An area of ​​1,000m2 of melons is grown in a membrane house, applying advanced farming techniques according to Israel’s high technology, using organic fertilizers, misting irrigation of the Cooperative for Production and Consumption of Safe Vegetables Long Thuan, Hong District Ngu, after more than 70 days of cultivation, has now started harvesting to supply the market. In this crop, the weather is favorable, the melon yield is about 3.5 tons/1,000m2, of which the weight of each fruit is 1.7 – 2.5kg. With the selling price of 40,000 VND/kg, minus investment expenses, the cooperative earned a profit of over 20 million VND. In particular, the pairs of melons planted with pictures, engraved letters according to orders for double profits. Currently, in Hong Ngu district, some farmers have boldly converted traditional farming methods to organic farming to meet market demand. Investing in a membrane house to grow melons is initially costly (several tens of millions of dong/house, depending on the area) but in return, it limits pests and diseases, and produces safe products, so the cultivation efficiency after each crop is nearly high. twice that of the outside.

When having a good soil environment for plants, plant care is also very important, mainly fertilizing and pruning. Fertilization, it is necessary to follow the rhythm of the tree’s life. For example, a newly planted tree, its life cycle is the bursts of buds (buds). As for fruit trees, the tree’s life rhythm is: harvesting, creating buds, flowering and raising fruit. The following is the plant care process Dr. Tran Kim Tinh, lecturer at the Faculty of Agriculture and Applied Biology – Can Tho University, introduces it to readers for reference. Plant ground cover grass. Photo: Minh Dam. First, plant ground cover grass. Keep the water in the ditch 50-60 cm above the ground. Sprinkler irrigation (small rays) or permeable irrigation. Post-harvest pruning of fruit trees. The tree is still small, after each bud, needs to be pruned, created a canopy and only produces 3-4 buds in a year. In terms of fertilizer use, organic fertilizers must be applied annually and only when needed to produce sprouts for seedlings. For fruit trees, fertilize when creating buds to use high nitrogen. When the tree is in the stage of growing young fruit, it reduces nitrogen and increases potassium. As fruit trees grow, farmers should further reduce nitrogen and increase potassium. Farmers should fertilize plants with organic fertilizer every year. (In the photo: Compost production at Clean Farm Company). Photo: Minh Dam. Common mistakes in farming Currently, on land crops, there are too many errors in soil preparation for planting and crop care. The prerequisite is to have the right soil physical environment for plant roots to develop. A lot of gardens, the preparation and management of the land is not right. Errors such as soil compaction are very common in all provinces. This leads to vegetable plants not growing evenly, corn not developing roots, orange orchards yellowing leaves, sleeping during the day. The structure of the soil (clump of soil) is not suitable, the lump of soil is too big for the roots to develop. Soil is compacted, reducing permeability. Keep water too high in the orchard. Use soil that is too acidic to grow fruit trees. Converting rice land to grow fruit trees, but there is no way to prepare the land properly. Improper watering. Planting trees buried roots too deep. Too much nitrogen fertilizer and foliar spray have too many growth stimulants, making the canopy unbalanced with the roots, the tree sleeps during the day. The soil structure must be suitable for the plant. Photo: Minh Dam. In farming there are mistakes, which can be easily remedied. For example, over-fertilizing nitrogen, spraying foliar fertilizers, but there are many errors in cultivation, which are difficult to overcome or even impossible to overcome, but must be cut down to replant. For example, in rice farming, farmers are advised to withdraw water mid-season, or to withdraw water several times in a crop. If farmers withdraw water by draining water from the field, this is a very dangerous practice. Because of doing so, the rice soil becomes acidic very quickly. Instead of recommending water withdrawal, it must be recommended to squeeze the water. That means adjusting the amount of watering so that by that point the field becomes dry. For upland crops, soil compaction is very dangerous, because when the soil is compacted, it is very difficult to overcome. The pH must be right One thing to be concerned about, the soil pH in the Mekong Delta is now seriously declining and depleted of potassium. Plants cannot absorb nutrients effectively when the pH is not raised to 6-6.5. Due to the serious decrease in organic matter in rice soil, when flooded, it is not possible to raise the pH. There are still many shortcomings in rice cultivation, when it comes to soil, that need to be studied. Soils in the Mekong Delta are seriously lacking in potassium and need to be supplemented with potassium, especially in the fruiting stage. Photo: Minh Dam. It is not enough, soil pH must be suitable and nutrients for plants must be sufficient in quantity and type. It has been shown in science that the mineral nutrients for plants must be sufficient in type (14 types) and in quantity, if one of the 14 types is lacking, the crop yield will decrease, even though 13 types The rest are high. In order for plants to absorb nutrients well, the pH of the soil must be suitable, preferably 6-6.5. Below pH 6, absorption of some nutrients is difficult and when the pH drops to 4-5, nutrient absorption is severely reduced. No plants grow normally under low pH and high pH conditions. For example, the pineapple tree can grow on acidic soil, but it is not normal. For sustainable farming, the following criteria should be considered and trained for farmers: Technical level of farmers, organic content in soil, soil pH in profile, soil texture, soil structure in analysis. area, irrigation capacity, drainage, fertilizer application process. Currently, there are still many issues that need to be studied to determine the soil properties that need to be addressed. The ecological characteristics need to be analyzed thoroughly, for ecological zoning. Minh Dam – Ngoc Thang ( write the)

Making a rootstock nursery: Choose sandy soil, favorable irrigation. Plow and smooth the land. Clear weeds, combine into beds 1m wide, 20cm high, furrows 25-30cm wide. Seeds are obtained from local varieties of mangoes, preferably with the seeds. Remove the outer bark and peel off the seed coat. Sow each seed in turn on the bed surface 2-3cm apart, then dredge the soil in the trench to cover the seeds, about 3cm thick. Finally, make the canopy of the canopy to cover the sun and rain for each nursery bed and water it regularly to keep it moist. About 20-30 days later, depending on the weather, the seeds germinate and remove the plastic net covering the bed. When the tree is about 20cm tall, the buds on the top turn green, proceed to the throne immediately (uproot each plant and plant it in the potting medium). Mango is a multi-embryonic tree, 1 seed is sown for 3-5 seedlings. So it is necessary to take the throne in order, old, hard, strong trees take the throne first, young, weak and soft trees take the throne later. Note: As soon as the tree’s buds have just turned green (old locs), don’t let the tree grow a second time to take the throne. Pull the plant onto the pot gently, avoiding breaking the roots. Peeled seeds can be purchased from specialized mango seed establishments in the South, to sow seeds for the rapid multiplication of large numbers of seedlings. Newly born mango orchard. Photo: H. Tien. Electing a rootstock tree: Choose a 12 x 14 black poly bag with a drainage hole at the bottom. The potting medium consists of small soil, mixed with micro-organic fertilizer, quantitative, 1m3 of soil + 120-150kg of microbial organic fertilizer. Close the growing medium 2cm from the mouth of the pot, gently pluck each rootstock planted in the middle of the pot, then cover the pot with soil to cover the roots, then arrange each pot next to each other on a high, drained bed. Fertilize, water to keep moisture and prevent pests for the nursery, until the tree is about 1m tall, then proceed to transplant. Mango seed garden and vegetative sowing beds for grafting. Photo: H.Tien. Choose a hybrid: Depending on market demand or seed production contract with partners, to conduct grafting from Australian, Thai, 4-season or Yen Chau mango varieties, etc. The mother plant is free from pests and diseases, with good fruit and good quality. And only use grafted eyes on branches that grow across the canopy downwards, do not take branches, branches, and branches that grow loosely to water the canopy. Seedlings are collected, need to be cut into segments/sections with 3-4 leaf nodes/sleeping eyes. And also take only the branches of the same color as the cake. Do not take branches that are too old. It is best to take the old bud, after grafting, the seed will sprout quickly. Note: After the cuttings are cut, they need to be tied into bundles, with the roots and tops in the same direction, then wrapped in a damp cotton cloth, stored in a cool place, to gradually graft in 1-2 days. Mango trees after grafting. Photo: H.Tien. Joint technique: It is best to apply the technique of grafting branches. The season to conduct, should start from February-March or July-November of the lunar calendar. 25-30 days before transplanting, it is necessary to increase fertilizing for healthy, resinous and well-functioning rootstocks, increasing the compatibility between the grafted eyes and the rootstock. How to combine: On the rootstock, cut off the top to the point where the stem has a cake color (about 40cm long), but need to leave some leaves for photosynthesis. After using a specialized knife to cut the bevel from the root up, open a grafted mouth with a length of 2.5-3.0cm, a wide cutting angle of 25-30 degrees. On the base of the seedling, also cut open a similar graft, but in the opposite direction and the angle of the cut is 65-60 degrees wide. Apply the grafts of the grafted branch and the rootstock to each other, both stretch and combine the twisted nylon strip like a rope and wrap 5-6 times tightly around the graft, finally flatten the grafted nylon strip. , cover the entire stem and graft, so that rain and air do not penetrate inside. After transplanting about 20-30 days depending on the season, the seed eyes will sprout. Care of seedlings after grafting: About 2 months after grafting, the sprouts are 15-25 long, the buds have turned green, can be released from the garden. During this time, it is necessary to water enough moisture, fertilize NPK balance, thoroughly remove the wild sprouts that grow outside the graft. Timely monitoring and control of some pests and diseases such as anthracnose, leaf spot, mango planthopper.

Orange Can be grown in many places, but because the bran root system absorbs nutrients, it mainly grows on topsoil from a depth of 50cm or more, prefers loose, aerated soil but must ensure enough nutrition and good moisture. stable, so only some regions with specific conditions can effectively cultivate oranges. According to scientific calculations, an average of one ton of oranges is removed from the soil: 1.7kg N; 0.5kg P205; 3.2kg K and secondary and trace substances. The soil suitable for growing oranges has a thick, porous, well-drained cultivation layer, with alkaline pH from: 5.5 – 6.5. When the soil acidity is lower than 5.5, the roots will be toxic by Fe, Al, the plants are susceptible to lack of nutritional factors such as: Ca, Mg, P and Mo, the activity of soil microorganisms is also affected. reduced low. The nutrition trace elements such as Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B0, M0, C0…. Micronutrients also have the effect of improving the soil, helping to reduce the number of seeds, increase the flavor, beautify the fruit, contribute to increasing the yield and quality of oranges when harvested. Lack of trace elements makes the plant imbalanced in nutrition, prone to yellow mosaic disease, flower drop, young fruit drop, diseased plants and abnormal growth. Due to the above requirements for soil, nutrients and tree characteristics, many concentrated orange growing areas have chosen to use it Van Dien fertilizer n and gives very high efficiency. Lan Van Dien has a fairly high ratio of Calcium, Magnesium, and Silicon, so it has the effect of reducing acidity, gradually raising the pH of the soil, suitable for orange trees. The land for growing oranges is mainly grown on hills, gardens, and riverbanks where it is high and steep; easily washed out and lack of intermediate and trace substances. Lan Van Dien is a slow soluble phosphorus, only soluble in weak acid solutions secreted by the roots, where the plant needs to dissolve the fertilizer, so it is limited to being washed away. Besides Lan Van Dien It also adds essential nutrients and trace elements for plants. Produced from Van Dien fused phosphate fertilizer, specialized NPK multi-element fertilizers for oranges are different from some common NPK fertilizers, in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, there are also medium and micronutrients. Van Dien NPK provides 16 essential nutrients for plants with a high and balanced nutrient ratio NPK Van Dien provide enough 16 essential nutrients for plants with a high and balanced nutrient ratio. For oranges in the business period, the amount of fertilizer invested depends on the quality of the soil in the region, the age of the tree and the annual yield. In 1 year, in combination with rotten organic fertilizer, Van Dien fertilizer is divided into 4 fertilization periods: 1st: After harvesting the fruit. Apply a root of 10-15kg of organic fertilizer, 3-5kg of Van Dien phosphorus. Three times after applying with multi-factor fertilizer NPK Van Dien: 13;3:13 or 12-8-12, 12-12-17. Phase 2: Around March-April, after the physiological fruit drop. Oranges from 4 to 7 years old, apply a 1-1.5kg root; oranges from 8 – 11 years old, apply a 1.5 – 2kg root; Oranges over 11 years old, apply a root of 2.5 – 3kg. 3rd round: In June-July, fertilize fruit after stabilizing the number of fruits on the tree. Oranges from 4 – 7 years old, apply a root of 1.5 – 2kg; oranges from 8 – 11 years old, apply a root 1.5 – 2kg; Oranges over 11 years old, apply a root of 2.5 – 3kg. Phase 4: In September-October, 1 – 1.5 months before harvest, apply multi-factor fertilizer NPK 12:12:17 to limit the second physiological fruit drop and limit fruit cracking, especially weight gain. yield and fruit quality at harvest. Oranges from 4 to 7 years old fertilize a root 2 – 2.5kg; oranges from 8 – 11 years old, apply a root of 2.5 – 3kg; Oranges over 11 years old fertilize a root of 3.5 – 4kg. Van Dien fertilizer provides a full balance of all kinds of macronutrients, intermediate and micronutrients to satisfy the nutritional needs of orange trees throughout the crop year. Van Dien fertilizer helps orange trees grow healthy, balanced, green leaves, bright, thick leaves, less pests, high fruiting rate, large, uniform fruits, reduce fruit drop, help balls, Large, smooth, especially when ripe, the dark yellow skin is very attractive, high yield, increased sweetness, stronger flavor and longer shelf life. How to fertilize: * If, after harvesting the fruits of the previous crop, the incision was made and then fused with phosphate fertilizers and rotted organic fertilizers were applied, now apply fertilizer according to the old canal: spread fertilizer along the canal and then cover with soil, leaves cover the manure. * Can spread fertilizer according to the projection of the canopy back, about 50-60cm from the root, spread the fertilizer and then cover with soil, if it is dry, it must be watered; You can soak the manure to dissolve it and then mix it with water to irrigate.

In the winter-spring crop 2020-2021, Quang Tri Agricultural Extension Center has implemented an organic rice production model using Guilin organic fertilizer at An Long Cooperative, Trieu Hoa commune, Trieu Phong district to change awareness and transfer of technical processes and organic farming methods to people. From being dependent on chemical fertilizers, people have realized great benefits from applying organic fertilizers. Photo: PVT. The model is implemented on a scale of 10 hectares, 50 participating households. After selecting the demonstration site, the Quang Tri Agricultural Extension Center organized a training session to guide the process of organic rice intensification, especially organic composting. The implementation of organic composting was carried out early (since November 2020). At the same time, the technical staff has coordinated with the Commune People’s Committee and the Management Board of the cooperative to closely manage and supervise the implementation of the model as required by the program. Rice production process using sowing tools, HC95 rice variety has high quality, high yield and good quality. Master Tran Thi Thuy, the technical officer directing the model, said that in the process of planting, households have been instructed to carefully prepare the soil, create a flat surface, and drain water before sowing. Make sure to soak the seeds in the correct technique, regularly check the sprouts, when the sprout is 1/3 of a rice grain (cracked pineapple spikes), the roots are ½ of a rice grain, sow. Healthy, disease-free, productive, high-quality rice fields thanks to organic production. Photo: PVT. Rice is sown by row sowing tool, the amount of seed sown for 1 sao (500 m2) is 3.5 kg. Use composted organic fertilizer for lining and Guilin organic fertilizer during the growth and development of rice plants. Rice does not use chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides, only biological pesticides are used when pests and diseases occur. Scientific irrigation water regime, suitable for the growing needs of rice plants. Fertilizers are applied in 4 main growth and development periods of rice… Calculating for 1 hectare, the amount of fertilizer for each application is as follows: Apply the last fertilizer before harrowing with 6-7 tons of broken organic fertilizer, 500 kg Guilin microbial organic fertilizer, 300 kg Guilin mineral fertilizer ; first application at rice 20 days after sowing with the amount of Guilin mineral fertilizer: 500 kg; second fertilizer at rice 32-35 days after sowing with 400 kg Guilin mineral fertilizer; 3rd application at rice 62 days after sowing, combined with spraying foliar fertilizer with 300 kg of Guilin mineral fertilizer, 40 packs of Guilin foliar fertilizer. Mr. Doan Tho Hoa, An Long village (Trieu Hoa commune, Trieu Phong commune) participates in the model of organic rice production with an area of ​​4 sao. Meeting with us, Mr. Hoa could not hide his joy and said: The difference of the organic rice production model is the use of Guilin organic fertilizer and the use of manure composted with Trichoderma products. The environment in the fields of Trieu Hoa commune (Trieu Phong, Quang Tri) is greener, cleaner and more beautiful thanks to organic rice farming. Photo: PVT. Compared to HC95 rice, which farmers cultivate in the usual way, the model rice plants are organically healthy, have durable green leaves, moderate green color from the beginning to the end of the crop, and the rice plants are free from pests and diseases from the root At the top, the color of the yellow rice grain is brighter. “During the last storm of the season with strong gusts of wind, conventional farming fields all fell, especially the model fields have strong roots, so they do not fall, which is very convenient for farming. harvest”, Mr. Hoa assessed. Mr. Doan Duc Tam, another household participating in the model, said that when cultivating rice in the organic direction, it will greatly limit the situation where pesticide bottles are thrown away in the field, but instead, the awareness The people’s compliance with the process of caring for rice with organic fertilizers has been increased. “During the implementation of the model, from planting, tending to harvesting, my relatives and I always feel secure, without fear of toxicity when taking care of rice,” said Mr. Tam. Multi-faceted benefits In the process of rice production, if using inorganic fertilizers for many years, without adding organic fertilizers as well as overusing inorganic fertilizers, it will cause harm such as increasing the susceptibility of plants to diseases. , kill beneficial microorganisms, make many arable land areas lose fertility, imbalance of nutrients in the soil, hard soil, decrease crop yield and increase production costs. impact on the environment and human health… Not using chemical pesticides, focusing on integrated pest management in the field has shown farmers countless benefits. Photo: PVT. The application of organic production processes increases the fertility of the soil, increases the minerals and effective microorganisms for the soil, has a very good effect on soil improvement, especially for the soils that have been and are being developed. degraded. In the long run, it will help the rice plant’s better resistance to pests and diseases. During the flowering period, the field will be less infected with planthoppers, dry, give long cotton, rice is free of pests, rice is clear, rice is soft and has a characteristic aroma. Economically, the yield is estimated at 57 quintals/ha for the HC95 variety, with the selling price of 9,000 VND/kg, giving a profit of 25 – 27 million VND/ha, 10-15% higher than the mass market. In addition, reducing the amount of sowing seeds by using a sowing tool, making rice plants grow healthy and balanced, this is an important factor contributing to improving productivity and economic efficiency. In terms of environment, ecology, using Guilin microbial and mineral organic fertilizers, combined with manure, stubble decomposition products, creating a favorable environment for beneficial microorganisms, improved soil. Better yet, the rice plants grow in balance, the environment is safe, the field ecosystem is secure, there are fish, snails, and crabs… living in the rice fields. Organically produced rice not only ensures quality and productivity, but also significantly reduces production costs. Photo: PVT. Developing agriculture according to organic farming methods not only contributes to the creation of organic products that are beneficial to human health, but also raises awareness and changes farming methods in rice production towards organic sustainable, ensuring safe products, the country’s environment is not polluted, contributing to the protection of the environment and field ecosystems. According to Mr. Phan Ba ​​Dinh, Chairman of the People’s Committee of Trieu Hoa Commune, Trieu Phong District: Local households have also felt the risk of abusing inorganic fertilizers, abusing chemical pesticides, affecting quality. agricultural products, environment and public health, so the model implementation is highly accepted by households. Mr. Dinh has learned from experience: If the technical process in the model is followed, such as using microbial organic fertilizers and Guilin mineral fertilizers, combined with manure, Trichoderma; If the amount of water is guaranteed, the weather is favorable, it is necessary to go through many production crops, the fields are improved, the fertility of the soil is improved… “From the initial support of the Provincial Agricultural Extension Center, it has helped households to firmly grasp and understand the technical stages of organic production that are different from mass production. In the next seasons, we will direct, and have supportive policies, and at the same time continue to propagate and replicate the model, encouraging farmers to implement this superior farming model,” Dinh said. know.