Architect Vo The Duy (CTA | Creative Architects) will guide you through four effective ways to save money on construction costs. Clearly define the necessary space needs First, the homeowner needs to assess the needs of the space used for clarity. In addition to the sleeping space, the kitchen, living room or separate toilet space for each room can be reduced or eliminated depending on the case. Besides determining the space the family really needs, homeowners should think about grouping common spaces (spaces with similar functions together), such as kitchen – dining, or guest – eating, studying. – common activities… The grouping of spaces is valuable when choosing a covering solution. For open spaces, common living, the covering solution can be eliminated, both saving costs and creating a ventilation environment for this area. The less space, the more economical and quick the construction and maintenance. A model of love housing groups spaces, dividing areas that need to be covered and not covered to limit the wall area. Prioritize main space With a tight budget, you should not spread the investment to every space in the house. For example, most Vietnamese people are interested in the living room, so we can invest money for finishing materials or furniture for chairs, tables, lamps… for this area. The remaining spaces such as bedrooms, bathrooms save costs, use sparingly for design. For some individuals who prioritize sleeping space, on the contrary, they will prioritize investment in beds, cabinets, glass doors, lighting… Choose a simple solution, easy construction The simple selection of materials and construction methods will reduce the cost of materials, accompanying construction equipment, quality control, etc. Besides, it also saves construction and travel time. Calculating the optimal use of materials, limiting redundancy is also a way to save construction costs. Wall house (CTA | Creative Architects) uses burnt brick walls – defective products to reuse for facades, reducing costs for materials as well as finishing and maintenance. Take advantage of the available, natural element Using old materials such as bricks, tiles, wood, old doors or using local materials will save money on buying materials and transportation costs. Taking advantage of the surrounding landscape for works with vacant land is also very important. For example, taking advantage of the shade of trees and lakes to get shade and cool the wind.

Apollo 11 astronauts in spacesuits set foot on the Moon for the first time. Photo: NASA Hollywood films often draw attention with the iconic spacesuit, the design of which makes the public believe that it is a costume that can be taken off within minutes. But in fact, the spacesuit is a “spaceship” with its own full function, requiring the wearer to take off or take off with the help of colleagues. Cathleen Lewis, curator of international space programs and spacesuits at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, said: “The purpose of the spacesuit essentially exists as a humanoid spacecraft, allowing astronauts to autonomously explore and do meaningful work outside of spacecraft or space stations.” Ms. Lewis said it can take up to four hours for an astronaut to get dressed, from start to finish. Before going to space, astronauts must check each piece of equipment and make sure they have enough essential supplies, such as oxygen and water. During the spacewalk, they will be supported by a team from Earth. Watch Apollo astronauts in spacesuits fall up and down in zero gravity on the Moon (source: NASA) Sarah Korona, extraterrestrial flight control specialist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston (Texas), said: Flight controllers must adhere to a plan of procedures about 30 pages long, but still have other plans if problems arise. The “anatomy” of a space suit According to NASA, a spacesuit is made up of 6 different components and can have up to 16 layers.
Astronauts on the Artemis missions, NASA’s next program to send the first woman and first black man to the Moon, will wear the latest spacesuit, called the Visitor Mover. alien probe, abbreviated as xEMU. Before the spacesuits reach the Moon, their components will be tested on the International Space Station (ISS). NASA unveiled a prototype of the xEMU suit in 2019 at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. Photo: NASA One of the key components of the new spacesuit is the cooling fiber, said Richard Rhodes, vice president of xEMU pressurized garment development at NASA. The suit is made of tubes that help circulate water around the astronauts, regulating their body temperature and removing excess heat as they complete their work. According to NASA, each spacesuit has a portable life support system, which includes a water tank to cool the clothes, a carbon dioxide removal system, and other components, including a two-way radio for astronauts to communicate. Previous spacesuits used in the Apollo missions were less flexible than those used today. “When the Apollo astronauts walked on the Moon, they couldn’t bend down and pick up a rock,” said NASA astronaut Mike Fincke. They had to have a particularly compact tool with a handle mounted on it.” The space suit of astronaut Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Photo: NASA But the spacesuit has come a long way since then and has a more flexible construction, with active support gloves. According to Ms. Lewis, gloves are one of the most complicated parts of a spacesuit, and they are often the source of most complaints from astronauts about their suits. “Gloves are difficult to design to both protect and allow astronauts to demonstrate manual dexterity to get the job done,” the expert notes. Pressure gloves can also contract, especially after long hours in space. The astronaut’s fingers are also cold, so heating elements need to be built into the glove. Gloves are an important part of the spacesuit that NASA designed for the mission back to the Moon. Photo: NASA When astronauts train for space flight, one of their training exercises includes picking up a coin in a spacesuit while underwater, Ms. Lewis said. These explorers need extreme dexterity when working in space, and gloves are a big challenge. Much of astronaut spacesuit training is conducted in a swimming pool at NASA’s Laboratory in Houston. Water simulates the feeling of weightlessness, similar to the feeling in space. To develop the spacesuit, scientists have experimented with a variety of materials and with varying degrees of success over the years. At one point, researchers experimented with Kevlar fingertips (a fiber five times stronger than steel) on gloves. “The Kevlar material is very useful in blocking bullets but not very good at stopping knives – it is very easy to cut,” Ms. Lewis said. Astronauts currently use synthetic plastic gloves, but scientists are always looking for better options. In addition, the outside of the spacesuit has color stripes specific to each suit. Here’s how astronauts can tell who’s wearing which suit while in space. Crafting the Artemis . space suit The first step in designing a spacesuit is “understanding who you’re designing the suit for, what you want them to be able to do, and where you want them to be able to,” says Rhodes. For the Artemis program, NASA needed their astronauts to be able to safely explore the Moon’s surface. Prototype of new spacesuit, xEMU, by NASA. Photo: NASA Over the past four years, NASA has invested more than $300 million in the development of the xEMU suit. Richard Rhodes’ team tested dozens of ingredients and weighed the pros and cons of each. He said the biggest challenge for the Artemis suits was making sure they were optimized for exploration of the Moon. The suits needed to be “light enough to support a mission to the Moon and sturdy enough to protect astronauts when working in very dangerous environments”. According to Rhodes, there are thousands of parts produced to make the Artemis spacesuit, and they are sourced from all over the United States. Some parts can take up to a year to build, but NASA is working to shorten the time. Space suits will also be upgraded for the latest Moon mission. Current and past NASA spacesuits allow only minimal movement of the waist, hips, or ankles. Artemis astronauts need to have extra mobility. to be able to explore the rough terrain of the Moon, so Mr. Rhodes’ team is working on a suit that allows for more movement while still being sturdy enough to protect the wearer.

Kelly performed a spacewalk outside the space station on November 6, 2015. Time – an important “link” When humans have the opportunity to explore Mars, the crew members will carry out the mission and travel to places millions of miles away from our planet. Scientists want to understand as much as possible about the potential effects of microgravity and radiation on the human body. A big step towards this goal is the One-Year Mission, when NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko spent 340 days aboard the International Space Station from March 2015 to 2020. 2016. Space explorers have spent nearly a year living in zero gravity. The data collected before, during and after their flight made a big contribution. This will help researchers better understand what happens to the human body in space. One concern has arisen regarding astronauts, when their eyes change over long periods of time in space. This change is thought to occur when astronauts are in space for six months or more. Time spent in space also has potential impacts on their vision health. According to researchers, crew members typically spend four to six months on the space station. However, future planned missions lasting a year or longer should be considered. The effect on astronauts’ visual health as a result of long-term flight was previously known as visual impairment and intracranial pressure, or VIIP syndrome. The researchers are now referring to ophthalmic and neurological findings in astronauts after long-duration spaceflight, such as spaceflight-associated optic nerve syndrome, also known as SANS. A new study focusing on eye changes and problems astronauts Kelly and Kornienko experienced has been published in the journal JAMA Opthalmology. “About six months after astronauts began their space missions, we started to observe changes in the eyes of some people. Those changes didn’t show up during their roughly two-week mission aboard the space shuttle,” said study author Brandon R. Macias, director of the Cardiology and Vision Laboratory at NASA Johnson Space Center. in Houston said. According to Macias, the team’s preliminary findings suggest that the duration of the space mission could be responsible for changes in eye structure for the worse, such as swelling of nerve ending tissues. vision. This change has been noticed in some astronauts who have been on missions longer than a year in space. The premise for the future American astronaut Scott Kelly (left) and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko (right) spent a year on the space station. The changes in astronauts Kelly and Kornienko were compared with crew members who spent about six months on the station. Both of these astronauts experienced many changes in eye structure. One of them developed mild optic disc edema. “Disc edema can occur when the nerve fibers at the back of the eye swell or when CSF (spinal fluid) builds up around the nerve fibers. If the swelling is severe and persists for a long time, visual function can be affected,” explains Macias. Meanwhile, the other astronaut suffered from optic disc edema and the growing growth of choroidal folds. Both of them used to not realize the changes they were going through. “The retina at the back of the eye is a smooth layer,” says Macias. Folds develop when this tissue becomes wrinkled and uneven. These folds can have different patterns depending on their location and severity. This condition has the potential to impair visual function.” Two astronauts recovered from optic disc edema after returning from space. However, the choroidal folds do not always fully recover. These structural changes did not result in any significant functional changes to the eye. “There is a concern, however, that longer space missions could contribute to more structural changes to the eye. The longer these structural changes take place, the more likely they are that they can cause damage to the retina,” warns Macias. The researchers believe the new findings are a reliable measurement for monitoring the crew members’ eye structures, as well as their long-term health upon their return to Earth. At the same time, the scientists also wanted to understand why some crew members had more eye changes than others. That information could help the team figure out how to prevent neuro-eye syndrome associated with space flight. The team will measure eye activity before, during and after the task by electromechanical methods. Simultaneously, the electrical response of the light-sensitive cones and rods of the eye is measured. Scientists will also look at changes in blood flow in the retina. This may provide more insight into why some crew members undergo more changes than others.

Specifically, China accounts for 35% of about 38,000 6G-related patents in the world, or 13,449 patents. In second place is the US with the number of patents accounting for 18%. The 6G network is expected to be 100 times faster than 5G. Photo: PhoneArena. While the US and Europe have launched 6G research projects, strengthening cooperation to ensure benefits, CNIPA said that China has “taken advantage of the technology from 5G networks to continue to be at the forefront”. According to CNIPA, the country of billions should cooperate with a number of Japanese and Korean companies such as NEC, Samsung, and Mitsubishi to “reduce dependence on American and European technology” in some important areas of the 6G network. . Although China leads the world in 6G patents, only one Chinese company makes the list of the top 10 6G enterprises in the world. According to the PhoneArena , the three names holding the most 6G patents include NEC, Daewoo Communications and Mitsubishi. In the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) and terahertz of 6G, China accounts for 75% and 40% of patents globally, respectively. Regarding terahertz in 6G networks, the two largest patent holders are the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, and China University of Metrology. Although it will take many years to perfect, 6G is expected to bring speeds of terabits, 100 times faster than 5G networks, wide coverage from underwater to space. Some applications of 6G such as immersive augmented reality environment, high-fidelity 3D image display. The speed of 6G brings benefits in many future fields, not only for users but also in the military sector, which is why industrialized countries are vying for the top spot in the research race. 6G. In November 2020, Google and Apple joined “The next G Alliance” (The next G Alliance) with the goal of making the US lead the world in the 6G race, reinforcing the long-term development of the company. 5G network. In February, Apple recruited a number of positions specifically related to 6G, the main work included “researching and designing next-generation wireless communication systems (6G) for wireless networks”, “participating in industry, academic forum on 6G”. In February 2019, former US President Donald Trump also mentioned 6G. “I want to have 5G, even 6G in the US as soon as possible. It’s stronger, faster and smarter than today’s standards. American companies have to work if they don’t want to be left behind,” Trump said. on Twitter. China launches first 6G satellite tinh This 6G satellite will be used to test systems for smart cities, environmental protection, disaster prevention and mitigation.

However, up to now, there have been many times of debris falling from space on Earth, including an event that happened in 2020. Photo: CNN The good news is that the debris falling on Earth generally poses little threat to human safety. As Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer at the Center for Astrophysics at Harvard University, told CNN: “It’s not the end of the world.” Even so, the issue still raises related questions about debris in outer space, how uncontrollably they fall to Earth, and what precautions should be taken when that happens. out? There have been many times of debris falling back to Earth Most of the debris would be burned in the atmosphere before having a chance to make any impact on the Earth’s surface. However, some large objects, like rockets, may remain intact when returned to Earth and are also likely to fall into populated areas. In 2020, one of the largest debris in space flew over the skies of Los Angeles and Central Park in New York City before falling into the Atlantic. This is an empty core from Chinese missiles, weighing nearly 20 tons, is the largest piece of uncontrolled trash when it fell back to Earth since 1991 and is the fourth largest piece ever. Other larger pieces are from NASA’s Skylab space station in 1979, the missile core of Skylab in 1975, and the Soviet Salyut 7 space station in 1991. The space shuttle Columbia from 2003 could also be included in the list. This is because NASA lost control of the ship when it returned to Earth. How many debris are floating in space? The answer is a lot. Above us there is a “cloud” of more than 9,000 tons of space debris – the equivalent of the weight of 720 school buses. This cloud contains hundreds of thousands – maybe even millions – of objects orbiting uncontrollably, including used rocket propulsion engines, dead satellites and debris from the army’s anti-satellite missiles. These debris are concentrated in the orbital regions closest to the Earth’s surface. And while it does not pose a significant threat to humans on the ground, it does pose a threat to many active satellites that provide a number of services such as climate tracking, studying Earth climate. Land and telecommunications service providers. These debris also threaten the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS station had to readjust its orbit several times last year due to space debris. “A few years ago, we had about 1,000 satellites in orbit, but now we have 4,000 satellites,” said McDowell. The tricky problem is that space transport experts do not have a complete map of the objects orbiting the Earth. Potential collisions are being tracked using government or private trackers on the ground, but the process is largely predictable. When will Chinese rockets return to Earth? The Long March 5B missile is expected to return to Earth’s atmosphere around May 8, according to Defense Department spokesman Mike Howard. Space Command is currently monitoring the missile’s path. According to Howard, the point of return to Earth’s atmosphere could only be accurately determined a few hours ago difficult to start falling back to Earth. However, Space Control Unit 18 will update the missile’s exact location via the Space Track website. Astrophysicist McDowell explained that determining where debris could fall to Earth is almost impossible at this point because the rocket’s travel speed can vary and with only 1 change. Very small is enough to greatly change the direction of the missile. “We expect it to return around May 8-10. During those two days, it will travel around the Earth about 30 times and at a speed of about 18,000 km / h “, according to Mr. McDowell. Still, the oceans are still the safest place for debris to land, as it occupies most of the Earth’s surface. Do people need to be on guard? There’s no need to be on guard, said Mr. McDowell. “The risk of it causing some damage or hitting someone is very small. It can still happen, but the chance of it hitting you is extremely small. I won’t waste a second worrying about it. Because there are still other bigger things to think about, ”said McDowell.

Astronaut in space. Illustration. Many plans have been proposed, such as “launch” ill-fated astronauts into space, burial on Mars, even used as food for the crew. If there is a problem on the flight itinerary We are entering an exciting space era, in which many hope human’s first step on the surface of Mars will not be far away. However, as SpaceX CEO Elon Musk once said, “If you want to go to Mars, prepare for death.” About 21 astronauts have been killed since humans first set foot on a spacecraft and flew into space 60 years ago. According to experts, the death toll will inevitably increase as space agencies prepare for missions to send humans to Mars. To get to the Red planet, astronauts spend at least seven months living inside a cramped spaceship, traveling long distances, deep. If they survive this journey, they will have to endure the harsh environment of the Martian world. When a crew member dies while on a mission, it will take months, even years, for their bodies to be brought back to Earth. This situation raises a question: What happens to the body of a dead person in space? NASA does not have procedures to handle corpses in space because the astronauts selected for the mission are guaranteed physical and mental health. However, researchers around the world have thought of this situation and proposed measures to handle when an astronaut accidentally dies. During the mission on the journey to Mars, can the astronaut’s body be placed in cold storage or freeze-dried until the spacecraft returns to Earth? The process of freezing drying in space is much different from that on Earth. On Earth, people would use liquid nitrogen to freeze bodies, but in space, a robotic arm would hang the body wrapped in a bag on the outside of a spacecraft. The body will freeze for an hour, become brittle, then the arm will shake, breaking into small pieces. This process will theoretically turn an astronaut weighing 90kg into a mass of only 22kg, which can be stored on a spaceship for many years. But if this freeze-drying isn’t an option, the crew can send off their deceased companion to stay forever in the vast universe. Catherine Conley of NASA’s Office for the Protection of the Planet told Popular Science: “At the moment, there are no specific guidelines in the plan to protect the planet, either at the NASA level or internationally, regarding” bury “a deceased astronaut by throwing the body into space”. The solution of releasing the dead into space seems to be the easiest option, the body will stay on the spacecraft’s journey and linger on the place where it was released. And if more missions choose this approach, future spacecraft heading towards Mars will likely collide with many corpses. The robotic arm holds the dead body in space waiting to freeze. Illustration. Bad situation going to Mars If you are lucky enough to survive on a journey that lasts approximately 7 months and reach Mars, astronauts will face new challenges that threaten their survival, radiation. Previous data showed that Mars is 700 times more contaminated with radiation than Earth. Radiation can alter the cardiovascular system, damage the heart, harden and narrow the arteries, or remove some of the cells in the lining of blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular disease and may end with the death of the astronaut. In this case, burial on Mars would be necessary, but NASA has strict laws about contaminating other planets from microorganisms on Earth. NASA scientist Conley told Popular Science: “Regarding the disposal of organic matter (including corpses) on Mars, we are not imposing any restrictions as long as all are eliminated. microorganisms on Earth. So it is necessary to cremate ”. However, not every dead astronaut can be buried, but in some emergency situation, such as when the remaining crew runs out of food and in order to survive, the corpse of the human. The team can help them sustain life on their way back to Earth. It sounds barbaric, but there has been such a case in the past, when a plane crashed into the Andes in 1972. The survivors had no food and no way to communicate with them. outside, so in order to sustain life, to find someone to come and save, they made the difficult decision to eat the dead as soon as the plane crashed. Biologist Paul Wolpe said: “Although we give our bodies a lot of respect, life is everything. If the only way a human could survive was to eat a body, then that would be acceptable, even if no one wanted it.

Astronaut Yuri Gagarin. Photo: Heritage.

While waiting for the Vostok-1 to be launched, the famous saying “Поехали!” Gagarin’s (“Let’s go!”) Shows his daring personality. This personality has also become a brief motto in the human travels later on.

Over the years, the space exploration community has made great strides, including the first crewed flight flight, the first female astronaut’s space walk, and a pairing experiment. to examine the impact of the environment in space on humans. Of the twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly, Mark will be on Earth and Scott will fly into space.

April 12 was officially recognized as the United Nations’ International Astronaut Day. Many space lovers take part in a global space party known as “Yuri’s Night” to mark a big occasion.

“Endless exploration is deeply entrenched in each of us, and space travel is a practical way to realize this extraordinary cosmic mission,” said Clément Fortin, Professor of Practice at the Center. Space under the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) in Moscow, Russia, writes in an email.

According to him, the achievement of Yuri Gagarin opens up other great possibilities, though it is difficult to achieve in particular.

Yuri Gagarin and the first voyage into space

The first crewed trip was a milestone for all of humanity, but the day astronaut Yuri Gagarin first flew into space was a special resonance for Russians, who saw Gagarin as a taste. Valuable national hero. His name is given to many monuments, buildings and locations across the country.

“In Russia there are a lot of events being held on this day. We will participate in events that explain how space technology works and how the future of space exploration,” said Anton Ivanov. , Director of Skoltech’s Space Center, replied in an email.

The Vostok-1 is launching at the Baikonur Cosmodrome station, Kazakhstan.

Human space travel is an effort that has been successful in the past 60 years, but also leaves a lot of regret for many young people. Teenagers under the age of 20 have never experienced an undiscovered space, when there are no humans in orbit, as the space station (ISS) has been occupied since day 2. 11/2000.

Earlier, Russia’s Mir space station flew into Earth orbit from 1986-2001, pioneering multi-day crew trips. Russian astronauts Mir still holds the record for the 3rd longest in the history of mankind’s longest journeys.

Before the Gagarin flight 60 years ago, no one had set foot in space. The Soviet space program put many animals into space, such as the famous Laika, the first animal to fly around the Earth. Even so, Gagarin still faces a completely new challenge with great principles that will change the entire history of space travel, regardless of the mission.

“In the early 1960s, the missile technology was still incomplete, despite many tests, the missile was blown up,” Mr. Ivanov said.

According to him, before Gagarin’s ship was launched, there were several failed launches. Gagarin sat on the train as if riding a bomb. Since the astronauts knew the statistics well, they had the courage to board the Vostok-1 and carry out their mission.

He’s like he’s riding on a bomb

Anton Ivanov, Director of Skoltech’s Space Center

Fortunately, Gagarin and his crew’s courage paid off. After hours inside the Vostok-1 on the launch pad, Gagarin was finally launched into the air at the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch station, Kazakhstan, at 6:07 Coordinated International (UTC).

Gagarin entered orbit a few minutes later, maintaining a calm and positive attitude throughout the 108-minute flight.

Lessons from the first flight

The cockpit of the Vostok-1 has a spherical shape made mainly of aluminum alloy and covered with abrasive material. Unlike today’s capsule cocktails, the ship carrying the Gagarin was not designed to reach the ground safely.

The small metal ball was equipped with only one escape option that Gagarin had to manipulate in order to be dropped from a great distance from the ground, so that he could parachute into a safe place while the Vostok-1 landed separately. .

After completing a round-trip around the Earth, the Vostok-1 is sent back into space. At that time, Gagarin successfully escaped an open door and fell into the countryside in Kazakhstan.

The ship carrying Gagarin was not designed to land safely, so he had to parachute to escape the ship while it landed somewhere else.

Even though the mission was a success, this was still a hair-raising risk on the back of the neck. In an email, Ms. Anastasia Ilina, founder of the Russian space diffusion community Space Flight and project coordinator of the Skoltech Space Center, described the Vostok-1 as “flight into space, one the flight has no guarantees “.

“During Yuri Gagarin’s flight, we had difficulty closing the spacecraft lid, and after launching, the ship moved in orbit faster than planned,” she said.

When she returned, she said, the push-and-brake system produced unsafe braking impulses, making the ship twisted and landed with difficulty.

“But even though there were technical difficulties, we all got over it,” added Ms. Ilina.

According to her, it was important that the first flight taught the crew (astronauts, guides, engineers) a lesson on how to coordinate work and manage space equipment.

In fact, Yuri Gagarin proved that one can step inside a metal sphere and change the trajectory of human discovery forever. Within a decade of his first flight, many astronauts in the Apollo program had landed on the Moon.

This is an American achievement born of the Cold War due to the successes of the Soviet Union that sparked the space race.

While possibly strong interstate geopolitical tensions over space travel still exist, mankind’s travels have evolved into a collaborative endeavor.

Astronauts from 18 different countries and new international collaborations such as the Artemis program led by NASA aim to bring people back to the Moon.

The advent of commercial crews also reshaped human spacecraft, heralding a new era of space travel that is imminent in the near future.