement with China in March, and agreed to share a moon station with Beijing.

While space is often a place for international competition, both Washington and Moscow often help each other when needed. For example, earlier this year, American astronauts donated food to their Russian partners when supplies from the earth were delayed.

The International Space Station is the only laboratory in the world that allows researchers to perform long-term experiments in microgravity. The ISS has been in the presence of humans continuously since November 2000. The ISS is 109 meters long, 75 meters wide – the equivalent of a football field – and weighs 420 tons. The ISS flies at an altitude of about 400km above earth. The ISS moves at a speed of about 8km / sec, or around the earth about 90 minutes / round. The travel from the launch site in Baikonur, Kazakhstan to ISS by Russian Soyuz can take anywhere from 6 to 48 hours, depending on the launch procedure and the station’s position in orbit.

Images of Yuri Gagarin present everywhere in Russia – Photo: AFP

Russian astronaut Sergei Kud-Sverchkov, who is currently working on the International Space Station (ISS), said in a video clip released by the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) on April 12 – in celebration 60 years of human astronaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to fly into space.

60 years ago, on April 12, 1961, the Vostok spacecraft carrying astronaut Gagarin was launched from Baikonour Space Airport in Kazakhstan, then part of the Soviet Union. The flight lasted just 108 minutes when the ship completed one orbit of the Earth and returned.

Since then, astronaut Gagarin has also become a legend. The historian Alexander Zheleznyakov called this a moment that gave humanity a firm conviction that discovering another world outside of the vast universe was entirely within reach.

The event has made such a deep impression that the 27-year-old astronaut’s “Poekhali” has become a symbolic catchphrase for the Russian people throughout the years to come.

After 60 years, astronaut Yuri Gagarin is still mentioned as a national hero. Every year, many Russian people still come to place flowers at his memorial sites across the country on April 12.

While Gagarin was honored, the Vostok spacecraft was also put on display at the Space Travel Foundation in Moscow. Up to now, Gagarin’s flight has always been referred to as national pride for each Russian, a symbol of the power of the Soviet Union in the field of aerospace.

Every year, Russia celebrates the first flight of astronaut Gagarin into space and April 12 becomes Russia’s Astronaut Day.

In 2011, the United Nations General Assembly declared April 12 to become the International Day of Flight to put people into space.

On this occasion, Russian President Vladimir Putin went to Engels, a city on the banks of the Volga River in the south of the country, the landing point of the spacecraft carrying the Gagarin astronaut on a historic flight.

Four years before Gagarin’s flight, on October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union was also the first country in the world to put a satellite in orbit on Earth – the Sputnik satellite. Until now, the world still considered the first two “beep-beep” signals Sputnik sent to Earth triggered a race between the Soviet Union and the United States in the space field. pillar.

In the years that followed, Russia always took the lead when Gagarin successfully flew his flight, or the fact that the astronaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to step into space and the fact that Russia was the first country to launch. The Moon probe was launched in 1966. However, three years later, the US became the first country to send a man to the Moon.

Competition is fierce

Over the past 60 years, Russia has maintained a leading position in space exploration, steadily bringing astronauts to the ISS. However, observers assess that Russia is currently competing with strong competitors such as the US and China in the race to develop space technology.

In 2020, Russia loses its monopoly on human launchers on the ISS when US tech billionaire Elon Musk’s Space X Company develops and successfully put into use reusable missile systems, bring the NASA astronauts to the ISS successfully.

Although Roscosmos Director Dmitry Rogozin insists the agency is pursuing ambitious projects such as a mission to Venus, Mars or setting up a space station on the Moon, industry insiders still consider this time to be full. difficult for Russia as rivals emerge increasingly powerful.

However, the Russian people still believe in future success when looking at the historical fact that this country always appears at memorable times in human history.