“Ronald Reagan” nuclear-powered aircraft carrier (US Navy data map)
According to information released by the US military, in addition to the “Reagan”, the aircraft carrier strike group that entered the South China Sea this time also included the “Ticonderoga”-class guided missile cruiser “Shilo” (CG 67) and “Arleigh Burke”. Class destroyer “Halsey” (DDG 97). Among them, the “Hilo” cruiser visited Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province in May 2013. This is one of the important bases of our army’s South China Sea Fleet.
US military sources said that after the “Reagan” aircraft carrier strike group entered the South China Sea, it was performing various maritime training tasks, including air force flight training, maritime strike training, and coordinated tactical training of surface units and aviation units.
It is reported that the “Reagan” aircraft carrier strike group will hold a routine “spring cruise” as planned. Affected by the new crown epidemic, the “Spring Cruise” of the “Reagan” in 2020 lasted for 5 months, breaking the record for the mission time of the aircraft carrier stationed in Japan since 1999. Last year, the “Reagan” entered the South China Sea many times, and this year, the “Reagan” has just completed a few months of small-scale renovation.
The US military also mentioned in the news that the US military previously dispatched the USS Wilbur (DDG 54) destroyer to coordinate with the Australian Navy ship USS Ballarat. The two navies were also on June 6-11. South China Sea operations.
Previous photos of the “Ronald Reagan” nuclear-powered aircraft carrier training (US Navy)
Chinese Ministry of National Defense spokesperson Tan Kefei made a statement on May 20 regarding the illegal intrusion of the USS Wilbur into our territorial waters of Xisha, stating that the ship illegally broke into China’s territorial waters of Xisha without the approval of the Chinese government. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army organizes naval and air forces in relevant theaters to track and monitor US ships and warn them to leave. The intrusion of a US warship into our territorial waters in Xisha was a serious provocative action of very bad nature. We strongly oppose and strongly condemn it.
This article is an exclusive manuscript from Observer.com and may not be reproduced without authorization.

Framatome sent a warning letter to the US government. In the letter, Framatome asked for the support of the US Department of Energy, according to CNN. Framatome is the company that helped build and provide technical support for the Taishan nuclear plant, located about 130 km west of Hong Kong. CNN added that Washington must “hold a number of high-level meetings and discussions with Paris after receiving the letter”. At the same time, the US and Chinese authorities also “contacted to discuss the matter”. Even so, US officials do not believe the situation poses a serious safety threat to residents or workers at the plant. Framatome (France) warned of an “imminent radiation threat” at the Taishan nuclear plant in Guangdong province. Photo: Power-Technology China General Nuclear Power Corporation (CGN) later announced on Taishan’s website: “Taishan’s Unit 1 is operating normally and Unit 2 was reconnected to the grid last week. before and after the overhaul”. These units have a total capacity of 3.3 gigawatts and entered service in 2018 and 2019, respectively. CGN owns a 51% stake in the Taishan joint venture. Framatome’s parent company, Electricite de France SA (EDF), holds a 30% stake, with the rest belonging to Yuedian Utilities (China) in Guangdong province. Framatome claims it is “assisting in resolving the performance issue related to the Taishan nuclear power plant”, while citing available data showing that “the plant is still operating within safe parameters”. The EDF on June 14 confirmed that there was an “increase in the concentration of noble gases” in the cooling system of the Taishan plant. “The presence of some noble gases (chemically inert elements such as argon, helium or neon) is a phenomenon that has been observed during reactor operation,” the EDF said. The information was published at a time when the province of Guangdong, China’s industrial center, suffered a power shortage, forcing more than 20 cities to split electricity to a number of companies and factories. China is the world’s third-largest nuclear power market, after the US and France, with many new reactors under construction. The country has not recorded any serious nuclear accidents.

These word-of-mouth statements are almost consistent with information from the US Senate hearing on a request to fund NASA with a figure of $ 585 million to invest in nuclear-powered propulsion technology in the fiscal year 2022. and other American efforts in this area. This means that Russia’s space nuclear energy program is not only for technical purposes, but also for geopolitical purposes. Russia’s current program has its roots in the Soviet era. The Soviet Union launched a total of 33 military satellites with the function of spying and targeting targets equipped with nuclear reactors into low orbit around the Earth from 1969 to 1988. Most of these satellites used reactors. Buk type nuclear power generation reactor, only 2 of them using advanced thermal electron furnace NPP Topaz with generating capacity from 4.5 to 5.5 kW, however, this project was suspended in 1986 . In the early 1990s, a Russian-American cooperation project aimed at continuing the development of the Topaz furnace, but this project was suspended in 1995. In the period 2000-2007, Russia also tried to find ways to cooperate with China. Nation in this field. Despite the economic decline for a long time, Moscow has been trying to continue its independent efforts in the field of the use of nuclear energy in space since 1998, and during the time of President Dmitry Medvedev in power, the This effort has been identified as a key priority for the Kremlin. The budget for this program of Russia for the period 2010-2018 is 17 billion rubles, divided between Roscosmos 9.8 billion rubles and Rosatom 7.2 billion rubles, equivalent to $560 million in 2010 exchange rates. However, the actual disbursement figure is much smaller. In 2010, only 500 million rubles ($16.5 million) were allocated for this purpose. Over the next decade, total disbursements reached nearly 10 billion rubles ($213 million), according to public information from Roscosmos and Rosatom. The results of these efforts have not been as successful as they initially suggested. For example, the technical requirements of the proposed product are an outer space nuclear reactor with a capacity of 1 MW of electricity and an ion thruster with a capacity of 50 kW. However, the reality shows that Russia is currently only developing nuclear power generation systems YaEU-25M, YaEU-25 and YaEU-50 with a generating capacity of 10-40 kW and propulsion using ionic force. 25 kW. At present, perhaps Russia is just stopping at the computational model run for more powerful reactors and engines. For comparison, NASA is still trying to design a 10 kW outer space nuclear reactor with a Stirling engine for the purpose of increasing efficiency, currently Russia is still revolving around the thermal electron model, and the problem of using Using engines or turbines in combination with reactors is still only a theory. It is hard to believe that Russia will design a nuclear reactor in space with a generating capacity of 1 MW or ion propulsion engines with a larger capacity in the near future. Anyway, Moscow is still trying to turn the results achieved into advanced applications in long-distance space travel or foreign politics. Due to a decline in space research activities in other sub-sectors, coupled with economic weakness, these problems have prompted the Kremlin to look for another trump card. While the development of nuclear reactors for space exploration is far from complete, the Russian government as well as industry is currently looking for the application of nuclear reactors to satellites. military. These satellites can be used for radar reconnaissance or electronic warfare (for example jamming) when they are deployed in low, mid or geostationary orbits. However, no tests of such satellites have yet been conducted, meaning Moscow is not ready to field such satellites in the near future. In addition, the promotion of nuclear-powered spacecraft could be used by Russian space and nuclear industry units as a tool to apply for funding, to promote a slow and risky research program. this. For its part, the Kremlin is still trying to blur its true purpose. They came up with the “Strategy for the development of nuclear energy in space by 2030 in 2019, and issued relevant policies for the first time in 1998. Even if Russian military satellites are used by Russian military satellites. Nuclear power appeared in 2030, it also did not bring about significant changes in the technical and military fields. However, Moscow is still trying to polish it as a tool to help shift political supremacy. First, Russia has consistently supported the ban on placing weapons in outer space. Second, Russia will not be able to stand in the forefront of space technology without cooperating with other countries in the field, so Russian leaders see nuclear technology in space as a way to develop. cooperation, even in times of growing hostility in the West. The Russian SPT-100 series Ion Thruster has been used on satellites since 1994.

Taishan Nuclear Power Plant, Guangdong Province, China (Photo: SCMP) Late on June 14, the US media reported that authorities in Washington spent a whole week assessing a report on a possible radioactive leak at the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant (Taishan). ) in Guangdong province, China, after a French company warned of an “imminent radiation threat”. Responding to the news, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian confirmed that radiation levels at the Taishan power plant were normal and there were no safety concerns to report. “There is nothing abnormal in the radiation levels around this nuclear power plant, and safety is still guaranteed,” Trieu said at a press conference on June 15. concerned, the current situation at the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant meets the technical requirements.” He also emphasized that Beijing pays close attention to nuclear safety issues and has a nuclear safety control/management system that fully meets international and domestic standards. Zhao made the statement after the US channel CNN reported earlier this week that the UN Security Council had spent a week assessing the report on the risk of radioactive “leakage” at Taishan. and held “many” meetings on this issue. Framatome – a French nuclear reactor manufacturer that holds a stake in the Taishan plant – is said to have alerted authorities at the US Department of Energy through a letter about the “threat of leakage”. impending radioactive leak” and accused the Chinese government of raising the allowable radiation level to avoid shutting down the power plant. According to a memo cited by CNN, Framatome has sent a letter of petition to Washington to get the US to remove sanctions., It is known that China’s atomic energy industry has been subject to many restrictions imposed by the US. since 2019, due to concerns about the industry’s relationship with the Chinese military. Beijing has criticized the US decision, while some observers say the sanctions are politically motivated. On Sunday, the Dai Son plant also released a statement indicating that radiation levels in and around the plant were “normal” and that its reactors were in good working order. “All performance indicators of the two units meet nuclear safety regulations and plant technical regulations,” the statement said. Last Friday, Framatome released a statement saying that “according to production data, the plant is operating below safety indicators”. However, despite these claims, several US media outlets continued to report on the situation in Taishan, with Newsweek magazine publishing an article titled “Leakage at the Chinese nuclear power plant”. Quoc is reminiscent of Chernobyl, while Taishan insists it is safe.” This article also claims that there are many reports indicating that Taishan brings back “the memories of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, when the Soviet Union mitigated the problem of radiation levels at one of the nuclear power plants. their nuclear power”. Several other agencies, including Bloomberg, also recalled the Chernobyl incident when reporting on Taishan. France’s Electricite de France (EDF) – the parent company of Framatome – owns a 30% stake in the Taishan plant, along with China Atomic Energy Corporation. The plant consists of two reactors located in southern China, about 75 km from Macao, 140 km west of Hong Kong. This plant started operating between 2018 – 2019 and is said to be the “new generation” of nuclear reactor technology.

Iran’s government spokesman, Ali Rabiei, said the country had also produced 108 kilograms of uranium enriched at 20%. In 2020, hawks in Iran’s parliament pushed through a law requiring the government to step up uranium enrichment, in response to former President Donald Trump’s withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA nuclear deal. Iran says it has produced another 6.5 kg of uranium enriched at 60%. Photo: AFP. “Under the law of Congress, the Atomic Energy Agency has to produce 120 kg of 20% enriched uranium per year. But according to the latest report, we have produced 108 kg in the last 5 months alone,” Mr. know. A report by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in May said that as of May 22, Iran had produced 62.8 kg of uranium enriched to 20% and 2.4 kg of uranium enriched rich at 60%. At the next level, the level of uranium enrichment will be increased from 2-5%, the IAEA report said. At the moment, Iran and the US are participating in discussions in Vienna about the possibility of the two sides returning to comply with the provisions of the JCPOA nuclear agreement. Washington Post On June 13, citing a senior US administration official, the two sides have made great progress on all issues, although it is not certain that the JCPOA will be restored. Meanwhile, the administration of President Joe Biden on June 10 lifted sanctions on three former officials and two Iranian companies operating in the oil industry.

Design of a space tug to carry Russia’s 500kW Zeus nuclear reactor. Russia’s federal space agency Roscosmo announced that a “space tug” – a term used to refer to a spacecraft that transports astronauts or equipment from one orbit to another – is expected to carry out an interplanetary mission. planet by 2030. Accordingly, the spacecraft’s power module called “Zeus” is designed to generate enough power to propel heavy cargo into deep space. It is essentially a mobile nuclear power plant. Several countries have been eyeing similar technology as a way to shorten trips in space. Currently, spacecraft still rely on solar energy or gravity to accelerate. But that means it could take more than three years for astronauts to make a trip around Mars. Meanwhile, NASA estimates a nuclear-powered spacecraft could shorten that timeline by a year. NASA’s Juno unmanned spacecraft uses solar batteries to make a journey to explore Jupiter. Photo: NASA The US hopes to put a nuclear power plant – a 10-kilowatt reactor integrated with a lander to be exact – on the Moon as early as 2027. However, NASA has only sent one so far. nuclear reactor into space, on a satellite in 1965. Other spacecraft, such as the Mars rovers Curiosity and Perseverance, also run on nuclear power, but they do not use a reactor. Meanwhile, Russia has sent more than 30 reactors into space. Those efforts will be further pushed as the “Zeus” module uses a 500 kilowatt nuclear reactor to propel itself from planet to planet. Watch a video of a Russian space tug model announced in 2020 (Source: ETF News): According to the plan announced on the Russian state news agency Sputnik, the Zeus spacecraft will approach the Moon first, then move towards Venus. From here it can use the planet’s gravity to redirect toward its final destination, Jupiter. That will help save propellant fuel. According to Alexander Bloshenko, Roscosmos Science and Long-Term Programs Executive Director, the entire mission will last 50 months (more than four years). During a presentation in Moscow on May 22, Bloshenko said that Roscosmos and the Russian Academy of Sciences are still working to calculate the trajectory of the flight, as well as the mass it can carry. Going further, this mission could be the precursor to a new frontier of Russian space. Sputnik reported that Russia is designing a space station using similar nuclear-powered technology. The Soyuz rocket launches the spacecraft to the International Orbital Station (ISS) from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. Photo: Getty Images Nuclear power has advantages over solar energy Most spacecraft get their energy from some source: the sun, batteries, or unstable atoms called radioisotopes. For example, NASA’s Juno unmanned spacecraft at Jupiter uses solar panels to generate electricity. Solar energy can also be used to charge batteries in spacecraft, but this energy source becomes less efficient as the spacecraft gets further and further away from the Sun. In addition, lithium batteries can power shorter missions. For example, the Huygens probe used batteries to briefly land on Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005. Design of a NASA spacecraft using nuclear thermal propulsion. Photo: NASA NASA’s Voyager spacecraft uses radioactive isotopes (also known as “nuclear batteries”) to survive in the harsh environments outside the Solar System and interstellar space, but that’s not the same thing. bring a nuclear reactor on board. Putting nuclear reactors on spacecraft offers several advantages: They can survive in the dark, cold regions of the Solar System without sunlight. They are also stable, reliable in the long run. The Zeus nuclear reactor, for example, is designed to last 10 to 12 years. Plus, with their powerful energy, they can propel spacecraft to other planets in less time. But nuclear power also has its own set of challenges. Only certain fuels, like highly enriched uranium, can withstand the extreme heat of a reactor – and they may not be safe to use. In December 2020, the US banned the use of highly enriched uranium to propel objects into space if that mission was possible with other sources of nuclear fuel or non-nuclear energy. Russia prepares to build a nuclear-powered space station Russian cosmonaut Sergey Kud-Sverchkov returning from the ISS landed in a remote area in Kazakhstan on April 17, 2021. Photo: Reuters Russian engineers began developing the Zeus module in 2010 with the goal of getting it into Earth orbit within two decades. And they’re on track to get there. This technology could help Russia develop a new space station by 2025. In April, the BBC reported that Russia plans to stop cooperating with the International Space Station (ISS), which it currently shares with the International Space Station (ISS). America, Japan, Europe and Canada – in that year. Russia cooperated with the United States to launch the ISS in 1998. However, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Yury Borisov told Russia 1 state television last month that the status of the ISS “a lot of things are not yet achieved”. . Even recently, this orbiting station has experienced air leaks and oxygen supply system failures. NASA has announced that the ISS will operate until at least 2028, however, the agency will probably maintain the station for the next 10-15 years.

According to the report, these servicemen use websites like Quizlet, Chegg Prep and Cram to memorize codes, jargon and even the status of nuclear bunkers. US soldiers accidentally revealed nuclear secrets through an online learning app. Source: Bellingcat Typically, European governments refuse to confirm or deny the specific locations of American nuclear weapons being stored within their borders. However, the latest leaks go so far as to determine the exact number and location of weapons in the bases, including that the bunkers are “hot” – with live ammunition and still in progress. active – or “cold”. The author of the investigative report, Foeke Postma, explains that the researchers were able to spot the flashcards by searching for several terms believed to be related to the nuclear bases. As a result, several sets of flashcards revealed information about bases across Europe, including in Germany, the Netherlands, and Turkey. Accordingly, a set of 70 cards with the title “Study!” (Learn!) revealed the number of active and inactive nuclear weapons at Volkel Air Base in the Netherlands, which the Dutch government considers secret. Other ministries revealed how soldiers must respond to different levels of alarm, where security cameras are located and the “warning signal” soldiers give over the phone to say they have been attacked by an attacker. taken hostage. Bellingcat discovered the flashcards have been in use since 2013 and most recently in April 2021. The site contacted NATO and the US military for comment before publishing the story, after which the tags were found to have been removed. East Asia Nonproliferation Program Director Jeffrey Lewis spoke to Bellingcat about the leaks. He called them “serious breaches” of security practice.

The causes of extinction come from population growth, pollution and deforestation. Therefore, in the past time, the “apocalyptic vaults” to store the seeds of the world began to be built. In South Korea, the Baekdudaegan National Arboretum Seed Conservation Center currently preserves nearly 100,000 seeds from 4,751 plant species to ensure they are not affected by “apocalyptic events”. Outside the Baekdudaegan National Arboretum Seed Conservation Center, North Gyeongsang Province. Photo: AFP. Mr. Lee Sang-yong, head of the center, said that this is one of two places to store seeds in the world today. Unlike conventional seed banks, where samples are regularly taken out for different purposes, the seeds in the vault will stay there permanently, only to be used for the purpose of preventing extinction. The safest place in Korea The seed vault was designed by South Korea’s National Intelligence Service as a heavily guarded security facility, surrounded by a wire fence and dozens of cameras. Police regularly patrol the area and filming and photography are limited. Inside, an elevator will lead underground with a depth of about eight floors, to the concrete tunnel in the cave, where heavy steel doors guard the storage room. The storage room will be kept at -20 degrees Celsius with 40% humidity to preserve seeds. Mr. Lee said the bunker was built in “the safest place” in South Korea, designed to withstand a 6.9-magnitude earthquake and even a nuclear attack. “Geographically, it’s very safe,” Mr. Lee said. “We have opened a tunnel 46 meters deep underground to ensure the seed is safe from war and nuclear threats.” The seed samples in the cellar were mostly plants from the Korean peninsula. In addition, with a capacity of 2 million seeds, many countries such as Kazakhstan and Tajikistan also accept requests, sending seeds to this reserve. Countries that send seeds here will have title to those seeds and can receive them back when needed. A researcher is doing experimental planting at the wild plant seed research department. Photo: AFP. However, Mr. Lee said: “The purpose of the seed vault is to prevent their extinction. So the best-case scenario is that the seeds never have to be brought out.” “Run with time” The conservation of the seeds of wild plants – the original source of the crops we eat today – should not be overlooked, the researchers say. However, according to a recent United Nations report, many plants that help people ensure food security are “lacking effective protection.” The report warns against crops that are less resilient to climate change, pests and pathogens, and emphasizes: “The biodiversity of ecosystems, where humanity lives, is declining faster than any other any time in human history”. In its 2020 report, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, said many species of plants in the wild hold promise for future medicine, fuel and food. However, about two-fifths of them are threatened with extinction, largely due to habitat destruction and climate change. It is a “race against time” to determine which seeds are in danger of extinction before they completely disappear from the world, the report added. However, Na Chae-sun, a senior researcher at the Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, said studies on seeds of wild plants were “very much lacking”. “One might ask why riverside wildflowers are important,” she says. “In fact, the crops we eat today may have descended from this unnamed flower.” A researcher is examining a ‘black box’ containing seeds in a storage room. Photo: AFP. Besides the vault in South Korea, another seed warehouse was also built in the heart of the mountain near the city of Longyearbyen on the island of Spitsbergen in Norway’s Svalbard archipelago, about 1,300 km from the North Pole. Dubbed the “Noah’s Ark” of food crops, the Global Seed Vault is the largest and most famous vault in the world. The facility is focused on preserving agricultural crops and related crops, storing more than a million seed samples from nearly every country on the planet.

To ensure the good completion of this mission and the security of the atomic bomb, the 12 pilots were prepared to sacrifice themselves, once their bomber was shot down, they would end up with pistols or cyanide. before falling into enemy hands. To ensure that even if the mission failed, the secrets of the bomber’s bomb bay would not leak out of his mouth. Six bombers have a clear assignment. Two of them are used to detect the enemy’s situation, the other three need to observe weather conditions. The ultimate bombing target was the 82nd bomber. At 2:40 a.m., they began to slow down the runway and take off. The technical expert began to prepare to throw, open the safety device, install the fuse. At 7 a.m., the meteorological observatory sent back a report that the weather in Hiroshima was very good and the most suitable place to throw. Half an hour later, the 82nd bomber began to make the final preparations. Five minutes later, two enemy bomber scouts left early for safety. At 7:50, the bomber officially entered Japanese airspace. At 8:13, the bomber officially flew into Hiroshima, from the bomber, you can even see the buildings in downtown Hiroshima, as well as many small “ants” walking around. Those are the people who get up early and go out to work. At this point, the people of Hiroshima must have seen these bombers, but according to regular bombing drills conducted by the US military in the past, the people were already familiar with it, not not running away, but looking up. At 8:13, Major Ferrabi was also the bombardier on the mission, he found the Aioi Bridge target within range of the bombing, located in downtown Hiroshima. At 8:15 a.m. 17 seconds, the major opened the door of the bomb compartment, and the “little boy” fell from a height of 10,000m, rushing towards Hiroshima with the sound of demons howling. At the same time, the atomic bomber made a huge turn and flew wildly into a place nearly 90 degrees above the ground. Since it had less than 50 seconds left for it to escape, if it failed to enter the safe zone, Enola Gay would be blown to powder in this huge shock wave. At 8:16 a.m., the detonator detonated, two pieces of uranium 235 immediately merged into one, causing a chain reaction, within 43 seconds, “Death” lowered an altitude of 550 m above Hiroshima. At this time, the people of Hiroshima at the center of the explosion saw a large fireball suddenly rise above the city center, burned to ash by the temperature of more than 6,000 degrees, even to the point of time. Crying and crying can’t help. The bright light blinded thousands of people instantly, and the shockwave following the explosion directly destroyed the entire city. In just a few short seconds, the lives of 70,000 people were taken away by the “god of death”, within a kilometer of the center of the explosion, there was no sign of life, even the buildings were vaporized, dead silence. The fire spread throughout the city, the cries for help echoed throughout the streets, big and small. According to the memories of the survivors of each year, everyone’s facial skin was burned black, hair was no longer there, some people were completely unrecognizable, couldn’t even distinguish which one was the face, which was the head, whose skin was not stripped, hung there, as if cooked. There are also corpses burned to black coals that can be seen everywhere, living people step over corpses, people can’t be people, and demons can’t come out. It is estimated that more than 88,000 Japanese people were killed on the day of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, the number of Japanese who died from nuclear radiation after the explosion could be even higher. On August 9, just three days after bombing Hiroshima, the Americans repeated the old trick and dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing 86,000 people on the spot. After suffering the effects of two atomic bombs, Japan finally submitted a letter of surrender. In this regard, then-US President Truman said: “Only the sound of nuclear explosions can make the Japanese truly listen to submission.”

Russia’s federal space agency Roscosmos has said that a “space tug” – a term used to refer to a spacecraft that transports astronauts or equipment from one orbit to another, is expected to be launched into space. to perform an interplanetary mission in 2030. This spacecraft is powered by a power module called Zeus. Basically, Zeus is like a mobile nuclear power plant, able to generate enough energy to operate spacecraft, transport equipment and goods in space. Currently, several countries are interested in similar technology as a way to shorten journeys in space. Design of the space tug. Photo: Roscosmos. Traditionally, spacecraft have relied on solar power or gravity to accelerate. This means that it takes astronauts more than 3 years to make the trip around Mars. NASA estimates that a nuclear-powered spacecraft could make that journey in a year. The US hopes to put a 10-kilowatt nuclear reactor integrated with the lunar lander, on the Moon as early as 2027. However, so far, NASA has only put one nuclear reactor. launched into space for the SNAP-10A satellite in 1965. Other spacecraft such as the Mars Curiosity and Perseverance probes are also nuclear-powered, but they do not use a reactor. Meanwhile, Russia has sent more than 30 nuclear reactors into space. The Zeus module is expected to further Russia’s space efforts by using a 500 kilowatt nuclear reactor to power spacecraft to travel from planet to planet. other planets, Sputnik quoted information from Roscosmos said. According to the Russian plan, the nuclear spacecraft will approach the Moon first, then head towards Venus, where it can use the planet’s gravity to move to its final destination, Jupiter. This will help save propellant. The entire mission will take 50 months (more than four years), said Alexander Bloshenko, executive director of development programs and advanced science at Roscosmos. According to the official, Roscosmos and the Russian Academy of Sciences are still working to calculate the trajectory of the flight, as well as the payload the spacecraft can carry. Ultimately, this mission could lay the groundwork for a new strategy for the Russian aerospace industry. Sputnik reported that Moscow is designing a space station using similar nuclear energy technology. The advantage of nuclear energy in the universe Most spacecraft get their energy from some source: the sun, batteries, or radioactive atoms (also called radioisotopes). For example, NASA’s Juno spacecraft at Jupiter uses solar panels to generate electricity. Solar energy can also be used to charge spacecraft batteries, however, it becomes less efficient if the spacecraft is far from the Sun. In other cases, lithium batteries could help power spacecraft for short journeys. Earlier in 2005, the Huygens probe used batteries to make a lightning landing on Saturn’s moon Titan. NASA’s Voyager spacecraft uses radioactive isotope (sometimes called a nuclear battery) to survive in the harsh environments of the solar system and interstellar space, but this is not the same thing. integrate a nuclear reactor into the spacecraft. Nuclear reactors offer several advantages as they can survive in dark and cold areas of the solar system without sunlight. They are also quite useful and quite reliable for long-term activities. The Zeus nuclear reactor is designed to last 10 to 12 years. In addition, they can propel spacecraft to other planets in less time. But nuclear power also presents some challenges of its own. Only certain fuels, such as highly enriched uranium, can withstand the extreme heat of the reactor. Furthermore, they may not be safe to use. In December 2020, the United States banned the use of highly enriched uranium to send objects into space if the operation could be made possible by other alternative sources of nuclear or non-nuclear fuel. Russia is about to build a space station in space Russian engineers began developing the “Zeus” module in 2010 with the goal of putting it into orbit within two decades, and they are on track to accomplish this goal. Production and testing commenced in 2018. By 2020, Roscosmos has signed a contract worth 4.2 billion rubles ($57.5 million) with St. Petersburg for the preliminary design of the space station. This will help Russia accelerate its efforts to develop a new space station by 2025. Earlier in April 2021, the BBC said that Russia plans to withdraw from the International Space Station (ISS) by 2025 and is ready to build its own space station. The International Space Station was established in 1998. This is an international cooperation project of 16 countries including the US and Russia, Japan, Canada, European Space Agency member states and Brazil. with a total investment capital of more than 100 billion USD.

Illustration. If the universe is filled with matter but there is no force of interaction between them, there would be no formation of nuclei, atoms, molecules… and galaxies, stars and planets. Basic interactions of nature Electromagnetic interaction or electromagnetic force is the interaction between charged particles, for example protons with the same positive charge repel each other, but attract electrons because electrons have a negative charge. This interaction is not only a matter of attraction or repulsion of the magnet poles due to the excess or lack of electrons, but the most important thing is that it is the attractive properties of this proton and electron that the electron can keep its orbit around the atomic nucleus. , and thus the atoms, molecules and, more generally, all the matter we see every day, that make us up. Electromagnetic interactions are transmitted by bosons or photons, or as we know them as light-transmitting particles. Light is precisely an electromagnetic wave of the right wavelength to produce images on the retina of the human eye. The photon itself has neither mass nor charge, it only plays the role of transmitting electromagnetic interactions through its oscillation frequency. The frictional force generated when one object slides over another is due to the electromagnetic interaction of the atomic particles of the contact surface, the elastic force of a spring or the tension of a string is also an electromagnetic interaction due to the change in the surface area. changing the distances of the atoms from each other leads to a change in the magnitude of the interaction from the initial steady state, the force produced by muscles when you lift a heavy object or any other movement that is elastic muscle bundles, so of course there’s also an electromagnetic interaction… Strong interaction (also known as strong nuclear force). The interaction is caused by bosons called gluons – a type of particle with no mass and no charge. This is the bonding interaction between quarks, the main components of the two types of baryons, protons and neutrons, which as we know are the particles that make up the nucleus of an atom. It is thanks to this type of interaction that new baryons are formed and also bind the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus together (protons carry the same charge, so they generate an electromagnetic force that repels each other, thanks to the presence of electrons). neutrons, so the nucleus of an atom can exist). The strong interaction is the strongest of the basic interactions of nature, but it also has the shortest range of effects. Simulation of forces in the universe. Outside the radius of the atomic nucleus, the strong interaction does not work and of course that is also the reason why matter can exist today because with the magnitude of this interaction it can act. As far as the electromagnetic interaction goes, there will be no existence of atoms with electron shells because they will be crushed by the attraction between the nuclei themselves (because this force is much stronger than the electromagnetic repulsion). between nuclei). The weak interaction (or weak nuclear force) plays a role in causing beta decay of neutrons, thereby causing nuclear decay such as radiation and fission. The neutrons themselves are unstable in isolation, they are stable only when bound to protons. Stand-alone, neutrons can absorb or emit W or Z bosons and undergo beta decay to form a proton, an electron, and a neutron fraction. The nuclei of heavy elements have many protons and, respectively, require many neutrons to keep the protons from repelling each other. But at the same time when there are many neutrons, there will be neutrons isolated from the proton, out of the range of the strong interaction. Then the weak interaction causes them to decay and make the nucleus unstable. Elements whose nuclei have this phenomenon are called radioactive elements. The heavier the nucleus, the more unstable it is, and so the weak interaction is what keeps the number of elements in the universe finite, not infinite. Standard model of particle physics These three types of interactions are now uniformly described in the standard model of particle physics. According to the standard model, at sufficiently high energies, these interactions are consistent, although as already stated they appear to be very different in mechanism. In the cosmological model based on the Big Bang theory, the first stage of the universe from the age of the universe is 10–43s to the time of 20-36s the universe undergoes a period known as the great unification epoch. , in which the three types of interactions mentioned above have not been separated from each other. Immediately after the great unification era is the electroweak era, when the strong interaction has separated but the remaining two interactions are still united, called the electroweak interaction. It wasn’t until the quark era, when the age of the universe was 10-12s, that the universe cooled down enough for the electromagnetic and weak interactions to separate. Illustration. Gravitational interaction (or gravity) Interactions tend to pull objects and particles of mass toward each other. This is the weakest of the four basic interactions of nature on a certain object, but it is the one with the furthest range of effects. It plays a major role in forming the great structures of the universe, from stars, planets, asteroids, satellites to galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies. The Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun also due to the effect of this type of interaction. Despite being the weakest force, gravity has not only the longest range, but also an unstoppable force, every man-made weightless environment or gravitation-isolating material in sci-fi movies. thought is unscientific. It cannot happen not because of technology but because of the general principle of the universe. For the same reason, gravity is also the force that causes the most violent phenomena in the universe, typically the collapse of matter to form neutron stars or black holes and supermassive black holes. In this phenomenon, thanks to the large amount of matter, the gravitational force is enough to overcome the electromagnetic force and the strong interaction causes the structure of matter to be destroyed. Gravity is very common to everyday life as we can stand on the ground and objects that are thrown high fall because of gravity. Some so-called forces, such as the resistance of the ground when you are standing on it or the Archimedes earth force in a liquid, are just indirect manifestations of gravity. The reason this universal force is mentioned last in the article is because it is the only one of the four fundamental interactions of nature that is not included in the standard model. Is there a fifth fundamental interaction? The existence of a fifth interaction of nature is still believed by many scientists, especially since the presence of dark matter has been confirmed. To date, there have been a number of experiments showing the involvement of a strange variation that was thought to be such a small interaction that has never been known. But so far, the fifth interaction has not been described in any way. Thus, the number of fundamental interactions of nature is still only four, with three unified in the standard model and gravitational interactions standing independently of them.

According to experts, Kazan is a fully domestically built submarine and is superior to foreign nuclear-powered ships in terms of technical characteristics. In the future, submarines can receive the modern Zircon hypersonic missile complex. Technically completely new project In recent years, the Kazan nuclear submarine has passed tests in the White Sea, and achieved the published technical indicators. In particular, the crew conducted submarine warfare tests at positions on the water surface and underwater, measured technical parameters, in which the noise level when moving underwater and the attack weapon system. . The Kazan nuclear submarine officially entered service with the Russian Navy. The Kazan nuclear submarine was built in 2009, but the time of delivery to the Russian Navy has been delayed several times. In response to RT.ru, Editor-in-Chief of the Defense Journal Igor Korotchenko explained that the delay was due to the need to test a large number of new technical solutions integrated into the project 885M nuclear submarine. According to experts, the construction and testing of a lead submarine of an improved or new project is always a long process and goes through many complicated stages. In addition, for the domestic shipbuilding industry and the Russian Ministry of Defense, the improvement of nuclear-powered submarines is to a state that allows the performance of effective combat missions on a large scale of the oceans. Positive is an urgent priority today. Meanwhile, the founder of the Russian military information site Dmitry Kornev said that delaying the commissioning of the Kazan submarine is completely reasonable. He explained the difficulties caused by a large amount of research and development work, along with the establishment of a large-scale industrial co-production system. “The Yasen-class nuclear submarine is a completely new and technically challenging project for our industry. The real partnership mechanism was created from the very beginning, with hundreds of businesses from many different industries. It took a lot of time to find contractors and fine-tune the delivery mechanism. Russia has also abandoned the use of imported components,” said expert Kornev. 4th generation nuclear submarine Kazan is a lead nuclear submarine of the fourth generation of project 885M (Yasen class), developed by the Malakhit Marine Design Bureau (Saint Petersburg). The construction of this nuclear submarine is carried out at the facilities of JSC PO Sevmash (Severodvinsk). The Kazan Multi-Purpose Nuclear Submarine is designed to destroy enemy surface ships, submarines, transport vehicles and ground targets. The submarine is equipped with eight vertical launch tubes, salvo-type launchers for Kalibr and Onyx high-precision cruise missiles, with ranges of up to 1,500 and 300 km. The Kazan nuclear submarine was developed by the Malakhit Marine Design Bureau. According to the developer, these weapons can engage highly protected, grouped targets, including those equipped with anti-missile defense systems. In addition, the attack weapon of the project 885/885M nuclear submarine is also equipped with 30 533 mm caliber torpedoes. The main operational characteristics of the Kazan and Yasen-class ships have not yet been revealed. However, according to experts, this modernized nuclear submarine is similar to the Project 885 Severodvinsk submarine, which entered service with the Northern Fleet in June 2014 in weight, size, and weapons. work, construction characteristics and speed. Analysts say the difference is mainly related to onboard equipment, including electronics and sonar equipment. The length of the Yasen-class submarine is about 139 m, the width is about 13 m, the draft is 10 m, the displacement is about 8,600 tons, underwater up to 13,800 tons. The ship is capable of independent operation for 100 days. The multi-purpose submarine can dive to a depth of 600 m and reach a speed of 57.4 km / h underwater. According to a report by the Malakhit Maritime Design Bureau, this project 885 nuclear submarine has a mixed architecture and structure with a sturdy double-hull structure, made of high-strength steel. Expert Dmitry Kornev explained that the engineers of the Malakhit Marine Design Bureau considered a two-hull scheme for the production of nuclear submarines. The two-body scheme is resistant to mechanical damage, but is more expensive and has a relatively high noise level. Accordingly, a reasonable solution was found at Yasen when the two hulls together covered the bow of the submarine and the structural elements near the launch pad, i.e. the parts that bear the greatest load. The hull of project 885/885M is divided by strong bulkheads into 8 compartments, including: main bridge, torpedo compartment, living quarters, electromechanical, missile, reactor, turbine and auxiliary compartment. aid. “To create optimal conditions for the operation of the hydroacoustic complex, the torpedo tubes were removed from the bow and placed at an angle to the center plane. A large diameter GAK (hydroacoustic complex) spherical antenna is located at the end of the bow,” the Malakhit Maritime Design Bureau report states. The quality of the sonar equipment plays an extremely important role in the performance of the assigned tasks of nuclear submarines in the vast range of the ocean. Yesen submarine hydroacoustic complex system is used to detect enemies, classify targets, find interference direction, measure ice thickness, detect mines and torpedoes, search for ice holes to fly up and launch. safe rocket. Also according to the developer, the main power unit of the project 885/885M nuclear submarines belongs to the new generation. It consists of a pressurized water reactor and a modular single-shaft steam turbine unit, with various mechanisms and redundancies, capable of reducing the acoustic parameters of the submarine. Another technical innovation in Yasen-class submarines is a rescue chamber designed to evacuate the entire crew. This equipment is improved by domestic experts, taking into account the experience of domestic and foreign submarine accidents and incidents. The main nuclear submarine of the Russian Navy According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, the project 885M submarines “will become an important part of the offensive power” of the Russian Navy and will be able to effectively operate as part of a strike group at any distance. any way compared to the base points. The crew of the project 885M Kazan nuclear submarine. Photo: Russian Ministry of Defense. “In the Yasen-M class nuclear submarine project, a number of technical solutions were used that were not previously used in domestic submarine construction. The basic components of the electronic weapon complexes, modernized equipment and rescue systems are exclusively Russian products,” the Russian military agency said. In the immediate future, the nuclear-powered submarines of Project 885M will become the main multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the Russian Navy. Currently, seven such submarines are under construction, including Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Arkhangelsk, Perm, Ulyanovsk, Voronezh and Vladivostok. Experts expect that the construction and testing of these submarines will not take much time, as the verification of technical solutions and the building of cooperative relationships have been successfully completed during construction. Kazan nuclear submarine. “The official transfer of Kazan to the navy allows us to conclude that the main difficulties for the implementation of the plans for the Yasen-M project have been overcome. This is a modern, fully Russian nuclear submarine. It is superior to all existing nuclear submarines abroad in terms of overall capabilities”, emphasized expert Kornev. This expert believes that putting project 885M submarines into service will significantly improve the combat capabilities of the Russian Navy. Accordingly, in the future the Yasen-M nuclear submarine will receive Zircon hypersonic missiles in its arsenal. Currently, this weapon is still being tested. Expert Igor Korotchenko said that the appearance of nuclear-powered ships of project 885M will increase the offensive and defensive capabilities of the Russian Navy. Yasen-class submarines will significantly strengthen the position of the Russian Navy, allowing a more efficient and high-quality implementation of the assigned tasks. “With the introduction of new nuclear submarines, the Russian Navy will receive a significant increase in submarine nuclear deterrence,” concluded Korotchenko.

Due to the presence of minerals and other resources on the Red Planet, in the future, Mars could be an abundant source. All in all, the initiatives in this direction are impressive, but as always, there are nuances attached to them. Traveling to Mars on 1,000 rockets and creating land for 1 million earthlings as Elon Musk suggests is an extremely expensive and technologically difficult task. It is not necessary to list all the problems that arise when massive scientific works are devoted to this, just to mention the main “knots”. First, There is no technology that allows the creation of spacecraft with the ability to send people into distant space without having to receive a lethal dose of cosmic radiation. This problem could be solved by wrapping lead plates, but would lead to a proportional increase in the mass of the ship and a decrease in its carrying capacity. New engines were needed, but they are now beyond production. Monday, Solar radiation will remain a problem on the Martian surface. The Red Planet, unlike Earth, does not have a magnetic field that protects us from ionizing radiation. Astronauts will not have to walk on red sand dunes like in the movie “Total Recall”, but have to hide in bases hidden deep below the surface. Tuesday, Mars on Mars is cold and has practically no atmosphere, but the radiation background is 2.5 times higher than what astronauts on the ISS can tolerate. It is impossible to live in such conditions without a special space suit. There are also many other problems, but it is clear that expanding living space is an extremely important task for all of humanity, requiring accumulation and huge investments in technology. For this reason, scientists are seriously skeptical of Elon Musk’s initiative, especially when he proposes to carry out thermonuclear bombardments at both poles of the Red Planet. This will lead to higher temperatures, melting glaciers, the formation of liquid water and the release of greenhouse gases, which will create the atmosphere on Mars. After that, the settlers could walk on the surface without the spacesuit. But there is another way of looking at this “terrain” approach. Mathematician Robert Walker calculates that in order to carry out the first part of the plan, which would require at least 1 million nuclear bombs with a capacity of 100 megatons, they would have to be sent to Mars 3,500 a day for seven weeks to achieve. desired results. There are no such large numbers of nuclear weapons on Earth and the lack of means to deliver them to another planet. This is the first thing. Carbon dioxide reserves on Mars would not be enough to create a suitable atmosphere, even if the first problem were solved. Since the Red Planet has no magnetic field, solar radiation will gradually “suck” in the already formed magnetic field. This is the second thing. And finally, for some reason, Elon Musk doesn’t take into account that after so many nuclear explosions, the surface of the planet will be radioactive for a long time, you can’t walk there with a mask oxygen and plant trees. “Nuke Mars” is just a cover for the US to send nuclear weapons into space? In general, Elon Musk’s initiative is a nonsense and he himself cannot help but understand this. But why is this smart man promoting it? The head of Roscosmos – Mr. Dmitry Rogozin tried to answer the question: Anyone who calls for the “terrain” of Mars or other planets is well aware that this is just an excuse for launching nuclear weapons into space, which, if useful, is just to “terrain”. our “Earth. But it’s true, you can’t just send nuclear warheads to Mars. First, they will need to be put into orbit and accumulate somewhere along with the means to send them in large batches. Where is that? Suppose that a circular orbit station, which the United States and its allies are building, will be adapted for this case, with China and Russia as targets. But will the nuclear bomb then make its way to the Red Planet? It’s long been no secret that Elon Musk is working closely with the Pentagon on the space program and satellites. So why not try with the best cause, Mars exploration, to advocate for the idea of ​​​​putting a US nuclear arsenal in space, Mr. Rogozin concluded.

The idea of ​​​​conquering Mars has been a dream of mankind for many years, this could be the first step towards realizing the dream of many science fiction scientists that is to explore outer space. Sending humans to another planet, even within the solar system, has the effect of reducing the risk of a global catastrophe that could destroy life, such as a large asteroid impact or nuclear war. Even in the future, the Red Planet could be an abundant source of resources. Obviously the ambition to travel to Mars is impressive, but there are many doubts and obstacles attached. Tech billionaire Elon Musk put forward the idea of ​​humans traveling to Mars on 1,000 rockets and creating land for 1 million inhabitants, this is clearly an extremely expensive and technologically difficult task. major barriers have been listed. First, Earth science has not yet been able to create spacecraft with the ability to send humans into distant space that is “immune” to deadly cosmic radiation. The solution to this problem could be to wrap lead plates, but that would increase the weight of the ship and reduce its carrying capacity. Engines for spaceships are now well beyond construction. Second, solar radiation is a big problem, the Red Planet is different from Earth in that it doesn’t have a magnetic field protecting it from ionizing radiation. Astronauts will have to hide in bases hidden deep below the surface, not be able to walk freely on the surface. Third, Mars is cold and has no atmosphere, but the radiation background is 2.5 times higher than that of astronauts on the International Space Station ISS. It is impossible to live in such conditions without a special space suit. There are many other problems as well, but it is clear that expanding space into outer space requires accumulation and huge investments in technology. Before this fact, scientists expressed doubts about Elon Musk’s initiative, when he proposed to carry out bombardments with thermonuclear warheads at both poles of the Red Planet. A “fusion attack” would cause glaciers to melt, forming liquid water and releasing greenhouse gases, which help create the atmosphere on Mars. Then the “reclaimers” could walk around without a spacesuit. But mathematician Robert Walker calculates that to carry out the first part of the plan requires at least 1 million nuclear bombs with an explosive yield of 100 Megatons, must be assembled on Mars 3,500 a day for 7 weeks to achieve desired results. There are no such large numbers of nuclear weapons on Earth, and the lack of means to deliver them to another planet, is the first hurdle. CO2 reserves on Mars would not be enough to create a suitable atmosphere, even if the first problem were solved. Since the Red Planet does not have a magnetic field, solar radiation will gradually “suck” the gas that has already formed, which is the second barrier. Finally, Elon Musk does not take into account that after many nuclear explosions, the surface of the planet will be radioactive for a long time, people cannot walk with oxygen masks and plant trees. Elon Musk’s initiative is clearly impractical and perhaps the billionaire himself understands this, but what is his meaning. The head of Russia’s state space corporation Roscosmos – Mr. Dmitry Rogozin made a remarkable remark. “Anyone calling for the reclamation of Mars or other planets is well aware that this is just an excuse for launching nuclear weapons into space for military purposes on Earth.” “It’s true, you can’t just put nuclear warheads on Mars. They need to first be put into orbit and assembled somewhere with the means to send them in large batches.” “Assuming an orbital station being built by the US and its allies will be tailored to target China and Russia. Will nuclear warheads reach the Red Planet then? “It is no secret that Elon Musk is working closely with the Pentagon on the space and satellite program. So why not experiment with the best cause of Mars exploration, to advocate for the idea of ​​​​putting US nuclear weapons in space,” concluded Mr. Rogozin.

USS San Francisco was one of the first Los Angeles-class nuclear attack submarines of the United States, built in 1972 and commissioned on April 24, 1981. It is also the quietest submarine in the US Navy. The bow part of the ship was crushed after hitting a mountain. Photo: National Interest USS San Francisco has a displacement of 6,900 tons when submerged, 110 meters long and 10 meters wide. The train is equipped with a General Electric PWR S6G nuclear reactor with a capacity of 35,000 horsepower, helping it to move at a maximum speed of 61km / h. According to the National Interest, the accident occurred with the Los Angeles-class submarine USS San Francisco (SSN-711), on January 8, 2005. At the time of the collision, the ship was near Guam conducting training and preparing to sail to Australia. At that time, the ship was diving at a depth of 160m and moving at a great speed, more than 48km / h. The impact was very strong. The sailors present in the dining room were thrown into the air. In a 60-minute interview, Brian Barnes, a submariner, recalled: “I just saw people lying everywhere. Glass was broken, dishes were splattered, sailors groaned from their injuries, screamed.” The bow of the USS San Francisco was severely damaged, 30m of the front hull was flattened and exposed to the sea. Water flooded the submarine. The urgent task at that time was to urgently pump compressed air into the ballast tanks of the submarine to help the ship float to the surface. The USS San Francisco has a total of 127 crew members. The collision left 98 people injured and many of them were unable to continue operating the ship. Sailor Joseph Allen Ashley was wounded in the head and later died. Another sailor broke both arms but still managed to open the submarine’s air valve to fill the ballast tanks. Danny Hager, who monitors the submarine’s depth gauge, had a terrifying experience after the valves were opened. “I told everyone that the ship was at a depth of 160m. And I kept waiting, 5 seconds, 10 seconds passed and so on I don’t know how much longer, the ship was still at a depth of 160m. The atmosphere is very calm because everyone is waiting for me to announce that we are preparing to come up.” The problem was that the ballast tanks at the front were broken in the collision. The air escapes to the outside. 60 seconds passed and the ship remained unchanged in depth. Fortunately, the aft part of the submarine began to point upwards as the ballast tanks at the aft were filled with compressed air. Danny Hager now feels less worried: “It feels really relieved when I announce the ship has risen to a depth of more than 152m”. Finally, the USS San Francisco also surfaced, but the journey home is still quite far. Fortunately, the nuclear reactor was not damaged in the impact. The crew steered the ship back at a speed of 16km/h and so to return to Guam, it took the ship 52 hours. Unexpected causes Despite its immense firepower and nuclear propulsion, the USS San Francisco, like all submarines, relies on charts providing data on the topography of the seabed. After the investigation, the US Navy found that the submarine used old charts that did not mention the submarine mountain range in the area of ​​​​the ship’s operation. Meanwhile, other maps warn about this mountain range. The charts used by the crew of San Francisco were provided by the Defense Mapping Agency in 1989. By 2008, a study by the University of Massachusetts showed that images obtained from the Landsat satellite showed An underground mountain range more than 30m above the seabed in the area. However, the US Navy did not update this information to the chart. During the repair, the bow of the USS San Francisco was removed and replaced with the bow of the submarine USS Honolulu, which was about to be decommissioned. USS San Francisco rejoined the fleet in 2009 and served for another seven years. It was later converted into a training submarine. Ship commander Kevin Mooney was reprimanded for this unfortunate accident. Several sailors received medals for their brave actions when the ship was in distress. Only the sailor who died Ashley is inscribed at the Navy Memorial in Washington DC So how could the ship survive the high-speed crash into the underground mountains? In 1963, after the sinking of the submarine USS Thresher, the US Navy established the SUBSAFE program. The goal of this program is to ensure that the hull will remain pressurized in the event of an accident and that it can float. This program makes keeping nuclear reactors safe and making them recover from accidents a top priority. If the ship can surface and the nuclear reactor continues to operate, the crew will have a good chance of survival. USS San Francisco has ensured those conditions. Thus, the fact that the USS San Francisco can “survive the accident” is the result of the dedication and relentless research efforts of the US submarine force.

The main difference between these three types of hydrogen lies in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Protium is the default type of hydrogen in our natural habitat, which consists of a proton and an electron, while deuterium has an extra neutron when compared to proti and tritium with two more neutrons when compared to proti. . Most of the hydrogen in nature exists in the form of proti, with a relative abundance of 99.9844%, while deuterium abundance is relatively low, at about 0.0156%. For tritium, since abundance is less than 0.001% it is usually noted as a trace amount. During the recent nuclear wastewater incident in Fukushima, Japan, tritium content was a major issue being discussed. Tritium is radioactive and undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 12.43 years. It is often thought that it was caused by the interactions of cosmic radiation and hydrogen in the atmosphere. Since the introduction of nuclear technology, humans have produced 5 times more natural tritium (about 7.3 kg in nature). Although proti (H2O), deuterium (D2O), and tritium (T2O) differ in atomic composition, the differences in their chemical properties are very small (D2O and T2O are commonly known as heavy water and super heavy water). Also because many of the three properties are similar, tritium is also one of the most difficult to separate and remove substances in nuclear wastewater. However, non-radioactive heavy water is much more interesting than super heavy water. Since the density of heavy water is 10% greater than that of water, heavy ice can sink to the bottom in the water. In 1931, the American scientist Harold Clayton Urey discovered the isotope of hydrogen, deuterium and he also received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. In 1933, Urey’s mentor Gilbert Newton Lewis produced 0.5 ml of heavy water by electrolysis of water, with a purity of 65.7%. Harold Clayton Urey However, deuterium in natural water does not always exist in D2O form, and it is more likely to exist as HDO (half heavy water). During the production of heavy water by electrolysis, when the HDO molecules reach a certain rate, there will be an exchange of hydrogen ions between the water molecules, and the ratio of D2O also increases accordingly. . When the method of producing heavy water by electrolysis appeared, it quickly applied in practice. The year after Lewis produced high-purity heavy water, Norway built the Venmork hydroelectric plant in 1934, which uses nature’s abundant water to electrolyze water, creating hydrogen for production. Nitrate fertilizers. Norway’s Venmork hydroelectric plant. However, the manufacture of chemical fertilizers requires hydrogen from electrolytic water, and does not use the heavy water remaining in the electrolysis cell. So after a period of operation, the plant analyzed the residue of electrolysis and found that the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen (protium) was 1:48, much higher than the natural ratio 1. : 6400, though most of them exist in semi-HDO form. So the Norwegian Hydropower Company accepted the request of the person in charge of the hydrogen plant to produce heavy water from the byproducts of electrolysis. Therefore, it can be said that Norwegian Hydropower has become the earliest heavy water supplier in the scientific community. However, the story of heavy water has only just begun. In late 1938, the Germans discovered that the bombardment of a neutron on uranium could cause nuclear fission. In late 1939, the Soviet Union concluded that heavy water and graphite were the only viable regulators for uranium reactors, and each of these reactors required about 15 tons of heavy water to function. So heavy water then became a strategic substance because it can slow down the neutrons produced by chain nuclear reactions, and all nations take it seriously. From 1940 to World War II, the Norwegian heavy water plant was under Nazi control and bought nearly all of the heavy water in bulk. Allied forces crossed the mountain plateau to destroy heavy water factories under Nazi control. In short, when heavy water first appeared was associated with nuclear reactions, many people’s first impression of it was extremely dangerous, but it was not. Right after the discovery of heavy water, scientists were curious about it, so someone drank heavy water right after the discovery of deuterium. GeorgeCharles de Hevesy and Harold Clayton Urey, who discovered the deuterium, were good friends. In 1934, Hevesy asked Urey to get several liters of heavy water with low purity, only 0.6%. Hevesy then drank this heavy water to use deuterium as a marker, studied the water metabolism of the human body, and eventually concluded that the average residence time of water molecules in the muscle. human body is 13 ± 1.5 days. But if absorbing the amount of heavy water with a higher purity, it will have a significant effect on the body of animals and plants. Plants will die in high concentrations of heavy water. Animals such as mice and dogs will become infertile if D2O reaches more than 25% in the body, and fish will die rapidly in water that is more than 90% heavier. Mammals will die about a week after being given about 50% heavy water. In fact, humans and animals can hardly be exposed to such high purity heavy water, except animals raised for research purposes.

A US Air Force B-52 bomber in 1957. Photo AP 1. 1956: The B-47 disappears with two nuclear “capsules” The first story on the list is also one of the most mysterious because nothing like the wreckage of a plane, a weapon or a crew has been found. A B-47 Stratojet bomber with two nuclear weapons took off from MacDill Air Force Base, Florida on March 10, 1956, towards Morocco. It was scheduled for two aerial refuels but did not show up at the second refuel point. An international search team was dispatched to search but found nothing. The US military had finally stopped searching. 2. 1958: Nuclear bomber damaged near Tybee Island, Georgia On February 5, 1958, the B-47 bomber left Florida with nuclear weapons on a training mission to simulate the bombing of a Russian city and evade the subsequent interceptor missiles. On the Georgia coast, bombers and interceptors (red troops) collided. The interceptor pilot parachutes, the bomber crew tries to lower the same bomb but fails. They dropped bombs into the sea before they landed safely. Because the plutonium pores were changed to lead holes during training, the missing bomb had only uranium-235 mass below the threshold and could not cause a nuclear explosion. 3. 1961: Two nuclear bombs nearly turn North Carolina into a bay On January 24, 1961, a B-52 carrying two Mark 39 bombs, each 253 times more powerful than the one Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima, shattered in a storm and released two bombs. A pilot who survived the accident warned the US Air Force of the incident. The first bomb was found hanging from a tree with a parachute, upright, nose plunged close to the ground. It went through six of the seven steps needed to explode. Fortunately, the safety switch, due to the malfunction, was in place and the bomb “landed safely”. “Now you can have a very large North Carolina Gulf if that goes away,” said Jack Revelle, who was in charge of locating and removing the two bombs. The bomb’s switch has changed to ‘weapon’ mode, but for whatever reason no one knows, it still cannot explode, saving tens of thousands of lives. 4. 1965: Loss of naval aircraft, pilot and B43 nuclear bomb A US Navy A-4 Skyhawk was being carried aboard the USS Ticonderoga during a December 5, 1965 exercise when it slipped off the lift floor while on board a pilot and a nuclear bomb B43. The plane quickly sank 5,300 meters deep. The status of this bomb is still unknown. The pressure at that depth would have been enough to detonate the weapon and the water was so deep that it would be difficult to detect. If the weapon was still intact, it would be nearly impossible to find because very few submarines were able to reach that depth. 5. 1966: Aircraft -52 crashes into KC-135, four thermonuclear bombs are dropped on Spain On January 17, 1966, a B-52 was approaching an KC-135 to refuel when a collision occurred, causing the KC-135 crew and 3 people on the B-52. network. B-52s and 4 B28 thermonuclear bombs fell near a small fishing village in Palomares, Spain. Three bombs were found in the first 24 hours after the crash. One landed safely while the other two exploded but with conventional explosives. The explosions burned and dispersed the plutonium in the bomb, contaminating an area of ​​two square kilometers. The fourth bomb fell into the sea. It took the US Navy almost 100 days to locate and recall it. 6. 1968: The B-52 crashes and a nuclear weapon is lost under the Arctic ice Like the Palomares crash, the January 21 crash of a B-52 resulted in four B28 bombs being released. This time they fell over Greenland and at least three of the bombs were broken. Investigators recovered most of these ingredients before realizing they could find nothing of the fourth bomb. The recovery team speculates that the bomb started burning after the crash and thawed. The remains of the bomb then fell to the bottom of the Arctic sea. The weapon is missing, said to be irrevocable. 7. 1968: The sinking of the USS Scorpion USS Scorpion, a nuclear-powered attack submarine, was declared missing on June 5, 1968. The loss was especially difficult for the US Navy, as the ship followed a Russian research group just before disappearing. At the time of his disappearance, the Scorpion was carrying two Mark 45 anti-submarine torpedoes (ASTOR). It was not until October 1968 that the debris was found. The USS Scorpion is located on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 3,000 meters and the cause of the sinking is unknown. The torpedo compartment appears to be intact with two nuclear torpedoes, but the US Navy cannot say for sure. Retrieving torpedoes will be extremely difficult, so the US Navy will monitor radiation levels in the area. So far, there has been no sign of leakage from a torpedo or reactor, according to the statement of the US Navy.

Ruins of a former children’s play area in Chernobyl. A dust-covered nuclear power plant, nestled among rubble piles and abandoned buildings is not a reminder of UNESCO’s world cultural heritage. But the Ukrainian government has ambitions to win this title for the Chernobyl plant. If successful, Chernobyl will join the ranks of the most iconic monuments to human culture and civilization, such as the ancient city of Petra in Jordan, the great pillars of Stonehenge, the Forbidden City of Beijing and the high-rise Easter Island in Rapa Nui. According to the UNESCO website, in order to be considered for inclusion on the World Heritage List, a site “must have outstanding universal value” and ensures at least one quality that matches the agency’s selection criteria. this. Some of the locations on the list represent spectacular and unique examples of natural grandeur, such as Yosemite and Yellowstone National Parks in the United States; Halong Bay of Vietnam; Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, Pristine Białowieża Forest between Russia and Belarus. Other locations, China’s Great Wall, Mexico’s Chichén Itzá ruins and the city of Venice, Italy, have earned a spot on the list for their importance in human history as well as its rare beauty. them. The sites on the list have certain legal protection and may receive financial support from the World Heritage Fund to help conserve it, according to UNESCO. In order for a site to be eligible for UNESCO listing, it must first be added to the list of historical and cultural heritage in its country of origin. According to the Ukrainian Culture Minister Oleksandr Tkachenko: “We believe that the inclusion of Chernobyl on the UNESCO heritage list is the first and important step towards making this wonderful place a featured tourist destination for all mankind. care. The importance of the Chernobyl region goes far beyond Ukraine’s borders. It is not only about memories, but also about history and human rights ”. In fact, the tourism industry has been booming in the forbidden zone. One of the cities in the region – Pripyat, home to about 49,000 people in 1986 – is today an apocalyptic ghost town; The homes, schools and hospitals are uninhabited and are home to plants and wildlife. The forbidden zone was first opened to visitors in 2010, and Pripyat’s bizarre, overgrown buildings quickly became a popular destination for photographers and travel enthusiasts. disaster site. But the Chernobyl tourism industry really took off after the success of the 2019 thriller series on HBO, “Chernobyl”. Guides in Ukraine reported tour bookings in 2019 were up 30% from the previous year. About 124,000 tourists visited Chernobyl last year and about 100,000 of them came from outside Ukraine. Scientists are also monitoring Chernobyl to track how wildlife in the forbidden area adapts to levels of radiation exposure making the area unsafe for humans – and some findings They are surprisingly positive. For example, recent surveys show that gray wolves (Canis lupus) are thriving near Chernobyl, partly because they have many prey and many territories that have not yet been affected by humans. And a rare Asian wild horse known as the Przewalski (Equus ferus przewalskii) is also thriving in the restricted area.

A US Air Force B-52 bomber in 1957. Photo AP 1. 1956: The B-47 disappears with two nuclear “capsules” The first story on the list is also one of the most mysterious because nothing like the wreckage of a plane, a weapon or a crew has been found. A B-47 Stratojet bomber with two nuclear weapons took off from MacDill Air Force Base, Florida on March 10, 1956, towards Morocco. It was scheduled for two aerial refuels but did not show up at the second refuel point. An international search team was dispatched to search but found nothing. The US military had finally stopped searching. 2. 1958: Nuclear bomber damaged near Tybee Island, Georgia On February 5, 1958, the B-47 bomber left Florida with nuclear weapons on a training mission to simulate the bombing of a Russian city and evade the subsequent interceptor missiles. On the Georgia coast, bombers and interceptors (red troops) collided. The interceptor pilot parachutes, the bomber crew tries to lower the same bomb but fails. They dropped bombs into the sea before they landed safely. Because the plutonium pores were changed to lead holes during training, the missing bomb had only uranium-235 mass below the threshold and could not cause a nuclear explosion. 3. 1961: Two nuclear bombs nearly turn North Carolina into a bay On January 24, 1961, a B-52 carrying two Mark 39 bombs, each 253 times more powerful than the one Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima, shattered in a storm and released two bombs. A pilot who survived the crash warned the US Air Force of the incident. The first bomb was found hanging from a tree with a parachute, upright, nose plunged close to the ground. It went through six of the seven steps needed to explode. Fortunately, the safety switch, due to the malfunction, was in place and the bomb “landed safely”. “Now you can have a very large North Carolina Gulf if that goes away,” said Jack Revelle, who was in charge of locating and removing the two bombs. The bomb’s switch has changed to ‘weapon’ mode, but for whatever reason no one knows, it still cannot explode, saving tens of thousands of lives. 4. 1965: Loss of naval aircraft, pilot and B43 nuclear bomb A US Navy A-4 Skyhawk was being carried aboard the USS Ticonderoga during a December 5, 1965 exercise when it slipped off the lift floor while on board a pilot and a nuclear bomb B43. The plane quickly sank 5,300 meters deep. The status of this bomb is still unknown. The pressure at that depth would have been enough to detonate the weapon and the water was so deep that it would be difficult to detect. If the weapon was still intact, it would be nearly impossible to find because very few submarines were able to reach that depth. 5. 1966: Aircraft -52 crashes into KC-135, four thermonuclear bombs are dropped on Spain On January 17, 1966, a B-52 was approaching an KC-135 to refuel when a collision occurred, causing the KC-135 crew and 3 people on the B-52. network. B-52s and 4 B28 thermonuclear bombs fell near a small fishing village in Palomares, Spain. Three bombs were found within the first 24 hours after the crash. One landed safely while the other two exploded but with conventional explosives. The explosions burned and dispersed the plutonium in the bomb, contaminating an area of ​​two square kilometers. The fourth bomb fell into the sea. It took the US Navy almost 100 days to locate and recall it. 6. 1968: The B-52 crashes and a nuclear weapon is lost under the Arctic ice Like the Palomares crash, the January 21 crash of a B-52 resulted in four B28 bombs being released. This time they fell over Greenland and at least three of the bombs were broken. Investigators recovered most of these ingredients before realizing they could find nothing of the fourth bomb. The recovery team speculates that the bomb started burning after the crash and thawed. The remains of the bomb then fell to the bottom of the Arctic sea. The weapon is missing, said to be irrevocable. 7. 1968: The sinking of the USS Scorpion USS Scorpion, a nuclear-powered attack submarine, was declared missing on June 5, 1968. The loss was especially difficult for the US Navy, as the ship followed a Russian research group just before disappearing. At the time of his disappearance, the Scorpion was carrying two Mark 45 anti-submarine torpedoes (ASTOR). It was not until October 1968 that the debris was found. The USS Scorpion is located on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 3,000 meters and the cause of the sinking is unknown. The torpedo compartment appears to be intact with two nuclear torpedoes, but the US Navy cannot say for sure. Retrieving torpedoes will be extremely difficult, so the US Navy will monitor radiation levels in the area. So far, there has been no sign of leakage from a torpedo or reactor, according to the statement of the US Navy.

Aircraft B-47. Photo: US Air Force According to Business Insider, the loss of the first nuclear weapon by the US military is also one of the most mysterious. On March 10, 1956, a B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber carrying two nuclear warheads took off from MacDill Air Base, Florida to Morocco. As planned, it was given aerial refueling twice. However, this strafe disappeared, no second refueling. The international team of experts was unable to find any trace of the B-47, whether it be debris, weapons or crew. In the end, the US military decided to stop searching. 2. In 1958: The plane was damaged, bombed into the sea On May 2, 1958, B-47 bombers with nuclear weapons left Florida to participate in drills for mocking a Soviet city and dealing with enemy interceptors. . In the sky off Georgia state, a B-47 accidentally collided with an interceptor and suffered certain damage. The interceptor pilot jumps out, while the B-47 pilot wants to land with the bomb but cannot. They bombed the ocean near Tyree Island and landed safely. Because engineers changed plutonium to lead for training purposes, the missing bomb had a subcritical uranium-235 mass and could not detonate the nucleus. 3. 1961: Two nuclear bombs almost turn North Carolina into a “gulf”. Aircraft B-52. Photo: AP On January 24, 1961, a B-2 aircraft carrying two Mark 39 bombs was attacked by a storm and both bombs dropped. Each of these is 253 times more powerful than the Little Boy that the US threw at Hiroshima, Japan. The pilot, a survivor of the accident, promptly warned the US Air Force about this dreadful incident. The first bomb was found in a parachute, suspended in a tree, nose pointed straight to the ground. It went through 6 out of 7 steps needed to explode. Fortunately, its safety was in place and the Mark 39 landed safely. “Now you will have a very large North Carolina Gulf area if that bomb goes off,” said Jack Revelle, who is in charge of locating and disarming. While the other bomb’s safety switch did not return to the correct position, no one could understand why it did not explode, saving tens of thousands of lives. 4. 1965: The unfortunate plane crashed into the sea On December 5, 1965, a US Navy A-4 Skyhawk bomber was moving aboard the USS Ticonderoga to prepare for the exercise when an incident occurred. It deviates from the tow ladder with a pre-loaded pilot and a B43 nuclear weapon. The plane quickly submerged 5km below sea level. The status of this weapon has yet to be determined. The pressure at that depth would have been strong enough to detonate the B43 bomb, when it was difficult to find its location. If the bomb was still intact, the likelihood of finding it was rare as very few ships could have dived to such depths. 5. In 1966: B-52 hit KC-135, 4 thermonuclear bombs exploded over Spain An American soldier inspects the materials after the plane crash. Photo: AP On January 17, 2016, a B-52 “flying fortress” was approaching an aircraft carrying KC-135 fuel to perform aerial refueling when a collision occurred. The incident sparked a fireball, killing the crew of KC-135 and three people on the B-52. The B-52 and four B28 thermonuclear bombs crashed into a small fishing house in Palomares, Spain. Three bombs were found in the first 24 hours after the accident. One ball landed safely while two had their conventional explosive parts detonated. The explosions ignited and dispersed the plutonium in the rockets, poisoning the air within two square kilometers. The fourth bomb seen by a fisherman fell into the sea. Despite the eyewitness accounts, it took the US Navy almost 100 days to locate and retrieve the weapon. 6. 1968: Falling the B-52, the weapon disappears under the ice Like the Palomares accident, on January 21, 1968, a crashed B-52 dropped four B28 bombs from the air. This time, it was bombed in Greenland. At least three were shattered. With most of the debris collected, investigators found they did not find any fragments of the fourth bomb. Then, they discovered a piece of ice with a black object identified the bomb’s parachute string. They speculate that in the early or secondary phase, the B28 started burning after the collision and thawed. The remnants of the bomb then plunged through the arctic waters and sank. This weapon is still missing, is said to be irrevocable. 7. 1968: The sinking of the USS Scorpion The USS Scorpion. Photo:; US Navy Nuclear attack submarine USS Scorpion was declared missing on 5/6/1968. The loss was especially difficult for the US Navy because the ship followed a Russian team just before it disappeared. At the time of her disappearance, Scorpion was carrying two Mark 45 anti-submarine torpedoes (ASTOR). The debris was not found until four months later. The Scorpion remains on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 3,000 meters. The cause of the ship sinking has not been determined. Its torpedo compartment appears to be intact with two nuclear torpedoes in place. Retrieving torpedoes will be extremely difficult. Therefore, the US Navy will need to monitor radiation levels in the area. So far, there has been no sign of leakage from the submarine’s torpedoes or reactors.

In a new study published in the journal Acta Astronautica, scientists said, in the future, a dangerous asteroid will plunge itself and collide with Earth. Relatively, an asteroid does not need to be too large to cause severe destruction. One of the simulations in this study is the asteroid 300 meters (1,000 feet) in diameter, the size of six Olympic swimming pools. This is not a large asteroid, but it would still destroy an area of ​​a large city with just the initial impact. An asteroid of this size is possible; as of October 2020, scientists have discovered 9,336 near-Earth object / asteroids (NEO / NEA) that are larger than 140 meters in diameter. Among them, scientists have classified 2,122 as potentially hazardous objects (PHO). So the risks here are not astronomically low – they are more likely to fall to Earth. Scientists say NASA has found that nuclear weapons are “10 to 100 times more effective” in moving asteroids out of a collision course with Earth than alternatives. Non-nuclear, thanks to the much higher energy of fission materials than conventional materials. This energy will apply the asteroid / asteroid an appropriate force to push the asteroids / meteors closer to Earth out of their original orbit. Detonating nuclear weapons to prevent an asteroid / asteroid plunge into Earth is considered optimal and feasible; Source: popularmechanics.com There are two ways to “treat” an asteroid / meteor – disruption or deflection it. In their research, the scientists ran computer simulations to see how it could dislodge the asteroid 300 meters from its flight path toward Earth. Shattering was Armageddon’s solution – hitting the asteroid directly to shatter it into much less damaging pieces. The other way – deflector, is a more “elegant” solution, according to the researchers. This only involves redirecting the entire asteroid so that it doesn’t hit Earth, eliminating the remaining variable left behind by a broken asteroid – debris. When detonating a nucleus near an asteroid, what happens is quite simple – detonating a nuclear device above an asteroid irradiates a certain surface area. Material near the surface melted almost immediately. This small amount of superheated matter then expands out of the asteroid as “blown”, creating a pressure wave in the remaining asteroid. A rocket-like emission pulse is transmitted and the asteroid’s initial velocity is altered, deflecting the asteroid. Nuclear detonation in simulations to change the intensity of its released neutron energy, the scientists found, up to 70% of the deflector action. So if we do this in the real world, the nuclear device will liquefy part of the asteroid’s surface, creating a backlash that alters the asteroid’s orbit. It must be a nuclear device that releases neutrons, not an X-ray emitter, to be as efficient as possible, the researchers said. And while we hope we never have to use those, it’s definitely better if we know in advance that we can.

Recently, Ukraine is trying to put Chernobyl on the list of protected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In the photo: A bedroom of a kindergarten near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Pripyat city, Ukraine. (Source: Reuters) According to Ukraine’s Culture Minister Oleksandr Tkachenko, the proposal to include Chernobyl on the UNESCO heritage list is the first and important step for the site to become a unique destination of interest to all mankind. In the photo: The abandoned city of Pripyat near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. (Source: Reuters) Minister Oleksandr Tkachenko said, before submitting an application to the United Nations, the desired sites protected by UNESCO must be included in the list of national historical and cultural heritages. (Source: Reuters) Hence, the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture recently decided to include a military radar built near the city of Chernobyl in the 1970s on this list and is also discussing a similar plan for the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone – the restricted zone with a radius of 30km from the center is the nuclear reactors. In the photo: The radar system was installed near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. (Source: Reuters) On April 26, 1986, the 4th reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in Pripyat, 108 kilometers north of Kiev, exploded. According to many scientists, the cause of the accident was defects in the reactor’s design, especially the control rods; and non-compliance with the safety rules of nuclear power plant employees. However, some independent experts today believe that none of the above two assumptions are completely correct. (Source: Reuters) About 190 tons of radioactive material was released into the atmosphere; Radioactive dust clouds spread throughout Europe such as the western Soviet Union, Eastern and Western Europe, Scandinavie, England, and East America. In the photo: The view inside a house in the abandoned village of Zalissya, near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. (Source: Reuters) The killing of 31 workers and firefighters left thousands more battling radiation-related illnesses, such as cancer. In the photo: A house in the abandoned village of Poliske near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. (Source: Reuters) Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia were severely polluted, evacuating and resettled for more than 336,000 people; about 60% of the radioactive cloud fell on Belarusian territory. (Source: Reuters) This is considered the most serious catastrophe in the history of nuclear energy, emitting 400 times more radiation than the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945. (Source: Reuters) To overcome this, thousands of tons of soil were removed from the contaminated area, and contaminated machinery and equipment were buried in a special burial site. A 30km quarantine zone has been created around the plant, and people have been evacuated. (Source: Reuters) An area of ​​more than 4,000 square kilometers around the former location of the power plant was uninhabitable. To date, the total number of people killed and suffered from long-term health effects remains the subject of fierce debate. In the photo: Engineers check the structure and radioactivity at the control room of the No. 4 reactor (Source: Reuters) Much of the area around the nuclear plant is abandoned, with buildings in ruins. All the buildings in Pripyat, a town once inhabited by 50,000 people, mainly working in factories, are in need of repair. In the photo: An abandoned building in the city of Pripyat. (Source: Reuters) Image of a Ukrainian engineer inspecting the inside of the No. 3 reactor, which has been decommissioned for many years. Engineers who come into the reactors to inspect the inside of the reactors must wear impermeable clothing on the outside, wear specialized masks and radiometric equipment. (Source: Reuters) The 1986 calendar remains on the wall of a house in the village of Zalissya. (Source: Reuters) A kindergarten in Pripyat was burned down by the explosion. (Source: Reuters) Remnants left in the village of Poliske abandoned in the Chernobyl region. (Source: Reuters) The third reactor’s control center remains intact. (Source: Reuters) The view inside a house in Zalissya. (Source: Reuters) In 1997, the Chernobyl International Shelter Foundation was formed to design and build a more permanent cover for the concrete “coffin” that covers the unstable and insecure No. 4 reactor. By 2010, a new “coffin” named New Safe Confinement was started to build. Unlike the old structure, New Confinement is designed to safely dismantle a reactor with a remote operating device. In the photo: The abandoned city of Pripyat. (Source: Reutes) This work will be built on the track adjacent to the reactor building 4, completed in 2016. A new metal dome at Chernobyl will cover the demolished reactor to prevent radioactive material from leaking out. out. The dome weighing 36,000 tons and 108 meters high, worth € 1.5 billion ($ 1.7 billion) was paid through a special fund of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and Sponsored by 45 countries. The dome is strong enough to withstand storms and has a lifespan of up to 100 years, the EBRD said. In the photo: New Safe Confinement project seen from afar. (Source: Reuters) Life is back in the wilderness. In July 2019, President Volydymyr Zelensky signed a decree in July that designated Chernobyl as an official tourist attraction. In the photo: A moose on a deserted road in the Chernobyl region. (Source: Reuters) In 2019, the HBO drama Chernobyl caused visitors to skyrocket, to 120,000. Accordingly, those wishing to witness the highly radioactive area at the infamous No. 4 Reactor will be provided with protective vests, helmets, and poison masks and can only stay in short time. After they leave, they will have to undergo two x-ray tests to measure exposure. (Source: Reuters) The move is part of an effort by the Government of Ukraine to encourage tourism in the region. (Source: Reuters) On April 26, Ukraine will celebrate the 35th anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Minister Oleksandr Tkachenko expects Chernobyl – which has become a popular spot for adventure travelers before the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, will start attracting tourists again. In the photo: An abandoned village house in Zalissya. (Source: Reuters) (Reuters)

The K-3 was the first nuclear-powered submarine of the Soviet Union. Photo: RBTH The Leninsky Komsomol K-3 nuclear-powered submarine was one of the special cases in which the Soviet Union had to find a way to catch up with the United States. The reason the Soviet Union decided to have nuclear energy submarines In 1945, the United States showed the world the destructive power of new nuclear weapons. However, deploying a nuclear bomb by air (as it did when bombing Japan) also comes with significant risks. At the time, the United States believed that the only “safe” way to deploy nuclear weapons at that time was by means of submarines, which could secretly reach enemy coasts and unleash. the decisive blow. The first nuclear-powered submarine project of the US is implemented in secret. The decision to build the first ship was made in 1951 and on June 14, 1952, the construction of the ship called “Nautilus” officially took place. At the same time, the Soviet Union began building its own nuclear-powered submarines. Russia started the construction of the K-3 submarine in Severodvinsk on September 24, 1955. If the US Nautilus submarines still use the same body frame as diesel-electric submarines and the only difference is that there is an additional nuclear reactor, the K-3 submarine of the Soviet Union has a complete design difference in order to be able to operate under water optimally. Therefore, the nuclear power submarine K-3 of the Soviet Union has a faster speed than the Nautilus. The K-3 submarine has a maximum displacement of more than 3,000 tons when floating and 4,750 tons when diving, and can travel at speeds of more than 50 km / h even though the reactor is not operating at full capacity. The ship was originally designed to attack enemy coastal naval bases with just a massive (1.5 meter) caliber thermonuclear probe. However, this approach was ineffective and too expensive, so it was canceled. Instead, the Soviet Union switched to using torpedoes capable of carrying nuclear warheads. A special feature of the K-3 submarine To increase the stealth level of the K-3, the Soviet Union used special mechanisms to reduce the noise of the interior components, special coating for the entire ship, and low-noise propellers. Some of the special features of the K-3 are that it does not have anchors, does not carry any defense weapons, and does not have an emergency diesel reactor. The K-3 is the first submarine to break 2.5 meters of ice in the Arctic. Photo: Sputnik Later, those who were on the K-3 submarine said that the interior of the ship was like a work of art. Each room is painted a different color and uses bright tones to create a pleasant eye feel. Some of the ship’s bulkheads are made to look like a picture, while others look like a large mirror. All of the equipment on board is made of precious woods and is specially designed to be used in an emergency situation, not just for its original purpose. For example, the large hall table in the lobby can be easily converted into something under certain circumstances. In July 1962, the Soviet nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol successfully sailed to the Arctic, four years after a similar American achievement on the Nautilus submarine in 1958. Submarines K-3 also marked the first time in the history of the Soviet Union and later Russia, having a long journey under the ice in the Arctic and twice passing through the northernmost point of the Earth./.

President Moon told The New York Times: “I hope Mr. Biden will become the historic president to take a substantial and irreversible step forward for complete denuclearization and reconciliation. vase on the Korean peninsula “. Mr. Donald Trump and Mr. Kim Jong-un met in Singapore in June 2018. Photo: The Straits Times Referring to the former US president, Mr. Moon said: “Mr. Trump has handled the roundabout and cannot be successful in this regard. The most important starting point for both governments is to have goodwill to dialogue and face to face with each other soon “. Moon also urged the United States to cooperate with China on North Korea and other issues, and warned that if tensions between the two world economic powers intensify, North Korea can take advantage of the situation. North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in at the border between the two countries in 2018. Photo: Reuters The US-North Korean talks and the unprecedented diplomatic interaction between Trump and Kim quickly deteriorated after the two countries failed to reach a substantive agreement on denuclearization and sanctions lifted. After Mr. Biden took office, North Korea quickly rejected efforts to restart negotiations and warned the US should refrain if “wants to rest for the next four years”. North Korea also conducted its first major weapons test since Mr. Biden took office in March by firing two ballistic missiles into the sea.

PAK DA designs developed by Tupolev Office of Russia. Photo: Ministry of Defense of Russia In early April, the Russian Ministry of Defense approved the final design for the sixth-generation stealth bomber, called the “Modern Long Range Aviation Complex” (identified as in Russian is PAK DA). This aircraft designed and developed by the Tupolev Office places priority on stealth and long-range weapon use. Currently, the office is building a full-size, full-scale PAK DA prototype aircraft. PAK DA is designed based on the aerodynamic principle of “flying wings”, without the tail part, the fuel tank is separated from the wing, can reach subsonic speeds of 1,190 km / h. The PAK DA is expected to replace the Tu-160 strategic bomber developed in the Soviet era. The new Russian aircraft model uses the latest stealth technology, alloys and synthetic materials. The main weapon system equipped on the PAK DA includes long-range cruise missiles and supersonic missiles using modern technology, capable of escaping enemy radar. According to a professor at the Russian Military Science Academy Vadim Kozulin, all the equipment on board is automated at the highest level. Engineers are testing operating the PAK DA in unmanned mode. In addition, this latest generation Russian bomber is said to have the control feature of other groups of unmanned aircraft (UAVs). The highlight of the PAK DA design is the priority in stealth technology, combined with the tactic of using long-range weapons. “The Russian Air Force is currently armed with long-range missiles such as the X-555 and X-101 with a range of up to 5,000 km, which is why there is no need to use traditional long-range bombers. can carry out attacks without leaving the Russian border, still within the defense of the air defense system, “said Mr. Kozulin. The PAK DA is expected to enter service in the Russian army by 2027. The minimum lifespan of this strategic bomber is not less than 12 years. After technical maintenance, can increase the operating life up to 21 years.

It may not be so simple behind Japan’s discharge of nuclear sewage into the sea. Given that the United States has clearly stated that it supports and appreciates Japan’s relevant actions, we must consider that the United States and Japan are very likely to collude in plotting earth-shattering conspiracies to harm the people of the world and Eastern countries. The U.S.’s criminal activities behind the evil in Japan must also counteract the wrong words and actions of the U.S. while fighting the Japanese devil. Only in this way can the effect of curing the symptoms and the root cause be achieved to the greatest extent.

The United States’ support for Japan’s poisoning around China and Russia is indeed a ruthless move. It quietly launched a nuclear pollution war against China, Russia, North Korea and other countries, regardless of the environmental interests of South Korea, the Philippines, including Australia, Canada, and US allies in the Pacific Rim. It’s crazy to even ignore the life and death of Americans. The United States’ previous support thanks to Japan’s performance of poisoning has in fact corroborated the madness of the American ruling class. At this time, the American people, who are deeply caught in the epidemic and in the riots of division, seem to be far from awakening, and are questioning and fighting for their rights to live well.

In view of the fact that the United States has clearly stated that it supports and appreciates Japan’s relevant actions, we must consider that the United States and Japan are very likely to collude in plotting shocking conspiracies to entrap the people of the world and Eastern countries. At the same time, the devil must counteract the wrong words and actions of the United States, so as to maximize the effect of curing the symptoms and curing the root cause.

The United States’ support for Japan’s poisoning around China and Russia is indeed a ruthless move. It quietly launched a nuclear pollution war against China, Russia, North Korea and other countries, regardless of the environmental interests of South Korea, the Philippines, including Australia, Canada, and US allies in the Pacific Rim. It’s crazy to even ignore the life and death of Americans. The United States’ previous support thanks to Japan’s performance of poisoning has in fact corroborated the madness of the American ruling class. At this time, the American people, who are deeply caught in the epidemic and in the riots of division, seem to be far from awakening, and are questioning and fighting for their rights to live well.

It is necessary to realize that Japan’s nuclear waste discharge is actually launching a nuclear war against the surrounding countries in the Pacific. China, Russia, North Korea and the United States will be the main victims of Japan’s nuclear pollution. We must actually regard it as nuclear. Of course, there are reasons to consider the use of nuclear war to contain the acts of war. As we all know, Japan can safely treat Fukushima nuclear waste water by expanding its water storage tanks. In addition, Japan is not the only country in the world that has ever experienced a nuclear accident. However, the countries involved in the accident have effectively dealt with them on their own soils, and have not led to the large-scale spread of nuclear pollution to the world. However, Japan has dragged the Pacific countries and even the world to bear it. The country’s technological backwardness has led to the consequences of a nuclear accident, which is very sinister and vicious. In addition to the public support of the United States, the United States and Japan have almost settled their conspiracy in discharging nuclear waste water. Of course, this is very dangerous for our country.

The United States has always wanted to pull Japan into the anti-China camp. Japan had previously relied heavily on China for its economy and did not explicitly promise the United States to jointly oppose China. After the “2+2” talks between the United States and Japan, they first hyped up the Diaoyu Islands topic, and then jointly hyped up the Taiwan issue. China’s strong counterattack was met. The Chinese Coast Guard and Air Force did not eat the United States and Japan, and routinely cruised to the Diaoyu Islands. As soon as they were stunned back, the United States and Japan subsequently expanded their efforts to discharge nuclear waste water into the sea. It is reported that Japan chose a location close to China for its nuclear waste water discharge. This is a flagrant environmental nuclear war against China. Japan and the United States may have declared war against China in private through this move, and China should regard it as an act of war, or even an act of conducting a nuclear war against China. On this basis, Japan is equivalent to having used nuclear weapons against China for the first time and threatening the survival and safety of the Chinese nation. Japanese nuclear waste water will pollute the seas of China. Polluting the sea water around China will pollute China’s inland rivers and land. The people of our country will Trapped in this nuclear crisis and nuclear disaster, incidents that caused Chinese casualties due to Japan’s dumping of nuclear waste water are likely to be staged in the future. Based on this, we have reasons to counterattack Japan in various dimensions, and the use of nuclear means should not be ruled out here. The destructive effect of Japan’s nuclear waste water is equivalent to nuclear weapons, and its actions are endangering the security of China and the region and even the world, and the welfare of human beings. As a responsible major country, China is also a nuclear power. In order to maintain the security and stability of China, the region and the world, it should be retained. To adopt nuclear containment against Japan that has already used nuclear waste water weapons. If Japan still insists on using nuclear waste water to entrap mankind, ending Japan’s nuclear crimes with nuclear weapons is also in line with China’s nuclear policy. Therefore, Japan should not be unscrupulous. For nuclear damage, we can calculate the old and new accounts together with Japan.

Earlier, there was news that hydrogen bombs could be used to treat Japan’s nuclear wastewater. When the hydrogen bombs are blasted in Japan, Japan’s nuclear wastewater, including nuclear pollution, will be eliminated by this more powerful nuclear method, and there is no need to discharge nuclear wastewater into the sea. Now, do you want to try in Japan?

A few years before the United States, some media were hyping that once the Fukushima nuclear waste water in Japan was discharged to the sea, according to the so-called Pacific circulation, the nuclear waste water would mainly circulate in the large circle from the first island chain to the west coast of the United States and Canada. China, the Korean Peninsula, and the Russian Far East west of the Japanese archipelago are not within the scope of the above-mentioned nuclear pollution. This is ridiculous and easily paralyzes the people of China, Russia and North Korea. Since the ocean circulation is recognized, and the ocean is a global unity, not to mention the seas on the east and west sides of the first island chain that are relatively close. After the nuclear waste water dumped in Fukushima, these two sea areas must be seriously polluted.

Japan reached a high degree of agreement on the issue of Japan’s nuclear sewage discharge. There must be a conspiracy behind it. Because of the direct outbreak of nuclear war, the United States has no way out. The United States’ bases in the Asia-Pacific region, including the United States, don’t even want to stay. They are more insidious. For nuclear strikes against other countries, it is very likely that this time the United States and Japan will jointly select Fukushima nuclear waste water, a nuclear attack that is highly lethal and does not appear in the form of weapons to destroy the environment and economic lifeline of neighboring countries. The economy has suffered severe economic and environmental losses, while the large ones have plunged the people of the region into an existential crisis. You know, the main hostile countries of the United States and Japan are concentrated in the Western Pacific. Once nuclear waste water is discharged to this area, China, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan will all be severely harmed. This may be exactly what the United States and Japan want to see. of. This may be why the U.S. and Japan are facing nuclear weapons and detoxification in the Western Pacific.

Earth 300 is expected to launch in 2025. In particular, there are 22 laboratories on this ship. Scheduled to launch in 2025, this ship can accommodate 450 people. The Earth 300 ship was built by Aaron Olivera. This researcher expressed a desire to bring an inspiring object that will spur public interest in climate change. “The ship is designed to capture people’s attention, as well as their hearts and imagination. If we want to make big, bold changes, we need everyone’s help, ”Mr. Olivera emphasized. The Earth 300 ship will be nearly 300 meters long and have a 13-story “science ball”. Olivera wants to bring together a team of scientists working in many different fields. As a result, it helps to come up with new climate solutions with modern technology. Equipped with integrated sensors, artificial intelligence, robots, machine learning and real-time data processing, Earth 300 will also have the world’s first commercial quantum computer. With this technology, the ship can process huge amounts of data collected. The information collected by Earth 300 will be shared with other climate scientists, Olivera said. According to the researchers, Earth 300 will be zero emissions. Because, it is powered by the atomic energy from an onboard salt reactor. Described as an atomic battery pack, Earth 300 is based on the technology of TerraPower – the nuclear reactor design company founded by Bill Gates. “Currently, neither quantum computing nor molten salt reactors are installed on board. It will take an extremely high level of technicality to do that. Then we can talk about the fact that this ship will have no less than a million sensors. Basically, it will be built as a floating computer and that will be a challenge, ”said Olivera. Olivera and his team believe that radical thinking is essential to advancing research and concerns about climate change. “We live at a pivotal moment in human history and face the greatest challenge to civilization. But we also live at a time when we have access to talent, tools and technology to tackle any challenge. There’s no reason not to think big. We want to awaken the world and bring new awareness, ”Mr. Olivera emphasized.

Data Map Xinhua News Agency/Kyodo News Agency

Further reading

Zhao Lijian: The U.S. body is very honest, “Like it while banning it”

On April 15, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian presided over a regular press conference. Zhao Lijian said that some Japanese politicians tried their best to prove the innocence of nuclear waste water, and then asked them to use nuclear waste water for drinking, cooking, washing clothes or irrigation. Ask them to ensure that seafood will not be contaminated by nuclear waste water.

Zhao Lijian also said that Japan should not think that it has received the gratitude of the United States. The United States is physically honest. While liking, the import of Japanese rice, fish and other products is prohibited. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration emphasized that due to public health issues related to radiation and nuclear contamination, it has strengthened the supervision of Japan’s controlled products. I don’t know what Japan’s explanation is for this US policy?

On April 13, the Japanese government formally decided to discharge nuclear sewage into the sea. US State Department spokesperson Ned Price and US Secretary of State Brinken subsequently tweeted to express “appreciation” and “thank you” for Japan’s decision. It looks like a “good brother”.

However, according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) previously updated No. 99-33 Import Alert, a series of Japanese foods are still prohibited from entering the United States.

The Japanese foods involved include: milk, butter, dry dairy products; fish, sea urchins, clams and other marine biological products; meat, meat products and poultry (beef, boar, bear, deer, duck, hare and pheasant products); vegetables, Citrus, pomelo, kiwi, etc., involve many places such as Aomori, Fukushima, Miyagi, Nagano, and Tochigi. It is worth noting that the FDA emphasized: “Due to public health issues related to radiation and nuclear contamination, the FDA has strengthened its surveillance of Japanese controlled products.”

(Original title: Yoshihide Suga visits American netizens to shout: “Taste” Biden with a bottle of nuclear treated water) Source: Beijing New Vision Comprehensive China News Network CCTV News Reference Message Process Editor: TF019

Ship with structural damage with steel parts and cannot be restored. But the second half of the 73-meter submarine was unaffected in the fire. CNN said. Fortunately for the French Navy, a submarine of the Saphir class was decommissioned in 2019, awaiting dismantlement at a shipyard in the port of Cherbourg, northwest France. The front section of the Saphir is still very good. French officials decided to take the first part of the Saphir, combined with the rear of Perle to form a new submarine. The Perle submarine was transferred from the city of Toulon to Cherbourg on a dedicated train in December 2020. At the shipyard, workers cut the Perle in half in February and did the same with the Saphir in March. The Perle submarine was cut in half at the Cherbourg shipyard. Photo: Naval Group. In early April, the second half of the Perle and the front half of the Saphir were fixed to tow them, then welded to connect the two hull halves together. The connection of the two hull parts will be completed in the coming months, said Klara Nadaradjane, spokesman for Naval Group, main contractor. The new submarine is still called the Perle. It will be 1.4 m longer than the original, as an additional component connecting the two halves of the hull is needed. Spokesperson Nadaradjane said the connection of the two halves of the hull was simulated with a 3-dimensional digital model, before being put into practice. However, a Naval Group spokesman did not disclose the cost. The Perle, commissioned in 1993, is the newest of six French Rubis-class nuclear attack submarines. Rubis-class submarines are expected to be replaced by more modern Barracuda-class nuclear attack submarines. However, it was not until 2030 that the last of the Barracuda-class submarines was delivered to the French Navy, forcing them to find a way to repair the Perle submarine. This is the first time the French shipbuilding industry has cut two different ships in half to merge them into one complete ship. Previously, this technique was used by the US to repair their damaged submarines.

Treated contaminated wastewater tanks at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Photo: AFP / VNA Mr. Aso ensures that wastewater discharged into the sea will be treated according to the plan announced by the Government, whereby the concentration of radioactive tritium in wastewater will be diluted to 1,500 becquerel / liter, equivalent to 1/40 of the permitted concentrations are according to Japanese safety standards and 1/7 of the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water, before being released into the sea. The discharge of this wastewater into the sea will be implemented in about 2 years. After the 2011 disaster, water pumped into the damaged reactors at the No. 1 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant to cool the fuel rods. Along with contaminated rainwater and groundwater, the reactor’s cooling wastewater is treated with an Advanced Liquid Treatment System (ALPS). ALPS removes most radioactive substances, including strontium and cesium, but cannot remove tritium. At the present time, there are more than 1.25 million tons of wastewater that has been treated but still contains radioactive substances being stored in storage tanks at the plant. On April 13, more than 10 years after the factory incident, the Japanese government decided to discharge this wastewater into the sea. The IAEA expressed support for Japan’s decision to discharge treated wastewater into the sea, and affirmed its readiness to provide technical assistance in monitoring this discharge. Before the Japanese decision, the Russian Foreign Ministry on April 15 expressed concern about this issue, at the same time urged Japan to approach the issue of wastewater treatment from the Fukushima nuclear power plant with all responsibility. responsibility. Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova expressed her expectation that the Japanese government would show transparency and inform all countries concerned about Tokyo’s actions. In addition, Ms. Zakharova added that Russia is waiting for Japan to have more detailed explanations, while calling on Tokyo not to make economic activities of other countries difficult, including in the fishing industry. fish. On the same day, Chinese Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs Wu Jiang Hao (Wu Jianghao) summoned the Japanese Ambassador to the country Tarumi Hideo to present a note protesting the decision to discharge treated radioactive wastewater into the sea. Stored at the No. 1 Fukushima nuclear power plant.

Waste water storage tank inside the Fukushima nuclear power plant No. 1 The purpose of the move is to allay concerns about Tokyo’s plan to release the treated water of the damaged Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. The wastewater generated from the aforementioned damaged nuclear power plant is stored in tanks located on the plant’s premises, and is expected to have no storage space next year. According to Japan’s NHK Radio, wastewater has been treated with the Advanced Liquid Treatment System (ALPS) to remove most of the radioactive material, but radioactive tritium remains. Before being discharged into the sea, water will be diluted so that the concentration of tritium is much lower than the national standard and will be about one-seventh of the World Health Organization’s drinking water standard. However, this plan of the Japanese government has met with fierce opposition from the local fishing community, anti-nuclear activists as well as neighboring China and South Korea. In an interview with NHK Radio, Mr. Grossi said that the Japanese Government has officially requested the IAEA to cooperate in relation to this plan. The agency may send a team of experts from various countries to help alleviate concerns by verifying that the treated water discharge is safe, said the director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency. full. “We may be receiving experts from different fields from different countries and regions. Any serious concerns will have the opportunity to be discussed and analyzed technically, ”said Grossi, emphasizing, cannot ignore the concerns of some local residents and neighboring countries such as Korea and China. “Regarding these concerns, we can either agree or disagree, but all must be taken seriously. We have a shared responsibility, ”added Grossi.

According to the Tokyo Shimbun, the Japan Revival Agency(A government agency established in Japan for post-disaster reconstruction after the 311 earthquake)A leaflet was produced and released on the 13th to explain the safety of the radioactive tritium contained in the water processed by the Tokyo Electric Power Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.In the leaflet, “Radioactive Tritium” was drawn as a cute “mascot” image.

The leaflet states that tritium exists in rainwater, seawater, tap water, and human bodies; it also explains that tritium does not accumulate in humans, but is discharged with water, or its concentration is greatly reduced when it is discharged into the ocean. The concentration of tritium in the water will be basically the same as that of tap water.

The person in charge of the Renaissance Office said,The reason for choosing this way to express is because it is very “approachable”, “it is neither’good’ nor’evil’, but takes its middle meaning.”

It is reported that in addition to publishing this leaflet on the homepage of the Department of Reconstruction with the same content video, it will also be considered for distribution in the surrounding area of ​​the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

Mascots are indeed very common in Japan,Sure enough, some Japanese netizens shouted: So cute, tritium sauce…

However, many netizens said they were speechless and felt that the Japanese government’s approach was staggering.

“The Renaissance Hall made a so-called’mascot’ for radioactive tritium. This is really astounding. But the point is that this wave of operations misled people to believe that nuclear waste water contains only radioactive tritium, and it has become an established fact. This is even more astounding. The Liberal Democratic Party government claimed to be’treated water’, but even after treatment, the strontium 90 in the nuclear waste water exceeded the standard.”

Some painters modified the image of “Tritium Sauce”:

“The Fuxing Hall made a “radioactive tritium” mascot, and I further personified it. The focus is on the emptiness of the eyes.”(Xiaotong: This is very much like a kappa suffering from being immersed in polluted water)

Some netizens made suggestions:

“Please change to Yoshihide Suga’s face.”

To tell the truth, even in neon, which can germinate everything, it’s really not appropriate for the Japanese government to germinate harmful things and make ambiguous popular science propaganda…

• Finish –

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The Japanese government believes that after diluting nuclear waste to a concentration below the standard, the method of discharging it into the atmosphere or the sea is more feasible, and requires Tokyo Electric Power Company to make preparations. The dumping operation will start in two years and last for ten years.

The Japanese side claims that the treated nuclear sewage is safe, and the radioactive tritium content is equivalent to one-seventh of the tritium concentration of the World Health Organization’s drinking water standard, and the International Atomic Energy Agency approves the discharge of Japanese sewage into the sea.

Since the 311 earthquake occurred in Japan in 2011, about 1,000 water storage tanks have been stacked near the Fukushima nuclear power plant to preserve the sewage that has contacted the nuclear reactor and the containment of the cooling reactor core. According to Tepco’s data as of March 18, The island’s first nuclear power plant has stored 1,250,844 cubic meters of sewage.

The total amount of sewage stored in the storage tanks built by TEPCO in Fukushima is 1.37 million cubic meters (as of December 11, 2020), and cooling nuclear sewage is continuously generated. If it is not discharged or transferred, the nuclear sewage will be Will face no space to store.

Therefore, for TEPCO, there is not much time left for Japan to hesitate, and the government needs to confirm the discharge to sea water as soon as possible.

Although the Japanese government and TEPCO Chen Japan are already unable to store and treat nuclear sewage, it is necessary to discharge it into the sea, but Japanese non-governmental organizations and many Japanese people strongly oppose it.

Over 320 Japanese people protested in front of the Prime Minister’s residence. TheyHolding up the slogan “Don’t Discharge Nuclear Wastewater”, he asked the government to withdraw the discharge decision.

Asahi Shimbun interview62-year-old protest memberInoue NyohiroMeans:”The country said it had to have a proper explanation, but it did not reach an agreement with the fishermen.The unilateral emission decision process is undemocratic. ”

According to a previous survey by Japan’s Asahi Shimbun, more than 55% of the people opposed the discharge of nuclear sewage.

The president of Japan’s National Fisheries Cooperative Association issued a statement on April 13 saying that he regrets the decision (of the Japanese government) and cannot tolerate it. Believing that this is a behavior that tramples on the feelings of all Japanese fishery practitioners, he said that his attitude against dumping into the sea will not change in the future.

Japan is a close neighbor of our country. Once discharged, our country will inevitably be affected by nuclear sewage.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of our country said in a statement: “Japan has not exhausted safe disposal methods, regardless of domestic and foreign questions and opposition, and without full consultation with neighboring countries and the international community, unilaterally decided to dispose of nuclear waste water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident by way of drainage. Being responsible will seriously damage international public health and safety and the vital interests of people in neighboring countries.”

The South Korean government also believes that Japan’s decision was made without the consent of neighboring countries. It strongly opposes this and should ensure the openness and transparency of nuclear waste water information.

There are currently 31 South Korean organizations in a joint statement condemning Japan’s nuclear wastewater discharge plan, and that Japan’s move is nuclear terrorism. Some South Korean citizens protested in front of the Japanese Embassy in Seoul, demanding that Japan withdraw its decision.

311 organizations from 24 countries around the world participated in the plan to oppose the discharge of Japanese nuclear sewage. On the change, 65430 people also signed the plan to oppose the discharge of Japanese nuclear sewage into the sea.

In the midst of a condemnation, the U.S. Department of Foreign Affairs responded by expressing its support for the Japanese government’s decision and believed that the Japanese approach complies with the globally recognized nuclear safety standards.

US Secretary of State Blinken expressed his gratitude to Japan for its efforts to deal with the Fukushima issue on Twitter, and looked forward to the coordination between the Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Even after processing,

Is the nuclear sewage from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan really safe?

Japan’s basis is that the treated sewage from nuclear power plants in the world is discharged to the sea. Therefore, Fukushima nuclear sewage is discharged after treatment. Even TEPCO’s materials call this type of nuclear sewage “treated water”.

But is the nuclear sewage from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan really the same as the sewage from a normally operating nuclear power plant? The processed and compliant data is probably just a side word of Japan.

BeforeThe US “Science” magazine has issued a warning against Japan’s discharge of nuclear sewagebehavior:“Fukushima nuclear sewageExcept tritiumThere are other radioactive isotopes, including carbon 14, cobalt 60, and strontium 90. These isotopes will have a more long-lasting and complex impact on humans. For example, the physiological concentration of carbon 14 in fish may be 50,000 times that of tritium.While cobalt 60 can be enriched in seafloor sediments, its concentration may rise 300,000 times. “

“Science” magazine stated: “The discharge of waste water with these radioisotopes exceeding the standard may pose a threat to marine life, humans who eat these organisms, and the environment itself.Not to mention, we don’t know anything about other radioisotopes except for these elements that have already been published.Discharging without removing all radioactive materials in place may seem too sloppy.”

Nuclear experts from Greenpeace also pointed out thatThe carbon 14 contained in Japan’s nuclear waste water is dangerous for thousands of years and may cause genetic damage.

Ken Buesseler, a marine chemist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the United States, once said, “Any plan that involves release into the ocean requires an independent team to be responsible for long-term tracking of the ocean, seabed, and marine organisms. Potential pollutants.The health of the ocean and the lives of countless people depend on the proper handling of this matter. “

Liu Xinhua, chief expert of the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, stated that “historical nuclear accidents, such as the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island nuclear accidents, were all released from the atmosphere.There has not been a nuclear accident similar to the Fukushima nuclear accident that produced a large amount of waste water. Therefore, there is no precedent for the discharge of waste water to the sea after the nuclear accident treatment. “

BeforeThe German Marine Science Research Institute has pointed out:The coast of Fukushima has the strongest ocean currents in the world. Within 57 days from the date of discharge, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean, and in 10 years will spread to the global waters!

The earth’s ecology is a complete whole. Once Japan discharges nuclear waste water, people all over the world will be affected.

Foreign Ministry spokesman Trieu Lap Kien.

“The oceans are not Japan’s trash, the Pacific is not Japan’s sewage trench. The world does not have to pay the price for Japan’s discharge of radioactive water. On some Japanese officials say,” “Nothing will happen even if you drink this”, please drink first, then we will talk, “Foreign Ministry spokesman Trieu Lap Kien said at a press conference on the 14th. / 4.

“We call on the Japanese side to be aware of their responsibilities, to adhere to a scientific approach, to fulfill international obligations and to take into account the serious concerns of the world community and neighboring countries. and the people of our own country, “added the Chinese diplomatic representative.

Earlier, on April 13, the Japanese government announced a plan to discharge more than 1 million tons of radioactive contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear plant into the Pacific.

According to the roadmap, the discharge will begin in about two years, and the entire process is expected to take decades.

Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga said that the decision to release polluted water into the Pacific was the “most realistic” and “inevitable” option to achieve the recovery of Fukushima “.

Japanese Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso affirmed that this water source has been treated, diluted, will be very safe, drinkable, and said that Japan should discharge water sooner.

About 1.25 million tons of water has accumulated in the area of ​​the Fukushima nuclear plant after the tsunami hit in 2011.

The amount of radioactive water is increasing by about 140 tons per day, is currently stored in more than 1,000 tanks and is expected to run out of storage space by next fall.

Japanese Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide said the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other third parties will be involved in the plan, ensuring the discharge of treated wastewater in Fukushima into the sea is carried out. transparent way.

In a recent statement, the IAEA confirmed to support this decision, because radioactive elements, except tritium, will be removed from the water or reduced to a safe level before being discharged. The IAEA has also shown that nuclear plants around the world use a similar process to treat wastewater.

However, Japan’s discharge has met with opposition from fishing communities in this country as well as concerns from neighboring countries such as China and South Korea.

South Korea expressed “serious concern” that the Japanese decision would have a direct and indirect impact on the safety of its people and the surrounding marine environment.

South Korea urged Japan to provide more information on its wastewater discharge and said it would measure and monitor the radiation itself.

Specifically, speaking before the meeting of the Defense Sub-Committee of the European Parliament in Brussels – Belgium, Andrii Taran noted that he could not rule out the possibility that Russian forces in Crimea could “take provocative actions. military promotion “in 2021.

Earlier, Mr Taran said “Russian provocations” could exacerbate conflicts in the Donbass region of eastern Ukraine bordering Russia. Taran revealed that Russia concentrates 110,000 troops on the Ukrainian border.

Ukrainian tanks during an exercise near Crimea. Photo: Reuters

According to Reuters, any decision by Russia to move nuclear weapons to Crimea will be a bad development in East-West tensions. That gesture would increase tensions for a newly renewed arms control treaty between the US and Russia.

Concerning developments, in a statement from the Ukrainian army, the Ukrainian armed forces have been rehearsing to increase their ability to respond to a tank and infantry attack near the Crimea border on April 14. The drills come the day after US President Joe Biden phoned Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss Russia’s military build-up near eastern Ukraine and in Crimea.

On the Russian side, on April 14, the Russian navy began exercises in the Black Sea with exercises to fire targets on the ground and in the air. This exercise is to test combat readiness, readiness to react to threats from NATO. As planned, the rehearsal would end after 2 weeks.

The United States and three European powers, Britain, France and Germany, oppose Iran’s decision to increase the purity of enriched uranium to 60%, the news agency said. Reuters said.

US Foreign School Antony Blinken said the decision to increase uranium enrichment was a “provocative” move and raised questions about the seriousness of Tehran with nuclear talks.

“We take their (Iran’s) provocative statement very seriously regarding their intention to start uranium enrichment at 60%. I must say that this step raises the question of the seriousness of the uranium level.” of Iran for the nuclear talks “- Mr. Blinken said.

American Foreign School Antony Blinken. Photo: US Department of Foreign Affairs

Britain, France and Germany – the three countries of the P5 + 1 group that signed the historic nuclear deal – made a joint statement, concerned about Iran’s raising uranium enrichment levels and earlier mass activation of the machine. Advanced centrifugation at the Natanz (Iran) factory. These three countries said that Tehran’s moves were “contrary to the constructive spirit and goodwill to discuss”.

“Iran’s announcements are particularly unfortunate because they come at a time when all parties are involved in the deal and the US has begun substantive discussions, with the aim of finding a diplomatic solution. quick to renew and reinstate agreement “- UK, France, Germany wrote in a joint statement.

Meanwhile, Iran’s Supreme Leader, Archbishop Ali Khamenei criticized that the United States was trying to impose terms favorable to Washington during the negotiations, while Europe was said to be “bowing to people. America and does not act independently “.

Khamenei reiterated Iran’s stance, demanding that the sanctions be lifted before Tehran can fulfill its commitments to the P5 + 1.

The decision to begin enriching uranium at 60% was announced by Iran on April 14, just three days after the Natanz nuclear plant was “under terrorist attack”.

Before Iran made this decision, Iran enriched uranium at 20%, which is 3.67% higher than as bound in the nuclear agreement but much lower than the 90% required to be usable. in nuclear weapons.

However, both the US and Iran confirmed that they would continue to pursue the dialogue. On April 14, the White House Press Secretary said the indirect negotiations between the US and Iran would be resumed from April 15.

A view of the JCPOA Joint Committee meeting on April 6, in Vienna, Austria. Photo: Reuters

According to JCPOA regulations, Iran’s uranium enrichment level is at 3.67% and must not be stockpiled more than 300kg of raw materials. However, Iran has now enriched uranium by up to 20%, even claiming to be able to enrich as much as 90%. Iran’s enrichment of uranium to the point of making nuclear weapons has left powers like “sitting on a fire pan.”

Talks in Vienna, Austria, began last week in an effort to bring the U.S. and Iran back to the JCPOA. In 2018, the administration of former U.S. President Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew from the agreement. Now, more than two months after taking the leadership of the United States, President Joe Biden is making a “reversal” of his predecessor’s policy to “revive” the JCPOA.

International experts see the fact that the negotiators “revived” the JCPOA is a very positive signal, but in reality, the process is not easy with many obstacles. The negotiations will have a very complex scenario and developments, most evident in the form of negotiations when the U.S. and Iran do not directly have dialogue with each other.

The negotiation is carried out in the form of individual dialogue between the parties and communication through intermediaries. All JCPOA participants agreed to form 2 Working Groups. The first group will look at how the U.S. returns to the JCPOA by lifting sanctions on Iran. The second group will study how Iran will return to JCPOA compliance.

Analysts point out that the process of negotiating the JCPOA “revived” obstacles with 3 main issues. First of all is assurances about Iran’s shrinking of its nuclear program in accordance with the JCPOA, while specifically determining what sanctions the U.S. will lift on Iran. While Iran wants to lift most sanctions in exchange for its compliance with the JCPOA, the U.S. is only considering lifting sanctions related to the Iran nuclear issue.

President Biden’s administration insists the U.S. is willing to rescind sanctions on Iran that are believed to be inconsistent with the JCPOA but also stressed that the U.S. expects compliance with the deal on the part of Iran.

However, the Iranian side is unlikely to reverse its steps until U.S. sanctions are lifted. This is considered the second largest “barrier”. Namely, the order in which the U.S. lifted sanctions on Iran first and then Iran complied with the JCPOA again, or Iran complied with the JCPOA first before the U.S. lifted the sanctions. Although the process of “reviving” the JCPOA has shown very positive signs, the level of tension is still very high when the US and Iran will probably not give in to each other.

The third obstacle that is analyzed by experts is the schedule of negotiations. In June, Iran will enter the election of a new President and Iranian President Hassan Rouhani will not be re-elected due to the end of his second consecutive term. Many are concerned that the successor to the President of Iran may not take the JCPOA as seriously as Mr. Hassan Rouhani. So if the process of “reviving” the JCPOA is not achieved in his final days in office, it is very likely that the new administration will not negotiate with the US on the deal.

According to experts, Iran’s confidence in the JCPOA has been “eroded.” It would be unacceptable for the U.S. to cancel the deal and now return without “paying the price” for its actions. Especially with 3 obstacles in the process of “reviving” in which analysts point out, to achieve this goal will surely need to make breakthroughs in the short period between now and before the Iranian elections in June. In a scenario where the JCPOA is indeed “collapsing,” experts believe, the parties will proceed with a new international agreement or treaty to replace the JCPOA.

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According to the announcement, the test program for the Belgorod submarine and the Poseidon torpedo will be completed in September 2021. The ship is now fully equipped, and factory-grade testing has also been performed.

“The nuclear reactor has been started aboard the Belgorod. The mooring tests are underway. Then there will be factory and state tests. By September, the ship must be completed.” entire test cycle, “the Russian Navy said in a statement.

Super nuclear submarine Belgorod.

“Upon completion of testing and entry into service, the first Belgorod will be us on the Northern Fleet. Then the Pacific Ocean will be the next area for the Belgorod and the Poseidon nuclear torpedo to appear.” , the source added.

Under this plan, the Russian Navy will give priority to equipping a total of 32 nuclear torpedoes for the Northern Fleet and the Pacific Fleet. All of these weapons will be fired from the Khabarovsk-class Belgorod nuclear submarines.

The Belgorod submarines are capable of detecting sea and air targets at a distance of hundreds of kilometers, making them more likely than the Yasen and Borei-class ships.

Talking about the reasons for prioritizing Belgorod and Poseidon for the two regions above, especially the Arctic, the source said, stemming from the increased US operations in the Arctic, especially the move to bring the USS. Harry S. Truman at the end of 2018, dispatched planes to hunt underground and reinforce military bases in this area.

The US has decided to spend $ 1.3 billion to reopen Adak airport and deploy the P-8A. The small runway located on Adak Island in the Aleutian Islands chain is the westernmost airport that can accommodate passenger aircraft in the United States. This small airport currently welcomes 2 flights a week of Air Alaska.

Fully known as the Adak Naval Aviation Facility, this small airport has been commercially operated since the withdrawal of the US Navy in 1997. But due to the increasing activity of Russia and China in the Arctic, the US decided to increase the ability to patrol the North Pole.

“The airport has the fuel facilities that Air Alaska currently uses to fuel its aircraft. The airport also has defrosting facilities that we can use to wash P-8A aircraft with fresh water”, a representative of the US Navy said.

“Russian friends are starting five runways and 10,000 Spetsnaz soldiers (in the Arctic) for search and rescue operations. China has also increased its presence there,” he added. are there “.

In addition to airport renovation and P-8A, the US Department of Defense has also publicly sent the F-35 stealth fighter to Alaska. However, the US military admitted, to compete with Russia in the Arctic, such investment is not enough. To do that, the US needs to have a strong enough icebreaker fleet, but that is not possible for the US at the moment.

As the US currently has only two outdated icebreakers, the Pentagon still has to rely on them to carry out its missions. The US has ordered a new series of icebreakers, but this will take time and they will wait years to have these modern icebreakers.

Meanwhile, Russia has a powerful fleet of icebreakers. First of all, it must be remembered that Russia has a good tradition of arming icebreakers on its own. During the 30s of the last century, during the development of Project 51 Russia created icebreakers and equipped them with some 130 mm and 76 mm caliber cannons, as well as heavy machine guns. All of these warships participated in the military operations of the Great Patriotic War and survived.

These experiences were later used to design nuclear icebreakers. These new types of icebreakers can be equipped with a four-barrel 45 mm automatic gun, ammunition cellar and other equipment. All weapons and ammunition for Soviet nuclear-powered ships were carefully stored in ports.

The Arctic project’s icebreakers can carry two AK-726 twin-barreled 76 mm cannons and four AK-630 six-barrel 30 mm assault rifles. Along with that, the Russian Navy has also started the process of testing with the new generation nuclear-powered icebreaker Ivan Papanin equipped with cruise missiles.

Therefore, it can be said that the Russian icebreaker fleet is the most powerful in the world. So, competing with Russia in the Arctic is almost impossible for the US right now, especially when Russia retrofits Belgorod submarines and Poseidon nuclear torpedoes.

US President Joe Biden. Photo: AP

CNN said the U.S. fell into confrontation with China and Russia, negotiating a return to the 2015 nuclear deal adding to obstacles when Iran’s nuclear plant came under surprise attack, North Korea returned to test ballistic missiles. Meanwhile, President Biden plans to withdraw troops from Afghanistan on September 11 but experts warn the Taliban could have an impact on weakening the government in U.S.-backed Kabul.

Mr. Biden’s handling of these situations will help shape the legacy of his term. The U.S. president has publicly said his goal is to defeat COVID-19, revive the economy, and shape foreign policy around the needs of American workers.

The U.S. Director of National Intelligence’s Office on April 13 released a report that named the four countries as Washington’s main security challenges in the coming years: China, Russia, Iran and North Korea.

On April 11, Iran declared the Natanz nuclear plant under “terrorist attack” after a power outage at the facility. Israeli media cited an unnamed source as reporting that the country’s Mossad intelligence agency was behind the attack. The New York Times also cited an unnamed source as “having an Israeli role” in the incident. Israel has not responded to the allegation.

The incident occurred at a time when U.S. and Iranian officials had indirect dialogue in Vienna (Austria) to establish a roadmap for “bilateral compliance” for the two sides to return to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) – the nuclear agreement between Iran and the P5+1 Group countries (including the U.S., Britain, France, Russia, China and Germany) in 2015. In the event that Tel Aviv is indeed behind the attack, President Biden could face new minor friction with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

The attack on the Natanz nuclear plant is believed to have influenced U.S. negotiations back to the 2015 nuclear deal. Photo: AP

As for China, it is stepping up its military activities, in addition to making more impact through the “Belt and Road” initiative. The meeting between senior U.S. and Chinese representatives during a two-day conference in Alaska that closed on March 19 represented a clear message from Washington to Beijing that President Biden is not easily “bullied.” It was the first face-to-face meeting between American and Chinese officials since Mr Biden assumed the presidency. At the event, in front of a slew of world media cameras, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken bluntly said that China’s actions “threaten a rules-based order to maintain global stability.”

In March, U.S. President Biden also said that China has ambitions to “become a world leader, the richest country in the world, and the most powerful country in the world.” “This is not going to happen under my supervision,” the U.S. leader insisted.

Not only China, North Korea is another country in Northeast Asia that makes the U.S. keep an eye on it. At the 8th Workers’ Party of Korea Congress held in January, Pyongyang stressed its commitment to developing “strategic weapons” in preparation for a long-term confrontation with the U.S. South Korea’s intelligence agency said the new missile North Korea tested in March could carry a nuclear warhead.

Pyongyang has rejected a offer of dialogue from U.S. President Joe Biden’s administration and stressed that Washington should first eliminate hostile policy. According to experts, diplomacy and negotiations are the most practical way to solve the problem of the North Korean nuclear program. This does not mean the complete removal of sanctions but can be the application of a sustainable diplomatic process that includes high-level dialogue, step by step.

Russian President Vladimir Putin recently signed legislation facilitating his re-election. This development paves the way for the possibility of Mr. Putin continuing to lead Russia more time and achieve the goal of restoring the position the Kremlin lost after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Experts say President Biden’s decision to withdraw troops from Afghanistan appears to be a foreign policy influenced by domestic affairs. The U.S. and the Taliban signed the agreement in February 2020. Under the agreement, the U.S. pledged to withdraw all forces from Afghanistan by mid-2021, while the Taliban offered security guarantees and conducted talks with the Kabul authorities.

The U.S. currently has 2,500 troops stationed in Afghanistan. The Taliban will have to abide by certain commitments before the U.S. withdraws. But many experts warn that if the U.S. removes troops from Afghanistan without a peace deal that comes with the Taliban, there is a risk that civil war will occur in the country.