16 Psyche is believed to be the core of a dead planet. NASA plans to explore asteroid 16 Psyche – long thought to be the core of a dead planet – in 2022 to determine if it actually contains the precious metal. worth 10 trillion USD, which means making everyone on Earth a billionaire or not. Before that time, however, a new study suggests that 16 Psyche is more than likely just a pile of debris. Research published in the journal Planetary Science shows that 16 Psyche is composed of 82.5% metal, 7% iron content pyroxene and 10.5% carbon chondrite. It can also have a bulk density – i.e. the degree of free space inside – of 35%. These numbers are much lower than previous estimates that said it could contain up to 95% metals, mainly iron, nickel and gold. NASA has planned to probe the asteroid 16 Psyche, which is said to be filled with iron, gold, nickel and platinum, in 2022. The study’s lead author, David Cantillo, a senior at UA Arizona University, said in a statement: “The drop in metal content and bulk density is interesting because it shows that 16 Psyche is very strong. different than previously thought”. “It would come as a surprise to see Psyche as a pile of debris, but our data continue to show low bulk density estimates despite its high metal content,” Cantillo said. If the “gold-filled” asteroid was more like a wreck and had less metal inside, as Cantillo and other researchers believe, it wouldn’t be that different from other asteroids in the Solar System, for example. like the asteroid Bennu. Now, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission recently embarked on a 2.2 billion-kilometer journey back to Earth after collecting nearly 1kg of rock and dust from Bennu, which could help shed light on how the Solar System formed. . To arrive at their new discovery, the researchers reconstructed the surface of 16 Psyche in the lab, mixing the different ingredients until the patterns of visible light matched those of the asteroid. “Having a lower metal content than previously thought means the asteroid may have collided with asteroids containing more common carbon chondrites, depositing a surface layer,” Cantillo said. that we are observing”. However, NASA notes 16 Psyche remains a major concern for scientists. It is the 16th asteroid discovered on March 17, 1852 by the Italian astronomer, Annibale de Gasparis. 16 Psyche takes about 5 years to orbit the Sun once, but only 4 hours to rotate on its axis, making the day on this asteroid only 1/6th of the day on Earth. According to EarthSky.org, 16 Psyche has a diameter of 182 km, containing 1% of all metals in the asteroid belt. Watch a simulation video of asteroid 16 Psyche (Source Daily Mail) Even if 16 Psyche is worth less than the $10 trillion figure, it’s still valuable to researchers hoping to learn more about what they believe to be the remains of a long-dead planet. . Study author Cantillo said: “The opportunity to study the exposed core of a planet is extremely rare, which is why they sent spacecraft missions there, but our work shows that 16 Psyche is much more interesting than anticipated.” The researchers also believe that there is water on 16 Psyche’s surface, so they will look to merge their data with other missions to asteroids to determine how much water is present. The $117 million spacecraft — which NASA began building in July 2020 — will go into space aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. It is expected to reach asteroid 16 Psyche in the asteroid belt in early 2026. The spacecraft will travel for 21 months in asteroid orbit, mapping and studying the properties of the giant meteorite, with the goal of determining if it is indeed the core of a planet. Asteroid 16 Psyche has long been thought to contain large amounts of iron, nickel, gold and platinum. The Metal World of 16 Psyche 16 Psyche is located in the large asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, and may have started as a planet, before it was partially destroyed during the formation of the Solar System. It is now a 200km-wide block of metal, made up of iron, nickel and several other rare metals, including gold, platinum and copper. Thus, it could provide a unique view of the violent collisions that created the Earth and the planets. NASA’s mission will seek to determine whether Psyche was the core of an early planet, how old it is, whether it formed in ways similar to Earth’s core and its surface. how. NASA will send an unmanned spacecraft mission to 16 Psyche, scheduled to launch in August 2022. 16 Psyche, which could be 370 million kilometers away from Earth, is one of the most mysterious objects in our Solar System, and scientists may soon get a close-up look thanks to a newly identified NASA mission take. If the asteroid could be transported back to Earth, the iron alone would be worth $10 trillion. Its value would be large enough to destroy commodity prices and cause the world economy – worth $73.7 trillion – to collapse. Assuming the market for material from asteroid 16 Psyche is returned to Earth, this could cause the value of precious metals to plummet, completely devaluing all holdings including those of governments and all companies engaged in the exploitation, distribution and sale of such commodities.

The dummy wears the first generation Orion Crew Survival System space item page, equipped with two radiation sensors. Placing a dummy on board an unmanned train scheduled to launch in November 2021 will provide data to help scientists understand the forces that crew members may experience during the Artemis spaceflight. II in 2023. moonikin effigy Helga and Zohar effigy The Artemis I mission will be NASA’s first mission to the Moon since Apollo 17 in 1972. The Artemis II mission will send humans to the Moon. But before that milestone is made, the new Orion spacecraft and the SLS Space Launch System rocket are tested during the first launch to ensure the safety of human astronauts. Also accompanying ‘Moonikin’ on the Artemis I mission are Helga and Zohar, two models of the human body, known as Phantom, made from materials that mimic human bones, tissues and organs. Two Phantoms will sit in the back two seats on the Orion. Helga and Zohar help quantify the space radiation astronauts may experience while inside Orion during missions to the Moon. Also to evaluate the AstroRad radiation protective vest, which can reduce exposure. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station are currently wearing the vest to assess fit and function. During NASA’s Artemis I mission, Zohar will wear a vest, and Helga will not. Currently, the main dummy has no name, scientists affectionately call it ‘moonikin’. Therefore, the US space agency NASA is holding an online event ‘Name the moonikin in the Artemis mission’ online event. Participants helped NASA choose a meaningful name from a list available from June 16 to June 28. Through social networks Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, participants will vote to choose the name they like and the name with the most votes will become the official name of the dummy. Voters can choose from eight potential names: Ace, Wargo, Delos, Duhart, Campos, Shackleton, Montgomery and Rigel. Specifically: 1. ACE: Straightforward, realistic. Short for Artemis Crew Explorer (rough translation: Artemis Crew Explorer) 2. CAMPOS: Ingenious, know how to solve problems. Named after Arturo Campos, who played a key role in bringing back Apollo 13. 3. DELOS: Nostalgia, romance. According to Greek mythology, this is the island where Apollo and Artemis were born. 4. DUHART: Enthusiastic, vibrant, open-minded. Named after Irene Duhart Long, the first woman minority, medical director at the Kennedy Space Center. 5. MONTGOMERY: Pioneering, innovative. Named after Julius Montgomery, the first African-American engineering specialist to work at the Cape Canaveral Space Facility. 6. RIGEL: Bright, brilliant, inspiring. Supergiant star in the constellation Orion. 7. SHACKLETON: Mysterious, rich. Named after a famous Antarctic explorer, as well as the crater on the south pole of the Moon. 8. WARGO: Energetic, enthusiastic, passionate. Named after Michael Wargo, NASA scientist and head of science for human exploration Kathryn Hambleton, a NASA spokesperson, said: “It’s important for the organization to invite the public to participate in online naming and other challenges to get everyone on the journey, inspiring the next generation of explorers. We look forward to the name chosen for the moonikin.” NASA once held contests to name ships and objects used in space exploration missions. The Perseverance, which landed on Mars on February 19, was named after a national competition in early 2020. The winner was Alexander Maher, a 7th grader in Virginia. Meanwhile, teenager Vaneeza Rupani from Alabama won when naming Ingenuity, the name of NASA’s Mars helicopter. Rupani’s essay in NASA’s 2020 “Name the Helicopter” contest won after beating 28,000 entries. Hoang Dung (translation summary)

16 Psyche is believed to be the core of a dead planet. NASA plans to explore asteroid 16 Psyche – long thought to be the core of a dead planet – in 2022 to determine if it actually contains the precious metal. worth 10 trillion USD, which means making everyone on Earth a billionaire or not. Before that time, however, a new study suggests that 16 Psyche is more than likely just a pile of debris. Research published in the journal Planetary Science shows that 16 Psyche is composed of 82.5% metal, 7% iron content pyroxene and 10.5% carbon chondrite. It can also have a bulk density – i.e. the degree of free space inside – of 35%. These numbers are much lower than previous estimates that said it could contain up to 95% metals, mainly iron, nickel and gold. NASA has planned to probe the asteroid 16 Psyche, which is said to be filled with iron, gold, nickel and platinum, in 2022. The study’s lead author, David Cantillo, a senior at UA Arizona University, said in a statement: “The drop in metal content and bulk density is interesting because it shows that 16 Psyche is very strong. different than previously thought”. “It would come as a surprise to see Psyche as a pile of debris, but our data continue to show low bulk density estimates despite its high metal content,” Cantillo said. If the “gold-filled” asteroid was more like a wreck and had less metal inside, as Cantillo and other researchers believe, it wouldn’t be that different from other asteroids in the Solar System, for example. like the asteroid Bennu. Now, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission recently embarked on a 2.2 billion-kilometer journey back to Earth after collecting nearly 1kg of rock and dust from Bennu, which could help shed light on how the Solar System formed. . To arrive at their new discovery, the researchers reconstructed the surface of 16 Psyche in the lab, mixing the different ingredients until the patterns of visible light matched those of the asteroid. “Having a lower metal content than previously thought means the asteroid may have collided with asteroids containing more common carbon chondrites, depositing a surface layer,” Cantillo said. that we are observing”. However, NASA notes 16 Psyche remains a major concern for scientists. It is the 16th asteroid discovered on March 17, 1852 by the Italian astronomer, Annibale de Gasparis. 16 Psyche takes about 5 years to orbit the Sun once, but only 4 hours to rotate on its axis, making the day on this asteroid only 1/6th of the day on Earth. According to EarthSky.org, 16 Psyche has a diameter of 182 km, containing 1% of all metals in the asteroid belt. Watch a simulation video of asteroid 16 Psyche (Source Daily Mail) Even if 16 Psyche is worth less than the $10 trillion figure, it’s still valuable to researchers hoping to learn more about what they believe to be the remains of a long-dead planet. . Study author Cantillo said: “The opportunity to study the exposed core of a planet is extremely rare, which is why they sent spacecraft missions there, but our work shows that 16 Psyche is much more interesting than anticipated.” The researchers also believe that there is water on 16 Psyche’s surface, so they will look to merge their data with other missions to asteroids to determine how much water is present. The $117 million spacecraft — which NASA began building in July 2020 — will go into space aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. It is expected to reach asteroid 16 Psyche in the asteroid belt in early 2026. The spacecraft will travel for 21 months in asteroid orbit, mapping and studying the properties of the giant meteorite, with the goal of determining if it is indeed the core of a planet. Asteroid 16 Psyche has long been thought to contain large amounts of iron, nickel, gold and platinum. The Metal World of 16 Psyche 16 Psyche is located in the large asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, and may have started as a planet, before it was partially destroyed during the formation of the Solar System. It is now a 200km-wide block of metal, made up of iron, nickel and several other rare metals, including gold, platinum and copper. Thus, it could provide a unique view of the violent collisions that created the Earth and the planets. NASA’s mission will seek to determine whether Psyche was the core of an early planet, how old it is, whether it formed in ways similar to Earth’s core and its surface. how. NASA will send an unmanned spacecraft mission to 16 Psyche, scheduled to launch in August 2022. 16 Psyche, which could be 370 million kilometers away from Earth, is one of the most mysterious objects in our Solar System, and scientists may soon get a close-up look thanks to a newly identified NASA mission take. If the asteroid could be transported back to Earth, the iron alone would be worth $10 trillion. Its value would be large enough to destroy commodity prices and cause the world economy – worth $73.7 trillion – to collapse. Assuming the market for material from asteroid 16 Psyche is returned to Earth, this could cause the value of precious metals to plummet, completely devaluing all holdings including those of governments and all companies engaged in the exploitation, distribution and sale of such commodities.

Apollo 11 astronauts in spacesuits set foot on the Moon for the first time. Photo: NASA Hollywood films often draw attention with the iconic spacesuit, the design of which makes the public believe that it is a costume that can be taken off within minutes. But in fact, the spacesuit is a “spaceship” with its own full function, requiring the wearer to take off or take off with the help of colleagues. Cathleen Lewis, curator of international space programs and spacesuits at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, said: “The purpose of the spacesuit essentially exists as a humanoid spacecraft, allowing astronauts to autonomously explore and do meaningful work outside of spacecraft or space stations.” Ms. Lewis said it can take up to four hours for an astronaut to get dressed, from start to finish. Before going to space, astronauts must check each piece of equipment and make sure they have enough essential supplies, such as oxygen and water. During the spacewalk, they will be supported by a team from Earth. Watch Apollo astronauts in spacesuits fall up and down in zero gravity on the Moon (source: NASA) Sarah Korona, extraterrestrial flight control specialist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston (Texas), said: Flight controllers must adhere to a plan of procedures about 30 pages long, but still have other plans if problems arise. The “anatomy” of a space suit According to NASA, a spacesuit is made up of 6 different components and can have up to 16 layers.
Astronauts on the Artemis missions, NASA’s next program to send the first woman and first black man to the Moon, will wear the latest spacesuit, called the Visitor Mover. alien probe, abbreviated as xEMU. Before the spacesuits reach the Moon, their components will be tested on the International Space Station (ISS). NASA unveiled a prototype of the xEMU suit in 2019 at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. Photo: NASA One of the key components of the new spacesuit is the cooling fiber, said Richard Rhodes, vice president of xEMU pressurized garment development at NASA. The suit is made of tubes that help circulate water around the astronauts, regulating their body temperature and removing excess heat as they complete their work. According to NASA, each spacesuit has a portable life support system, which includes a water tank to cool the clothes, a carbon dioxide removal system, and other components, including a two-way radio for astronauts to communicate. Previous spacesuits used in the Apollo missions were less flexible than those used today. “When the Apollo astronauts walked on the Moon, they couldn’t bend down and pick up a rock,” said NASA astronaut Mike Fincke. They had to have a particularly compact tool with a handle mounted on it.” The space suit of astronaut Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Photo: NASA But the spacesuit has come a long way since then and has a more flexible construction, with active support gloves. According to Ms. Lewis, gloves are one of the most complicated parts of a spacesuit, and they are often the source of most complaints from astronauts about their suits. “Gloves are difficult to design to both protect and allow astronauts to demonstrate manual dexterity to get the job done,” the expert notes. Pressure gloves can also contract, especially after long hours in space. The astronaut’s fingers are also cold, so heating elements need to be built into the glove. Gloves are an important part of the spacesuit that NASA designed for the mission back to the Moon. Photo: NASA When astronauts train for space flight, one of their training exercises includes picking up a coin in a spacesuit while underwater, Ms. Lewis said. These explorers need extreme dexterity when working in space, and gloves are a big challenge. Much of astronaut spacesuit training is conducted in a swimming pool at NASA’s Laboratory in Houston. Water simulates the feeling of weightlessness, similar to the feeling in space. To develop the spacesuit, scientists have experimented with a variety of materials and with varying degrees of success over the years. At one point, researchers experimented with Kevlar fingertips (a fiber five times stronger than steel) on gloves. “The Kevlar material is very useful in blocking bullets but not very good at stopping knives – it is very easy to cut,” Ms. Lewis said. Astronauts currently use synthetic plastic gloves, but scientists are always looking for better options. In addition, the outside of the spacesuit has color stripes specific to each suit. Here’s how astronauts can tell who’s wearing which suit while in space. Crafting the Artemis . space suit The first step in designing a spacesuit is “understanding who you’re designing the suit for, what you want them to be able to do, and where you want them to be able to,” says Rhodes. For the Artemis program, NASA needed their astronauts to be able to safely explore the Moon’s surface. Prototype of new spacesuit, xEMU, by NASA. Photo: NASA Over the past four years, NASA has invested more than $300 million in the development of the xEMU suit. Richard Rhodes’ team tested dozens of ingredients and weighed the pros and cons of each. He said the biggest challenge for the Artemis suits was making sure they were optimized for exploration of the Moon. The suits needed to be “light enough to support a mission to the Moon and sturdy enough to protect astronauts when working in very dangerous environments”. According to Rhodes, there are thousands of parts produced to make the Artemis spacesuit, and they are sourced from all over the United States. Some parts can take up to a year to build, but NASA is working to shorten the time. Space suits will also be upgraded for the latest Moon mission. Current and past NASA spacesuits allow only minimal movement of the waist, hips, or ankles. Artemis astronauts need to have extra mobility. to be able to explore the rough terrain of the Moon, so Mr. Rhodes’ team is working on a suit that allows for more movement while still being sturdy enough to protect the wearer.

The Fukang meteorite is auctioned off. Where this extraterrestrial object originated and how was formed is still a topic of discussion among scientists. Coming from an asteroid The Fukang meteorite glows in the sunlight. The Fukang meteorite was discovered near the town of Fukang in Xinjiang, an autonomous region in northwest China, in 2000 by an unidentified hiker. Every day, this person often stops by a giant rock to have lunch and rest. Once, he was suddenly curious about the structure of this object, when he noticed that it seemed to have metal and crystal inside, so he decided to break some pieces and send it to the US for confirmation of the type. He was surprised to learn that these samples did not come from Earth, but belonged to a meteorite. In February 2005, these objects appeared at the Tucson Gem and Mineral Exhibition (USA). Here, it was noticed by Professor DS Lauretta (a specialist in Planetary Science and Astrochemistry at the University of Arizona), who is also the principal investigator of NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission. Then, the remains of the Fukang Meteorite (with a mass of 983 kg, excluding the 20 kg mass smashed by hikers) was directly studied by the University of Arizona (USA). Scientists said that this rock belongs to the type of iron-stone meteorite, called Pallasite. Pallasite meteorites contain olivine, which is thought to come from the crust of a rocky planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. If not from the planet, it could belong to an asteroid with a rocky shell and a metal core. Pallasite can be distinguished by a meteorite iron substrate, embedded with silicate crystals, mainly olivine (a yellow to greenish-yellow crystal). The Pallasite meteorite is named after Simon Peter Pallas, a German naturalist. He was the first to describe Pallasite Krasnojarsk, a 700 kg meteorite, discovered in Russia in 1772. The origin of the Fukang meteorite, like other Pallasite meteorites, has not been scientifically explained so far. It is hypothesized that it originated from an asteroid with a melted and decomposed metal core and surrounding olivine mantle and formed with the solar system about 4.5 billion years ago. In addition to its rarity, the Fukang meteorite, like other Pallasites, is a very beautiful object. When shined through the olivine crystals, the light will make the meteorite glow brightly and spectacularly. Most expensive A cross section of the Fukang meteorite is on display at Arizona State University (USA). Because of this beauty, collectors have always wanted to own pieces of the Fukang Meteorite. The largest part of this meteorite, weighing nearly 420 kg, is currently in the possession of an anonymous collector or group of collectors. In 2008, the above Fukang meteorite was auctioned at Bonham’s, New York (USA) with a starting price of about 2 million USD. A curator and online auction organizer has placed the Fukang meteorite at number one in the “Top 10 Most Expensive Meteorites Ever Discovered on Earth”. However, no one participated in the auction for this treasure perhaps because the price was too high. Meanwhile, other small pieces of the remaining meteorite, have been purchased in auctions and distributed around the world. Particularly, the University of Arizona Meteorite Laboratory (USA) holds a total of 31 kg of Fukang meteorites. Their website describes the Fukang Pallasite as “the most breathtaking example of the splendor of the natural universe”. In February 2021, the famous auction house Christie’s said it had sold “part of the most beautiful extraterrestrial matter known”. That tiny piece of meteorite alone brought the seller $30,000, far exceeding the initial estimate of $3,500 – $4,500. What makes the Fukang meteorite so special? First of all, this is not an “ordinary meteorite”. Pallasite is an extremely rare heaven stone. This is because most Pallasite cannot survive falling into Earth’s atmosphere. It is estimated that less than 1% of rock falling from the sky is Pallasite. Therefore, the Fukang Meteorite is considered by scientists as one of the most important celestial rock discoveries of the 21st century. According to the Planetary Science Institute, based in Tucson, Arizona, USA, there have been about 1,100 observed and found meteorite falls in history. Meanwhile, the number found but not observed goes up to 40,000. The Fukang meteorite is among these. The institute estimates that about 500 meteorites collide with Earth every year, most of which burn up in the atmosphere, the rest fall into the ocean or in remote, desolate regions (According to Science 101).

The Space Launch System (SLS-yellow) core module is placed between the two boosters. Photo: NASA According to Insider, the US space agency (NASA) has just released new images of a super rocket called the Space Launch System (SLS) that has just been assembled. It is the agency’s most powerful launch vehicle since the 1960s. The SLS super rocket was installed on June 11 at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA. This is the first SLS rocket, part of a new type of rocket designed to serve the mission of sending American astronauts back to the Moon, and beyond to Mars. The core module of the SLS rocket. NASA has aimed to test-launch the SLS super rocket in November 2021, the first step in a series of missions toward the goal of returning to the Moon for the first time since 1972. In the photo released by NASA, the core module of the rocket, up to 65 meters long, is placed between two smaller boosters. The first version of the SLS super rocket is called Block 1. Once assembled, the rocket will weigh nearly 4 tons, 110 meters high, which is taller than the Statue of Liberty (93 meters). Powerful launcher capable of carrying over 27.2 tons into orbit. That capacity means it’s powerful enough to carry the Orion spacecraft, which is expected to send astronauts into space on future missions. See the core module of the super rocket SLS being moved from New Orleans to Mississippi: Before being fully assembled, the top of the SLS rocket core module needs to be fitted with a converter and the space capsule is lowered and placed on the rocket. This is the first time the core and two boosters have been coupled together since the SLS project was announced in 2011. Photo: NASA The SLS will be launched for the first time in November this year, sending Orion into orbit around the Moon on an unmanned mission. Assembling the core module onto the booster marks the end of the second phase of rocket assembly. NASA aims to launch the SLS super rocket on its maiden flight as early as October 2021. This is the first of three missions that NASA has planned to return humans to the Moon. If the mission is successful, the world will see the first black man and the first woman set foot on the Moon in 2024. The first launch of the SLS rocket this year will be unmanned as it aims to test the rocket’s ability to deliver the lunar space capsule and return to Earth. NASA astronaut Christina Koch (left) poses for a photo with Expedition Flight 61 Engineer, Jessica Meir on October 12, 2019. Photo: NASA Two rockets of the Space Launch System – NASA, pictured after completion of assembly. Photo: NASA The boosters are located on either side of the core module of the SLS rocket, which can generate 3.6 million pounds of thrust in just two minutes to lift the rocket into space. The core module itself also has a powerful engine, generating about 2 million pounds of thrust. After the first failed test, the core modules’ engines were successfully launched in about 8 minutes on May 18, paving the way for rocket assembly. The engines will power the Orion spacecraft to travel at 24,500 miles (39,200km) per hour, the speed needed to get it to the Moon. Image of SLS system viewed from above. NASA also plans to use the SLS launcher to go to Mars. The modern SLS rocket is the equivalent of the Saturn V launcher, used in the Apollo missions. But because the Moon is 1,000 times farther from Earth, we need a more powerful launchpad. NASA has big ambitions for the SLS rocket. It is designed to be flexible and adaptable, and could be used for missions to Mars, Saturn or Jupiter. The next version of the rocket, Block 2, will be designed to carry a payload of more than 101,400 pounds (46,000kg). According to NASA, it will be a “pack horse” to help transport cargo to the Moon, Mars and other distant space destinations.

Conquer the universe. Photo: Space News. The Korean Ministry of Science, Information Technology and Communication hopes that by becoming the 10th member country of the Agreement, Seoul will further expand cooperation in the field of space with Washington, participating in various fields. the Artemis space exploration program. Accordingly, about 10 years later, Korea will have development steps in space technology on par with the previous potential country. The impetus for Korea to accelerate in the space race Compared to the space powers, Korea has a late start, but the development has positive and rapid results. After the launch of Naro rocket weighing 140 tons and failed in 2013, in 2016 South Korea carried out a Project to develop a spacecraft to explore the Moon worth more than 197.8 billion won (more than 166 million USD). ). As planned, this probe will be equipped with a series of cameras, sensors and spectrometers to collect data on the Moon as well as conduct space connectivity tests. At the beginning of this year, South Korea decided to invest 615 billion won (about 549 million USD) in space projects this year, including plans to launch the first rocket built and developed by the country. new satellites. Accordingly, South Korea also plans to launch a new 200-ton Nuri rocket later this year while a second launch, carrying a satellite, is scheduled for May 2022. In addition, the country will invest 322.6 billion won in projects to develop technology and services for new satellites, and plan to launch a new generation of medium-sized observation satellites next March in Kazakhstan. and is developing a new geostationary communication satellite to put into Earth orbit. Along with participating in the common playing field, Korea’s first lunar orbiter (KPLO – Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter) scheduled to launch in August 2022 has also been developed in cooperation with NASA. In addition, ShadowCam, a device that can overcome visibility limitations to record images in dark areas on the Moon will be installed on this orbiter. ShadowCam is expected to return to the moon’s unlit areas to find potential landing points for the Artemis program. With this event, Korea has gradually developed domestic space technology, combined with the cooperation of other space powers in the world, will gradually occupy an important position in the field of space development. Generally speaking. With this participation, South Korea looks forward to setting a goal of sending its own spacecraft to the Moon by 2030. Accordingly, the country actively promotes challenging space exploration projects, by develop its own launch vehicle and by 2030 can achieve its dream of landing on the Moon. This first step will provide a solid foundation for Korea to conquer space. Korea wants to strengthen national security through this race? Over the centuries, we have witnessed many wars on land and at sea, and those wars have proved the strength of the victors and as well as the lesson of ensuring the safety of the nation, nation. And recently, we have heard and seen the so-called “ocean wars”, meaning the wars in the sea have also begun. As for outer space, decades ago, great powers in this field such as Russia and the United States developed it. And this same nation has also had competition in the conquest of space. The fact that Washington is conducting a manned lunar exploration program, a program to send astronauts to the Moon 50 years after the Apollo project in the 1970s is a sign that the US clearly has a great advantage in this field. race presence on Mars. However, experts say, so far, no country has been confident that it can send people to this planet located 225 million km from Earth. In the context of the race that has shown signs of heating in recent years, and with many worries that the Earth is becoming more and more crowded with humans, Russia and the US are both showing their ambition to soon bring humans to live. on the Red Planet and marks its sovereignty over space entities, including the Moon. From that perspective, the US wants to take action so that space activities can be transparent, preventing disputes over space activities. South Korea cannot stay out of this competition as an ally of the United States. South Korea has begun a feasibility study for a mission to discover the near-Earth asteroid – Apophis. This ensures competitiveness, but is also a first step to position the country on another planet with life in the future.

Dr. Leonard Perry, from the University of Vermont (USA), said that using the right plants can reduce the temperature in a room by up to 10 degrees Celsius. In addition, houseplants help maintain humidity from 30% – 60%, while helping to prevent wooden furniture from cracking when the weather is too dry. When it is sunny, hot and polluted, growing indoor plants is a good solution that is recommended. There are many types of plants that are likened to natural coolers to help cool down and filter the air. These plants like low light, easy care and less deciduous (not unhygienic) very suitable for indoor. In particular, these are all meaningful plants in terms of feng shui, bringing good luck to the owner Aloe vera: This is a fairly familiar houseplant. Besides the familiar effect of soothing sunburn, this succulent plant also has the ability to cool the house and remove formaldehyde from the air. Ornamental plants: They are known as decorative plants and natural air fresheners. In addition, ornamental plants also help reduce the temperature in the room, remove benzene, formaldehyde and trichlorethylene from the air. Fern: This plant not only cools and humidifies the air, but can also remove formaldehyde. In fact, scientists at the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) consider ferns to be one of the most efficient “air purifiers”. In addition to cleaning the air in the room, it also controls the temperature. Tiger tree: The tree releases oxygen at night, keeping the air cool as well as absorbing a large amount of toxins in your home. With the ability to generate O2 and absorb CO2 of this plant, the bedroom space will become clean and cool. Betel nut: This plant is especially suitable for rooms with frequent air conditioning, thanks to its ability to absorb toxic gases characteristic of this plant. Van Nien Thanh is a bio-regulatory machine, thanks to its ability to absorb carbon dioxide and return O2 to the environment. Red banyan tree: Able to provide O2 for a really cool atmosphere. In addition, the tree has the ability to absorb dust and toxic gases in the air such as carbon monoxide … and also absorb toxic substances in cigarette smoke. Trees of life: Trees have the effect of cleaning the air, absorbing dust, absorbing toxic gases that pollute the environment such as formaldehyde, carbon dioxide… Spider plant: The tree can purify harmful substances such as: Xylene, Carbon, Formaldehyde, Benzene. At the same time, according to NASA, this plant is also capable of absorbing more radiation systems, especially those coming from electronic devices. Moreover, the ability of the tree to absorb CO2 is also highly appreciated and is on the list of good poisonous plants. Invite readers to watch the video: It is forbidden to wear revealing clothes during livestream. Source: VTV24.

Aloe vera is one of the indoor plants that help “green” the interior space in the summer. Not only cooling the house, aloe vera also has a great ability to purify the air, providing more O2 to help cool the environment. Ornamental areca is commonly grown in living rooms. Ornamental plants have the effect of reducing the temperature in the room, removing benzene, formaldehyde and trichlorethylene from the air. Banyan, fig, and si trees are all known for their ability to lower temperatures, reduce pollution and improve air quality. In addition to the ability to absorb toxic gas, betel nut also helps cool and fresh air. Betel nut can live in soil or hydroponics, you can grow betel nut on the table, wall, balcony… Ferns not only cool and humidify the air, but they can also remove formaldehyde. Scientists at NASA consider ferns to be one of the most efficient “air purifiers”. The tiger tongue tree is another suggestion from NASA to help clean the air. Plants give off oxygen at night, keeping the air cool as well as absorbing large amounts of indoor toxins. Image source: Internet Video: House of 25m2- opportunity to have a house for many people? Source: VTV24

A 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut sits atop the R-7 rocket – the world’s first intercontinental rocket, inside the Vostok-1 (Oriental 1) ship. His name is Yuri Gagarin. Minutes later, he changed human history forever to become the first person in the world to fly into space. Exactly 11 minutes later, Yuri Gagarin was in orbit, flying at 10 times the speed of a rifle bullet. Be the first to leave the planet. On the 60th anniversary of that legendary space voyage (1961-2021), British author and filmmaker Stephen Walker wrote a book titled “Beyond: The Incredible Story of the First Man to Leave Our Planet and Travel into Space” to tell the whole new story of Yuri Gagarin and the US-Soviet special forces. Invite readers to track. APRIL 1961: THE BEST DAYS OF THE COLD WAR America and the Soviet Union confront each other through an iron curtain. Their new battlefield is Space. 01. Mercury Seven Vs. Vanguard Six Deep in the birch grove in the Shchyolkovsky district northeast of Moscow, far from the main highway to the city and hidden from prying eyes, is a small, old-fashioned two-story building, faded in the white snow. No one expected it to be the site of one of the most secretive Soviet facilities. Its codename is Army Unit 26266, also known by its initials TsPK – or Tsentr Podgotovki Kosmonavtov: Cosmonaut Training Center. And here it is, on a special Wednesday, January 18, 1961 — two days before the inauguration of US President John F. Kennedy in Washington; the day before Alan Shepard was selected as America’s first astronaut — 6 men after rigorous tests became the first Soviet space travel candidates, they were part of the detachment Vanguard Six . If NASA (USA) has Mercury Seven (left photo), the Soviet Union also owns Vanguard Six. Photo: Stephenwalkerbeyond.com Like the astronaut squad Mercury Seven of NASA in Langley, Virginia, six Vanguard Six elites were also sitting in a classroom. But the similarities (between the US and the Soviet Union) stop there. Because the members of the Vanguard Six are younger than the American Mercury Seven, in their 20s, not 30. All of them wear military uniforms instead of the usual Banlon shirts favored by American Mercury Seven pilots. And the height and weight index of Vanguard Six members are smaller. All to meet the condition of sitting inside the spherical capsule of the Orient spacecraft, mounted on top of an R-7 rocket, which they all hope will one day fly into space soon. The building in the birch forest is the first structure in its time, a large, heavily guarded complex closed to the outside world and dedicated solely to the training of its astronauts. Soviet Union. Not only is it sheltered by the forest, this site is not far from Moscow. It is also just a few kilometers from the Chkalovsky airbase, the largest military airport in the Soviet Union. And also located near OKB-1, the secret design and production plant in Kaliningrad, where capsules of the Orient spacecraft were being built at the time. 02. Squad in the dark No one at Chkalovsky knew why the six men were there or what they were being trained for. So did their parents, their friends, or their former colleagues in the air force. Even their wives are discouraged from asking too many questions. Unlike the Mercury Seven – astronaut candidates famous throughout the US if not the whole world – The Vanguard Six squad only exists in the dark. There is one key difference between the Vanguard Six and the Mercury Seven. These six aren’t the only astronauts in training. There are 14 others left. In an even more ruthless selection process than American astronauts have gone through, these 20 were selected from an initial pool of nearly 3,500 military pilots. Vanguard Six at the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan before Yuri Gagarin’s flight. From left: Grigory Nelyubov, Valery Bykovsky, Yuri Gagarin, Andriyan Nikolayev, Gherman Titov, Pavel Popovich. Photo: Astronaut Training Center / Roskosmos The Soviet space program had ambitions to conquer space, or at least to get people out of Earth’s gravity, and they needed manpower to do so. All 20 men began training in the spring of 1960, just two months after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev urged his chief space engineers that they “should be quick to aim for space to avoid risk of being overtaken by the US”. At that time Mercury Seven had been training for almost a year. The Soviet Union needed to catch up quickly and these 20 cosmonauts were the answer. Rocket boosters, spacecraft capsules, designers, engineers, training centers, launch sites, and of course the astronauts themselves – all in the dark. By the fall of 1960, the Soviet manned space program had become a top national goal, especially since NASA was aiming to send an American into space as early as December. 1960. To speed things up and prioritize training on a single simulator, a shortlist of the top 6 was drawn up, which included, of course, Yuri Gagarin. In essence, they were the top detachment to face the Mercury Seven head-to-head, with the difference being that the Soviets knew about their American opponents, while the Americans knew nothing about the Soviets. Yuri Gagarin trains on a treadmill for her spaceflight. (RGANTD) “All 6 astronauts are wonderful people,” Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, their head of training, wrote on the day the Vanguard Six took their final test. “Which of these six people will go down in history as the first in space?” “Who will be the first of them to pay with their lives in making this daring endeavor?” – Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin wrote in his diary. Flying in space can completely die in space. That is what the Soviet Union and the Vanguard Six cosmonauts were clearly aware of. Therefore, the pioneering mission to fly into space is a suicide mission. Back in December 1960, all 20 astronauts were asked to vote on which of their colleagues should fly first. The majority voted for Yuri Gagarin. But even after the exams at Army Unit 26266 were over and the results were known, a decision on who would carry out the mission had not yet been made. In Langley, Virginia, Bob Gilruth, the head of the Space Mission Team responsible for the Mercury Seven, was able to summon his seven astronauts into a class and speak to them, simply and according to his authority. , that who will be first. In the Soviet Union – Unlike the Mercury Seven, the Vanguard Six would have to wait — and they would have to wait until the very last moment. The first candidate chosen by the Soviet government was Yuri Gagarin. Second place went to Gherman Titov. The third is Grigory Nelyubov. Finally, history has glorified Yuri Gagarin. Not defying the expectations of Soviet leaders, Yuri Gagarin made history after completing a 108-minute mission around the Earth aboard the Orient 1 spacecraft, helping the Soviet Union surpass the US as the world leader. The first country in human history to send a man into space. Yuri Gagarin beat the Americans, defeating NASA astronaut Alan Shepard – The first American to fly into space on May 5, 1961 (3 weeks behind the Soviet Union). Yuri Gagarin’s achievement is a blow to American pride. When Alan Shepard heard the news, he slammed his hand on the table so hard that NASA staff thought his arm was broken. Back in the Soviet Union, leader Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev called Yuri Gagarin “Christopher Columbus of the Soviet Union”. Until now, this feat is still mentioned by many people because Yuri Gagarin herself has opened a new cosmic era in human history! Yuri Gagarin – full name is Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin – is the son of a carpenter, born (March 9, 1934) and raised in the idyllic village of Klushino in Smolensk, Western Soviet Union. At the age of 16, Yuri Gagarin moved to the capital to study as a foundry in a metal foundry in Lyubertsy. The opportunity to spread wings in the sky came to the young man when he entered a technical school in Saratov. There, he joined a flying club and had his first exhilarating experience from above. Yuri Gagarin decided to enter the Soviet Air Force Officer School to realize her dream of flying more in the sky. In 1957, at the energetic age of 23, Yuri Gagarin graduated with honors and became a full-fledged fighter pilot. In the same year, he met and married Valentina Goryacheva (then a medical technician, just graduated from Orenburg Medical School) and had two daughters later. Refer: Air Space Magazine

Russia’s federal space agency Roscosmos has said that a “space tug” – a term used to refer to a spacecraft that transports astronauts or equipment from one orbit to another, is expected to be launched into space. to perform an interplanetary mission in 2030. This spacecraft is powered by a power module called Zeus. Basically, Zeus is like a mobile nuclear power plant, able to generate enough energy to operate spacecraft, transport equipment and goods in space. Currently, several countries are interested in similar technology as a way to shorten journeys in space. Design of the space tug. Photo: Roscosmos. Traditionally, spacecraft have relied on solar power or gravity to accelerate. This means that it takes astronauts more than 3 years to make the trip around Mars. NASA estimates that a nuclear-powered spacecraft could make that journey in a year. The US hopes to put a 10-kilowatt nuclear reactor integrated with the lunar lander, on the Moon as early as 2027. However, so far, NASA has only put one nuclear reactor. launched into space for the SNAP-10A satellite in 1965. Other spacecraft such as the Mars Curiosity and Perseverance probes are also nuclear-powered, but they do not use a reactor. Meanwhile, Russia has sent more than 30 nuclear reactors into space. The Zeus module is expected to further Russia’s space efforts by using a 500 kilowatt nuclear reactor to power spacecraft to travel from planet to planet. other planets, Sputnik quoted information from Roscosmos said. According to the Russian plan, the nuclear spacecraft will approach the Moon first, then head towards Venus, where it can use the planet’s gravity to move to its final destination, Jupiter. This will help save propellant. The entire mission will take 50 months (more than four years), said Alexander Bloshenko, executive director of development programs and advanced science at Roscosmos. According to the official, Roscosmos and the Russian Academy of Sciences are still working to calculate the trajectory of the flight, as well as the payload the spacecraft can carry. Ultimately, this mission could lay the groundwork for a new strategy for the Russian aerospace industry. Sputnik reported that Moscow is designing a space station using similar nuclear energy technology. The advantage of nuclear energy in the universe Most spacecraft get their energy from some source: the sun, batteries, or radioactive atoms (also called radioisotopes). For example, NASA’s Juno spacecraft at Jupiter uses solar panels to generate electricity. Solar energy can also be used to charge spacecraft batteries, however, it becomes less efficient if the spacecraft is far from the Sun. In other cases, lithium batteries could help power spacecraft for short journeys. Earlier in 2005, the Huygens probe used batteries to make a lightning landing on Saturn’s moon Titan. NASA’s Voyager spacecraft uses radioactive isotope (sometimes called a nuclear battery) to survive in the harsh environments of the solar system and interstellar space, but this is not the same thing. integrate a nuclear reactor into the spacecraft. Nuclear reactors offer several advantages as they can survive in dark and cold areas of the solar system without sunlight. They are also quite useful and quite reliable for long-term activities. The Zeus nuclear reactor is designed to last 10 to 12 years. In addition, they can propel spacecraft to other planets in less time. But nuclear power also presents some challenges of its own. Only certain fuels, such as highly enriched uranium, can withstand the extreme heat of the reactor. Furthermore, they may not be safe to use. In December 2020, the United States banned the use of highly enriched uranium to send objects into space if the operation could be made possible by other alternative sources of nuclear or non-nuclear fuel. Russia is about to build a space station in space Russian engineers began developing the “Zeus” module in 2010 with the goal of putting it into orbit within two decades, and they are on track to accomplish this goal. Production and testing commenced in 2018. By 2020, Roscosmos has signed a contract worth 4.2 billion rubles ($57.5 million) with St. Petersburg for the preliminary design of the space station. This will help Russia accelerate its efforts to develop a new space station by 2025. Earlier in April 2021, the BBC said that Russia plans to withdraw from the International Space Station (ISS) by 2025 and is ready to build its own space station. The International Space Station was established in 1998. This is an international cooperation project of 16 countries including the US and Russia, Japan, Canada, European Space Agency member states and Brazil. with a total investment capital of more than 100 billion USD.

For the purpose of expanding photo reconnaissance capabilities to ensure combat operations, the US National Mapping and Photographic Reconnaissance Service is authorized to use images of the territory of Afghanistan taken by the commercial Ikones satellite, with high resolution. 1m resolution. The US military also has the right to use information received from the satellite system to explore the earth’s natural resources. These are Landsat-7, Terra, Orview satellites. Information from these satellites is used to establish, supplement and clarify topographic maps, to facilitate the assessment of the situation in the area of ​​combat operations. The figure shows the NAVSTAR navigation satellite system. Photo: britannica In this war, the United States decided to extend the use of the experimental satellite for opto-electronic imaging of the earth’s surface EO-1 belonging to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the purpose of ensuring the integrity of the satellite. better for the US military. Thanks to this satellite, the US military has received images of the earth’s surface position with a resolution of 30m, allowing it to be used to assess the damage of the target, on the basis of comparing the multispectral images obtained to take pictures before and after taking the blows and to calm down on the need for repeat attacks. For radio reconnaissance satellites, the US uses 2 Acvakaid satellites (Magnum and Mentor types). These satellites allow the reception of radio communications, relay communications, convection, signals from satellites, signals of ballistic missiles, aircraft and vehicle control signals. unmanned flight. It is said that the Taliban use very modern means of mobile satellite communication. However, the American radio reconnaissance satellite allows to capture the communications between the Taliban commanders, to detect in time the location of the troops and their plans. Military communication satellites work with the greatest intensity, but only guarantee 40-60% of the requirements of the forces participating in the campaign. In the composition of this satellite cluster, there are 6 satellites of the DSCS strategic communication system, 3 satellites connected to the Mistar tactical and strategic communication network, 2 UFO-type satellites of the tactical-operational communication system. of the navy, air force and army, six satellites of the SDS transmission system. In addition, the US also uses satellites belonging to NASA systems to monitor and transmit TDSS information. Due to the sudden increase in the information traffic required to secure the operation, the United States had to make maximum use of space communication systems (compared to Operation Desert Storm, the traffic of information delivery increased by 7 times). Especially the Iridium mobile satellite communication system with 66 satellites operating in low orbit. This system ensures that the US military groups have enough communication channels connecting to the US Department of Defense’s digital information network (DISN) and ensures the communication system of the US state executive agencies, ensuring for the national telephone system and the Internet. The NAVSTAR navigation satellite system includes 24 satellites that ensure real-time navigation for US forces. The shortening of the adjustment time between satellites of the NAVSTAR system by the test measurement complexes of the US Air Force allows to improve the accuracy and determine the target coordinates for the use of technological weapons. high. In planning and conducting air strikes and missile strikes, the US military places particular emphasis on using information received from the satellites of the National Environmental Monitoring System (NPOESS). This system is used for weather forecasting, setting up global and regional meteorological maps for a period of 1 day to 2 weeks, allowing selection of information on cloud status, atmospheric pressure, etc. atmosphere and other parameters of near-Earth space. Meteorological satellites Block-5D2-8 and Block-5D3-1 are used with the highest intensity. The improvement of the operational efficiency of the NPOESS system allows to fully guarantee the US military units with meteorological information. In particular, the forecast of changes in solar activity has provided the ability to promptly correct the functions of communication, reconnaissance and navigation satellites, contributing to improving the efficiency of attacks and the detection of satellites. command the forces. To secure meteorological forecasts for navies, NASA’s Quicksat satellites are used to determine wind speed and direction over the ocean’s surface. Thus, during the war in Afghanistan, US satellite systems were used with high efficiency. At the same time, it also revealed some disadvantages, such as the lack of radar and opto-electronic reconnaissance satellites to timely orient the commander to use tactical forces. As a result, in some cases, commanders did not receive timely reconnaissance information. In addition, the satellite’s unobservable cycle over the combat area disrupted the monitoring of the movements of Taliban forces and vehicles.

Samples collected by Japan’s Hayabusa-2 probe. Pour mining money in space According to Florian Vidal (researcher at the French Institute of International Relations) and Professor of Physics José Halloy, the acceleration of ecological transition to combat climate change has led to a sharp increase in mineral demand. to service supposedly zero-carbon technologies as well as to maintain existing or newly built infrastructure. While projects to exploit mineral resources are being replicated on Earth, many “new fronts” are also being considered, such as mining in space. Typically, in 2016, the world’s media buzzed with the daring project of exploiting mineral resources on asteroids of the US companies Planetary Resources and Deep Space Industries. When Planetary Resources entered the space industry in the early 2010s, the company’s leaders were ambitious and promised to enter a new stage in the conquest of space with mining. on asteroids. Since 2012, the company’s project has attracted many private investors such as Larry Page and Éric Schmidt – the heads of Google Corporation, and filmmaker James Cameron. Excitement and enthusiasm for the field of space mining from the US has crossed the Atlantic Ocean and spread to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In addition to adapting national legislation, Luxembourg’s diplomatic service has also been mobilized to facilitate the development of an area considered by the government to be strategic. By the summer of 2016, the State of Luxembourg, through the National Corporation for Credit and Investment (SNCI), spent 12 million euros to buy a 10% stake in the American company Planetary Resources. However, two years later, this partnership was broken. When the American company ran into financial difficulties, the Luxembourg government sold their shares at a symbolic price. However, Luxembourg’s participation in the space mineral exploration project has given them an international position to connect the fields of investment and invention and invention. Continuing the policy in this area, Luxembourg later continued to participate in NASA’s Artemis project to return humans to the moon. Japan, another member of the Artemis project, is also interested in the scientific study of the composition of asteroids, which is a step towards exploring potential mineral resources in space. In December 2020, Japan’s Hayabusa-2 space probe returned to Earth after a six-year mission past the asteroid Ryugu. The goal of this science mission was to prove Ryugu could have the primordial components of the solar system, and Hayabusa-2 accomplished the engineering feat of collecting 5.4 grams of matter from Ryugu at a cost 16.4 billion yen (126 million euros). Similarly, on October 20, 2020, Osiris-Rex (a NASA space probe) also performed a 6-second landing mission on asteroid Bennu to collect dust samples (regolith). Osiris-Rex is expected to return to Earth in 2023 with the collected dust sample. The cost of this mission is about $800 million and about $183.5 million for the Atlas V rocket. Perspectives under the sea To cope with the world’s growing mineral demand, undersea mining is often seen as a solution due to the vastness of this space. Among the countries interested in undersea mining is Norway. After 3 years of seabed exploration, making the Nordic country a leader in this new mining industry, in January 2021, the Norwegian Ministry of Oil and Energy announced the possibility of issuing a license from 2023. Mining permits are available to interested businesses, such as allowing Nordic Mining ASA’s Nordic Ocean Resources AS to exploit deep seabeds rich in copper, zinc, cobalt, gold and silver ores. According to many estimates, there is 6.9 million tons of copper on the Norwegian continental shelf. Japan also has similar plans, with the ability to start exploiting the seabed from 2026. In Canada, DeepGreen (based in Vancouver) in 2019 announced to raise an investment of 150 million. USD to begin exploration for mineral resources in a part of the Pacific Ocean. This is a sign of growing confidence in the industry’s future. However, mining depends primarily on the market price of the metal and the reduction in the cost of mining in the marine environment. The consequences of fishing for marine ecosystems are also of great concern. Scientists warn against switching too quickly from exploration to exploitation because humans still have little understanding of the vast undersea environment and life on the seabed. Controversy over regulations The development of mining activities in the new “fronts” mentioned above also poses the need for appropriate regulations to adjust. This is also what the leaders of the countries have seen. Typically, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has spent many years drafting a Code for Future Undersea Mining – an indispensable tool for monitoring possible mining activities. deployed. Regulating is considered vital to seabed mining in deep waters such as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) which extends from the Hawaiian Islands to the Baja California peninsula and lies on the road. fault of the Pacific Ocean. This vast area is believed to have reserves of 247 million tons of nickel and 226 million tons of copper. However, many studies have shown that hidden in these spaces is a unique biodiversity and their density is reinforced by the presence of multi-needle nodules located at a depth of 4-5 km. Currently, the debate over regulations for these activities is still raging. While the International Seabed Authority recommends a gradual adjustment of regulations on a step-by-step basis when there are actors involved in seabed mining, it is also argued that such a gradual adjustment is slow. Slow, follow reality. Some argue that it will be difficult to modify the rules of conduct once mining has started. Experts say that although the exploitation of the ocean floor does not fully compensate for the activities taking place on land, it is a necessary additional source to meet future needs. But, as with space, deep-sea mining initiatives are posing dilemmas about extracting resources in increasingly remote regions. All opinions are that, whether on land or at sea, the conservation of ecological balance is a criterion to consider mining projects.

As noted by Fox News, NASA’s rocket launch window opened at 20:04 and the rocket launched at 20:36 on the same day. About 10 minutes after launch, the Black Brant XII rocket ejected barium vapor at an altitude of about 350-400km above the Atlantic Ocean, just north of Bermuda and about 870-900km from Wallops. The barium vapor from the NASA rocket is not harmful to the environment and has formed two blue-violet clouds that can be seen across the East Coast for about 30 seconds. However, clouds prevented the launch from being viewed with the naked eye. “This is the last date NASA intends to authorize a rocket launch from Wallops. The vocal rocket was originally scheduled to launch on May 8 but has been postponed several times a week,” Fox News wrote and reported. For further information, the Black Brant XII rocket launched during NASA’s KiNet-X mission – designed to study how energy and momentum is transported between different regions of space with a magnetic connection. The Black Brant XII missile is a 4-stage rocket. Peter Delamere, KiNET-X principal investigator from the University of Alaska Fairbanks said: “The aurorae – also known as the north pole or pole light, is formed when particles in the ‘near universe’ of the Earth’s ‘near space’. Earth interacts with the atmosphere Electrons in Earth’s space environment and in the solar wind are relatively low in energy, however, the aurora is produced by very high energy electrons. Vapors emitted from the rocket’s payload will generate magnetic interference and potentially energized electrons.KiNET-X consists of a single rocket launch carrying seven separable payloads – equipment primary diagnostic device, along with four small sideloads and clouds of barium vapor set to release from two additional, larger payloads”. Beautiful performance Analyzing further, meteorologist Katie McGraw told News 5 that when the launch happened, people in Northeast Ohio could see it thanks to clear skies. NASA called the May 16 launch of the Black Brant XII rocket a “beautiful display” and couldn’t have written a better story. Katie McGraw further revealed that the Black Brant XII rocket was used for the mission to explore energy transport in space. Black Brant is the result of research at the Canadian Arms Research and Development Facility (CARDE) in the 1950s into the nature of the upper atmosphere as part of ongoing research into anti-missile systems. ballistic fire and long-range communications. The launch took place on May 16 after a week of waiting. In 1957, CARDE contracted with Bristol to produce a simple rocket fuselage, called the Propulsion Test Vehicle, for high-powered solid fuel studies. Albert Fia’s design is quite heavy, as it is designed to accommodate a wide range of engine burn times, propellant loads and launch angles well suited to its role as a test vehicle for development. ABM system. The first test flight took place just two years later. CARDE’s attention then turned to long-distance communications, and they found the propulsion test vehicle system useful as a locating missile. To better suit this role, Bristol modified the design to be lighter and more suitable for the Black Brant missile role. CARDE has launched several Black Brant rockets over the years with the original Black Brant I design able to carry a payload of 68 kg to an altitude of 150 km and fly for the first time in October 1960. The missile’s design emphasizes payload reliability and range. There are 12 versions of the Black Brant and the Black Brant XII is a four-stage sonic launcher manufactured in 1995. The missile was first launched from the Andoya rocket range off the northwest coast of Norway and caused an explosion also known as the fear of Black Brant. This incident has put Russia’s nuclear forces on high alert, fearing a high-altitude nuclear strike could blind Russia’s radar, and Russia’s Cheget “nuclear briefcase” has been put on high alert. sent to Russian President Boris Yeltsin, who must then decide whether to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike against the United States. This is the first and only known incident to date where any nuclear-weapon country has activated its nuclear briefcase and prepared for an attack. On September 19, 2009, a Black Brant XII rocket launched to study the clouds caused calls from eastern North America reporting “strange lights in the sky”. NASA reported that the light came from an artificial noctilucent cloud formed by the exhaust particles of the rocket’s fourth stage at an altitude of about 278 km.

Photo: BrightSide It sounds ridiculous, but there are still people who believe that the Earth is flat, even though NASA has proven it with GPS positioning and images from space satellites. Some people believe in the old map theory that the Earth is completely flat and stationary, centered around the North and South Poles. Reality: NASA has taken countless vivid pictures to prove that the earth is spherical. There are easier ways to verify that. A suggestion for you to check the horizon by trying to climb a tree. The higher you climb, the further you can see, the more clearly you can see the curvature of the earth. 2. When the Moon is full, people will change Photo: BrightSide An age-old legend leads people to believe that most crimes happen on full moons because the moon drives people crazy. Even police stations in the UK require extra vigilance around full moons. Reality : That is completely absurd. Studies show that there is no link between the increase in crime during full moons. This event can also be explained because most of the time, the full moon falls on a holiday or weekend. 3. Vaccines “bad” Photo: BrightSide In a recent survey, 45% of American adults were asked about vaccines and they answered negatively, questioning the effectiveness of vaccines and their safety. So more and more people stop vaccinating their children as well as themselves. According to the World Health Organization, hesitancy to use vaccines is listed in the top 10 threats to global health in 2019. In fact, vaccines prevent and cure many diseases. For example, the tragedy of Pertussis, which disappeared for decades and returned to spread everywhere, doctors recommend vaccines to prevent such diseases, both safe and effective, but more and more women Parents decide not to vaccinate their children. 4. Australia is not real and its inhabitants are just actors diễn Photo: BrightSide Some people believe that Australia does not exist. According to some theories, when Australia was founded it was just a British military base, in fact Britain killed all the prisoners and no island existed. This strange thing was reported by a number of famous magazines. Truth: This is a very obvious thing, Australia exists. You can find all the information about Australia on the Internet, NASA satellite images, or you can book a flight there. 5. The Loch Ness Monster is real. Photo: BrightSide There are still many people who believe in the legend of the creature called the “Loch Ness Monster”. The terrifying giant creature is said to live in Loch Ness in Scotland. Rumors have been circulating since a doctor visited the area and captured the moment he saw this legendary creature emerge from the water, since then many have claimed to have seen it with their own eyes. see the creature. The truth is that there is no such thing as a “Loch Ness Monster”. No evidence has been found that the photo is fake. However, according to subsequent studies, the photos appear to be staged. Some scientists have been exploring the continent, collecting DNA samples, and have discovered that what people see is likely a giant eel or a seal. 6. Dark Side of the Moon. Photo: BrightSide It is believed that we cannot see 100% of the Moon, because an area is always dark and frozen. In fact, this can be explained by the cycle of the moon. The moon is fullest at the position where the sun’s reflection is maximum and waning when the angle is oblique, but there is no darkness at all. 7. There is no global warming. Photo: BrightSide Although it is hard to believe, there are still some people who deny about global warming and claim that nature is not affected by the terrible effects that humans have caused. People are skeptical about climate change, they are against science, like oil companies or industrial parks. The reality is that climate change is happening and it’s man-made. Greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of global warming. Scientists also agree to prove global warming and there are more than 1000 papers dealing with this issue and its negative effects on humans.

NASA’s Parker Solar probe has picked up radio signals on Venus. This is the first direct measurement of Venus’s atmosphere in nearly 30 years, and it is quite different from Venus in the past. A study published May 3 confirms that Venus’ upper atmosphere undergoes puzzling changes during a solar cycle, the Sun’s 11-year cycle of activity. This marks the latest clue to why Venus and Earth are so different. Born from similar processes, Earth and Venus are twins (both rocky, similar in size and structure), but the development paths of these two planets have been different since then. born. Venus lacks a magnetic field, and its surface heats up to a temperature hot enough to melt lead, and the spacecraft only lasts a few hours there. Earth-like planets with life? Studying Venus helps scientists understand how the twins evolved and whether Earth-like planets have life. Video enhancement converts the data from Parker Solar’s FIELDS instrument into audio. FIELDS detected a natural, low-frequency radio emission as it passed through Venus’s atmosphere. This helps scientists calculate the density of the planet’s electrically charged upper atmosphere, known as the ionosphere. In just seven minutes when the Parker Solar Probe was closest to Venus – FIELDS detected a natural, low-frequency radio signal. Like Earth, Venus has a layer of electrically charged gas at the upper edge of its atmosphere, called the ionosphere. This sea of ​​charged gas or plasma naturally emits radio waves that can be detected by instruments such as FIELDS. When Collinson and his team identified the signal, they realized the Parker Solar Probe had passed through the upper atmosphere of Venus. The researchers used this radio emission to calculate the density of the ionosphere over which the Parker Solar probe flew. Researchers last obtained direct measurements of Venus’ ionosphere from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter in 1992. At that time, the Sun was near the maximum of the solar cycle. In the years that followed, data from ground-based telescopes showed that great changes were taking place as the Sun entered its quiescent phase, i.e. minimum. While much of the atmosphere remains the same, the ionosphere – at the top, where gases can escape into space – is much thinner during the sun’s minimum. Observations from the recent flight of the Parker Solar probe, which occurred six months after the sun’s last minimum, show that Venus’ ionosphere is much thinner than previous measurements made. during the solar maximum. “When multiple missions confirm the same results, it gives you a lot of fun,” said Robin Ramstad, study co-author and postdoctoral researcher at the US Space and Atmospheric Laboratory. believe that thinning is real.” Understanding why Venus’ ionosphere is so thin near the Sun’s minimum is part of unraveling how Venus reacts to the Sun. This will help researchers determine how Venus, once very Earth-like, became the toxic atmosphere world it is today. For example, the ionosphere of Venus is prone to leakage, which means the escape of energized gases into space. Collecting data on this and other changes in the ionosphere is key to understanding how Venus’s atmosphere has evolved over time. Venus researchers think that data collected from the Parker Solar probe will give them a new perspective on a mysterious planet like Venus, our twin sister to Earth.

Billionaire Dennis Tito on his return to Earth in May 2001. Photo: CNN CNN channel (USA) reported that billionaire Tito, then 60 years old, spent 20 million USD to realize his dream from a young age. In 1961, before the news that Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space, young Tito set a goal of life. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not in favor of sending ordinary people into space. In 1991, not long after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Mr. Tito started negotiations with Moscow about going to space by “paying for tickets”. Tito recalls: “In the late 1990s, the Russians wanted more funding for the space program. So I realized I could find them.” On April 28, 2001, the Soyuz spacecraft was launched into space in Kazakhstan with 3 crew members including billionaire Tito and two Russian cosmonauts. Billionaire Tito then spent 8 days living on the ISS. Two decades later, billionaire Tito still vividly remembers: “The pencils flew and I could observe both the darkness of the universe as well as the curve of the Earth. I feel so relieved. It was the best time of my life, achieving my life goals… I hope that others experience the same wonderful things I have.” Since billionaire Tito’s space trip every year, only a few other tourists have had a similar experience. However, some US companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are betting on space tourism with the goal of making this form not too far away. These people all chose the space tourism program of the company Space Adventures, which uses Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft to ferry passengers to the ISS. Since 2009, the space tourism program of Space Adventures has ceased to exist because the US Space Shuttle program is “retired” and only Russia’s Soyuz is the vehicle to carry astronauts to and from the ISS. However, a representative of Space Adventures said that once there is competition in the space tourism market, there will be price competition and in the future there will be many units participating in this field. Space Adventures maintains cooperation with the Russian space agency, and they are studying the possibility of a Soyuz launch to the ISS by 2023 with a program to create opportunities for tourists to walk in space. In addition, Space Adventures is planning a space tour in late 2021 via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. NASA contributed funds to develop Crew Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner space capsule. However, both of these companies are privately owned and therefore have the right to sell seats on their spacecraft to anyone who can afford it. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon ship. Photo: CNN NASA has also changed its stance on space tourism since billionaire Tito’s historic trip. In 2019, NASA announced plans to open the ISS to visitors. Former NASA astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman, who now works in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, considers Tito’s 2001 trip to mark the “beginning of a new era” of space tourism”. Mr. Jeffrey A. Hoffman expects that the cost of space tourism will decrease as demand increases. He says that the main obstacle to space tourism is safety concerns. In 2014, a pilot was killed during a test flight of Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo spacecraft. In addition, there have been records of rockets of SpaceX and Blue Origin – a company owned by Jeff Bezos, exploding during testing, fortunately no one was injured. According to the former astronaut, there is always an accident risk with air travel, but “a consistent safety record” will help this form of travel grow. May 2020 marks the first private spacecraft to launch NASA astronauts into space. It’s SpaceX’s Crew Dragon. The company expects by the end of 2021 to use Crew Dragon for a program exclusively for ordinary people with a price of 50 million USD per seat. SpaceX also hopes to plan a spacecraft called Starship to bring Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maeza and a group of artists to the Moon in 2023. In 2019, an American company called Gateway Foundation announced plans for a hotel project operating in the lower Earth’s atmosphere.

Model of China’s first space station at the 2010 exhibition in Zhuhai city. Photo: Kin Cheung / Associated Press China has now achieved what the US and the Soviet Union did before: a successful landing on Mars. After orbiting the planet since February, the Tianwen 1 rover sent a vehicle to land on the surface of Mars. The probe will join three NASA spacecraft that are surveying Mars. China’s Mars mission may seem less appealing than NASA’s latest mission, because it’s essentially repeating the feats Americans achieved decades ago. But it represents another milestone in China’s ambitions to transform itself into a “space power,” as President Xi Jinping announced in April. Many potential milestones lie ahead. Conquer the Moon In January 2019, China became the first country to land a probe on the dark side of the Moon. This is China’s second successful moon landing, after one in 2013. At that time, China sent a rover on the lunar surface and it is still operating to this day, far exceeding the initial 3 month expectation. In late April, it roamed nearly half a mile from its starting point in the Von Kármán crater near the moon’s south pole, according to Chinese television. In December 2020, China sent another spacecraft to the Moon. It shoveled nearly 2kg of rock back to Earth. This is the first lunar specimen since those collected by the Soviet Union during the Luna 24 mission in 1976. Some samples are on display in Beijing. China names its lunar probes Chang’e with serial numbers. Three more will hit the road in 2027, with more flying probes and even 3D printing trials in space. These missions aim to lay the groundwork for a Moon base and astronaut visits in the 2030s. To date, only the US Apollo program has sent people to the Moon. In March, Russia’s space agency Roscosmos said it would work with China to build a lunar research station, though it did not give details of any joint plans. Enemy space station China’s launch of the main module for its latest orbiting space station in April attracted more international attention than expected for unwarranted reasons. After reaching orbit, the main booster fell ominously back to Earth: “uncontrolled re-entry”. Debris landed in the Indian Ocean in May, nearly losing the Maldives and sparking criticism over how China carried out its heaviest rocket launch, the Long March 5B. More similar cases will continue. This is the first of 11 missions needed to build China’s third and most ambitious space station by the end of 2022. Two more Long March 5B rockets carry additional modules and new ones. Variations with smaller parts. Next June will have four missions to be carried out, sending Chinese astronauts back into space after more than four years. Watch the launch of the rocket carrying the Mars probe Tianwen 1 in Wenchang, China. Photo: AP China’s first two space stations are short-lived prototypes, but the station is intended to be operational for a decade or so. The International Space Station, jointly developed by the US, Russia and other countries, is nearing the end of its expected life cycle in 2024. What happens after that remains unclear. NASA has proposed keeping the station operational for several more years; Russia has announced it intends to withdraw its troops by 2025. If the station is shut down, China could be the only country with a space station for a while. This Thien Cung station will be able to accommodate 3 astronauts for long-term missions and 6 astronauts for shorter periods. China has chosen a team of 18 astronauts, some of them civilians (only one is a woman). The first three are expected to spend three months in space, surpassing the 33-day record set by Chinese astronauts in 2016. Hao Chun, director of China’s manned space agency, told the press that astronauts from other countries would be allowed to visit, under the docking mechanism “in line with China’s standards”. “. Some foreign astronauts are prepared to learn Mandarin. Conquer Mars The Mars mission is trying to achieve feats that NASA has achieved for many years. The Tianwen 1 spacecraft has reached orbit around the planet and has now safely brought one to the surface. The Soviet Union was the first country to send a spacecraft to Mars in 1971, but seconds after touching down, the lander stopped communicating, possibly due to a sandstorm. It transmits an incomplete or undecipherable image. Since then, several other countries’ attempts to reach the surface have failed. Only the US has succeeded in landing on Mars. China tried to send an orbiter to Mars in 2011, but the Russian rocket carrying it failed to get out of orbit and both crashed back to Earth. China’s Tianwen Orbiter has surveyed Mars and its landing site, Utopia Planitia, a large basin in the northern hemisphere where NASA’s Viking 2 landed in 1976. The Zhurong rover is named after a position. god of fire, will conduct a number of experiments studying the topography, geology and atmosphere of the planet. China says it plans to send a second lander to Mars in 2028 and eventually return samples from the planet to Earth. That’s a goal NASA and the European Space Agency are hoping to achieve by 2031. China’s mission could happen this decade, setting up a potential race. In addition to the Mars mission, China is planning a 10-year mission to collect samples from an asteroid that passed by the comet. Simultaneously in orbit for Venus and Jupiter. In 2024, they plan to launch a telescope with an orbit similar to Hubble, which was first launched in 1990. Hoang Thanh ( According to the New York Times)

4 astronauts returning aboard Space X’s Crew Dragon spacecraft from the International Space Station crashed safely in the Gulf of Mexico, near Panama City at 2:56 a.m. on May 2 (US time). ABCNews reported that the ship left the space station at 20:35 on May 1 after bad weather at the place fell, causing the crew to delay their return twice. But upon landing on target, the spacecraft marked the first night-time fall of an American crew flight in 53 years. The last time was the Moon mission aboard NASA’s Apollo 8 on December 27, 1968. “Dragon, on behalf of NASA and SpaceX, we welcome you back to Earth. For those of you who study in our regular pilot program, you’ve earned 68 million miles (about 109 million kilometers).” on this trip, “a SpaceX crew operations and resource engineer told the Crew-1 astronauts after the spacecraft crashed. “It’s good to be back on Earth,” replied NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins, Crew-1 mission commander. Crew Dragon ship was launched from November 2020. Photo: NASA. Crew-1 marks SpaceX’s second crew flight to the space station and the first to last in six months. The ship was launched into orbit on November 15, 2020. Before that, in May 2020, a test flight of Crew Dragon was also made and lasted for 2 months, bringing 2 astronauts to the international space station. Although SpaceX’s third crew mission has already kicked off, today’s return marks the second crew’s success for the show. That third flight, known as Crew-2, won’t land until later this year. According to information from ABCNews, the Crew Dragon spacecraft has been nicknamed Resilience by astronauts. In addition to captain Mike Hopkins, the ship also carries other NASA astronauts Victor Glover and Shannon Walker and astronaut Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aviation Exploration Agency (JAXA). Steve Stitch, NASA’s Commercial Crew Program Manager said in live commentary: “Certified vehicles land during the day or at night, so there is no problem with the vehicle itself. And we practiced with recovery groups to land during the day or at night. Steve Stitch added that the process went smoother compared to the recovery of the Demo-2 crew back in August 2020, when NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken met a small private fleet. . This time, SpaceX and the Coast Guard have tweaked safety procedures to ensure no civilians get too close to the compartment, in case it leaks fuel. “All four crew members are doing very well. You rarely wake up on the space station and go to bed in Houston … Orbital mechanics and weather don’t always work well, but today.” now they have done so, “NASA Flight Manager Holly Ridings said at a press conference after the Crew Dragon landed safely. NASA’s director of human exploration, Kathy Lueder, recounted the radio station’s moment of silence as the Crew Dragon plunged through Earth’s atmosphere: “Astronauts are only anxious when experiencing a blackout – And it’s nice to hear Mike’s voice “… Four astronauts escaped from the hold with the help of medical staff, before returning to shore to catch a NASA plane back to the agency’s headquarters in Houston, Texas. 4 astronauts (from left to right): Shannon Walker, Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins and Soichi Noguchib inside the Crew Dragon. Photo: NASA According to CNN’s information, since leaving Florida in November last year, four astronauts Mike Hopkins, Victor Glover, Shannon Walker and Soichi Noguchi have had 167 days on the International Space Station – laboratory. The scientific experiment orbits the Earth 250 miles above Earth, which has been home to international crews of astronauts for more than two decades. The return of the four astronauts was originally scheduled for April 28, but was delayed due to strong winds in the area. Crew Dragon, also known as Resilience, is SpaceX’s second spaceship. The ship’s resilience broke the record for the longest serving US spacecraft ever docked on the International Space Station and surpassed the 84-day record of the Skylab 4 crew in 1974. Crew Dragon’s first landing took place in August 2020 on a Demo-2 mission, bringing NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley back from space after a two-month test mission. Before the landing, the second crew of NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, astronaut JAXA Akihiko Hoshide and astronaut Thomas Pesquet of the European Space Agency were also launched to the Space Station. international post. That means crew 1 has a period of 1 week overlapping in orbit with crew 2. The second quartet of Shane Kimbrough, Megan McArthur, Akihiko Hoshide and Thomas Pesquet will remain in orbit until fall, when the 3rd crew enters space to take their place. Support crews were immediately present around the Crew Dragon vessel area that landed in the Gulf of Mexico early May 2 morning. Photo: NASA The first commercial spaceship SpaceX is one of two commercial companies contracted with NASA to fly astronauts in space. Space X’s Crew Dragon spacecraft can carry up to 7 astronauts and Cargo Dragon; was designed to be launched from the top of the Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket and returned to Earth via a crash into the sea. Unlike its predecessors, this spacecraft can be attached to the International Space Station instead of being anchored. Crew Dragon is equipped with an integrated launch escape system (LES) capable of accelerating a spacecraft from an emergency launch missile with an acceleration of 11.8 m / s2 (39 ft / s2), made using a set of four side-mounted thrusters with two SuperDraco engines on each side. The spacecraft has redesigned solar panels and revised outer mold lines compared to the original Dragon, and also has new aircraft computers and avionics systems. As of March 2020, four Crew Dragon spacecraft have been produced. Crew Dragon serves as one of two spacecraft slated to transport crews to and from the International Space Station under NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, the other being the Boeing CST-100 Starliner. . It is also expected to be used in US space travel company Space Adventures flights and transporting tourists to and from Axiom Space’s planned space station. Crew Dragon’s first drone test flight took place in March 2019, and the first crewed flight with astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley took place in May 2020. The two astronauts Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins in the Crew Dragon. Photo: NASA This test flight marks the first time that a private company has launched a crewed orbital spacecraft. Cargo Dragon is expected to deliver cargo to the International Space Station under a Commercial Supply-2 Service contract with NASA, along with Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems’ Cygnus spacecraft and Sierra Nevada Corporation’s Dream Chaser spacecraft. . Cargo Dragon’s first flight is launched in December 2020. On November 10, 2020, the Crew Dragon, comprising the Falcon 9 missile and related ground systems, was fully certified by NASA as the first commercial spacecraft system in history to be capable of maneuvering. transfer people to and from the International Space Station. Initially, the company intended to let Crew Dragon land on land using the LES engine, with parachutes and ocean falls as options available in case of the incident, a Space X representative told reporters. Launch is canceled. Precise landing on water with a parachute has been proposed to NASA as Crew Dragon’s “method of returning to the atmosphere and fundamentally restoring the first few flights”. The forced landing was subsequently canceled, making parachuting the only option. By 2011, Paragon Space Development Corporation had been supporting the development of the Crew Dragon life support system. In 2012, SpaceX was in talks with Orbital Outfitters about developing space suits to wear during launch and return to the atmosphere. Each crew member wears their own custom fitted space suit. The suit is primarily designed for use inside the Dragon, and in the case of the fast depressurization cabin, this suit may protect crew members. The suit can also cool astronauts during normal flight. At a NASA press conference on May 18, 2012, SpaceX confirmed their target launch price for the Crew flights to be $ 160 million, equivalent to about $ 23 million per seat capacity. Crew up to 7 people on board and NASA orders at least 4 Dragon Crew flights per year. This contrasts with the 2014 Soyuz launch price of $ 76 million per seat for NASA astronauts. The design of the Crew Dragon spacecraft was officially announced on May 29, 2014, during a press event at SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California. In October 2014, NASA selected the Crew Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to bring American astronauts to the International Space Station, according to NASA’s Commercial Crew program.

Astronaut in space. Illustration. Many plans have been proposed, such as “launch” ill-fated astronauts into space, burial on Mars, even used as food for the crew. If there is a problem on the flight itinerary We are entering an exciting space era, in which many hope human’s first step on the surface of Mars will not be far away. However, as SpaceX CEO Elon Musk once said, “If you want to go to Mars, prepare for death.” About 21 astronauts have been killed since humans first set foot on a spacecraft and flew into space 60 years ago. According to experts, the death toll will inevitably increase as space agencies prepare for missions to send humans to Mars. To get to the Red planet, astronauts spend at least seven months living inside a cramped spaceship, traveling long distances, deep. If they survive this journey, they will have to endure the harsh environment of the Martian world. When a crew member dies while on a mission, it will take months, even years, for their bodies to be brought back to Earth. This situation raises a question: What happens to the body of a dead person in space? NASA does not have procedures to handle corpses in space because the astronauts selected for the mission are guaranteed physical and mental health. However, researchers around the world have thought of this situation and proposed measures to handle when an astronaut accidentally dies. During the mission on the journey to Mars, can the astronaut’s body be placed in cold storage or freeze-dried until the spacecraft returns to Earth? The process of freezing drying in space is much different from that on Earth. On Earth, people would use liquid nitrogen to freeze bodies, but in space, a robotic arm would hang the body wrapped in a bag on the outside of a spacecraft. The body will freeze for an hour, become brittle, then the arm will shake, breaking into small pieces. This process will theoretically turn an astronaut weighing 90kg into a mass of only 22kg, which can be stored on a spaceship for many years. But if this freeze-drying isn’t an option, the crew can send off their deceased companion to stay forever in the vast universe. Catherine Conley of NASA’s Office for the Protection of the Planet told Popular Science: “At the moment, there are no specific guidelines in the plan to protect the planet, either at the NASA level or internationally, regarding” bury “a deceased astronaut by throwing the body into space”. The solution of releasing the dead into space seems to be the easiest option, the body will stay on the spacecraft’s journey and linger on the place where it was released. And if more missions choose this approach, future spacecraft heading towards Mars will likely collide with many corpses. The robotic arm holds the dead body in space waiting to freeze. Illustration. Bad situation going to Mars If you are lucky enough to survive on a journey that lasts approximately 7 months and reach Mars, astronauts will face new challenges that threaten their survival, radiation. Previous data showed that Mars is 700 times more contaminated with radiation than Earth. Radiation can alter the cardiovascular system, damage the heart, harden and narrow the arteries, or remove some of the cells in the lining of blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular disease and may end with the death of the astronaut. In this case, burial on Mars would be necessary, but NASA has strict laws about contaminating other planets from microorganisms on Earth. NASA scientist Conley told Popular Science: “Regarding the disposal of organic matter (including corpses) on Mars, we are not imposing any restrictions as long as all are eliminated. microorganisms on Earth. So it is necessary to cremate ”. However, not every dead astronaut can be buried, but in some emergency situation, such as when the remaining crew runs out of food and in order to survive, the corpse of the human. The team can help them sustain life on their way back to Earth. It sounds barbaric, but there has been such a case in the past, when a plane crashed into the Andes in 1972. The survivors had no food and no way to communicate with them. outside, so in order to sustain life, to find someone to come and save, they made the difficult decision to eat the dead as soon as the plane crashed. Biologist Paul Wolpe said: “Although we give our bodies a lot of respect, life is everything. If the only way a human could survive was to eat a body, then that would be acceptable, even if no one wanted it.

In what form could life on earth end in the end? Photo: Astronomy Some scientists point out that the earliest life on Earth was born about 4 billion years ago. At that time, the Earth was continuously bombarded by space meteors, but life continued strongly. Earth’s history has seen many catastrophes, and each one is like the end of the world. Supernova explosions, asteroid collisions, large-scale volcanic eruptions, sudden climate changes … these events have claimed countless lives. During a number of mass extinction events, most of the species at that time had been wiped out. In the end, however, life still goes on. There will always be new species on Earth, and a new cycle will begin again. Although human life may be unimaginably fragile, turning the entire Earth into a barren land is not so easy. Here are some events that have the potential to wip out all life on Earth (very low probability and not happening in the near future). The impact of asteroids When an asteroid hits Earth, it releases incredible energy. 66 million years ago, an asteroid the size of a city crashed into the Gulf of Mexico and led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. At that time, all other creatures on Earth were almost wiped out. Although human ancestors were not born at that time, it may be the most important event in human history. Without the asteroid impact, dinosaurs could always be the lord of Earth, and other mammals could only exist in their shadow. According to geological records assessment, the frequency of Earth being collided by large asteroids is about 100 million years. However, smaller asteroid effects occur more often. There is even evidence that some people have died from the effects of asteroids over the past few thousand years. In 1888, in Sulaymaniyah, now in Iraq, a meteor strike killed one person and injured another. This is the earliest recorded asteroid accident. But what is the probability that Earth will be hit by a large asteroid? A 2017 study published in Nature has shown that to cause this asteroid must be large enough. Only the largest asteroids in the solar system (like Pallas and Vesta) can do this. Richard Binzel, a professor of planetary science at MIT, said even though an asteroid might one day come and destroy us, the likelihood is very low. Oxygen depletion Fossil of trilobite, one of the earliest arthropods on Earth. Photo: Shutterstock The chances of the latter being slightly higher than the previous. First, let’s go back to long history. Nearly 2.5 billion years ago, Earth went through a period known as the “Great Oxidation Event” – creating oxygen on a global scale. The increase in cyanobacteria causes a huge increase in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Without this event, no oxygen-breathing animals would exist and the biological world would not have been diverse, from low-order monocytes to higher multicellular flora and fauna, including humans. However, about 450 million years ago, one of the most serious extinction events on the planet – the Ordovic -Silur mass extinction occurred. It could be due to the sudden drop in oxygen levels at that time, which lasted for millions of years. But why is this happening? During the Ordovic period, all the continents on Earth were connected to form the supercontinent Gondwana. At that time, most life on Earth existed in the ocean, but plants began to appear on land. At the end of the Ordovic period, the Earth’s climate suddenly changed, causing this supercontinent to be covered with glaciers. The sudden drop in global temperature alone is enough to cause the disappearance of many species. Then, when global oxygen levels plummeted, life on Earth experienced a second wave of extinction. Scientists can find evidence of this drastic change in sediment samples on the seabed. Some researchers believe that glaciers at that time caused a fundamental change in ocean stratification, and that the temperature and oxygen concentration of each layer of seawater differ. However, the exact cause of this significant reduction in oxygen is still being debated. Whatever the reason, more than 80% of the species on Earth disappeared during the Ordovic mass extinction. Such events happened in the past, will history repeat in the future? In fact, a recent study published in Nature Communications has shown that climate change reduces oxygen levels in the ocean, which can cause the extinction of some marine life. Gamma-ray bursts Gamma-ray bursts can originate in binary star systems. Photo: University of Warwick Gamma-ray bursts occur when a giant star dies, explodes like a supernova, and collapses into a black hole. It spits out stream of rays at the speed of light in the universe. Any planet in the path of this stream would lose its atmosphere immediately and be burned. When the gamma rays in the explosion hit the blue planet’s atmosphere, they will cause oxygen and free nitrogen atoms to collide, and some will recombine into N2O compounds, the destroyer. ozone layer. N2O is long-lived in the atmosphere, and they continue to destroy ozone until it falls to the ground through rainfall. If there was a gamma-ray explosion in the Milky Way, it could potentially cause the extinction of a large number of species on Earth. If the gamma-ray burst was aimed in the direction of the Earth, even if it lasted only 10 seconds, it would destroy at least half of the Earth’s ozone layer. Scientific research in recent decades has shown that even a small fraction of the ozone layer is destroyed enough to weaken Earth’s “natural protective layer” and cause serious problems. And if the ozone layer is depleted to a certain extent, the Earth’s food chain will be severely damaged, leading to the extinction of a large number of species. Death of the Sun. As the sun continues to age, more and more energy is released, which could eventually wipe out the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Photo: Nasa A study published in the journal Nature Geoscience in March this year showed that regardless of whether or not a gamma-ray explosion occurs, in about a billion years, most life on Earth will die from lack of oxygen. A team of scientists working with NASA believes that this oxygen-rich atmosphere will not last forever. In a billion years, the activity of the Sun will cause the Earth’s oxygen levels to drop back to the levels they were before the “Great Oxidation Event”. The team describes the last moment before the Earth’s inability to support life as follows: “We find that the deoxygenation of the future is an inevitable consequence of increased heat radiation from the Sun. The exact timing of this process will be governed by the redox flow that changes between the geological mantle and the ocean-atmosphere system and the Earth’s crust. ” Conclusions are made after modeling and running simulation based on the algorithm hundreds of thousands of times. The start time and duration of this process will depend on a variety of factors, and can be as short as 10,000 years. But researchers point out that for Earth, in the end, this fate is inevitable. Fortunately, humanity still has 1 billion years left to find another way out.

Mars probe ship. Generates oxygen on other planets The Perseverance expedition ship of the US Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has just made history. It successfully experimented with converting carbon dioxide gas from the Martian atmosphere into oxygen. This is the first time that oxygen production has been performed on another planet. The Mars experiment using local oxygen resources, called MOXIE, is a device the size of an automobile battery and is placed inside the Perseverance. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is the manufacturing unit. MOXIE is made of a heat-resistant material such as a nickel alloy. It is designed to withstand extreme temperatures of up to 800 degrees Celsius. The device is coated with a thin layer of gold to prevent heat and damage to the Perseverance vessel. On the first test run, MOXIE generated 5.4 grams of oxygen – enough for an astronaut to breathe easily for 10 minutes while still performing normal activities. Engineers will conduct additional tests and find ways to increase oxygen production. By design, MOXIE can generate 10 grams of oxygen per hour. NASA expects the development of experimental instruments not only to help generate oxygen for astronauts in the future, but also to help generate large amounts of oxygen to be used as a rocket launcher for the return journey without. must be transported from Earth. The Perseverance expedition landed on Mars on February 18 to perform a mission to search for signs of microbial life on the “Red Planet”. In the coming years, the Perseverance ship aims to collect 30 soil and rock samples to send back to Earth (estimated around 2030) for analysis. Dang Vu Tuan Son, Club of Astronomy and Astronomy of Vietnam, said that oxygen-rich atmosphere should not be seen as steel evidence for life on other planets. Nowadays, to look for signs of life, scientists often use biological structures as guides. Its biological form and life-forming compounds serve as indirect evidence for its presence. On Earth, the oxygen in our atmosphere is one of the most obvious biological characteristics that an alien astronomer can notice. It is only in our atmosphere in such large quantities because plants and bacteria photosynthesize it has been creating it for billions of years. Oxygen is not synonymous with life A new study published April 13 in the journal AGU Advances suggests that terrestrial planets around stars like the Sun can develop oxygen atmospheres without help. from life. This means that detecting oxygen on a planet does not mean that the planet is capable of life. This study uses a computer model that allows scientists to experiment and observe the evolution of a planet. In the first model test, the researchers attempted to accurately reconstruct our Earth. Then they changed the initial conditions to different from what was made up of Earth, and the results they got showed that there are many cases where the planets still contain oxygen but do not require any changes. living. In fact, they have found three main ways for a rocky planet to have an oxygen-rich atmosphere without the presence of life. The first scenario is an Earth-like liquid water planet with oceans 50 times (or more) larger than on Earth. All of that water puts great pressure on the planet’s crust, shutting down the geological activity. This prevents things like the weather and the melting of rocks being two factors that cause oxygen to disappear from the atmosphere. The second scenario is the opposite: A dry desert world with 30% less water than Earth and they will solidify with a “steam atmosphere” for about a million years. This provides a large amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, as sunlight breaks down the molecules of water and hydrogen released into space. And because the planet’s solid desert surface cannot remove any oxygen, it stays in the atmosphere. The last way for a lifeless planet to have an oxygen-rich atmosphere is if the original planet had a higher ratio of carbon dioxide to water than the early Earth. In this case, the planet undergoes a greenhouse similar to what happened on Venus and becomes too hot for oceans to form in the first place. It is also too hot for volatiles to exist in the planet’s mantle, where they will isolate oxygen through chemical reactions. Instead, these volatiles are in the atmosphere, where they can no longer remove oxygen. The planets could have better life than the Earth Researchers have identified more than 20 planets outside the Solar System that have better conditions for life than Earth. Some of these planets have orbits stars that are probably even better than the Sun. A study led by Dirk Schulze-Makuch at Washington State University published in the journal Astrobiology details the features of planets with superlative potential, including is composed of planets that are older, slightly larger and warmer, and possibly more water than Earth. Life can also easily develop on planets moving around slower-changing stars that have longer lifespans than the Sun. The top 24 candidates for habitable planets are all located more than 100 light-years away from us, but Schulze-Makuch says this rescue could help future observations to focus properly, such as the James Webb space telescope, NASA’s LUVOIR space observatory and ESA’s PLATO space telescope. Researchers have selected planetary systems that are likely to have terrestrial planets moving around the parent star in the region of the habitable zone (an area that allows water to exist as a liquid on the planet’s surface) from Kepler’s archival data on transiting exoplanets. Our sun has a relatively short lifespan, less than 10 billion years, because it takes nearly 4 billion years for complex life to form on Earth, so many stars are similar to the Sun (types of G stars). ) may run out of fuel before life can develop. Along with monitoring the types of G stars, the researchers are also observing K-stellar systems, which are colder, smaller, and fainter than the Sun. Type K stars have lifespans that can last from 20 to 70 billion years. That allows the planets moving around it to grow older and allow life to have more time to have life as complex as Earth does today. However, for the planets to stay alive, the planets could not be too much as they could end geothermal activity and no longer have a protective magnetic field. Earth is about 4.5 billion years old today, but researchers think that the most ideal time for life on a planet is between the ages of 5 billion and 8 billion.

Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco. The photo was taken by NASA using the ASTER (a high resolution imaging tool, using technology to measure reflected radiation and heat emission) on NASA’s Terra satellite. The mountain range formed about 80 million years ago, when the African continent and Eurasian continent collided. The mountain range includes diverse components, such as limestone, sandstone, plaster and granite, according to CNN. Qinghai Lake, China’s largest lake, viewed from above through NASA’s EarthKAM lens. Qinghai Lake is located on the Tibetan Plateau, stretching over 4,300 square kilometers and about 25.6 meters deep, according to CNN. Paris, France looks strange when taken from NASA’s Terra satellite. The Empty Quarter Desert, Saudi Arabia. NASA’s EarthKAM captured a beautiful intersection between the suburbs of As Sulayyil Sulayel and the Rub ‘al Khali Desert in Saudi Arabia (Empty Quarter). It is considered the largest uninterrupted sand desert in the world. Grand Canyon is America’s most famous national park, stretching about 446 km. Seen from NASA’s Terra satellite, the red rock patterns in the mountain look like a work of art, according to CNN. Patagonia, Chile. NASA has been using ASTER to keep track of shrinking glaciers. This is a warning of global warming problem. China’s Great Wall, spanning more than 2,000 kilometers, is believed to have been built in the 3rd century BC. This ancient fortress is currently one of the most visited heritage sites in the world. Photo: NASA. The Rio Gurupi, Brazil is part of the Gurupi biological reserve. The river flows through a coastal plain, home to a vibrant ecosystem, including dozens of islets, mangroves, sand dunes, lagoons, lagoons and beaches. Photo: NASA. Danube Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine. As the longest river in Europe, the Danube River winds through 19 countries, including Germany, Austria, Hungary and Ukraine. NASA’s Earth Observatory captured the Danube delta, where the river pours into the Black Sea. This area is recognized by the United Nations as a world heritage site, and as a center of biodiversity, with more than 300 species of birds. Grand Bahama Coast. The image is a deep-water area of ​​Tongue of the Occean – an underwater gorge. Photo: NASA. Andes Mountains in South America through NASA EarthKAM lens. Off the Russian island of Sakhalin taken from NASA’s EarthKAM. St Anthony’s Monastery, Egypt, looks like a red spot between the desert and the Red Sea mountains. St Anthony’s Monastery is the oldest Christian monastery in the world. Photo: NASA. Persian Gulf with famous rivers such as Tigris, Euphrates, Shatt al-Arab and Karun. Photo: NASA. Outback region, Australia. Image taken by NASA EarthKam in the area adjacent to the rocky desert of the Outback region with the edge of a lake.

Space Station Skylab was launched by the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) in 1973. The agency had planned Skylab to operate for at least 10 years, but that did not happen. The sun radiates more energy than expected, increasing Skylab’s pull back to Earth. Image: NASA . On the night of July 11, 1979, Skylab returned to Earth and exploded over the Indian Ocean, west of Australia. Debris from the 85-ton space station is scattered across fields and small towns. Although no one was injured, the town of Esperance (Australia) fined $ 400 to NASA for littering. However, this agency does not pay. Until 2009, a new radio station in California (USA) paid this fine. Photo: State Library of Western Australia. Not only Skylab, there have been many instances where objects from space fell uncontrollably down to Earth. November 10, 2013, satellite GOCE The European Space Agency (ESA) caught fire and plunged into the Atlantic due to running out of fuel a month ago. According to the Space , GOCE is used to map the Earth’s gravity. Previously, scientists were concerned that the 1-ton satellite could fall to the mainland. Image: Space . Atmospheric Research Satellites (UARS) was launched by NASA in September 1991 with space shuttle Discovery to analyze the Earth’s ozone layer. In December 2005, a satellite weighing 6.5 tons, worth $ 750 million, was stopped by NASA before it fell to Earth in September 2011. While most of the satellites were burned, the remaining 532 kg of UARS fell to Canada, Africa, parts of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Image: NASA . NASA launches satellites Pegasus 2 weighed 11.6 tons in 1965 to study asteroids orbiting the Earth. The data was sent back to NASA by Pegasus 2 for about 3 years, then kept on orbit for 11 years. On November 3, 1979, the satellite returned to Earth and then exploded, debris plunging down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Image: NASA . Operated for 9 years from 1971 to 1982, Salyut 7 is the last space station in the Salyut program of the Soviet Union. On February 7, 1991, the 22-ton space station lost control, crashing to Earth after a period of time out of orbit while still connected to the Cosmos 1686 spacecraft. Both burned and exploded in the sky. Argentina, some fragments found in Capitan Bermudez region, no human casualties have been reported. Image: Space Age . On February 1, 2003, space shuttle Columbia exploded in the sky above Texas (USA) when returning to Earth, killing 7 astronauts. Investigations revealed that 82 seconds after the 100-ton ship took off, an insulating foam fell onto the carbon fiber board, puncturing the hull and damaging the body temperature protection while it was in service. speed 28,968 km / h. Although no one on the ground was injured, the Columbia event marked the second deadliest disaster in NASA’s space shuttle program. Image: NASA . Cosmos 954 , the secret satellite of the Soviet Navy used to spy on US nuclear submarines, launched on September 18, 1977 lost control. On January 24, 1978, a 3.8-ton satellite crashed northwestern Canada, causing radioactive debris to scatter over a large area. The Government of Canada asked the Soviet Union to pay $ 6 million for the search and cleanup campaign, but this country only accepted to pay $ 3 million. Image: NASA . On July 27, 2016, a boosters Long March 7 (Truong Chinh 7) China’s free fall, exploding in the American western skies. The image of a missile-generated light trail in the sky is widely shared on the Internet. The Long March missile chain is part of China’s plan to build an outer space station. Image: Matt Holt . Space Station Tiangong 1 (Heavenly Palace 1) China exploded over the southern Pacific on April 1, 2018. The 8-ton space station was launched in 2011, receiving 2 crew from 2012-2013 before completing the mission. In March 2016, China lost contact with Tiangong 1, allowing the space station to fall freely due to the gravity of the Earth. Image: CMSA . SpaceX’s test missile explodes again when it lands on the launch pad SpaceX’s Starship SN9 rocket landed and exploded on 2/2. This is the first phase prototype of a reusable rocket line that will help send people to Mars.

The Starship SN15 space missile left its launch pad on May 4. Photo: Space According to Space page, on May 5, SpaceX successfully landed the Starship spacecraft during the fifth test at their base in Texas, USA. This successful experiment marks a big win for billionaire Elon Musk’s space company after four of the previous tests ended in explosions. The SN15 rocket took off from Starbase in Boca Chica, south Texas at about 17:25 local time, reached around 10km and performed a series of flight exercises before making a critical landing. Billionaire Musk happily posted on Twitter: “Starship is landing normally”. Watch the video of the Starship rocket launched and successfully landed for the first time (Source: SpaceX): The test, however, was not entirely perfect. A small fire engulfed the base of the 50-meter spaceship shortly after landing, but was quickly extinguished with a tornado. SpaceX expert John Insprucker explains this “it’s no stranger to the metal fuel we’re using,” adding that engineers are still solving design problems. SpaceX faces growing pressure to succeed with its May 4 test flight after NASA announced a version of the Starship would be used as a lander in its return to the Moon program. America. The $ 2.9 billion contract is currently on hold after two rival companies, Blue Origin and Dynetics, filed an objection. SpaceX Starship Ship Illustration on the Moon. Photo: SpaceX Along with SpaceX, the space company Blue Origin of billionaire Jeff Bezos is also expected to launch the first space travel flight in July. Previously, the four predecessor devices of the Starship SN15 ship ended in failure, broken to pieces in tests over the past five months. The most recent time in early March, the SN10, appeared to have landed safely but a fire suddenly erupted as soon as the ship touched the launch pad, causing it to explode into a fireball. A small flame also erupted at the base of the SN15 in the latest launch but was quickly extinguished. Video of Starship SN10 ship exploded after landing (source: videospace): SpaceX has learned a few lessons from other tough landings. And the SN15 has been revised with a slightly different look from the previous prototypes. “The SN15 has improvements in structures, avionics and software, and the engine will allow for increased speed and efficiency throughout production and flight: in particular, avionics. No new improvements, updated launch architecture and new Raptor engine design ”, a SpaceX representative wrote in the flight description on May 4. SpaceX is developing Starship to send people and goods to the Moon, Mars and other distant destinations. The system consists of two components, both of which are designed for fast and complete reuse. The two components are a spaceship called the Starship and a giant early stage booster booster called the Super Heavy. Both vehicles will be powered by SpaceX’s next-generation Raptor engine. SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk said the Starship will have six Raptor engines. Although the SN15 was just a full-scale Starship prototype in height and width, it was powered by only three Raptor engines. Future test variants will be stronger, Musk said, and we will soon see these more powerful means of carrying out space missions. Musk aims to launch the Starship into orbit before the end of the year. Three Raptor engines of the SN15 missile in successful test. Photo: Space Starship SN15 ship when about to land. Photo: Space NASA’s Artemis moon exploration program recently selected Starship as a manned lunar lander Artemis aims to establish a lasting, enduring human presence on and around the Moon by the end of the 2020s. NASA officials say the knowledge and skills gained during SpaceX’s testing efforts. will help humanity reach Mars in the 2030s. Over the past few years, NASA has worked to achieve its goal of making a human landfall on the moon by the end of 2024, at the direction of former President Donald Trump. However, this timeline is expected to be relaxed under President Joe Biden.

Photo of the Ingenuity Mars helicopter taken by NASA’s Preseverance spacecraft. Photo: NASA. Open a new door Ingenuity attached to the belly of the Perseverance probe landed together inside Mars’ 45 km wide Jezero crater on February 18. On April 3, a solar-powered helicopter was dropped from Perseverance’s belly. NASA is expected to make history on the Red Planet with its first self-powered flight powered by energy. “That is extremely important. Technological inventions will open a door to completely different tools. And for me, that’s very interesting. We still haven’t envisioned all the benefits of this new technology, ”said Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA’s Deputy Administrator. Ingenuity is considered a “technology show”. Because, the expected flight of this helicopter on Mars is designed simply to demonstrate the efficiency of the technology. Although there is an onboard camera to take pictures during the mission, it’s the only feature on the plane that is not directly related to Ingenuity’s take-off. “The speed of light is too slow for us to actually control it in real time,” said Mr. Zurbuchen. In addition, the team must find a way for the helicopter to fly over Mars in a challenging environment, with a very thin atmosphere. Obviously, flying on another planet is not easy for helicopters. This is an exciting moment in the history of spacecraft and technology. Many people questioned whether Ingenuity was equipped with any technology application to achieve such a feat. Scientists hope to use Ingenuity to explore in the future, according to Zurbuchen. Because, a small helicopter can “probe many places that we can not go to by plane”. The expert also explains that Mars has some interesting things. The crater walls and other destinations will be interesting to study up close, while astronauts won’t be able to explore. In the future, helicopters could be an important asset for both robot and human exploration on the Red Planet, Mr. Zurbuchen said. However, as mentioned before, Mr. Zurbuchen said, there are many applications to this technology that are yet to be developed. Science breakthrough The deployment of the Ingenuity helicopter flight plan on Mars aims to demonstrate that humans can fly in the extremely low density, reduced gravity and extreme temperatures of the red planet. In addition, the amount of sunlight the planet receives is only half that of Earth; At night temperatures down to -90 degrees C cause electronic components to crack and freeze if left unprotected. While a mission on Mars is not an easy task, NASA is confident that this small helicopter can overcome the challenge. However, the first flight will be at low altitude and take place shortly. Members of the mission group said, Ingenuity (weighing 1.8 kg) is expected to fly no more than 3 meters above the floor of the Jezero crater on Mars. The helicopter will stay high for 40 seconds or so. However, even such a modest flight time would be an achievement. Because, Mars’ atmosphere is only 1% thicker of Earth. Aircraft generate lift by pushing air. However, according to Project Director Ingenuity – MiMi Aung, of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California, on Mars, there are fewer molecules to propel. That disadvantage outweighs the benefit that helicopters get from Mars’ weaker gravity. So Ingenuity has to behave a little differently from its predecessors on Earth. Specifically, Ingenuity propellers are made of carbon fiber, made for Mars. They are particularly large compared to the overall 48 cm high helicopter. Each wing extends 1.2 m. Those propellers will spin at about 2,500 rpm to bring Ingenuity off the ground. This is much faster than that required by a 4lb motor. Besides, Mars is also a place where the cold is “piercing”. Perseverance measured the Red Planet’s nighttime temperature to minus 117.4 degrees F (minus 83 degrees C) on the surface of Jezero. So Ingenuity has a fireplace so it won’t freeze. Currently, it takes more than 15 minutes for an order to be sent from the control agency on Earth to Mars. Real-time operation with the joystick is therefore not an option. Flight orders must be sent in advance. However, that doesn’t mean Ingenuity is going to be in trouble. This helicopter will be able to do many tasks on its own. For example, Ingenuity can analyze photos captured by the downward-facing camera. From there, locate it. The images will be in black and white. Ingenuity is also capable of 13-megapixel color photography. There are a series of complicated devices that are inserted into the “small body” of Ingenuity, although the helicopter does not carry any scientific tools. Cameras, electrical systems, avionics systems, and communications equipment for data transfer to Perseverance were all introduced into Ingenuity. In fact, the size of devices like objects has made it impossible for many helicopter missions on Mars. Ms. Aung and her colleagues tested Ingenity extensively on Earth before launching. Ingenuity used to have to fly in a special chamber at the JPL – which simulates the conditions of the Red Planet. Thanks to that, Ingenuity has been doing well on the Jezero crater since its separation from Perseverance. Therefore, the scientists expressed confidence in Ingenuity’s mission. If successful, Ingenuity will fly again – up to 5 times in about a month. Ingenuity helicopters pave the way for future space exploration.

Photojournalists installed remote cameras to be ready to record the missile launch image on April 22. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon space shuttle, set to take off atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. It will take almost 24 hours to reach the space station, whose orbit is about 250 miles (400 km) from Earth. It was originally scheduled to launch on April 22 but had to be delayed for a day due to unfavorable weather forecast. This rocket launch marks NASA’s second return to service after nine years of stopping the shuttle from space in the United States. It is also the third crew flight to be launched into orbit under a public-private partnership between NASA and SpaceX, the rocket company founded and owned by billionaire high-tech entrepreneur Elon Musk. The crew this time has 4 members including two NASA astronauts, commander Shane Kimbrough (53 years old) and pilot Megan McArthur (49 years old), along with Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide (52 years old) and specialist Thomas Pesquet (43 years old), a French engineer with the European Space Agency. 6 months of space experiment Crew 2 is expected to spend about six months conducting scientific experiments and maintenance before returning to Earth in the fall. The four members of Crew 1, sent to the space station in November, are scheduled to return to Earth on April 28. Crew 2’s mission is also special in that the Falcon 9 launch vehicle using the same early stage booster has put Crew 1 in orbit. This is the first time that a proven booster device has been used again during a crew launch. Reusable booster vehicles, designed to fly back to Earth on their own and land safely after they separate from the missile’s remains a few minutes after launch. SpaceX’s reusable rocket strategy has pioneered more economical space travel. SpaceX has so far recorded more than 45 successful Falcon 9 landings, and the company has refurbished and reused the majority of them for multiple flights. However, all previous flights only carried cargo, not people, into space. The pilot of Crew 2, McArthur, will make history as the first female Pilot of the Crew and the second in her family to ride a shuttle. She is married to NASA astronaut Bob Behnken, who took a SpaceX demonstration flight last year. If all goes according to plan, they will arrive at the space station on Saturday. McArthur and her three friends and crew will be greeted by four astronauts of Crew 1 (three from NASA and one from Japan JAXA Aerospace Exploration Agency) and two crew members. Russian family and an American astronaut were on a Soyuz flight to the space station.

Billionaire Dennis Tito on the ISS. Photo: CNN CNN channel (USA) said billionaire Tito, then 60 years old, had a strong hand only 20 million dollars to realize his dream from a young age. In 1961, before the information that Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin was the first person to enter space, young Tito had set the goal of life. The US Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) does not support sending civilians into space. In 1991, not long after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Tito started negotiations with Moscow to go to space by “spending the money”. Mr. Tito recalls: “In the late 90s of last century, the Russians really wanted more funding for the space program. So I found that I could find them ”. On April 28, 2001, the Soyuz spacecraft was launched into the air in Kazakhstan with three members on board including billionaire Tito and two Russian astronauts. Billionaire Tito then spent 8 days living on the ISS. Two decades later, billionaire Tito still remembers: “The pencils are floating and I can observe both the dark space of the universe as well as the curve of the Earth. I feel so good. It was the greatest moment in my life, reaching my life goals … I hope that others also experience the great things I have. ” Billionaire Dennis Tito returned to Earth in May 2001. Photo: CNN Since billionaire Tito’s space travel year, only a few other tourists have had the same experience. However, some American companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are betting on space travel with the goal of making it not too far-fetched. These people all choose the space travel program of the company Space Adventures, which uses the Russian Soyuz to bring passengers to the ISS. Since 2009, Space Adventures’ space travel program has ceased to exist because the US Space Shuttle program “retires” and only Russian Soyuz is the vehicle to bring astronauts to and from the ISS. However, a representative of Space Adventures said that once there is competition in the space travel market, there will be price competition and in the future there will be many units participating in this field. Space Adventures is still working with the Russian space agency and is working on the possibility of launching the Soyuz to the ISS by 2023 with a program to give visitors a chance to walk in space. In addition, Space Adventures is also planning a space travel in late 2021 via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. NASA contributed funding to the development of the Crew Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner space. However, both of these companies are privately owned and therefore have the right to sell their spaceship seats to anyone who can afford it. NASA has also changed its view of space travel since billionaire Tito’s historic trip. In 2019, NASA announced plans to open the ISS for visitors. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon. Photo: CNN Former NASA astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman, who currently works in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said billionaire Tito’s trip in 2001 marked the “beginning of a new era.” of space travel ”. Jeffrey A. Hoffman hopes that space travel costs will decrease as demand increases. The main obstacle to space travel, he said, is safety concerns. In 2014, a pilot was killed during a test flight of the Virgin Galactic company SpaceShipTwo spacecraft. In addition, there have been records of SpaceX boosters and Blue Origin – a company owned by Jeff Bezos, exploding during testing, thankfully no people were injured. According to the former astronaut, there is always a risk of an accident with air travel, but “a consistent safety record” will help this form of travel grow. May 2020 marks the first private spacecraft to bring NASA astronauts into space. That is the Crew Dragon of SpaceX. The company is expected by the end of 2021 to use the Crew Dragon for a program exclusively for ordinary people at a cost of $ 50 million per seat. SpaceX also has hopes in a spacecraft called Starship to bring Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maeza and a group of artists to the Moon in 2023. In 2019, an American company called Gateway Foundation announced plans for hotels operating in the lower layers of the Earth’s atmosphere.

In April alone, ISS has been busy with flights up and down. On April 9, the Russian Soyuz rocket sent 1 American astronaut and 2 Russian astronauts to the ISS laboratory 420km from the Earth’s surface. Eight days later, another Soyuz rocket carried another trio of American and Russian astronauts back to Earth. On April 23, the US spacecraft SpaceX brought two more Americans, one Japanese and one French to connect to the ISS. However, such bustling scene on ISS is about to come to an end. Last week, Russia announced it would withdraw from the ISS by 2025. Despite the growing tensions between Russia and the US over the past decade, the two countries ‘space agencies continue to work closely with each other, along with 13 countries’ space agencies. According to the US Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), since 2000, ISS has welcomed 243 people from 19 countries. According to the Financial Times, Professor Anu Ojha, director of the UK National Aerospace Institute and an advisor to the European Space Agency (ESA), said: “I only hear positive things about astronauts and astronauts as they work together “. In the early years of building and assembling modules of ISS, since 1998, Russia and Western partners cooperated closely. “NASA and ESA cannot build a space station without Russian experts,” said Ojha. The Russians are masters of building modular space stations ”. The ISS station once welcomed astronauts from many countries Western countries need Russian rockets to carry materials and people to and from the ISS. This reliance increased when NASA decommissioned the space shuttle fleet in 2011 and Soyuz became the only passenger vehicle that could put astronauts in orbit. Only in 2020, NASA will begin to use the SpaceX spacecraft system of billionaire Elon Musk. For the Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos), cooperation with the West through the ISS also adds to the financial resources. NASA spent $ 3.9 billion to hire Soyuz to transport astronauts to the ISS from 2011 to 2019. Although astronaut Mark Vande Hei’s trip to the ISS in April may not be the last of an American on Russian rockets, the majority of non-Russian astronauts will travel on SpaceX or on Boeing’s Starliner, expected to go into service from 2022. During the first 15 years, the ISS crew focused on assembly and engineering work, which meant that the zero gravity work environment was only just being established. Recently, NASA astronaut Kate Rubins, who just returned to Earth in mid-April, recounted her hundreds of hours on the ISS to do biological experiments, from decoding DNA on a space station to growing human heart tissue and vegetables. . ISS’s most important area of ​​research is its attempt to understand the long-term effects of space travel on human health, in preparation for planned attempts at the Moon or travel to Mars. Other direction of cooperation For Russia, the decision to end ISS participation is expected to lead to more spatial cooperation with China. It is also part of the Kremlin’s broader pivot to Beijing. Since Western sanctions were first imposed on Moscow in connection with Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia has doubled down on its efforts to strengthen ties with China. The two countries reached agreements on defense and space cooperation while bilateral trade nearly doubled compared to 2010, reaching $ 110 billion in 2019. In 2020, Roscosmos rejected an offer from the US to join NASA-led Artemis program, aimed at bringing people to stay longer on the Moon. In March, Russia and China agreed to jointly develop a base on the Moon to “promote the peaceful discovery and use of space for all mankind” (according to a memorandum of understanding between the two. country). Roscosmos last week also said it aims to set up its own Russian space station by 2030, using modules designed like the ISS. The Interfax news agency quoted Roscosmos Director, Dmitry Rogozin, as saying: “It is likely that by 2030, we can put a space station into orbit, that will be a huge breakthrough.” On Russian television, Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov said that in the future, on the Russian space station, in addition to astronauts, there will be the participation of artificial intelligence and robotics. He stressed that Russia is ready to consider for foreign crews to visit, but definitely the Russian space station must be national. Interfax quoted an unnamed source as saying that Russia planned to spend up to $ 6 billion to put this project into operation. China will also soon introduce the module to build the China Space Station (CSS). The ship carrying this module is scheduled to take off at the end of April. This is the culmination of the project that the Chinese government launched in 1992. After this module goes into space, China plans to launch at least 10 more times. Another launcher carries the remaining modules and cargo to complete the CSS assembly by the end of 2022. The 100-ton, T-shaped CSS will consist of three main modules: the 18-meter core module, called Tianhe, and two 14.4-meter lab modules, called Wentian, that are permanently attached to the sides. of the core module. As the station’s control and control center, Tianhe can accommodate 3 astronauts with a stay of up to 6 months. CSS has volume less than 1/4 the volume of ISS. Instead, configure 3 modules based on China’s need in doing the necessary scientific experiments. The 440-ton ISS with a construction cost of $ 150 billion will end its lifespan and should be returned to Earth expected by 2025. The future of the ISS is still under negotiation after the current cooperation agreements expire. by the end of 2024. According to NASA, from a technical point of view, the ISS can operate until the end of 2028. Of course, the ISS will be upgraded if it wants to last longer, especially electrical and communication systems. .

Earth Day is launched by the United Nations, held on April 22 every year, to encourage movements to protect the environment around the world to prevent more frequent disasters. climate change and environmental destruction. April 22 this year will be the 51st Earth Day in the world. Since 1970 until now, the Foundation for Earth (Earthday.org) has been working with more than 75,000 partners in more than 190 countries to promote active action to protect planet Earth. In response to Earth Day 2021, from April 20 to 22, the Foundation for the Earth calls on the world to take action with world leaders to prevent the upcoming catastrophes of gas change. posterity and environmental destruction; together restore the Earth. “Restoring our Earth” is also the theme of Earth Day 2021 in the context of the world facing the Covid 19 pandemic and towards restoring normal life, economic recovery and restoration. Earth. Our Earth Restoration theme focuses on the emerging green technologies and natural processes that can restore the world’s ecosystems. In this way, the subject rejects the notion that mitigation or adaptation is the only way to address climate change. Rubbish at Lake Uru Uru, in Oruro, Bolivia, March 30, 2021. EPA photo. The global summit on climate was initiated by US President Biden On Earth Day this year, it is very special that the “Leaders Summit on Climate Change” will take place on April 22 and 23 and chaired by US President Joe Biden. This is one of the outstanding activities of the events celebrating Earth Day this year. The summit on climate is held in an online format with the participation of leaders from countries with major economies in the world. This summit also marks the 5-year anniversary of the signing of the Paris Agreement on climate change (December 12, 2015). On April 21, in a statement, a spokesman for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that Chinese President Xi Jinping will attend the summit on climate change organized by the US via online form. and there will be an important speech. President Biden has invited 40 world leaders including those who care about the environment along with leaders from the countries rated as the most polluting, such as China and India. This will be an opportunity for the new US president to commit his intention to fight climate change through a clean energy revolution for businesses and job creation for the people. The event will be streamed live for the public to follow. Many events are held for Earth Day Official poster of Earth Day 2021. Source: earthday.org. There will be hundreds of events held around the world during the largest event on the planet. The Organization for the Earth alone will organize “Three Days of Climate Change”, a three-day conference with many seminars and presentations. The event started on April 20 with the Global Youth Summit hosted by Earth Uprising. This global youth summit includes seminars, speeches, discussions and messages with the participation of prominent climate activists such as Greta Thunberg, Alexandria Villasenõr and Licypriya Kangujam. On the evening of April 20, the Hip Hop Caucus organization and its partners organized an online summit “We Shall Breathe”. This digital event will look at climate and environmental justice and equity, the links of the climate crisis to pollution, poverty, and racism. and pandemic. On April 21, the Multilingual Online Summit that spanned various time zones with the participation of prominent activists from the continents, focused on the important role of climate change educators and why we need climate change education right now. The conference is hosted by Education International (Education International) with the theme Education for the Earth. In parallel with the aforementioned global climate summit, the For the Earth Organization will hold seminars, special discussion groups to focus on the topic “Restoring Our Earth”, in That will cover natural processes, green technologies and innovative thinking that can restore the world’s ecosystems. Selected topics include: Understanding of climate and environment; Climate recovery technology; Efforts to reforest forests; Regenerative agriculture; Equity and justice for the environment; Science and civic education about the Earth and the environment; Clean up the world and more. Create beautiful pictures from the many pieces of the Earth NASA’s #ConnectedByEarth program will connect participants around the world. Photo: NASA. To celebrate Earth Day 2021, the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) will host an online Earth Day event from April 21 to 24, focusing on a more sustainable way of life on the home planet. Explore our relationships between Atmosphere, water cycle, forests, fields, cities, ice caps and Earth’s climate. The program #ConnectedByEarth will feature live presentations by NASA scientists, conversations with astronauts and space scientists, videos, interactive science content, an kid-friendly play area, a scavenger hunt, hundreds of downloadable resources and more. Additionally, on Earth Day and throughout this week, each individual can celebrate with people all over the planet by posting an image on social media of the part of Earth connecting you with planet and tag this image with #ConnectedByEarth. Through #ConnectedByEarth, NASA says, aggregated images of various regions, humans and other creatures shared by people create a beautiful picture of the many pieces of the puzzle that are connected to each other in our world.

Technician places the MOXIE device inside the Perseverance vessel in the laboratory in Pasadena, California, USA, March 2019. (Photo: AFP / VNA) After the Ingenuity mini helicopter made history by successfully making its first flight on another planet (Mars) a few days ago, the US Aviation and Space Agency’s Perseverance expedition ship ( NASA) continues to make a spectacular new mark when it first created oxygen on the “Red Planet.” NASA’s announcement on April 21 states that the Perseverance explorer has made history by successfully converting carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere into oxygen. This is the first time creating oxygen is done on another planet. “This is the first important step in converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into oxygen on Mars,” said Jim Reuter, NASA’s space technology mission executive vice president. The Mars experiment using local oxygen resources, called MOXIE, is a device the size of an automobile battery and is located inside, in front of the right side of the Perseverance. The device uses electrochemical methods to split carbon dioxide molecules, made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, and produces a carbon monoxide by-product. Manufactured by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), MOXIE is made of a heat-resistant material like a nickel alloy and is designed to withstand extreme temperatures up to 800 degrees Celsius. The device is coated with a thin layer of gold. so as not to radiate heat and harm the Perseverance vessel. On the first test run, MOXIE generated 5.4 grams of oxygen – enough for an astronaut to breathe easily for 10 minutes while still performing normal activities. Engineers will conduct more tests and find ways to increase oxygen production. By design, MOXIE can generate 10 grams of oxygen per hour. “MOXIE has a lot to do, but the results from this technology demonstration are promising as we move towards our goal of one day seeing humans on Mars,” said Jim Reuter. Tests for MOXIE will be divided into three phases. The first stage is to test and characterize the equipment. Stage two will evaluate the performance of MOXIE under a variety of atmospheric conditions. In the final phase, researchers will step up the operation of the equipment, which includes testing new operating modes or adding functionality. NASA expects the development of experimental instruments not only to help generate oxygen for astronauts in the future, but also to help generate large amounts of oxygen to be used as rocket launchers for the return journey. Not transported from Earth. According to MIT engineer Michael Hecht, a one-ton version of MOXIE can generate about 25 tons of oxygen needed for a rocket to take off from Mars. Production of oxygen from the atmosphere is 96% carbon dioxide’s Mars It may be a more viable option than extracting subsurface magnetic ice and electrolysis to produce oxygen. Ms. Trudy Kortes – Technology Demonstration Director NASA “MOXIE is not only the first instrument of oxygen production in another world, but the first technology of its kind that helps future missions use elements of another world environment, also known as on-premises resource use. ” Expedition ship Perseverance landed on Mars on February 18, on a mission to search for signs of microbial life on the “Red Planet.” In the coming years, the Perseverance ship aims to collect 30 soil and rock samples to send back to Earth (estimated around 2030) for analysis.

In a new study published in the journal Acta Astronautica, scientists said, in the future, a dangerous asteroid will plunge itself and collide with Earth. Relatively, an asteroid does not need to be too large to cause severe destruction. One of the simulations in this study is the asteroid 300 meters (1,000 feet) in diameter, the size of six Olympic swimming pools. This is not a large asteroid, but it would still destroy an area of ​​a large city with just the initial impact. An asteroid of this size is possible; as of October 2020, scientists have discovered 9,336 near-Earth object / asteroids (NEO / NEA) that are larger than 140 meters in diameter. Among them, scientists have classified 2,122 as potentially hazardous objects (PHO). So the risks here are not astronomically low – they are more likely to fall to Earth. Scientists say NASA has found that nuclear weapons are “10 to 100 times more effective” in moving asteroids out of a collision course with Earth than alternatives. Non-nuclear, thanks to the much higher energy of fission materials than conventional materials. This energy will apply the asteroid / asteroid an appropriate force to push the asteroids / meteors closer to Earth out of their original orbit. Detonating nuclear weapons to prevent an asteroid / asteroid plunge into Earth is considered optimal and feasible; Source: popularmechanics.com There are two ways to “treat” an asteroid / meteor – disruption or deflection it. In their research, the scientists ran computer simulations to see how it could dislodge the asteroid 300 meters from its flight path toward Earth. Shattering was Armageddon’s solution – hitting the asteroid directly to shatter it into much less damaging pieces. The other way – deflector, is a more “elegant” solution, according to the researchers. This only involves redirecting the entire asteroid so that it doesn’t hit Earth, eliminating the remaining variable left behind by a broken asteroid – debris. When detonating a nucleus near an asteroid, what happens is quite simple – detonating a nuclear device above an asteroid irradiates a certain surface area. Material near the surface melted almost immediately. This small amount of superheated matter then expands out of the asteroid as “blown”, creating a pressure wave in the remaining asteroid. A rocket-like emission pulse is transmitted and the asteroid’s initial velocity is altered, deflecting the asteroid. Nuclear detonation in simulations to change the intensity of its released neutron energy, the scientists found, up to 70% of the deflector action. So if we do this in the real world, the nuclear device will liquefy part of the asteroid’s surface, creating a backlash that alters the asteroid’s orbit. It must be a nuclear device that releases neutrons, not an X-ray emitter, to be as efficient as possible, the researchers said. And while we hope we never have to use those, it’s definitely better if we know in advance that we can.

Elon Musk left barefoot while sharing with Peter Diamandis about his plans to return to the moon. “Exploring Mars is not an outlet for the rich. The adventurer will probably face death so there are only volunteers and absolutely no coercion ”. Last week, SpaceX won a major order from NASA and became the only supplier designated for lunar landings. Before that, SpaceX plans to send humans to Mars by 2024 and establish a human colony by 2050. SpaceX has also completed the mission of sending four astronauts into space using a Falcon rocket. 9 “used”. The International Space Station (ISS), where NASA and the Global Space Administration have technology that sustains life. But this is different from NASA’s Enhanced Life Support (ALS) program. In other words, although the International Space Station has many different functions, such as water recycling, in Musk’s Mars plan, humans need support in long life instead of taking turns. from earth every few months and frequent short trips. If the Mars colonization program can go on and take root, it would mean providing food, shelter, medical services and ensuring the spiritual well-being of the entire population. Humanity to land on the moon in 2024 is possible It’s been 51 years since Armstrong first landed on the moon in 1969. On April 17, NASA confirmed Elon Musk’s SpaceX selection as a service provider for the moon return plan under contract. monopoly worth 2.7 billion USD. For Elon Musk, that would be another great achievement for SpaceX. As for NASA, this is an important step in pushing the plan to land on the moon repeatedly delayed. Musk believes SpaceX can help NASA achieve this ambitious goal by 2024. At 18:49:02 on April 23, Hanoi time, SpaceX successfully launched the old Crew Dragon spacecraft with the Falcon 9 rocket bringing 4 astronauts into space and they will arrive at the space station after 23 hours. . This is SpaceX’s second commercial launch and the Crew Dragon spacecraft’s fourth launch mission. So far, SpaceX has carried out a total of three manned ship launch missions, including the manned spacecraft DM-2 on May 30, 2020, Crew-1 on November 16, 2020, and Crew- 2 on April 23, 2021. A total of 10 astronauts were sent into space in three launches. Shortly after SpaceX successfully launched the Crew-2 onto the International Space Station, Musk said, “I think a return to the moon can be done.” “It has been almost half a century since man last set foot on the moon. This period is too long. We need to go back there and build a permanent base on the moon. Then build a city on Mars, become an aerospace civilization, a species of multiple planets, “this billionaire confirmed. “Martian” Elon Musk: Dreaming of the galaxy, spreading money into space Elon Musk not only has a large brain, but also has a “big mouth”. In an interview with Business Insider, when asked when humans appeared on Mars, Musk’s answer was, “Maybe six years later, or four years later. As for me, it will be about 2 or 3 years later ”. In fact, the owner of SpaceX has a special passion for Mars and founded Life to Mars to encourage activities to explore the planet. “If you were buried somewhere, born on Earth, and died on Mars is a wonderful thing,” Musk said. Elon Musk has a special passion for Mars “Eventually, life will spread across the entire solar system, and then cross our solar system into other star systems. If not, we will stay on Earth forever until extinction occurs. One of Elon Musk’s most important goals is to help humanity become an interplanetary species and be able to leap from earth civilization to space civilization, so SpaceX is so important. Also on Friday’s live broadcast, Musk announced he would give inventors a $ 100 million bounty for figuring out how to combat global warming by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. book or ocean. This is “the greatest prize in history” and lasted for four years. “The sun will get bigger and bigger, evaporating the ocean. So, to some extent, we should do something better. Mars is a real planet, so we can create a civilization there, ”hopes Elon Musk.

People in the Eastern Hemisphere can observe Apophis without binoculars by 2029. Exclude from the risk Asteroid 99942 Apophis was discovered in 2004. Apophis was quickly identified as one of the most dangerous asteroids that can impact Earth. However, that impact rating changed as astronomers tracked Apophis and its orbit. Now, results from a new radar observation campaign combined with accurate orbital analysis have helped astronomers conclude that Apophis poses no risk of impacting our planet in the least. at most a century. About 340 meters across, Apophis is quickly known to be an asteroid that could pose a serious threat to Earth. At that time, astronomers predicted that this asteroid would come close to Earth by 2029. Thanks to additional observations of a near-Earth object (NEO), the risk of impact by 2029 has since been eliminated. The scientists then also ruled out the potential impact risk posed by another close approach in 2036. However, a small chance of impact by 2068 is thought to still exist. When Apophis moved away from Earth on March 5, astronomers had an opportunity to use the radar observations vigorously. As a result, it helps refine estimates of the orbits of asteroids around the Sun with extremely high accuracy. Thus, scientists can confidently eliminate all risks of collision by 2068 and much later. “An impact in 2068 is no longer in NASA,” said Davide Farnocchia of the Center for Near-Earth Objects Research (CNEOS) managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California (USA). possibilities could happen again. Our calculations do not show any risk of impact for at least the next 100 years ”. Mr. Farnocchia mentioned the Sentry Risk Impact Table. Maintained by CNEOS, this table holds information about some asteroids whose orbits bring them so close to Earth that the impact cannot be ruled out. With recent findings, the Risk Impact Table no longer includes Apophis. Optical telescopes and ground radars help characterize every orbit of objects near Earth. As a result, scientists can improve long-term risk assessment. CNEOS calculated a high-precision orbit to support NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office. Apophis is no longer a threat to Earth. Opportunity to “follow” Apophis Apophis is the size of three soccer fields, weighing 27 million tons. If it collided with Earth, it would cause an explosion that was equivalent to 880 million tons of TNT. This power could destroy a country of mid-size. Its impact with the Earth will be 65,000 times stronger than the atomic bomb that once fell on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The impact hole it left could be 518m deep. To achieve new Apophis calculations, astronomers used 70 m radio antennas at the Deep Space Network’s Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex near Barstow, California. As a result, they were able to accurately track Apophis’ movements. “Apophis used to be close to Earth, but it still has nearly 10.6 million miles (17 million km) to go. Despite this, we were able to obtain extremely accurate information about the distance of Apophis with an accuracy of about 150 m. This campaign helps us eliminate the impact of risk and a great scientific opportunity, ”said JPL scientist Marina Brozovic – who led the radar campaign. Goldstone also partnered with the 100-meter-long Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia to allow Apophis to be photographed. Goldstone transmits while Green Bank receives – experiment that doubles the strength of the received signal. Although the Apophis radar image appears in pixels, the image has a resolution of 38.75 m per pixel. This is a remarkable resolution, considering whether the asteroid is 17 million kilometers away, or about 44 times the Earth-Moon distance. As the radar team analyzes more data, they also hope to learn more about the asteroid’s shape. Previous radar observations have shown that Apophis has a “double layer”, or peanut-like appearance. This is a relatively common shape among asteroids near Earth that are greater than 660 feet (200 m) in diameter. Astronomers are also working to better understand Apophis’ rotation speed and the asteroid axis orbit. On April 13, 2029, the Apophis asteroids will cross less than 20 thousand miles (32 thousand kilometers) from the surface to closer to Earth than the distance of geotechnical asynchronous satellites. On that close 2029 approach, terrestrial observers in the Eastern hemisphere could witness Apophis without the aid of a telescope or binoculars. This is also an unprecedented opportunity for astronomers to get a close-up look at a monument in the Solar System. In particular, now, Apophis is just a scientific curiosity, instead of a danger to our planet. “When I first started learning about asteroids after college, Apophis was a malformed child among dangerous asteroids,” said Mr. Farnocchia. There is a certain sense of satisfaction to see it removed from the list of risks. We are looking forward to knowledge that we can explore in its up-close by 2029 ”.

Photographs on Mars taken by a rover vehicle called Perseverance have stirred the Internet community since NASA’s latest robotic technology landed on the “Red Planet” in February 2018. Despite being two different planets, Earth and Mars still have similarities. Some pictures on Mars look quite similar to those of Earth’s Atacama Desert, Chile. NASA has spent time and money exploring this Mars-like land. NASA’s ARADS team is experimenting with the original rover on Mars in the Atacama Desert in Chile in 2018. Photo: NASA. “You can argue that the Dry Valleys Valley in Antarctica or the northern central Atacama is the hottest place on Earth. However, some places in Atacama only rain every 20 years, even 100 years later, “said Brian Glass, a researcher at Atacama Rover (ARADS). This research uses the Atacama Desert to test field tools and techniques for future missions to Mars. Because the Atacama Desert resembles a dead and deserted land, NASA investigated and found it almost a “copy” of Mars. They have been testing rovers since 1997. The newest rover uses original tools, they try to find and detect life here. “Because if you can’t find life in one of the bariest places on Earth, don’t think about going to Mars looking for it,” explained Glass. The Atacama Desert stretches for more than 1,600 km in the northern half of Chile between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes mountains. Glass says that to know how barren places like the Atacama Desert are, think about organic cues (such as life) to ambient noise. “The signal in the Mojave desert and remote parts of the US is still quite loud. You can still see shrubs, cacti, microorganisms, scorpions, insects; there is still an ecosystem there, ”said investigator Glass. Like Mars, the Atacama Desert has a harsh terrain with vast salt flats and towering volcanoes, including the most active mountain on Earth. Here, the night sky is very dark and has the largest astronomical observatories in the world. NASA investigated and found that this place is almost a “copy” of Mars. Photo: Mark Johanson. The driest place on Earth When scientists say Atacama is the driest place on Earth, they are referring to Yungay town. This town is about 88 km from the city of Antofagasta, NASA is doing research in this area. According to Mr. Glass, Yungay is a long valley with both sides of the hill being eroded by the wind. Land in Yungay is brown and quite barren, with no signs of life. In Yungay town there is a hand-carved statue of nearly 11 meters high. This statue, called Mano del Desierto, was placed near the town by Chilean artist Mario Irarrázabal in 1992. Although Yungay has long been considered the driest place in Atacama, recent research indicates that the title actually belongs to the Maria Elena South region, located about 273 km north of the nitrate mining town. Neither site has any facilities or attractions, but they are key points to the Atacama’s “emptiness” and similarities with Mars. Furthermore, because the McMurdo Dry Valleys Valley in Antarctica is particularly hard to reach, many scientists believe the valley is even drier. A hand-shaped sculpture of nearly 11 meters high is called the Mano del Desierto. Volcanoes and geysers While Mars is the “home” of the tallest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, the Atacama Desert contains the most active volcano on Earth, the Ojos del Salado. This gray-brown mountain is about 7,000 meters above sea level and is the second highest peak in the western hemisphere after Aconcagua in Argentina. However, this mountain’s permanent crater lake is said to be the tallest lake in the world. “When you look at this impressive mountain range, surrounded by volcanoes over 6,000 meters high, you will find yourself very small,” said Ercio Mettifogo, the adventure tour manager Puna de Atacama. To climb the top of Ojos del Salado, climbers do not need a lot of climbing techniques, although the altitude of the mountain is not small, but strong winds on the mountain up to 119 km / h and -29 degrees Celsius is definitely a challenge for surname. Most trekking takes place between November and April, the climbing period lasts 8 days for the climbers and 12 days for the amateur climbers. According to Mr. Mettifogo, Atacama Altiplano is often compared to the Tibetan plateau. The area near Mount Ojos del Salado, home to about 17 mountains over 6,000 meters high, has become a hub for adventure tourism. Farther north, near the tourist town of San Pedro de Atacama, another geothermal wonder of Atacama is the El Tatio geyser, dubbed the Yellowstone mini national park with 80 geysers of geysers that boil and smoke. raised suspicion. In the panorama of snow-capped volcanoes, El Tatio is the widest geyser region in the southern hemisphere and the tallest on Earth at 4,300 m altitude. El Tatio geysers are known as Yellowstone mini national park with 80 geysers of geysers boiling and smoke rising. Photo: Shutterstock. Salt beach and flamingos Much of the Atacama desert is barren like on Mars, but this land stands out with its beautiful salt-shoals, known as salares , with saltwater currents nourishing the life of a number of animals, including flamingos. There are many species of flamingos, including the rare Andes with yellow feet and black point wings, the smaller James flamingo with brick red feet and a bright yellow beak. In addition, the pinkest flamingo of all species is the Chilean flamingo. Chilean flamingos live in popularity along South America, stretching from Argentina to Ecuador. Pink-colored birds are easily found in Andes parks such as Los Flamencos National Reserve, near San Pedro and Nevado Tres Cruces National Park, near the city of Copiapó. “The salt beaches are also famous for the colorful lagoons,” said Gabriel Rojas of Turismo Atacamensis, guide taking tourists swimming in the turquoise lagoon in Salar de Pedernales, north of Nevado Tres Cruces National Park . There are also blood red, navy and emerald green pools in Pedernales, all connected on a three kilometer walking trail. Some scientists believe that, if humans do find signs of life on Mars, it would be historic salt ponds that formed in places like the Gale Crater and are believed to resemble what is found in the Altiplano of South America. A flamingo wades in a lagoon in the Los Flamencos National Reserve. Photo: Shutterstock. The clearest sky in the world The Atacama Desert is not only NASA’s test site for future Mars missions, but also where some of the most advanced planetary observations have been made on Earth. Northern Chile is home to about 70% of the facilities for Astronomy worldwide. The biggest projects in the 2020s including the Giant Magellan Telescope and the Extremely Large Telescope will all be set on bare hills over the next few years. “When night falls, silence and darkness will take over, it is unaffected by the lights and noise of the city, the place will turn into a path to heaven that makes you feel like can touch the universe, ”said Cristóbal Vergara, founder of Turismo Tembeta, a company that manages stargazing tours from the city of La Serena. The Elqui Valley, located on the southern edge of the Atacama Desert, has become a major center not only for scientists but also for stargazing lovers. “Along the mountains there is still mist from the Pacific Ocean, forming a few small clouds and making the sky clear,” Vergara added. To cater to your stargazing needs, there are nearly a dozen observatories near the Vicunã tourist center that are open daily for tourists wishing to see the stars in the hope of being able to get a closer look at Jackson Pollock’s sky. Many research facilities such as the Gemini South, Cerro Tololo, La Silla and Las Campanas are also open on weekends for visitors to visit. In 2015, the Elqui valley was named the world’s first International Night Sky Mecca. Thanks to that, the inns have transparent comfort to watch the stars begin to sprout like mushrooms, visitors can comfortably sleep under a starry sky. Turquoise lagoon in Salar de Pedernales, north of Nevado Tres Cruces National Park. Photo: Mark Johanson. Mr. Vergara said that the best part about stargazing here is that visitors are staring at “a place with great discoveries, technological advances and new astronomical discoveries that can help the future. hybrid of humanity ”. Atacama may not be as cold, harsh, or “alien” as Mars, but this land shows a “clone” of Mars right on Earth. Coming here to visit helps visitors to experience the feeling of traveling on Mars.

The Mars expedition can last at least 3 years. Brain structure effect The missions that bring humans to Mars are considered to be a major leap in space exploration. NASA has a goal of sending people to Mars by 2030. However, a trip to Mars is not the same as taking a flight to New York. Because space is an extremely harsh environment for human life, including the lack of gravity and harmful radiation, as well as isolation and lack of day or night. Missions to Mars will require more astronauts physically and mentally than man-made journeys in 60 years of space exploration. A flight to Mars and back will take about 14 months. Meanwhile, the actual exploration mission will last at least 3 years. Maintaining good cognition and effective teamwork are the prerequisites for the safe and successful outcomes of these tasks. However, a new study published in the journal Frontiers of Physiology found that the lack of gravity during such missions can have negative effects on cognitive skills, as well as emotions. of the astronauts. Since the first space missions, it is clear that exposure to a “microgravity” (weightless) environment leads to drastic changes in the human body. This includes changes in the cardiovascular, skeletal and nervous systems. On Earth, we discover gravity with the aid of our eyesight and various organs, including those in the inner ear. When our heads are upright, the hearing stones in the vestibular system are perfectly balanced by a viscous liquid. However, as we move the head, gravity causes the liquid to move with it. This activates signals to the brain that our heads have changed positions. In space, this process is no longer active. Space flight can even bring about adverse changes to the brain structure of astronauts. Changes in brain structure were observed in astronauts after they returned from the International Space Station (ISS). The scientists found that in these astronauts, the brain physically moves inside the skull and reduces the ability to connect between regions of the brain layer, the cortex and the inner regions. Emotional perception is extremely important to astronauts. Difficulty recognizing other people’s feelings The acumen and quick thinking of astronauts are essential elements in a space mission. So is the ability to accurately “read” each other’s emotional expressions. Because, they have to spend a lot of time sitting together in a small space. Therefore, it is recommended that space agencies consider training, as well as psychological support for astronauts before the flight, to minimize this risk. To date, how these changes affect behavior is not concretely understood. However, scientists are getting closer to the answer. Because, they realize, astronauts can be disoriented, disturbed perception, balance disorders and motion sickness. However, such findings are often made based on a small group of people. New NASA-backed research has explored the effect of microgravity on cognitive performance. However, 24 study participants were not sent to space. Instead, the scientists asked these people to lie in bed. This is because the effect of a certain type of bed rest is similar to that of microgravity. Therefore, scientists have repeatedly applied this method in research. When we are upright, the body and hearing stones in the vestibular system are in the same direction as gravity. Meanwhile, the moment of lying down, the body and hearing stones are perpendicular to each other. Therefore, study participants had to lie on their back at an angle of 6 degrees, their head lower than their body. They were asked not to change their position for almost two months. At the same time, the participants also routinely perform a series of cognitive missions designed for astronauts and related to space flight. As a result, it helps to evaluate their spatial orientation, memory, risk-taking behavior and understanding of their feelings about others. The results showed that the cognitive speed of these people slowed a bit but remained reliable in tasks related to sensory and motor skills. This seems to be consistent with reported changes in brain tissue density across “motor sensory regions”. These are the main motor and sensory regions of the brain, helping to process sensory input and movement, observed after a person has flown into space. Participants also had difficulty recognizing emotions when looking at people’s faces. Adjusting to changes in gravity takes time and effort. While performance on most cognitive tasks initially decreased, after about 60 days, the participants remained unchanged throughout the test. However, their ability to perceive emotions continued to deteriorate. In fact, the participants became inclined toward negative emotions. They are more likely to recognize another person’s expression as angry and have a hard time explaining how happy or normal the other person is.

The entire NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in the state of California burst out loud, clapping. After more than 10 days of delay, the Ingenuity helicopter weighing only 1.8 kg, worth $ 85 million of NASA, took off successfully on Mars. This victory is likened to NASA as the living moment of the Wright brothers (USA) who successfully made the first flight on Earth in 1903. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) tweeted immediately after Ingenuity’s success: “Perseverance has brought us to Mars. And Ingenuity takes us higher.” “. NASA’s Mission Control Room at (JPL) received a 14-minute delay in success signal because of a distance of 289 million kilometers from Mars. Photo: NASA The moment in which the Mission Control room was delighted to hear that Ingenuity had successfully flown on Mars. Photo: Reuters “Now, 118 years after the Wright brothers successfully made the first flight on our planet in the 20th century, the Ingenuity helicopter has succeeded in performing this amazing feat in the world. another – the Red Planet – in the 21st century “- NASA Deputy Science Director Thomas Zurbuchen said. At a distance of 289 million km (from Earth to Mars), the Ingenuity Mars helicopter has done a miracle, unprecedented in history: Automatically refuel from the Sun, automatically fly to a maximum prescribed height of 3 meters and maintain that altitude stable for 30 seconds, then a gentle landing on the surface of the Red Planet. The whole process took 39.1 seconds. 39.1 seconds is only two-thirds of the time of a minute. The time is extremely short but is a wonderful fruit for the efforts of thousands of minds to contribute to Mars Mission 2020 of NASA. It took NASA nearly a decade to prepare for this feat. SURVIVAL WITH SUCKS Dr. Daniel Brown, an astronomy expert at Nottingham Trent University (UK), described sending something flying to Mars as a ‘staggering feat’. The biggest challenge of the Ingenuity engineering team is the flying environment on Mars: – First money. So far, no one (human) has set foot on Mars. All scientists know is simulate that environment through data and images transmitted by NASA’s self-propelled explorer ship back to Earth. – Second, the Mars environment is known for its harshness: The difference in temperature between day and night can “kill” human machines, in particular, Ingenuity helicopters are too small, too light (this is required technical conditions for test flight). Not to mention, the Red Planet does not have a magnetic field, the gravity one third that of Earth; and the atmosphere is extremely thin, only 1% of the pressure on the surface of our planet. Basic construction of the Mars Ingenuity helicopter. Photo of Vietnameseization: Trang Ly / Trang Dinh [Đọc thêm về cấu tạo của trực thăng Ingenuity: ‘Mổ xẻ’ trực thăng 85 triệu USD đang ‘sống tốt’ trên sao Hỏa: Sáng tạo khoa học táo bạo bậc nhất của Mỹ!] This means that in order to fly, the helicopter must be super light and turn its wings extremely fast to gain lift. Therefore, the blades of Ingenuity reach 2,500 rpm. Each propeller on the Ingenuity is made of a 57-gram composite material that powers a chopper body the size of a tissue box! OPEN THE WAY TO DISCOVER THE NEW SKY To further mark the link between the Martian Ingenuity helicopter and the Wright brothers ‘maiden flight, NASA confirmed it had named the first Mars airport (where the Ingenuity helicopter took off) as’ Wright Brothers. Field ‘. “We don’t know exactly where Ingenuity will lead us, but today’s results show that the sky – at least on Mars – may not be the limit,” said NASA Administrator Steve Jurczyk. . Just as the Wright Brothers’ flight ushered in human exploration of the sky on Earth, Ingenuity’s mission has sparked a new wave of exciting projects, poised to take the discovery of distant world to a new level. In 2027, NASA plans to launch Dragonfly mission his highly anticipated, in which a helicopter will fly over the sky of Saturn’s moon Titan. Other missions to explore distant atmospheres – such as Venus’s cloud survey mission – may soon emerge. THE MISSION OF INGENUITY NOT STOP HERE … The NASA team plans to have Ingenuity more test flights in the next few days, with up to five bolder flights over the next 30 days assuming each is successful. NASA’s Ingenuity Mars helicopter captured this scene as it hovered over the Martian surface on April 19, 2021, during its first controlled, powered flight. another planet. It uses the navigation camera, which automatically tracks the ground during flight. Source: NASA / JPL-Caltech After its first flight, the Ingenuity helicopter sent the Mars Perseverance self-propelled explorer technical data on what it had done, including a single black-and-white photo from a ground-facing camera and information. that was transmitted back to Earth. The Ingenuity helicopter that was traveling to Mars, attached to the underside of Perseverance, touched down on February 18, 2021 as part of a mission to look for signs of extraterrestrial life. Refer: NASA, Popularmechanics, DM

However, research by the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) shows that humans can travel on the Moon at a faster speed than the astronauts on the Apollo. Theoretically, the time it takes to walk around the Moon is shorter than previously estimated. During the Apollo mission, astronauts “jump” on the Moon at a speed of about 2.2 km / h. According to NASA, this speed is quite slow due to the bulky astronaut suit, containing the pressure. If wearing a more comfortable outfit, the movement will be easy and maximum speed can be reached. Humans can walk on the Moon at a faster speed than astronauts during the Apollo mission. Photo: Shutterstock. Maximum walking speed on the Moon A 2014 NASA study, posted above Journal of Experimental Biology ( Journal of Experimental Biology ) tested human walking and running speeds in a simulated environment for the Moon’s gravity. According to the Live Science The team invited 8 people (including 3 astronauts) to use the treadmill on the DC-9 jet. The aircraft is piloted in a special parabolic trajectory, simulating gravity on the Moon for up to 20 seconds. Test results show that participants can walk at up to 5 km / h before running. Not only double the speed of the Apollo astronaut, the figure is almost equal to the average maximum walking speed of humans on Earth (7.2 km / h). The above speed is achieved because participants can walk while swinging their arms. This movement creates a downward force, compensating for the lack of gravity. One of the reasons astronauts on the Moon move slowly is not being able to swing their arms due to the tight suit. The footprints of astronaut Neil Armstrong on the Moon. Photo: NASA. If you apply the top speed above (5 km / h), it will take approximately 91 days to walk around the 10,921 km circumference of the Moon. Meanwhile, it takes 334 days to go continuously all the circumference of the Earth (40,075 km). Of course, that can’t happen because the Earth has an ocean. The same applies on the Moon as well. 91 days is just a number under ideal conditions. In fact, it will take longer to walk around the moon. Determine the roadmap and influencing factors Aidan Cowley, scientific advisor to the European Space Agency, says walking around the Moon is a possible task, but “too weird to be helped.” According to him, one of the biggest challenges is supplies such as water, food and oxygen. “I don’t think you would put them in your backpack because the masses are so great, even in environments with a gravity of 1/6 (compared to the Earth),” said Cowley, we need a support vehicle, also. is a shelter. “Many agencies are looking at the idea of ​​a pressurized rover, which will assist astronauts on exploration missions. They look like mobile bases, to store supplies and sleep at night, ”says Cowley. Adventurers also need suits that are optimal for mobility. Astronaut clothing is not currently designed for vigorous activity, but some agencies are developing suits that fit better, allowing wearers to freely swing their arms while walking on the Moon. Scientist, astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt was traveling on the Moon, during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. Photo: NASA. The rugged terrain on the Moon makes it difficult to find the right route, especially the craters many kilometers deep. Light and temperature are also two factors to note. “At the equator (of the Moon), during the day the temperature goes up about 100 degrees Celsius. By night, it drops to -180 degrees C,” Cowley said. The lunar cycle leaves some days with very little, or no sunlight. Therefore, at least half of the journey will take place in the dark. The temperature problem can be solved with rovers and clothing, but it also alters the regolith state – the fine gray soil that covers the lunar background – affects movement speed. Solar radiation is an important issue. Unlike the Earth, the Moon does not have a magnetic field that deflects radiation. “If the Sun emits a solar flare or releases aurora material (CME), your state will be very bad if your body is affected by the Sun’s high radiation,” said Cowley. The circumference of the Moon is 10,921 km. Photo: NASA. The final element of the quest is fitness. Participants need long-term exercise in conditions of low gravity, so that the heart and muscles adapt. Even when everything is ideal, one person can only walk at full speed for 3-4 hours / day. If you maintain a speed of 5 km / h for 4 hours / day, it will take you 547 days (nearly 1.5 years) to walk around the circumference of the Moon, in the condition of the road without a crater, no Affected by changes in temperature or solar radiation. Cowley thinks humans won’t have the technology or equipment for this task, at least until the 2030s or 2040s. “No agency will support such missions. But if some crazy billionaire wants to try, they’ll shake hands, ”Cowley said. Astronaut Alan Shepard plays golf on the Moon Live broadcast from the lunar surface on February 6, 1971, astronaut Alan Shepard said the golf ball was flying kilometers away.

Twelve astronauts have already set foot on the Moon. The answer depends on a multitude of factors, including how fast you go, how long will you walk each day, and which detours you need to take to avoid dangerous terrain. Such a trip around the moon might take more than a year, but in reality, there are many challenges to overcome. According to NASA, a total of 12 people have ever set foot on the lunar surface, all of which were part of the Apollo missions from 1969 to 1972. Screened Earth footage shows walking around in the low-gravity region of the Moon, equal to 1/6 of the Earth’s gravity. However, research from NASA shows that humans can travel on the moon much faster than the astronauts aboard the Apollo. Theoretically, walking the circumference of the moon could be done faster than previously predicted. During Apollo missions, astronauts circled the surface at a normal speed of 1.4 miles per hour (2.2 km / h). This slow pace is mainly due to their bulky, pressurized space suit not designed for mobility. If moon hikers wore nicer sportswear, they might find it a lot easier to move. In 2014, a NASA study published in the Journal of Experimental Biology tested the speed at which people can walk and run in simulated lunar gravity. To do this, the team invited eight participants (3 of which are astronauts) to use the treadmill on the DC-9, which travels in a special parabolic trajectory on Earth to model it. simulates gravity on the moon for up to 20 seconds. This experiment showed that participants were able to walk up to 3.1 miles / hour (5 km / h) before starting to run. According to the researchers, this figure is not only more than twice the walking speed that the Apollo astronauts have, but also quite close to the average maximum walking speed of 4.5 mph (7.2 km / h) on Earth. The participants slowed this down because they could swing their arms freely, similar to the way humans run on Earth. The pendulum’s movement creates a downward force, which partially compensates for the lack of gravity. One of the reasons the Apollo astronauts move so slowly on the surface of the Moon is because they cannot do this correctly due to their tight suits. At this new hypothetical top speed, it would take about 91 days to walk 6,786 miles (10,921 km) of the moon. Meanwhile, it would take approximately 334 days to walk non-stop (i.e., don’t stop to sleep or eat) around Earth’s 24,901 miles (40,075 km) circumference at this rate, though it is impossible to do so. . Obviously, 91 days of continuous walking is not possible, so the actual hike around the moon will take longer. Walking around the moon poses a number of different challenges. “I think logically, that can be done,” said Aidan Cowley, a scientific advisor at the European Space Agency. But it will be a very strange task to assist. ” One of the biggest challenges is carrying supplies, such as water, food, and oxygen. “I don’t think you’ll bring them in a backpack,” said Cowley. “Because that would be too much mass even if you were at 1/6 gravity. Therefore, you would need to have a support vehicle with you. This vehicle could also act as a shelter. hidden. ” “A lot of agencies are looking at the concept of having a pressurized aircraft, which can assist astronauts when they are on expeditionary missions, like portable mini bases,” Cowley said. You can use it to go at night and resupply, then go back during the day and go around. ” Moon explorers will also need a space suit with a design that allows for optimal mobility. The current space suits have yet to be created for the purpose of over-maneuvering, Cowley said, but some agencies are developing suits that fit properly to walk on the moon. “The moon’s harsh topography will also make finding a suitable path around it quite complicated, especially with a meteor crater that can be several miles deep,” Cowley added. You really want to go around craters. This is too dangerous. ” In addition, you will also have to take into account the lighting and temperatures when planning your route. Because, at the equator of the moon and during the day, the temperature is about 100 degrees Celsius. And then at night the temperature drops to minus 180 degrees Celsius.