Qian was born when the last Chinese dynasty was about to be replaced by a republic. From a young age, Qian was gifted and eventually, he graduated with distinction from Shanghai Jiaotong University, winning a rare scholarship from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in America. Qian Xuesen (Precursor of Ginseng) From MIT, Qian moved to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), studying under one of the most influential Hungarian aeronautical engineers named Theodore von Karman. There Qian shares his office with another famous scientist, Frank Malina, who is a key member of a small group of innovators known as the Suicide Squad. Fraser MacDonald, author of “Escape from Earth: A Secret History of the Space Rocket”, said the group earned the nickname for its efforts. of them in building a rocket on campus and because of some of their experiments with volatile chemicals. At that time, rocket science was considered by MacDonald as “a tool of reelers and fantasies. No one takes it seriously – no mathematic engineer has risked their reputation in saying this is the future. But, that quickly changed when World War 2 began. The “suicide squad” attracted the attention of the US military and was funded for research on a jet-assisted takeoff method, where the boosters were attached to the wings of aircraft so they could fly. overhead from short runways. Military funding also helped establish the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in 1943, with its director, Theodore von Karman. Qian, along with Frank Malina, is at the center of the project. Qian is a Chinese citizen but the ROC is an ally of America, so “there is no great doubt that a Chinese scientist is at the heart of America’s space effort,” said Fraser Macdonald. Qian is licensed to work in the classified weapons research department and even served on the US Government Scientific Advisory Board. At the end of the war, Qian was one of the foremost experts in jet engines and was sent with Theodore von Karman on an extraordinary mission to Germany, serving as a temporary lieutenant colonel. Their goal was to interview Nazi engineers, including Wernher von Braun, Germany’s top missile scientist. America wants to find out exactly what the Germans know. But, by the end of the decade, Qian’s sparkling career in America suddenly stopped. In China, Chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Meanwhile, a new JPL director believed there was a spy group at the laboratory and shared the suspicions. about a number of employees with the FBI. It is in this atmosphere that the FBI accuses Qian, Frank Malina and others of threats to national security. The allegations against Qian are based on 1938 US Communist Party documents that show Qian attended a social gathering that the FBI suspected was a meeting of the Communist Party of Pasadena. Zuoyue Wang, a history professor at California State Polytechnic University, claims there is no evidence that Qian ever spied for China or was an intelligence agent while he lived in the US. However, Qian was stripped of his security passport and placed under house arrest. Caltech colleagues, including Theodore von Karman, wrote to the government pleading for Qian’s innocence but to no avail. In 1955, after Qian was under house arrest for five years, President Eisenhower decided to expel him to China. The scientist left by boat with his wife and two children born in America. Qian told reporters he would never set foot in America again and that he kept his promise. When he arrived in the US, Qian had very little knowledge of rocket science. But, 15 years later, he oversaw the launch of the first Chinese satellite into space. For decades, Qian trained a new generation of scientists, and his work laid the foundation for China to send people to the Moon. While most Americans know nothing about Qian and his role in the US space program, Tianyu Fang said many Chinese Americans and Chinese students in the US knew about him, why he had to leave. and they see similarities today. “US relations with China have become so much worse that they know they could be suspected of being like Qian’s generation,” Fang commented. In Fraser MacDonald’s view, Qian’s story is a warning about what happens when knowledge shredding. “The whole story of American science is that it was driven by people from outside.” MacDonald believes that JPL’s contribution to the American space program was far ignored compared to Wernher von Braun and other German scientists, who were secretly arriving in America shortly after von Karman and Qian’s visit. Braun was once a Nazi but his achievements are recognized. Whereas the achievements of Qian and others from the JPL are not. Qian’s life lasted for nearly a century. During that time, China has grown from an uneconomical country into a superpower on Earth and in space. Qian is part of that transformation. But, Qian’s story can also be a great American one – where talent can flourish wherever talent is found.

People in the Eastern Hemisphere can observe Apophis without binoculars by 2029. Exclude from the risk Asteroid 99942 Apophis was discovered in 2004. Apophis was quickly identified as one of the most dangerous asteroids that can impact Earth. However, that impact rating changed as astronomers tracked Apophis and its orbit. Now, results from a new radar observation campaign combined with accurate orbital analysis have helped astronomers conclude that Apophis poses no risk of impacting our planet in the least. at most a century. About 340 meters across, Apophis is quickly known to be an asteroid that could pose a serious threat to Earth. At that time, astronomers predicted that this asteroid would come close to Earth by 2029. Thanks to additional observations of a near-Earth object (NEO), the risk of impact by 2029 has since been eliminated. The scientists then also ruled out the potential impact risk posed by another close approach in 2036. However, a small chance of impact by 2068 is thought to still exist. When Apophis moved away from Earth on March 5, astronomers had an opportunity to use the radar observations vigorously. As a result, it helps refine estimates of the orbits of asteroids around the Sun with extremely high accuracy. Thus, scientists can confidently eliminate all risks of collision by 2068 and much later. “An impact in 2068 is no longer in NASA,” said Davide Farnocchia of the Center for Near-Earth Objects Research (CNEOS) managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California (USA). possibilities could happen again. Our calculations do not show any risk of impact for at least the next 100 years ”. Mr. Farnocchia mentioned the Sentry Risk Impact Table. Maintained by CNEOS, this table holds information about some asteroids whose orbits bring them so close to Earth that the impact cannot be ruled out. With recent findings, the Risk Impact Table no longer includes Apophis. Optical telescopes and ground radars help characterize every orbit of objects near Earth. As a result, scientists can improve long-term risk assessment. CNEOS calculated a high-precision orbit to support NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office. Apophis is no longer a threat to Earth. Opportunity to “follow” Apophis Apophis is the size of three soccer fields, weighing 27 million tons. If it collided with Earth, it would cause an explosion that was equivalent to 880 million tons of TNT. This power could destroy a country of mid-size. Its impact with the Earth will be 65,000 times stronger than the atomic bomb that once fell on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The impact hole it left could be 518m deep. To achieve new Apophis calculations, astronomers used 70 m radio antennas at the Deep Space Network’s Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex near Barstow, California. As a result, they were able to accurately track Apophis’ movements. “Apophis used to be close to Earth, but it still has nearly 10.6 million miles (17 million km) to go. Despite this, we were able to obtain extremely accurate information about the distance of Apophis with an accuracy of about 150 m. This campaign helps us eliminate the impact of risk and a great scientific opportunity, ”said JPL scientist Marina Brozovic – who led the radar campaign. Goldstone also partnered with the 100-meter-long Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia to allow Apophis to be photographed. Goldstone transmits while Green Bank receives – experiment that doubles the strength of the received signal. Although the Apophis radar image appears in pixels, the image has a resolution of 38.75 m per pixel. This is a remarkable resolution, considering whether the asteroid is 17 million kilometers away, or about 44 times the Earth-Moon distance. As the radar team analyzes more data, they also hope to learn more about the asteroid’s shape. Previous radar observations have shown that Apophis has a “double layer”, or peanut-like appearance. This is a relatively common shape among asteroids near Earth that are greater than 660 feet (200 m) in diameter. Astronomers are also working to better understand Apophis’ rotation speed and the asteroid axis orbit. On April 13, 2029, the Apophis asteroids will cross less than 20 thousand miles (32 thousand kilometers) from the surface to closer to Earth than the distance of geotechnical asynchronous satellites. On that close 2029 approach, terrestrial observers in the Eastern hemisphere could witness Apophis without the aid of a telescope or binoculars. This is also an unprecedented opportunity for astronomers to get a close-up look at a monument in the Solar System. In particular, now, Apophis is just a scientific curiosity, instead of a danger to our planet. “When I first started learning about asteroids after college, Apophis was a malformed child among dangerous asteroids,” said Mr. Farnocchia. There is a certain sense of satisfaction to see it removed from the list of risks. We are looking forward to knowledge that we can explore in its up-close by 2029 ”.

The entire NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in the state of California burst out loud, clapping. After more than 10 days of delay, the Ingenuity helicopter weighing only 1.8 kg, worth $ 85 million of NASA, took off successfully on Mars. This victory is likened to NASA as the living moment of the Wright brothers (USA) who successfully made the first flight on Earth in 1903. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) tweeted immediately after Ingenuity’s success: “Perseverance has brought us to Mars. And Ingenuity takes us higher.” “. NASA’s Mission Control Room at (JPL) received a 14-minute delay in success signal because of a distance of 289 million kilometers from Mars. Photo: NASA The moment in which the Mission Control room was delighted to hear that Ingenuity had successfully flown on Mars. Photo: Reuters “Now, 118 years after the Wright brothers successfully made the first flight on our planet in the 20th century, the Ingenuity helicopter has succeeded in performing this amazing feat in the world. another – the Red Planet – in the 21st century “- NASA Deputy Science Director Thomas Zurbuchen said. At a distance of 289 million km (from Earth to Mars), the Ingenuity Mars helicopter has done a miracle, unprecedented in history: Automatically refuel from the Sun, automatically fly to a maximum prescribed height of 3 meters and maintain that altitude stable for 30 seconds, then a gentle landing on the surface of the Red Planet. The whole process took 39.1 seconds. 39.1 seconds is only two-thirds of the time of a minute. The time is extremely short but is a wonderful fruit for the efforts of thousands of minds to contribute to Mars Mission 2020 of NASA. It took NASA nearly a decade to prepare for this feat. SURVIVAL WITH SUCKS Dr. Daniel Brown, an astronomy expert at Nottingham Trent University (UK), described sending something flying to Mars as a ‘staggering feat’. The biggest challenge of the Ingenuity engineering team is the flying environment on Mars: – First money. So far, no one (human) has set foot on Mars. All scientists know is simulate that environment through data and images transmitted by NASA’s self-propelled explorer ship back to Earth. – Second, the Mars environment is known for its harshness: The difference in temperature between day and night can “kill” human machines, in particular, Ingenuity helicopters are too small, too light (this is required technical conditions for test flight). Not to mention, the Red Planet does not have a magnetic field, the gravity one third that of Earth; and the atmosphere is extremely thin, only 1% of the pressure on the surface of our planet. Basic construction of the Mars Ingenuity helicopter. Photo of Vietnameseization: Trang Ly / Trang Dinh [Đọc thêm về cấu tạo của trực thăng Ingenuity: ‘Mổ xẻ’ trực thăng 85 triệu USD đang ‘sống tốt’ trên sao Hỏa: Sáng tạo khoa học táo bạo bậc nhất của Mỹ!] This means that in order to fly, the helicopter must be super light and turn its wings extremely fast to gain lift. Therefore, the blades of Ingenuity reach 2,500 rpm. Each propeller on the Ingenuity is made of a 57-gram composite material that powers a chopper body the size of a tissue box! OPEN THE WAY TO DISCOVER THE NEW SKY To further mark the link between the Martian Ingenuity helicopter and the Wright brothers ‘maiden flight, NASA confirmed it had named the first Mars airport (where the Ingenuity helicopter took off) as’ Wright Brothers. Field ‘. “We don’t know exactly where Ingenuity will lead us, but today’s results show that the sky – at least on Mars – may not be the limit,” said NASA Administrator Steve Jurczyk. . Just as the Wright Brothers’ flight ushered in human exploration of the sky on Earth, Ingenuity’s mission has sparked a new wave of exciting projects, poised to take the discovery of distant world to a new level. In 2027, NASA plans to launch Dragonfly mission his highly anticipated, in which a helicopter will fly over the sky of Saturn’s moon Titan. Other missions to explore distant atmospheres – such as Venus’s cloud survey mission – may soon emerge. THE MISSION OF INGENUITY NOT STOP HERE … The NASA team plans to have Ingenuity more test flights in the next few days, with up to five bolder flights over the next 30 days assuming each is successful. NASA’s Ingenuity Mars helicopter captured this scene as it hovered over the Martian surface on April 19, 2021, during its first controlled, powered flight. another planet. It uses the navigation camera, which automatically tracks the ground during flight. Source: NASA / JPL-Caltech After its first flight, the Ingenuity helicopter sent the Mars Perseverance self-propelled explorer technical data on what it had done, including a single black-and-white photo from a ground-facing camera and information. that was transmitted back to Earth. The Ingenuity helicopter that was traveling to Mars, attached to the underside of Perseverance, touched down on February 18, 2021 as part of a mission to look for signs of extraterrestrial life. Refer: NASA, Popularmechanics, DM