Elephant Mammoth Columbia Voi Extinction time: 11,500 years ago Living area: America and Mexico Illustration. Elephant Mammoth, you probably already know. They are huge, have long fur and a pair of huge tusks. They appear in many pictures, documentaries, movies. However, here we are talking about the Columbian Mammoth elephant, which is a relative of the long-haired but larger Mammoth. A Mammoth Columbia can be from 3.7 to 4.2m tall, weighing from 5.5 to 11 tons. Their tusks average 3.7m long, the largest of the elephant family and extremely strong, used to handle any carnivores that dare to come close. Prehistoric people, of course. Lazy land Extinction time: 4200 years ago Living area: South America The sloth is a lovely, harmless creature. The Megatherium is also a sloth, but it’s not like the slow, bully sloths you’re used to seeing. Megatherium also does not live on trees, because no tree can withstand its huge body. Megatherium has several subspecies, the smallest species is as big as a rhinoceros, and the largest can weigh up to 4-5 tons when mature, equivalent to modern African elephants. They can be up to 6m tall, similar to giraffes when standing on 2 legs. In addition, they also have a set of super-large claws used to slap the mouth of any carnivore. The ground sloth finally lived peacefully on the islands of the Caribbean, until about 4200 years ago, when the “species that everyone should fear” set foot and drew an end to the sloths walking on the face. land. Orangutan Gigantopithecus Extinction time: 100,000 years ago Living area: Mainly in Southeast Asia Gigantopithecus was a close relative of modern orangutans but was much larger. They can be 3m tall, weigh up to half a ton and are the most massive primates that have ever walked the Earth. If you need a clearer picture to visualize the size of a Gigantopithecus, check out the cute giant orangutan in The Jungle Book. But that’s in the movies, who knew what such a huge beast could do to a small human? Gigantopithecus went extinct with the main cause not being human. The fact that they are large also means that they need a lot of food to survive. However, about 100,000 years before the climate changed and the forests of their homeland – Southeast Asia – became savanna, Gigantopithecus simply “flies” because there is not enough food. Cave hyena Extinction time: 11,000-13,000 years ago Living area: Europe If you often watch documentaries about wildlife in Africa, such as the Diary of the Cat Family, you are probably familiar with spotted hyenas. These guys have a lot of bad reputations. They are cunning, reckless, attack in herds, scavenge for prey of other species such as leopards and lions or even enter villages to capture children. However, spotted hyenas are still not comparable to their ancient relatives – the cave hyena. Cave hyenas were twice the size of modern spotted hyenas, weighing on average 130kg, 90cm high and 1.5m long. They have extremely strong jaws, enough to chew the bones of their prey. Calculations based on fossils show that a cave hyena can easily kill a small elephant weighing about 1 ton. But that’s not enough to say how scary they are. They still live in groups of about 30 to help hunt more effectively. However, with our ancestors, they are not easy to touch. Cave hyenas became extinct somewhere between 11,000 and 13,000 years ago. The main cause is believed by paleontologists to be that prehistoric people took the caves for shelter during the Ice Age. Sword tooth tiger Extinction time: 10,000 years ago Living area: All Americas The saber-toothed tiger sounds like that, but in fact, they don’t have a close family to the tiger. Most saber-toothed tigers became extinct before modern humans appeared. However, there are still a few that can encounter humans, such as Smilodon populator and Smilodon fatalis. In which, Smilodon fatalis is as big as an African lion, and Smilodon populator is bigger, as big as a Siberian tiger (about 350kg). According to the calculations of paleontologists, saber-toothed tigers have rather weak jaws, the bite force is only about 1/3 of that of modern lions. However, in return, they have other things. In addition to their trademark long fangs, saber-toothed tigers also have extremely muscular forelimbs, the strongest of the cat family to assist in capturing prey before slicing its throat with long scythe-like fangs. Another theory is that they can use these fangs as knives to “skewer” their prey to death. But no matter how they killed their prey, a prehistoric human would surely explode if caught by it.

But recently, paleontologists have had to change this view and push the herbivorous history of dinosaurs to the early Cretaceous period, 125 million years ago, grasses began to appear. This was discovered during the study of fossils of the dinosaur Equijubus found in China. Mount Mazong is located at the northern end of the Hexi Corridor, in present-day Gansu Province, China. The mountain is named because it looks like a horse’s mane blowing in the wind. Mazong Mountain is a desolate place, but beneath that gravel are the remains of creatures that died hundreds of millions of years ago. In 2000, paleontologists from China and the United States formed a joint expedition to unearth paleontological fossils in the Mazong mountain area. During this excavation, paleontologists discovered a large number of fossils. Chinese paleontologist You – Hailu studied the fossils of a new dinosaur species and he named this dinosaur Equijubus. The genus name is derived from the Latin words “equus” meaning “horse” and “juba” meaning “mane”, the genus name meaning “horse mane” because the fossil was found in Mount Mazong. The new species was given the full name Equijubus normani, with “Normani” being named in honor of the famous British paleontologist David B. Norman. Illustration. Equijubus can be considered an intermediate dinosaur between Iguanodon and Hasrosauridae. Equijubus has a fairly large body when compared to a “basic” Hasrosauridae, but they can still run on two legs after being chased by predators. Fossil specimens of this dinosaur include skulls, lower jaw bones, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae and other parts. Through fossil analysis, it can be seen that Equijubus belongs to the primitive Hadrosauridae, it already possesses some features of Hadrosauridae, but its skull also has obvious features of Iguanodon. Paleontologists surmise that the dinosaur Equijubus could be up to 7 m long, 2 m high and weigh 2.5 tons, almost the size of a small truck. Equijubus would have had a long head, a horn beak on the front of its mouth and flat teeth on the inside of its cheeks, allowing it to chew on hard plants. Equijubus also have a robust body, they often walk on all fours and run on two legs when fleeing predators. Although there are not many fossils of this species, the discovery of Equijubus has great significance for paleontology. As a very primitive Hadrosauridae, Equijubus has shown that the Hasrosauridae may have originated in Asia and that they evolved directly from Iguanodon. 14 years after the Equijubus species was named, paleontologists are once again studying their fossils using the latest technology. They found evidence of herbivorous dinosaurs actually eating grass in fossils! On December 21, 2017, You Hailu and other paleontologists published a research paper titled “Dinosaur-related cuticles and crystals from the Chinese Gramineae family of the Cretaceous Period” on National Science Journal of China. The paper mentioned that the microstructure of primitive herbaceous plants (herbs, rice) was silicified between the teeth of the dinosaur Equijubus. This suggests that herbaceous plants were originally the food of this dinosaur. In fact, to answer the question of whether or not herbivorous dinosaurs ate grass, we need to know that the grass family is a large family of plants with more than 650 genera. Rice, wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, etc… the plants that we cannot live without are all grasses, and many other plants that we can eat are also grasses. People have always doubted the existence of the grass family, and the time period of its appearance is also quite unclear. And in the past, scientists always thought that they appeared after dinosaurs. But through the discovery of secrets from the fossils of the dinosaur Equijubus, we have learned that grass appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. This means that on Earth, dinosaurs of that time also had herbivorous habits (literally eating grass). The earliest known seed-bearing plants can be traced back to the Middle Jurassic or earlier, 164 million years ago. It was discovered during the Boda Jurassic period in Inner Mongolia. Although this plant is only a few centimeters tall, it already has roots, stems, leaves, and fruits.

Billions of T. rex have been wandering North America, a group of experts say. Although not a simple task, paleontologists from the University of California (USA) gave the T. rex dinosaur numbers in the Cretaceous period 65 – 98 million years ago. Challenging work Fossils have long been used to improve our understanding of extinct creatures like dinosaurs, but experts suggest that these skeletons are used to calculate densities and levels. Their abundance is a challenge. Director Charles Marshall of the University of California’s Museum of Paleontology is part of the research team. “There is no information available to make an estimate,” he said. If you find an Easter egg in your garden, how do you estimate how many Easter eggs ever existed? It simply cannot be done. You need information from somewhere else, for example, the density of the Easter eggs, how many years they can be found and how many Easter eggs have been placed in the garden. Paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim at the University of Portsmouth (UK) is not involved in the study. “Previously researchers tried to estimate things like the size of the Tyrannosaurus’ habitable area and their basic energy needs, so this is an extension of the work,” he said. before that, including many updates about Tyrannosaurus ”. There are 20,000 T.rex dinosaurs in North America T.rex is predicted to have a lifespan of 28 years. Using fossil records, densities and data from climate models, the University of California team calculated that about 20,000 adult T. rex, living across North America, could exist at the same time. . In a study published in the Journal of Science, researchers say this means that about 2.5 billion T. rex have lived and died over a period of nearly 2.5 million years – a process The dinosaurs live. For the first time, the team also calculated the lifespan of dinosaurs. Using scientific literature and expert opinion, they estimated T.rex’s adult age to be 15.5 years and its lifespan could reach around 28 years. The average adult body weight of this dinosaur is about 5,200 kg and a growth after maturity can make them weigh up to 7,000 kg. From the above estimates, the team concluded that each generation of T.rex lasted for about 19 years and there was a dinosaur for every 100 square kilometers. They determined that, with 20,000 permanent dinosaurs and about 127,000 generations of this species, there would be about 2.5 billion T.rex overall. “The researchers’ approach seems informative, while also pointing to current limits on what can be done,” said Jason C.Poole of the Bighorn Institute of Paleontology (USA). learned from the known “. “I’m sure it opens the door to better focus on questions about population density and what it means over time. So this can really help us understand how animals change over time as it is related to evolution and changing ecosystems, ”said Mr. Poole. The researchers estimated that the population density of T. rex was equivalent to 3,800 carnivorous dinosaurs in an area the size of California, but only 2 in an area the size of Washington DC. . Open up the possibility to find out more information A T.rex dinosaur could have an average weight of 5.2 tons. Meanwhile, the results also allow the authors to determine that only about 1 in 80 million T. rex is preserved as fossil remains. “The big impact of this study may be how rare the fossils are, they represent only a fraction of the individual organisms that ever existed, not to mention the depth of time and the rate. it happened in a few thousand to a million years, ”Mr. Poole said. Study co-author Professor Marshall of the University of California said, “In a way, this is a paleontological exercise of what we can know and how we can know what. there… It’s amazing what we know about this dinosaur so we can calculate more information.Our understanding of T. rex has expanded greatly over the decades. Through more fossils, more analytical methods and better ways of integrating information through known fossils ”. Mr Ibrahim sees other possibilities stemming from this study. There is a lot we don’t know about T.rex’s physiology, behavior, and food environment, he said, but this study offers an interesting approach to estimating abundance and prevalence. conservation of dinosaurs. “I would love to see it apply to the other dinosaurs we know from fossils. Looking at a wide range of dinosaurs, predators and prey, we can better compare dinosaur animal communities to modern ones, ”he said. What we see is superficial, according to Ibrahim, and even with this fascinating research, there is still a long way to go for us to confidently apply these approaches widely in research. save dinosaurs.

The Ethiopian calendar has 12 months and 30 days, almost like the Gregorian (solar calendar) we are using. But the slight difference is that they have a 13th month (only five to six days). These extra days are called “epagomenal” days, and are essentially leap days. These additional dates ensure that the calendar follows the seasons and phases of the Moon. This addition has resulted in huge differences in the Ethiopian calendar and the normal calendar (7 years behind ours). The Ethiopians also follow a very different clock system. They obey a 12-hour clock, as opposed to the 24-hour time system that the rest of the world obey. While most people start the day at midnight (0 o’clock), Ethiopians start the day at dawn. So when the world is at 7:00 a.m. in this African country it will be 1 a.m. daytime time for Ethiopians. At 12 noon, it will be 6 o’clock during the day in Ethiopia (This is quite similar to China, Vietnam and some other feudal co-writers, using a 12-hour system, each watch and hour will be corresponds to 12 o’clock, but the beginning of the day will be counted as Little, starting at midnight). Despite international standards, this timing system exists to this day. 2. In 2017, although Ethiopia had become the fastest growing economy in the world, nearly a third of the population was still below poverty. According to the World Bank’s Global Economic Prospects, Ethiopia was the fastest growing economy in the world in 2017. While global growth is forecast to be 2.7%, Ethiopia is projected to be 8.3%. ! Although these numbers may sound astonishing, in fact, with high growth rates, Ethiopia is still deep in public debt. 3. Ethiopia is home to the world’s most salty lake When someone talks about salty waters, the first thing that comes to your mind is the Dead Sea. But there are lakes that are much more salty than the Dead Sea. In fact, the Dead Sea is in seventh place and the waters that occupy first place is Ao Gaet’ale located in Afar, Ethiopia. It was formed in 2005 after an earthquake caused an underground hot spring to form on the surface. The water in Gaet’ale Pond has a salt concentration of up to 43.3%. 4. Ethiopians do not have surnames Worldwide naming conventions dictate a person’s given name, which will be preceded or followed by a parent’s surname (depending on culture). But in Ethiopia, the naming rules are going to be a little bit different. The names of the people here will include their own name, followed by the name of their father. From time to time, people can also take the name of a grandfather or any other male ancestors in the family. In addition, women cannot change their names after getting married. 5. Ethiopia is one of the lowest calorie consuming countries in the world Out of 172 countries, Ethiopia occupies the 167th place in calorie consumption. The average Ethiopian consumes 1,950 calories per day. Even lower than the minimum daily caloric intake prescribed by the World Health Organization (2,200 calories). For many communities in Ethiopia, daily survival is a very difficult thing because they often have to fast for many days because they cannot find food. According to a 2008 study, 16% of Ethiopia’s population earns less than $ 1 a day. Only 65% ​​of rural households make enough money to meet the minimum daily food intake of 2,200 calories. 6. Coffee was first discovered in Ethiopia There is a saying in Ethiopia – “Buna dabo naw”, which means “Coffee is our bread”. This clearly shows how important coffee is to the people of Ethiopia. There is a widespread belief that Ethiopia may be the birthplace of coffee. This country has a popular legend associated with this. A goat herder named “Kaldi” was busy grazing his goats when he noticed a strange expression that seemed to be extremely excited. After that, this goat kept jumping up on his hind legs and didn’t stop resting all night. Then, Kaldi realized that the goat had eaten some red berries from a small shrub. Out of curiosity, he tried it and was surprised when it filled him with energy. He then brought these to a nearby monastery. At first, the monks were skeptical about this fruit, but when they tried their seeds with hot water, they found it very interesting. In fact, there is no conclusive evidence of this legend, but it coincides with the time when coffee started being planted in Ethiopia. 7. The oldest fossil human skeleton discovered in Ethiopia in 1974 Ethiopia is one of the most talked about countries when it comes to the paleontological world. In 1963, Gerrard Dekker, a Dutch hydrologist, discovered many stone tools were used about 1 million years ago. Another important discovery was made by Tim D. White, a paleontologist. when he discovered a hominid fossil 4.2 million years old. But the most mentioned hominid fossil would be Lucy. The skeleton belongs to a woman, hence the name “Lucy”, and she lived 3.2 million years ago. She belongs to the species Australopithecus afarensis, an extinct hominid species. She is the oldest human skeleton discovered to date. 8. Raw meat is considered to be the palate of Ethiopia This trend is mainly seen in the city of Addis Ababa, where raw meat is slowly becoming a sought-after dish. The type of meat eaten raw most often is beef. There is also goat meat, but its price is quite high so people will eat it on special occasions. 9. Many Ethiopian holy places forbid women from entering The point above may make you laugh, but it’s 100% true. Those who have visited Ethiopia will confirm that. Known as “Mount Athos”, this monastic facility follows rules drafted back to the 800s C.E. There are about 20 monasteries on the campus, and this is home to 2,000 monks. These monks live a completely separate life from the rest of the world. They were so isolated that anyone who wanted to visit the sanctuary had to climb a great wall, and that could only happen with the permission of the monks. Women and animals are prohibited from entering the sanctuary. 10. In the Ethiopian city of Harar, humans and hyenas have been living together in harmony since the 16th century A common sight in the walled Harar city in Ethiopia are hyenas roaming the streets in search of food. Here, hyenas do not harm humans, and humans are not afraid of animals. Hyenas live in caves just outside the city, and whenever they need food, they look for it in the city. They are seen as agents of nature sent to clean up the mess that people have created in the city. Since the 16th century, people have offered hyena food to mark the birth of the prophet Mohammed. They believe that if the hyenas accept the food, a good time will come and vice versa.

Chinese paleontologists have found ancient insects, snakes, ancient birds and even dinosaur tails in fossil Burmese amber. Thanks to the special preservative properties of amber, these fossils have retained their original shape after 100 million years. One of the dinosaur feathers discovered in the amber piece was damaged by chewing and the markings are similar to the feathers of modern birds with parasitic lice. Feather is one of the types of “special impurities” preserved in Burmese amber, including neck feathers and insect feathers. Not long ago, two pieces of feathered amber from Myanmar attracted paleontologists because through microscopic observations, the researchers noticed some ancient bugs in the feathers. Although these bugs are small and hard to see, paleontologists have found that they have unique and striking habits. The newly discovered insect is named Mesophthirus engeli, revealing the early makeup of the lice ancestor. Mesophthirus engeli has no wings and a body similar to a lice. The team found that they chewed very vigorously through the marks of a dinosaur’s fur. A team of researchers from the Capital Education University of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Capital Medical Science University, the National Museum of Natural History, and the Russian Academy of Sciences studied the studies. Small insects preserved in amber and discovered this particular beetle. Archaeologists have named this tiny insect Mesophthirus engeli with the genus “Mesophthirus” from the Greek word and the name “engeli” is dedicated to Michael S. Engel, a famous paleontologist. Americans, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the study of ancient insects. The earliest appearing fur-eating insect was thought to be Megamenopon rasnitsyni. The lice fossils were unearthed in Germany 44 million years ago, according to Chungkun Shih, study author at the Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of Natural History. Researchers also found evidence of Jurassic and Cretaceous parasitic parasites 66 to 201 million years ago. This ancient bug was very small with a length of less than 0.2 mm, so researchers had to use an electron microscope to see its shape. Mesophthirus engeli looks very much like today’s lice, but it has a larger head with black dot-like eyes on the sides and two tentacles with three long spines on top of the head. Mesophthirus engeli can be said to possess a body “three rings as one”, with the head, chest and abdomen equally wide, six feet short, with claws and long spines at the end, can be grasped. This finding suggests that the insect’s feathering behavior has originated at least in the mid Cretaceous period. Although it looks like a lice, the Mesophthirus engeli species is far different from modern lice and lice. Hence, paleontologists established a new ancient taxon of insects – Mesophagous caterpillars. Compared with the body, the mouth of Mesophthirus engeli is very large and strong, two large jaws are serrated, capable of chewing very strongly. In addition, the researchers also found that in the amber pieces containing these ancient bugs all had the presence of feathers and they all existed signs of damage: broken niches formed near the body. feathers and feathers are also broken. The marks of damaged feathers resemble those left by a feather-eating bug after chewing on the feathers. And obviously, the culprit of these traces was none other than the Mesophthirus engeli species. The origin and early evolution of the hairy trait in insects is inherently ambiguous due to the lack of records of Mesozoic fossils – the period of tectonic, climatic and progressive activities. chemical. Blood-sucking insects were found during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, but dinosaur fur-eating insects have not been previously reported. The discovery of this ancient feather-eating beetle is of great significance, because it has pushed the history of feather-eating insects to 55 million years, because before the discovery of this beetle, the earliest feather-eating insect. is known to mankind in the Kainozoic era 44 million years ago. Thus, the discovery of Mesophthirus engeli filled the gap in the early evolution of a feather-eating insect. Mesophthirus engeli lived in the Cretaceous period 100 million years ago, this is also an important period of diversity and differentiation of primitive birds and feathered dinosaurs, it can be said that this is also the setting stage. parasitic relationship between feathering insects and their host.