The Arctic ice is melting fast. Arctic – the “unusual” ocean The trial was carried out with funding from the Office of Naval Research. Scientists have described the underwater “hydrogen bomb” as one of the mechanisms that arise due to global warming. This is the factor that is changing the nature of the Arctic Ocean faster than almost anywhere else on Earth. It is also evidence that the Arctic sea ice – a source of global climate stability, can disappear more during the year. “The rate at which ice melt in the Arctic is increasing is difficult to predict with precision. This is partly due to all the complex local feedbacks between the ice, the ocean and the atmosphere. This work shows a huge role for warm water from the ocean,” said Jennifer MacKinnon, a scientist, physical oceanographer at Scripps and lead author of the study. The study was published in the journal Nature Communications. Meanwhile, Dr Yueng-Djern Lenn, a physical oceanographer at Bangor University’s School of Ocean Sciences, said: “It has been a privilege for us to collaborate with our American colleagues. Thanks to that, we were able to make biochemical measurements in this field experiment.” According to this expert, the nutrients and isotope data they collect are extremely useful for tracing the origin of the melting ice. It also allows scientists to explore the impact of fluid dynamics on deep nutrient delivery for phytoplankton from shelf seas into the Beaufort Sea basin. The Arctic is an unusual ocean in that it is stratified into layers according to salinity rather than temperature. Most of the world’s oceans have warmer and lighter water near the surface. Meanwhile, the water will be cold, denser underneath. However, in the Arctic there is a cold and clear surface layer, influenced by currents and rapidly melting ice. Warm, relatively salty water enters from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait and then into Barrow Canyon off the northern coast of Alaska. They act as a nozzle when water flows through a narrow passage. Because the water is saltier, it is thick enough to “submerge” or submerge below the arctic surface. This movement creates very warm standing bodies of water hidden beneath the surface of the water. The number of these warm subsurface pools of water has increased over the past decade, the scientists found. These pools of standing water known as “fusion bombs” are only stable enough to last for months or years. They lie beneath the main ice near the North Pole. These standing waters then destabilize the ice, as their heat gradually and steadily diffuses upward to melt the ice. Researchers deploy Fast CTD.u A detailed look at the process The process of warm water sinking has not yet been observed and understood. Without a clear understanding of this process, climate scientists cannot include that important impact in predictive models. The study suggests that warm water flows from the Pacific Ocean have increased over the past decade. This is seen as additional evidence that Arctic sea ice, a source of global climate stability, can disappear for a large part of the year. During a 2018 expedition funded by the US Office of Naval Research, scientists spotted one of these dramatic events for the first time. The team used a combination of new oceanographic instruments developed by the Multilayer Ocean Dynamics group at Scripps. The satellite observations were analyzed by researchers at the University of Miami. The data profile is prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Meanwhile, biological samples were collected by British and German scientists working on a project called “Changing the Arctic Ocean”. In addition, many scientists at several other institutions were responsible for detailed data analysis. “The team’s success highlights new perspectives we can see about the natural world when we see it in new ways,” said Scripps oceanographer Matthew Alford. A detailed look at the complex processes that regulate heat transport in the Arctic would not be possible without multiple sets of equipment, he said. These include remote sensing, as well as an automatic profiling machine developed at Scripps. Tools from the Scripps Multiscale Ocean Dynamics team include a customized “Fast CTD” sensor. As a result, quick configurations are created from the ship. In addition, an automatic “Wirewalker” uses energy from ocean waves to drive configuration measurements. These tools allow scientists to obtain high-resolution images of the ocean’s complex processes. From there, get a better understanding of how they work in detail. This work also highlights the importance of collaboration among many institutions, between several US funding agencies, and international partners. Collaborative work with scientists in the UK and Germany shows that warm water below the ocean’s surface also carries unique biochemical properties into the Arctic. This combination of organisms and chemicals is thought to have important implications for the changing arctic ecosystems.

1. Where is the latest named ocean? Icon Atlantic Icon Indian Ocean Icon southern Ocean The correct answer is answer C: The Southern Ocean is the newest ocean to be named. Previously, the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans were considered to extend as far as Antarctica, the name Southern Ocean did not exist. According to the National Ocean Service. The Southern Ocean is recognized by the US Organization of the US Board on Geographic Names as the water stretching from the Antarctic coast to the 60 degree south latitude line. The boundary of this ocean was proposed to the International Hydrological Organization (IHO) in 2000. This ocean name is widely recognized, however some organizations disagree. The Southern Ocean is 20.3 million square kilometers wide, equivalent to the area of ​​Russia and India combined. Coast stretches for nearly 18,000 km. The average depth is 4,000 – 5,000 m. The deepest point is in the South Sandwich Trench with a depth of 7,236 m. 2. Which ocean is the largest and the deepest? Icon Indian Ocean Icon Pacific Icon Atlantic The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean on Earth. With an area of ​​165.25 million km2, this ocean accounts for one third of the total surface area of ​​the globe. All the land on Earth combined (about 150 million square kilometers) still cannot cover the surface of this ocean. The Pacific Ocean stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Antarctic continent in the south. The widest east-west width is 19,800 km, separating Asia, Oceania from the Americas. The Pacific Ocean has an average depth of 4,280 m. The deepest point of the ocean lies in the Mariana Trench, 10,911 m deep. This is also the deepest point of the Earth’s crust, 13 times the height of the Burj Khalifa – the tallest building in the world in Dubai. If Everest could be placed on the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the world’s highest mountain would still lie underneath the Pacific Ocean. 3. Which ocean is the smallest? Icon southern Ocean Icon Atlantic Icon Arctic Ocean The correct answer is answer C: According to the National Ocean Service, the Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean on Earth with an area of ​​nearly 14.1 million square kilometers. Even the smallest, it is still nearly 1.5 times larger than the US. The Arctic Ocean borders the United States (the Alaska region), Russia, Canada, Norway and Denmark (the Greenland region). The average depth of this ocean is about 1,205 m, the deepest point is 5,567 m. The Arctic Ocean is almost completely covered by ice most of the year. However, this ocean is not barren. When the ice melts, organisms and nutrients are released into the water. This promotes the growth of algae under the ice. These algae provide food for small organisms, zooplankton, and are a source of food for fish, squid, seals and whales. Some of these larger creatures become prey to polar bears. When the organisms under the ice die, they sink to the ocean floor and feed sponges, anemones and other bottom organisms. 4. Is the Atlantic Ocean larger than the Indian Ocean, right or wrong? Icon It’s correct Icon Wrong The correct answer is answer A: Kindy Data already has a comparison showing that the Atlantic Ocean has an area larger than the Indian Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean is 106.5 million square kilometers wide, covering 20.8 percent of the Earth’s total surface. The average depth is 3,646 m. The deepest point is in the Puerto Rico Trench, at 8,486 m deep. It is surrounded by America to the west, Europe and Africa to the east. The width from east to west is about 9,600 km. Meanwhile, the Indian Ocean is 70.56 million square kilometers wide, covering 13.8 percent of the Earth’s surface. The average depth is 3,963 m. The deepest place is Diamantina trench, 8047 m deep. To the north, this ocean is limited by peninsulas India, Pakistan and Iran, east by Southeast Asia (namely Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia) and Oceania, to the west by Arab and African islands. The Indian Ocean opens in the south and is bordered by the Southern Ice Ocean. 5. How many tons of gold does the world’s oceans contain? Icon 10 million Icon 20 million Icon 30 millions The correct answer is answer B: Experts estimate that about 20 million tons of gold are still in the ocean. Experts confirm that 1 ton of ocean ore contains about 13 grams of gold, while on land, only 3 to 7 grams of gold per ton of ore. 6. In which sea area is volcanic activity concentrated? Icon South Pacific Icon Indian Ocean Icon Atlantic The correct answer is Answer A: 90% of all volcanic activity on earth is concentrated in the ocean with the largest concentration in the South Pacific. 7. What is the freezing temperature of the oceans about Celsius? Icon -10 degrees C Icon -5 ° C Icon -1.8 degrees C The correct answer is Answer C: Seawater freezes around −1.8 ° C (28.8 ° F). When the temperature of the water drops low enough, ice crystals form on the surface. 8. Which ocean contains the highest salt content in the world? Icon Pacific Icon Atlantic Icon Indian Ocean The correct answer is answer B: Which ocean is the most salty in the world? that is the Atlantic Ocean. In this barn, the average salinity is about 37.9 o / oo. In the Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic Ocean is the region with the greatest salinity. The reason is that the temperature here is quite high and located far from the mainland, so it does not receive water from rivers and streams. The lightest seawater belongs to the Arctic and Antarctic regions. This is understandable, these are 2 areas with low temperature and continuous rainfall and ice melting. Result Please work harder! point