Book of Napoleon Bonaparte published by Literature and Dong A Publishing House. Photo: D. A. Genius or sinner? Historian Adam Zamoyski tore the veil of anecdotal covering the character’s life, explaining Napoleon based on the context of the European Enlightenment. His book has just been published in Vietnamese with the name Napoleon Bonaparte , translated by translator Nguyen Qui Hien. The 916-page book of 44 chapters, builds on the biography of Napoleon Bonaparte from his birth on the island of Corsica, his way to advancement, to his death on the island of Saint Helena. The author spends a large amount of time researching about the years that formed the person of Napoleon, to explain a person that is still controversial. The author also focuses on writing about the first Italian campaign (1796-1797), which showed how Napoleon was superior to his opponents and colleagues. The Russia campaign is seen by the author as “the key to Napoleon’s decline, and shows how his confusions led to political suicide”. Adam Zamoyski was soon exposed to contrasting, anecdotes about Napoleon: A divine genius, an embodiment of romantic ideals, a vicious demon, or just a dictator. ugly small stature. Historical studies cause Adam Zamoyski to disagree with any of them. In Preface In the book, the author stated the purpose of the research: “This book is not to justify or condemn, but to rearrange the pieces of the human life born under the name of Napoleone Bonaparte, and to consider how Why did he become ‘Napoléon’ and gain all the achievements he had, and why did he lose all this fortune.” With the view that Napoleon was a genius, Adam Zamoyski said that he did not see this character as having anything superhuman, but had many extraordinary qualities. Napoleon was still an ordinary man in many respects, “despite having achieved countless glory, personally led the most disastrous battle in military history (a disaster of his own making), and himself single-handedly destroy the great fortune that I, along with many others, have worked so hard to build.” Historian Adam Zamoyski rates Napoleon as an excellent tactician; but he was not a strategist, so at the end of his life he met a tragic end. With the view that Napoleon is “a bloodthirsty demon of war”, the author rejects when placing the character in a historical context. According to the author, Napoleon’s motives and ambitions were similar to those of his contemporaries such as Tsar Alexander I, Duke of Wellington, Earl Blucher… Before the rise of Napoleon, a hegemonic dispute broke out. Britain occupied Canada, a large part of India; Austria won many provinces in Italy; Poland and Prussia increased in size… But the leaders were not criticized for being bloodthirsty for war. The book is considered a true biography of Napoleon. Photo: D. A. Put the character in historical context Writing a biography, the author puts Napoleon in historical context, ignoring accepted opinions and prejudices. To do this, the author has focused on many sources that he considers reliable. He consults a large number of documents in government archives, national libraries of many countries, to books, newspapers in circulation, and the research of previous historians. The author also studies the memoirs of related people such as Bourrienne, Fouché, Barras… with caution. He said that these characters originally wrote memoirs mainly to justify themselves or to build their own image. The book has received positive feedback from researchers and the press. The Times “This is perhaps one of the most honest biographies of Napoleon,” he wrote. In addition to footer and Bibliography presented according to the original book, the Vietnamese version is supplemented with the Vietnamese Index system. This helps readers to look up more historical sources that the author has consulted when writing the book, creating a convenient and scientific experience. Vietnamese edition of Napoleon Bonaparte There are also illustrations from the book Histoire de l’Empereur Napoleon , by Laurent de l’Ardèche, by painter Horace Vernet. The appendix of the book is 36 images of Napoleon’s life through paintings by contemporary artists. These are portraits of Napoleon, portraits of his relatives, related figures, places, events (such as the Tuileries Palace, the Arc de Triomphe Carrousel, the coronation of Napoleon)… Author Adam Zamoyski (1949) is a British historical researcher. He can speak five languages ​​English, Polish, French, Italian, Russian. He is currently teaching in the UK, USA and Europe. Adam Zamoyski wrote many books on Polish and European history. He is the author of three works on Napoleon: Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon: A Life) ), Moscow 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March on Moscow (1812 – Napoleon’s deadly campaign in Moscow), Rites of Peace, The Fall of Napoleon & the Congress of Vienna (Peace Rite – The Fall of Napoleon and the Conference of Vienna).

The legendary helmet of Emperor Napoleon. In Belgium, an exhibition with the theme “From Waterloo to Saint-Hélène, the birth of a legend” is taking place at the 1815 Battle of Waterloo Memorial, depicting the six years of captivity of the Napoleon after his bitter defeat at Waterloo. On May 5, 1821, ailing Napoleon died after being imprisoned on the island of Saint-Hélène (Longwood), a British overseas territory, for six years. He was only 51 years old then. According to the Vietnam News Agency correspondent in Brussels, the 1815 Battle of Waterloo Memorial has chosen to commemorate this milestone with a special exhibition in which hundreds of objects have been collected recalling Napoleon’s years in captivity. moments of memory. Cared for by 20 men from his bodyguard, Napoleon took advantage of these years to write memoirs and record his legend in notebooks filled with historical facts. To evoke this period from 1815 to 1821, about 50 objects, original pieces, maps, manuscripts… were brought from Sainte-Hélène by organizations, where the French preserved them immeasurably. treasured, like preserving places once occupied by the defeated Emperor. The remaining half of the objects come from private collections, especially Belgian collections. Antoine Charpagne, curator of the exhibition, said: “Introducing Napoleon’s daily life in Longwood was not as easy as imagined, we have assembled objects such as the bathtub in which Napoleon spent at least an hour and a half. every day, clothes, personal belongings, or one of the Emperor’s three helmets, are all original objects.” The bronze bath that Emperor Napoleon used while imprisoned on the island of Saint-Hélène. According to him, “it must be understood that Napoleon was imprisoned on an island 2,500 km off the coast of Africa – the nearest place, 2,500 km and constantly followed by 600 guns, because the British feared someone would come to take him. Let’s go. The climate here is very humid and windy. The house is destroyed by rats…”. Mr. Charpagne emphasized: “The exhibition allows the public to understand why Napoleon is important, even in the midst of the debates that still stir European society. It embodies a moment of change in the midst of the old regime that has never been so important. we know the past and the contemporary world”. The first part of the exhibition takes visitors from the battlefields of Waterloo to the road of exile with various items belonging to Napoleon, such as the bivalves with a collar worn by Napoleon in 1815, or belts, ornaments, manuscript signed by the Emperor. These objects have a special quality that enhances the value of the exhibit. Lion’s Hill, mark of Napoleon’s last battle at Waterloo, Belgium. The exhibition also introduces the public to the daily life of a captive on the island in the middle of the vast ocean. To escape his melancholy, Napoleon devoted all his energy to gardening and allowed himself to go for a few walks each day. Even far from the golden palaces, the defeated Emperor still managed to maintain a certain court ritual. Visitors see some everyday items of the Emperor such as a costume, a pot, a coffee machine. The exhibition evokes memories of Napoleon and the mark he left on history, even to this day. Napoleon was the creator of the Civil Code. “We also have to thank this Emperor for applying units of measurement, such as liters, kilograms, driving on the right, even and odd numbering of houses. Familiar elements in their daily lives. us now,” said Charpagne. When Napoleon died, this martyred Emperor immediately ignited the romantic spirit of the politicians and artists of the time. In 1840, his ashes were brought back to France on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, where more than 2 million people attended the procession. The exhibition is expected to be open until October 17 this year.

The Hebrew edition, published in 1988 with a run of 5,000 copies, quickly sold out and has not yet been reprinted. Jack Joseph Nicholson owns the cinematic rights to the book – which reads like one is mesmerized by the 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, directed by Milo Forman, based on the 1975 film. novel of the same name by the late writer Ken Kesey. While the book was a bestseller, academia still mocked the “poisoned” theory. Historians believe that Napoleon Bonaparte died on 5/5/1821 of stomach cancer, hepatitis or syphilis. However, Swedish dentist and amateur toxicologist Sten Forshufvud came up with his theory in 1961 – two years before US President John Kennedy was assassinated and four decades before 9/11. 2001 – by which time mythical conspiracy theories became the norm. French Emperor Napoleon dominated most of Europe for more than a decade, leading France against a series of alliances; Source: wikipedia.org. The Weider-Hapgood-Forshufvud conjecture is based on Forshufvud’s analysis of Napoleon’s five hairs. The results of the laboratory analysis showed that the toxic level of arsenic (a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number33) ranged from normal to 38 times the average level. This clearly demonstrates that Napoleon was administered small amounts of Arsenic in different concentrations at different times during the 5 years before his death. It was Napoleon who raised suspicions, when he wrote in his will just three weeks before his death at the age of 51, “I was stillborn, murdered by the English butcher and assassinated”. The murder theory has gained traction over time, supported by advances in forensic science. Weider – a supporter of Napoleon’s thinking – in 1995, published after the first book with an extensive study on the same topic “The assassination of St. Helena rad review” (“Assassination at St. Helena Revisited”), which he and Forshufvud co-authored. While the two books have many fascinating details about Napoleon’s tragic final years, the central question remains – was the old Emperor murdered? The 200th anniversary of Napoleon’s death (1769-1821) – aka assassination – on May 5, the life and death of the puzzling man born on the island of Corsica into an Italian family of aristocratic descent This controversial detail is being reviewed. In contrast to history, in October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote British island of Saint Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean 1,776 km off the coast of West Africa, and died there in 1821. Napoleon had previously been imprisoned. deported to a place of youth exile on the Italian island of Elba, but escaped from prison, regrouped the Great Army la Grande Armée, and attempted to conquer Europe once more, but in the end, defeated by British and Prussian forces at Waterloo in 1812. Napoleon was, Weider argued, incapacitated on the outskirts of Brussels by his trusted aide General Charles Tristan, Marquis de Montholon (1783-1853). While ostensibly a loyal officer who followed Napoleon into exile in St. Helena, believed to be actually a spy who served as a bartender and manager of Napoleon’s liquor, put small amounts of arsenic in his favorite drink. The poison made Napoleon very sick, comatose and unable to think clearly. Over the years, little by little, poison accumulated and destroyed Napoleon’s stomach and digestive system. While the syrup, a standard ingredient in Mai Tai and many cocktails today, is made from sweet almonds, the fruit from bitter almonds can be toxic. While the wine Napoleon drank was produced in Domaine de Groot Constantia, present-day South Africa, Vader and his associates suspected that the marquis had forged antique wine before serving the former Emperor. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon tried to quench his unusual thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup containing cyanide compounds in almonds used for flavoring. They asserted that the potassium tartrate used during Napoleon’s treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds, and that thirst was a symptom of intoxication. Their theory was that the calomel given to Napoleon became a drug overdose, killing him and causing extensive tissue damage. They had good reason to suspect the nobleman in the murder. While the Marquis de Montholon’s military service provided cover for him to follow Napoleon in the Emperor’s final exile, a thorough examination of his military record revealed some deception. Montholon claims to have been presented with an honorary sword from Napoleon during his victory at the Battle of Hohenlinden, 33 km east of Munich on December 3, 1800. In fact, the marquis did not participate in the campaign, as at the time, was facing expulsion from the army for corruption. Montholon was re-enlisted thanks to influential friends and family. Napoleon Bonaparte’s career and private life are still controversial; Source: wikipedia.org. Nine years later, at the Battle of Jena, Montholon claimed to be wounded. But his commanding officer insisted in a later affidavit that the incident did not happen. And then during Napoleon’s first exile in 1814, Montholon lost his mission to the Royalists after only seven days, after being accused of pocketing money to pay the army in Clermont-Ferrand. Although Montholon was an immoral character and while the arsenic in Napoleon’s hair may seem questionable, it should be noted that the poison was in common use in the 19th century for a variety of purposes. With France and Britain unable to agree on a procedure for burying Napoleon in France, his body was initially interred in St. Helena, after an inconclusive autopsy. In 1840, the British government authorized the return of Napoleon’s remains to France for burial at the newly built Dome des Invalides. His coffin was opened to confirm that it still contained the former emperor. Although nearly two decades dead, Napoleon’s body is still very well preserved and has not decomposed. There may also be a scientific explanation for Napoleon’s well-preserved body condition that may have supported the poisoning hypothesis. Arsenic is famous for keeping a corpse in good condition. However, Napoleon was buried in four sealed coffins. Another explanation is that saponification (whereby meat is converted to fat) is caused by the absence of oxygen. In a 1993 interview with The Jerusalem Report, Weider dismissed the story that Napoleon suffered one last humiliation apart from losing the battle at Waterloo. According to some documents, shortly after his death, an autopsy was carried out and Francesco Antommarchi, the doctor who conducted the autopsy, removed several parts of Napoleon’s body, including his penis. Weider denied that Napoleon had lost his “weapon”, explaining that the autopsy was carried out under military protection. No one reported that any body parts were missing. However, Dr. John K. Lattimer – a urologist – purchased the purpose amputation appendage from a collector in 1977 for $3,000. It is now owned by his daughter, who has been offered to sell for more than 30 times the original purchase price. The cause of Napoleon’s death is not known with certainty. And unless the DNA is compared between Dr. Lattimer’s gruesome souvenir and the body at Les Invalides, the question will remain unanswered as to whether Napoleon’s “legacy” was “pure gold” or “wood”.

The Hebrew edition, published in 1988 with a run of 5,000 copies, quickly sold out and has not yet been reprinted. Jack Joseph Nicholson owns the film rights to the book – which reads as if one is mesmerized by Miloš Forman’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, produced in 1975 is based on the novel of the same name by the late writer Ken Kesey. While the book was a bestseller, academia still mocked the “poisoned” theory. Historians believe that Napoleon Bonaparte died on 5/5/1821 of stomach cancer, hepatitis or syphilis. However, Swedish dentist and amateur toxicologist Sten Forshufvud came up with his theory in 1961 – two years before US President John Kennedy was assassinated and four decades before 9/11. 2001 – by which time mythical conspiracy theories became the norm. French Emperor Napoleon dominated most of Europe for more than a decade, leading France against a series of alliances; Source: wikipedia.org The Weider-Hapgood-Forshufvud conjecture is based on Forshufvud’s analysis of Napoleon’s five hairs. The results of the laboratory’s analysis showed that arsenic levels (a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33) ranged from normal to 38 times the average level. This clearly demonstrates that Napoleon was administered small amounts of Arsenic in different concentrations at different times during the 5 years before his death. It was Napoleon who raised suspicions, when he wrote in his will just three weeks before his death at the age of 51, “I was stillborn, murdered by the English butcher, and assassinated”. The murder theory has gained traction over time, supported by advances in forensic science. Weider – a supporter of Napoleon’s thinking – in 1995, published after the first book with an extensive study on the same topic “The assassination of St. Helena rad review” (“Assassination at St. Helena Revisited”), which he and Forshufvud co-authored. While the two books have many fascinating details about Napoleon’s tragic final years, the central question remains – was the former Emperor murdered? The 200th anniversary of Napoleon’s death (1769-1821) – aka the assassination – on May 5, the puzzling life and death of the man born on the island of Corsica into an Italian family with a strong lineage. This controversial aristocratic track is being reviewed. In contrast to history, in October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote British island of Saint Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean 1,776 km off the coast of West Africa, and died there in 1821. Napoleon had previously been imprisoned. deported to a place of youth exile on the Italian island of Elba, but escaped from prison, regrouped the Great Army la Grande Armée, and attempted to conquer Europe once more, but in the end, defeated by British and Prussian forces at Waterloo in 1812. Weider argued that Napoleon was incapacitated on the outskirts of Brussels by his trusted aide, General Charles Tristan, Marquis de Montholon (1783-1853). While ostensibly a loyal officer who followed Napoleon into exile in St. Helena, believed to be actually a spy who served as a bartender and manager of Napoleon’s liquor, put a small amount of arsenic in his favorite drink. The poison made Napoleon very sick, comatose and unable to think clearly. Over the years, little by little, poison accumulated and destroyed Napoleon’s stomach and digestive system. While the syrup, a standard ingredient in Mai Tai and many cocktails today, is made from sweet almonds, the fruit from bitter almonds can be toxic. While the wine that Napoleon drank was produced in present-day Domaine de Groot Constantia, South Africa, Vader and his associates suspected that the marquis had forged antique wine before serving the former Emperor. As Forshufvud and Weider observed, Napoleon attempted to quench his unusual thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup containing cyanide compounds in almonds used for flavoring. They asserted that the potassium tartrate used during Napoleon’s treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds, and that thirst was a symptom of intoxication. Their theory was that the calomel given to Napoleon became a drug overdose, killing him and causing extensive tissue damage. They had compelling reasons to suspect the nobleman in the murder. While the Marquis de Montholon’s military service provided cover for him to follow Napoleon in the Emperor’s final exile, a thorough examination of his military records revealed some deception. Montholon claims to have been presented with an honorary sword from Napoleon during his victory at the Battle of Hohenlinden, 33 km east of Munich on December 3, 1800. In fact, the marquis did not participate in the campaign, as at the time, was facing expulsion from the army for corruption. Montholon was re-enlisted thanks to influential friends and family. Napoleon Bonaparte’s career and private life are still controversial; Source: wikipedia.org Nine years later, at the Battle of Jena, Montholon claimed to be wounded. But his commanding officer insisted in a later affidavit that the incident did not happen. And then during Napoleon’s first exile in 1814, Montholon lost his mission to the Royalists after only seven days, after being accused of pocketing money to pay the army in Clermont-Ferrand. Although Montholon was an immoral character, and while the arsenic in Napoleon’s hair may seem questionable, it should be noted that the poison was commonly used in the 19th century for a variety of purposes. With France and Britain unable to agree on a procedure for burying Napoleon in France, his body was initially interred in St. Helena, after an inconclusive autopsy. In 1840, the British government authorized the return of Napoleon’s remains to France for burial at the newly built Dome des Invalides. His coffin was opened to confirm that it still contained the former emperor. Although nearly two decades dead, Napoleon’s body is still very well preserved and has not decomposed. There may also be a scientific explanation for Napoleon’s well-preserved body condition that may have supported the poisoning hypothesis. Arsenic is famous for keeping a corpse in good condition. However, Napoleon was buried in four sealed coffins. Another explanation is that saponification (whereby meat is converted to fat) is caused by the absence of oxygen. In a 1993 interview with The Jerusalem Report, Weider refuted the story that Napoleon suffered one last humiliation apart from the humiliation of losing the battle at Waterloo. According to some accounts, shortly after his death, an autopsy was conducted and Francesco Antommarchi, the doctor conducting the autopsy, removed several parts of Napoleon’s body, including his penis. Weider denied that Napoleon had lost his “weapon”, explaining that the autopsy was carried out under military protection. No one reported that any body parts were missing. However, Dr. John K. Lattimer – a urologist – purchased the purpose amputation appendage from a collector in 1977 for $3,000. It is now owned by his daughter, who has been offered to sell for more than 30 times the original purchase price. The cause of Napoleon’s death is not known with certainty. And unless the DNA is compared between Dr. Lattimer’s gruesome souvenir and the body at Les Invalides, the question will remain unanswered as to whether Napoleon’s “legacy” was “gold” or “wood”./ .

This week, Osenat will auction more than 360 objects once owned by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte at an event in Fontainebleau, near Paris. The auction was held on May 5, on the 200th anniversary of the death of Emperor Napoleon. Pictured, bronze statue of Napoleon at Osenat’s auction booth. Emperor Napoleon died on 5/5/1821 at the age of 51, on the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, then occupied by British Empire troops. Napoleon was exiled to the island after his defeat at the historic Battle of Waterloo in 1815. He died 6 years after being brought to the island. In the photo, the sled belongs to Emperor Napoleon and Empress Josephine. The watch belongs to the Emperor Napoleon with the letter “N” decorated on the outside, around the mother of pearl bezel. Many of the relics sold at the May 5 auction were brought back to the mainland from Longwood House, Emperor Napoleon’s last residence on the island of Saint Helena. This house was once gloomy, rotten and rat-infested, but has now become a tourist attraction. In the photo, a necklace made of Napoleon’s hair and gold thread. Photo: AFP. The plate was once used by Emperor Napoleon for dinner. Photo: AFP. In the auctioned collection there are strange relics such as a necklace made from Napoleon’s hair or a cloth stained with the blood of the French emperor, brought to the mainland by Marquis Charles Tristan – Napoleon’s loyal bodyguard. Saint Helena Island. “In this bloodstain, we have the DNA of the French emperor. Nothing can be so real,” said an employee of Osenat. Photo: AFP. “Napoleon owns a very large number of shirts. He is obsessed with cleanliness to the point of exaggeration. He showers 3-4 times a day, uses 20-30 liters of perfume a month, and always changes his shirt.” Osenat staff said. In the photo, the shirt was once worn by Emperor Napoleon. Photo: AFP. The auctioned collection also includes a dinner plate, a drinking crystal and a variety of clothing that once belonged to Emperor Napoleon. Pictured is a letter signed by Napoleon himself. Photo: AFP. In 2014, a collection of more than 1,000 items that once belonged to Emperor Napoleon was also auctioned in Paris. Photo: AFP.

A fresh batch of baguettes From the countryside to the city, the long bread made by hand is a familiar image in the daily life of the French people. The baguette has also been a creative inspiration for many artists and has gone into many works of art. From a foreign perspective, when it comes to France, in terms of cuisine, the baguette is probably one of the most intimate and simple symbols, next to countless types of wine, champagne or cheese. So when did baguettes in France come from? According to historian Steven Kaplan, up to now, in France, there are usually three anecdotes about the origin of baguette bread. It is said by many that the long bread was invented by the bakers of Emperor Napoleon in the early 19th century. Lighter and less bulky than the earlier round loaf, the long loaves were easily carried by soldiers. people. In another anecdote, baguettes originated in Austria and were brought to France by a Viennese baker named August Zang in 1839, and were originally sold in Paris as ovals. And finally, the baguette was invented on the Paris subway site in the 1900s, a time when workers from all over France flocked here, and there were often fights between Brittany and regional workers. Auvergne. To prevent workers from stabbing each other with knives, contractors are said to have asked bakers to make loaves of bread that are easy to break by hand rather than using a knife. However, those are just oral anecdotes. Historian Steven Kaplan asserts that the traditional baguette originated in the 20th century, stemming from a change in the dietary needs of urban people. The affluent class living in urban areas wanted to eat fresh bread many times a day, while the big, round breads weighing 1.2-2kg at that time were too big, they had to eat a few meals to finish. Moreover, people also prefer to eat the crust rather than the inside. For centuries before that, bread was made with sourdough, obtained by the natural fermentation of bacteria found in wheat. For the workers, the process of making cakes is very hard work. Steven Kaplan recounted, the baker at that time was likened to a “white miner”, working all night. Many consider it inhumane to let bakers work in such conditions, leading to a movement to find ways to reduce their hardship. By 1919, France had a law banning bakers from working at night. Therefore, the craftsmen have come up with a simpler way to make bread and shape the long, thin baguette to bake the cake faster. And so the baguette was born. According to the National Federation of French Bakery and Pastry Shops, 32,000 artisan bakeries with 180,000 employees earn about 11 billion EUR/year in revenue. However, the French Ministry of Culture said that the number of bakeries has dropped sharply in the past five decades due to competition from supermarkets with industrial, frozen bread. Many people hope that the French Ministry of Culture’s selection of baguettes to submit to UNESCO for nominations for the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity will contribute to preserving France’s artisanal bread production from the competition of the industrial production methods.

The flawlessly beautiful jewelry set is being sold individually at Christie’s, with an initial estimate of 10,000-250,000 francs ($11,000-$275,430) each. Among these, the standout necklace and crown set with sapphires were quarried from gem mines in the Ceylon area, now Sri Lanka. Beautiful flawless diamond and sapphire jewelry set. Photo: Christie’s Notably, part of the Christie’s home auction this time is a sapphire and diamond tiara that once belonged to Queen Maria II of Portugal from the 19th century, which sold for the actual price of Rs. 1.77 million francs. While the 100.94 carat rectangular cut diamond in color D, is sold for a hefty price of 12.84 million francs. The sale ended, bringing in revenue that far exceeded the original estimate. Beautiful brooch of Emperor Napoleon’s adopted daughter. Photo: Christie’s Christie’s auction house representative – Code Fawcett said: “Today’s auction brought in 57.75 million Francs, equivalent to 64 million USD. This is quite a large revenue. This year will be a boom year, there will be More demand than last year and I believe this will be a good start to a great auction season. We look forward to many more spectacular auctions.” Christie’s’ latest auction comes shortly after another auction organized by the same auction house, selling memorabilia related to Emperor Napoleon on the 200th anniversary of his death.

With glorious victories, Napoleon dominated nearly all of Europe for more than a decade, but ended up in sickness. Photo: Wikimedia Commons The most famous general and former Emperor in French history died on May 5, 1821 on the remote island of Saint Helena in the middle of the Atlantic, where he had to live in exile for six years after his surrender. British army. Although the autopsy results suggested that the cause of his death was stomach cancer, many conspiracy theories have emerged: from Napoleon being poisoned at the hands of his captors, or the wallpaper. in his house was soaked with arsenic. One rumor even claims that the remains of the emperor currently housed at the tomb in Paris are faked, as Napoleon fled to America. Recently, biomedical scientist Parvez Haris, of De Montfort University in Leicester (UK) has a new theory: Napoleon was poisoned by his favorite aromatic oils. Military genius has gone through many years of using perfume bluff, even a few bottles a day. 1826 painting by French painter Émile Jean-Horace Vernet depicts Napoleon on the hospital bed. Previous studies from the US have shown that essential oils can act as “endocrine disruptors”, affecting hormones, leading to growth disorders and tumors. According to Professor Haris, overexposure to these essential oils explains a lot about Napoleon’s declining health in the last years of his life, including his deadly stomach cancer. Victims of essential oils Napoleon not only was exposed to excessive amounts of essential oils through the use of Eau de Cologne (a low-essential perfume line), he also drank orange perfume regularly, and as a native of Corsica, he is fan of citrus fruits – all of which are high in essential oils. In 2017, a study by the New England Journal of Medicine concluded that abuse of tea tree and lavender essential oils could cause so-called gynecomastia in boys. This is a swelling in a man’s breast tissue, and according to some reports Napoleon may have had it as well. Painting Napoleon riding a horse across the Saint-Bernard Pass in the Alps in May 1800. The above documents also show that he may suffer from hairless body disorder, and often complain of being cold, having to heat up during the summer. Both of those signs were consistent with a disruption to his endocrine system. Napoleon also suffers from epilepsy, which recent research has also shown is linked to excessive essential oils exposure. “The investigators actually missed a big, obvious problem with Napoleon’s death,” explained Professor Haris. He said he was so sure of his findings that he could give evidence. “In any court of the world”. Antommarchi Antommarchi mask of Napoleon, at a museum in Paris. Photo: DM “Many people point out that Napoleon’s hair samples, taken while he were alive, have high levels of arsenic, but this theory has now been disproved. Most people in the Napoleonic period had high levels of arsenic in their bodies because arsenic was found in the medicines and cosmetics used at that time, ”said Professor Haris. Mr. Haris continued: ‘What they missed is the huge amount of perfume that Napoleon applied to his body every day. He lives surrounded by perfume, he even sprayed it directly on his face and eyes because it was mistaken for water “. Essential oil – a double-edged sword According to Professor Haris, Napoleon was a great advocate of perfumes, which had only been commercially produced since 1792. At that time, only very rich and powerful people could afford them. One theory is that Napoleon’s remains in the tomb in Paris (pictured) are fake and Napoleon escaped to America. According to Professor Haris, prolonged overexposure to essential oils explains Napoleon’s declining health in the last years of his life. Photo: DM Although Napoleon disliked doctors and avoided their medication, he was still convinced by the health benefits of perfumes. He is said to have once said that perfumes “are protection against many diseases. “So for at least 20 years, Napoleon bathed his body in perfume, he poured perfume down from his head, and in some cases he literally soaked in that water”, Giao Haris said. “He carries many bottles of perfume even during military campaigns. The data shows that Napoleon consumes 2-3 bottles of Eau de Cologne per day, while today, people use only 1 bottle for the whole year! ”. At one point, Napoleon’s perfumer Gervais Chardin ordered 50 bottles of Eau de Cologne water per month. An invoice in 1806 shows him supplying 162 bottles of perfumes for a total of 423 francs. It is thought that Eau de Cologne reminded the French Emperor at that time of his hometown, Corsica, because one of the main ingredients of the fragrance was rosemary, which grows between cliffs and Rock land on the Mediterranean island. Map of the island of St Helena, where Napoleon was exiled, in the Indian Ocean. For Napoleon, the Eau de Cologne is a double-edged sword. Perfumes mainly contain alcohol and therefore are capable of acting as an antiseptic. This could have saved his life by protecting him from deadly bacteria or viruses while participating in campaigns in different regions of Europe as well as Asia (Syria) and Africa (Egypt). . However, it eventually killed him for being overused for decades ”, Professor Haris concludes. “There is no doubt in my opinion that Eau de Cologne is the primary poison, although co-exposure to other chemicals, including arsenic, may have contributed to poor health. and eventually death from stomach cancer ”. According to many accounts, the last years of Napoleon’s life – after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo – were of little honor to the former emperor. The Longwood House on windy St Helena Road – where Napoleon was moved in exile – is said to have fallen into disrepair, damp and musty. The Duke of Wellington (riding forward) and Field Marshal Blucher commanded the Battle of Waterloo, defeating Napoleon’s army. Photo: DM Napoleon himself had repeatedly written letters complaining about his living conditions with St Helene Island Governor Hudson Lowe, when his servants complained of colds, wet floors and poor supplies. Lowe responded by restricting Napoleon’s spending and placing constraints on the gifts he was allowed to receive from the outside world. Barry O’Meara, Napoleon’s private physician, also warned British authorities that conditions at Longwood House, where the former French Emperor lived during his exile, appeared to be detrimental to his health. Meanwhile, modern researchers have also pointed out that Napoleon’s death was due to a copper arsenite-containing dye in the wallpaper at Longwood House, which is believed to have produced the poison gas. However, deprived exile does not seem to reduce the fire in Napoleon. He spent the rest of his life writing memoirs, writing a book about the hero Julius Caesar and having dinner parties as if he weren’t a captive. Napoleon Bonaparte died on May 5, 1821 after six years in exile on the mid-Atlantic island of Saint Helena.

Now, more than anyone, Americans feel very clearly that the lion has awakened and with his endless claws and ambitions, gradually from partner to rival of America. Mr. Joe Biden has chosen a different method from his predecessor: re-establishing alliances to control this ferocious “lion” has just awakened.

That’s exactly what President Biden’s administration is doing. Rotate the shaft to Europe; promoting the actual formation of the US – Japan – Australia – India “Diamond Four” mechanism. And strengthening 3-way relations with 2 partners, 2 top US allies in Northeast Asia: Japan, South Korea.

An offer cannot be refused

That is a relationship with many ups and downs spanning many decades in history.

In the early 1960s, when China had just acquired nuclear weapons and the Vietnam War was on the rise, President Johnson’s administration sought to promote relations with Japan. and Korea aimed to counter the communist movement in Asia. But, in order to reinforce this triangular relationship, it was the Johnson administration’s job at the time to “repair” the bilateral relationship between Japan and Korea, which had continued to tense after grievances in the past. World War 2.

Mr. Joe Biden has different methods from his predecessor. Photo: LG

The US had in hand a “trump card” to solve this dilemma: the superior military and economic strength at that time. Who pays, he or she has the right to order music! While Japan and South Korea continued negotiations that lasted more than 13 years, since 1951, aimed at normalizing bilateral relations, American diplomats have delivered a fairly simple message: what if Japan Japan and South Korea have established a friendly relationship, the US will continue to provide both military and economic support for both partners.

Simply put, it is an irrefutable offer! On June 22, 1965, at the Prime Minister’s Palace in Tokyo, the representatives of Japan and Korea signed the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and Korea, often referred to as the Japan-Korea Treaty. This treaty provided the basic foundation for restoring diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan, which had been interrupted since 1945.

By the 1980s, the administration of US President Ronald Reagan continued the policy direction of promoting relations between Japan and South Korea. With the encouragement of the United States, South Korean President Choon Do-hwan and Japanese Prime Minister Nakasone Yasuhiro held the first summit in 1983 and 1984. The United States also pledged to ensure security for Korea. , reassessed strong support for Japan, while calling on Tokyo to play a greater role in ensuring security in Asia.

By the late 1990s, the US began a new step in its relationship with two allies in Northeast Asia: the US – Japan – Korea triangle relationship. To foster this relationship, a Tripartite Monitoring and Cooperation Group (TCOG) has been formed as well as the implementation of the “Perry Process” (named US Secretary of Defense William Perry), which is the to the expert level to help policymakers of the three sides have conditions to discuss and exchange to strengthen cooperation between the US and Japan and South Korea …

“Thorn” in a 3-way game

However, the US will have to make a lot more effort if Biden’s policy of strengthening relations with Northeast Asian allies will be effective, because the Japan-Korea relationship has recently shown signs of developing. Fierce disputes, no signs of cooling down.

For more than three decades after the signing of the Japan-Korea Treaty, the two sides continued to argue over different interpretations of the treaty, which exempted Japan from any compensation for the period of its occupation. during World War 2.

In 2018, the Supreme Court of Korea suddenly ruled that Japanese companies must compensate victims of forced labor during the war. After this controversial ruling, the relationship between the two sides quickly turned in a bad way. Both Seoul and Tokyo are excluded from the list of most favored nation states in trade relations. While Tokyo imposed restrictions on the export of key raw materials on Korea’s large-scale semiconductor industry and many other items, a nationwide boycott campaign took place. items made in Japan. Japanese businesses are also the subject of anti-countermeasure campaigns in Korea …

The dispute between the two sides culminated when in August 2019, Seoul announced that it was likely to withdraw from the Treaty on Important Information Sharing with Tokyo, which was signed in 2016; South Korea will only continue to cooperate with Japan in military information, through a trilateral information-sharing agreement, in which the US plays an intermediary role.

This action threatened the US-Japan-Korea alliance structure in the context of Northeast Asia geopolitics frequently “red alert” due to tensions on the Korean Peninsula. However, just a few hours before the Japan Intelligence Sharing Treaty expires, Seoul decided to extend the treaty, a move that made the United States relieved, relieved of its thousands of pounds that threatened to destroy it. broken US – Japan – Korea triangular relations.

Throughout 2020, the bilateral relationship between Korea and Japan did not improve significantly. Most recently, the Korean Defense White Paper announced in February 2021 no longer calls Japan “partner”, a worrying signal for the relationship between the two sides. In the context of the COVID-19 epidemic raging around the world, travel restrictions have further reduced opportunities for exchanges between people of the two countries, making the ability to restore Japan-Korea relations very difficult. towel.

Japan remains an economic powerhouse. Photo: LG

The currency is the currency ahead of Wisdom

During his four years in the White House, Mr. Trump has repeatedly questioned the value of allies in Northeast Asia, repeatedly debating the costs of maintaining US troops in both Korea and Japan. Copy. Those moves have undermined the US’s ability to assume the unwritten role of being a (key) party building a bridge between Seoul and Tokyo. This leads to the fact that the US – Japan – Korea triangular relationship has fallen into the bleakest situation in the last months of the Trump term.

Aware of the damage caused by his predecessor, the Biden administration seeks to reorganize the trilateral alliance relationship. It is important not to let either partner feel the US is biased towards the other.

However, it is obvious that due to the different geographical location, history, political regime as well as the size of the economies of each party, the value of each Northeast Asian ally to the United States is also. different.

Outperformed by China (to become the second largest economy in the world), Japan remains an economic powerhouse. But, this economy is increasingly dependent on Chinese markets, capital sources and production chains. Therefore, Japan is careful when choosing its position, ensuring to gain the greatest benefits in the context of the fierce Sino-US confrontation.

Tokyo’s optimal choice is to build a relationship just enough with the US to avoid falling into a passive position in the Sino-Japanese relationship, as a bargaining chip with China; while maintaining its role as a trusted US ally to deal with the security challenges that have recently emerged on the Korean Peninsula.

Compared to Japan, South Korea is more dependent on the US for the military but more on China economically. The US is the only ally, and China is Seoul’s biggest trading partner. Korea cannot and does not want to have to choose between either party. Maintaining a relatively neutral position between the US and China is also a sensible choice for Seoul.

In order to serve the strategy of rebuilding allied relations in Northeast Asia, not only actively mediating the difficult relationship between Japan and South Korea, the US must also actively involve Japan. and South Korea is back in a trajectory that is allied with America itself. At the end of February, the US and Japan signed a cost-sharing agreement for the US military stationed in Japan. By early March, the US reached an agreement with South Korea to sign the XI Special Bilateral Military Cost-Sharing Agreement (SMA) for a period of six years.

These are the economic levers that were used decades ago and they are still in effect today.

The money (of the US) is the smart money!