The dummy wears the first generation Orion Crew Survival System space item page, equipped with two radiation sensors. Placing a dummy on board an unmanned train scheduled to launch in November 2021 will provide data to help scientists understand the forces that crew members may experience during the Artemis spaceflight. II in 2023. moonikin effigy Helga and Zohar effigy The Artemis I mission will be NASA’s first mission to the Moon since Apollo 17 in 1972. The Artemis II mission will send humans to the Moon. But before that milestone is made, the new Orion spacecraft and the SLS Space Launch System rocket are tested during the first launch to ensure the safety of human astronauts. Also accompanying ‘Moonikin’ on the Artemis I mission are Helga and Zohar, two models of the human body, known as Phantom, made from materials that mimic human bones, tissues and organs. Two Phantoms will sit in the back two seats on the Orion. Helga and Zohar help quantify the space radiation astronauts may experience while inside Orion during missions to the Moon. Also to evaluate the AstroRad radiation protective vest, which can reduce exposure. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station are currently wearing the vest to assess fit and function. During NASA’s Artemis I mission, Zohar will wear a vest, and Helga will not. Currently, the main dummy has no name, scientists affectionately call it ‘moonikin’. Therefore, the US space agency NASA is holding an online event ‘Name the moonikin in the Artemis mission’ online event. Participants helped NASA choose a meaningful name from a list available from June 16 to June 28. Through social networks Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, participants will vote to choose the name they like and the name with the most votes will become the official name of the dummy. Voters can choose from eight potential names: Ace, Wargo, Delos, Duhart, Campos, Shackleton, Montgomery and Rigel. Specifically: 1. ACE: Straightforward, realistic. Short for Artemis Crew Explorer (rough translation: Artemis Crew Explorer) 2. CAMPOS: Ingenious, know how to solve problems. Named after Arturo Campos, who played a key role in bringing back Apollo 13. 3. DELOS: Nostalgia, romance. According to Greek mythology, this is the island where Apollo and Artemis were born. 4. DUHART: Enthusiastic, vibrant, open-minded. Named after Irene Duhart Long, the first woman minority, medical director at the Kennedy Space Center. 5. MONTGOMERY: Pioneering, innovative. Named after Julius Montgomery, the first African-American engineering specialist to work at the Cape Canaveral Space Facility. 6. RIGEL: Bright, brilliant, inspiring. Supergiant star in the constellation Orion. 7. SHACKLETON: Mysterious, rich. Named after a famous Antarctic explorer, as well as the crater on the south pole of the Moon. 8. WARGO: Energetic, enthusiastic, passionate. Named after Michael Wargo, NASA scientist and head of science for human exploration Kathryn Hambleton, a NASA spokesperson, said: “It’s important for the organization to invite the public to participate in online naming and other challenges to get everyone on the journey, inspiring the next generation of explorers. We look forward to the name chosen for the moonikin.” NASA once held contests to name ships and objects used in space exploration missions. The Perseverance, which landed on Mars on February 19, was named after a national competition in early 2020. The winner was Alexander Maher, a 7th grader in Virginia. Meanwhile, teenager Vaneeza Rupani from Alabama won when naming Ingenuity, the name of NASA’s Mars helicopter. Rupani’s essay in NASA’s 2020 “Name the Helicopter” contest won after beating 28,000 entries. Hoang Dung (translation summary)

On June 8, the maximum UV index in all three regions of the North, Central and South were all at 6-8, the threshold with a high risk of harm to the human body. Photo: Thanh Tung/VNA On June 8, the maximum UV index in all three regions of the North, Central and South were all at 6-8, the threshold with a high risk of harm to the human body. Particularly in Hai Phong city, this index reached a very high harmful threshold at 12 o’clock. Hoi An city (Quang Nam province) has the highest UV index in the country, the risk of harm is very high (8.1-8.9) at 11-13 o’clock. According to the World Health Organization, the UV index is 8-10, if the skin is in the sun for about 25 minutes, it can be burned. This index is 11 or higher, the skin is at risk of burns if exposed to the sun for about 10 minutes without protection. And ultraviolet rays at 12 will be very dangerous to health. Experts recommend that everyone wear goggles to protect their eyes. When outdoors, people should wear sunglasses that block at least 99% of UV rays. Sunglasses can help prevent cataracts, as well as wrinkles around the eyes. It’s best to ask your ophthalmologist for the right glasses. The hot sun with harmful ultraviolet rays will also be dangerous to the skin, besides sun protection measures such as wearing clothes, wearing a wide-brimmed hat… people need to pay attention to applying sunscreen and should Apply every 3 hours to protect the skin.

Framatome sent a warning letter to the US government. In the letter, Framatome asked for the support of the US Department of Energy, according to CNN. Framatome is the company that helped build and provide technical support for the Taishan nuclear plant, located about 130 km west of Hong Kong. CNN added that Washington must “hold a number of high-level meetings and discussions with Paris after receiving the letter”. At the same time, the US and Chinese authorities also “contacted to discuss the matter”. Even so, US officials do not believe the situation poses a serious safety threat to residents or workers at the plant. Framatome (France) warned of an “imminent radiation threat” at the Taishan nuclear plant in Guangdong province. Photo: Power-Technology China General Nuclear Power Corporation (CGN) later announced on Taishan’s website: “Taishan’s Unit 1 is operating normally and Unit 2 was reconnected to the grid last week. before and after the overhaul”. These units have a total capacity of 3.3 gigawatts and entered service in 2018 and 2019, respectively. CGN owns a 51% stake in the Taishan joint venture. Framatome’s parent company, Electricite de France SA (EDF), holds a 30% stake, with the rest belonging to Yuedian Utilities (China) in Guangdong province. Framatome claims it is “assisting in resolving the performance issue related to the Taishan nuclear power plant”, while citing available data showing that “the plant is still operating within safe parameters”. The EDF on June 14 confirmed that there was an “increase in the concentration of noble gases” in the cooling system of the Taishan plant. “The presence of some noble gases (chemically inert elements such as argon, helium or neon) is a phenomenon that has been observed during reactor operation,” the EDF said. The information was published at a time when the province of Guangdong, China’s industrial center, suffered a power shortage, forcing more than 20 cities to split electricity to a number of companies and factories. China is the world’s third-largest nuclear power market, after the US and France, with many new reactors under construction. The country has not recorded any serious nuclear accidents.

Sunscreens come in many forms: spray, gel, patch or topical… but generally contain physical or chemical ingredients that are able to block, absorb or spread some UV radiation on the area. skin exposed to the sun. The 3 types of UV filters that can be combined in sunscreen products are: Organic chemical compounds that can absorb harmful components of UV light (oxybenzone, sulisobenzone, avobenzone). Inorganic particles reflect, scatter and absorb UV light (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, superoxide dismutase, phlebodium aureum). Organic particles that can reflect, scatter or absorb light (tinosorb M, tinosorb S, mexoryl XL.). The American Cancer Society recommends that people use sunscreen because it can help prevent squamous cell and basal cell skin cancers, and to use broad-spectrum sunscreens because they can provide Protects against both UVA and UVB rays. What is SPF sun protection factor? SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is a measure of the amount of UV radiation needed to create a sunburn on the skin. All sunscreens are tested to measure the amount of UV radiation exposure needed to cause sunburn when sunscreen is used compared with UV exposure to cause sunburn without sunscreen. Sunscreen. The product is then labeled with the appropriate SPF value. The SPF value indicates the level of sunburn protection provided by the sunscreen product. As the SPF value increases, the level of sunburn protection increases. Sunscreen is only effective when applied to the skin about 15 – 30 minutes before going out in the sun. Should choose sunscreen products with medium SPF, in the city only need to use products with SPF 20 – 30. A very common misconception is that consumers are often told that an SPF 15 sunscreen can provide 15 x 10 minutes = 150 minutes of sun protection without sunburn. This is not true because SPF is not directly related to the time of sun exposure but to the amount of energy exposed to solar radiation. Although the amount of solar energy is related to the length of exposure to the sun, there are other factors such as the intensity of the solar energy that can affect the amount of UV radiation. For example, the following exposures could result in the same amount of solar energy (because the sun is more intense at noon than at other times): Example 60 minutes of solar energy at 9 morning hours can be equivalent to 15 minutes at 13 pm. The intensity of UV radiation in sunlight is also related to geographical location, greater radiation intensity occurs at lower latitudes. Several other factors can affect the amount of solar radiation exposure bức – People with fair skin are able to absorb more solar energy than people with dark skin under the same conditions. – The more sunscreen used, the less solar energy is absorbed. Sunscreen wears out and becomes less effective over time so frequency of reapplying is important to limit absorption of solar radiation. The frequency of reuse is also affected by the activities the user engages in. For example, when swimming, sunscreen needs to be reapplied more often because water can wash sunscreen from the body. In addition, high levels of physical activity also necessitate more frequent use of the cream because this activity can cause heavy sweating that washes away the sunscreen. Because many different factors affect the amount of solar radiation, the SPF number does not reflect the length of time a user is in the sun. In other words, SPF doesn’t inform users about how long they can stay in the sun without getting sunburned. Instead, SPF is a relative measure of the amount of sunburn protection provided in a sunscreen. Different sunscreens will have different SPF ratings. There are sunscreens with SPFs between 15 and 100 on the market today, allowing consumers to compare levels of sunburn protection. The higher the SPF, the more protection your skin can get from the sun. But 3 times the SPF does not mean 3 times the UV protection. For example, SPF 20 sunscreen can absorb up to 95% of UV rays, while SPF 60 sunscreen can absorb up to 98.3% of UV rays; SPF 15 blocks 93% of UV rays; SPF 30 blocks 97% of UV rays; SPF 50 blocks 98% of UV rays. In Vietnam, you should choose a sunscreen with an average SPF, in the city you only need to use a product with an SPF of 20 – 30, when you go to the beach, you need to use a sunscreen with an SPF of 50+. In fact, the majority sun protection index is often not as advertised. Some surveys show that over 40% of sunscreen products with SPF sun protection do not reach the level stated by the manufacturer on the product.

In central provinces and cities, this index is common at a high risk of harm, especially on June 12 at an average level. The UV index in the southern provinces and cities has a high and very high risk of harm, except for Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho on June 12, which has a moderate risk of harm. On June 11, the ultraviolet index of provinces and cities in the North was very high. Illustration: Tuan Duc/VNA On June 11, the ultraviolet index of provinces and cities in the North was very high. This index in Ha Long city (Quang Ninh province) is from 8.4 to 9.1, in Hai Phong city it is from 8.9 to 9.2 and the same harm is very high from 11 to 13 hours. UV radiation in Hanoi city is very high at 12 o’clock with the highest index of only 7.8. In the southern and central provinces and cities, the UV index reached high levels. Except for Ho Chi Minh City, UV radiation reaches 8.3 – 8.9 and is harmful at very high levels from 11 to 13 hours. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the UV index of 8-10 will cause burns to the skin if exposed to the sun for about 25 minutes. This index is 11 or higher, the skin is at risk of burns if exposed to the sun for about 10 minutes without protection. And ultraviolet rays at 12 will be very dangerous to health. Ultraviolet radiation is a component of sunlight, in which ultraviolet A and B rays (UVA and UVB) can damage the DNA of skin cells. When exposed to too much sunlight, the skin will burn, dry, darken, lose elasticity, create wrinkles, accelerate aging and can cause skin cancer. In addition to affecting the skin, UV rays can also cause eye problems. Experts recommend that everyone needs to wear goggles to protect their eyes. When outdoors, people should wear sunglasses that block at least 99% of ultraviolet rays. Sunglasses can help prevent cataracts, as well as wrinkles around the eyes, and it’s best to ask your ophthalmologist for the right glasses. The hot sun brings with it harmful ultraviolet rays that will also be dangerous to the skin. Therefore, besides sun protection measures such as wearing clothes, wearing a wide-brimmed hat… people need to pay attention to apply sunscreen and should apply it every 3 hours to protect the skin.

In the past, all three planets were rocky planets, the surface of which was composed of solid metals and silicates. Among them, our Earth is the largest planet, the mass and radius of Venus is only about 82% and 95% of the Earth, respectively, the mass and radius of Mars only account for about 11% and 53% when compared to our planet. Over the past few decades, humans have launched many unmanned probes to Venus and Mars, and it turns out that the environments on these two planets are very harsh. Venus is too hot, and Mars is too cold, and there is no oxygen on either planet, so life on Earth could not exist in such an environment, and astronomers could not find it. see any other traces of life there. So, how were Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago? Why are Venus and Mars now barren, and only our planet is habitable? Calculated based on the radiant power of the sun, Venus and Mars also operate in the same habitable zone as Earth, which means they can receive just the right amount of solar radiation to water. on their surface can still be in a liquid state. Astronomers speculate based on current signs on Venus and Mars and surmise that there may have been an ocean of liquid water on both Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago. For the first few hundred million years, Venus was a warm and humid planet. In the primordial oceans of Venus, life was fully qualified to evolve. They could be carbon-based life like life on Earth or could be other life forms. However, Venus’s habitable period did not last long. Because Venus is so close to the sun, and the temperature of the sun gradually increases over time, making Venus hotter and hotter, and a large amount of liquid water has also been evaporated. At the same time, the volcanic activity on Venus is also gradually becoming more active and continuously releasing carbon dioxide, causing a strong greenhouse effect. Without oceans, carbon dioxide would not be neutralized. They enter the atmosphere and cause a severe greenhouse effect, which will increase the temperature on Venus. Meanwhile, on Earth, the oceans, plants and minerals absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, so the Earth will not become too hot due to the strong greenhouse effect during that period. Eventually, Venus’ greenhouse effect was completely out of control, liquid water completely evaporated, and life could have been destroyed. According to data returned by the Venus probe, the current concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’s atmosphere is as high as 96.5%, and the surface atmospheric pressure is 91 times higher than the Earth’s surface. Under the influence of this extreme greenhouse effect, Venus has essentially reached thermal equilibrium, and the average surface temperature is as high as 464 degrees Celsius. Although it is essentially impossible to have life on the surface of Venus today, some astronomers speculate that there may be some strange life in the atmosphere of Venus. In the sky high enough above the surface of Venus, the atmospheric pressure will be moderate, and the temperature will not be high, possibly for the synthesis of organic matter and the evolution of life. On the other hand, ancient Mars was probably also a habitable planet. Currently, on Mars there is a large amount of water-washed terrain, and there are some iron ores that can only be generated in the aquatic environment, which is strong evidence for the existence of a large amount of water. liquid water on ancient Mars. So, how did Mars become such a uninhabitable planet as it is? At present-day Mars’ North Pole, there is a giant basin whose surface is equivalent to two-fifths of the surface of Mars. This huge Arctic basin was formed by a massive collision. Studies have shown that about 3.9 billion years ago, a dwarf planet (about the size of Pluto) with a diameter of about 2,000 km collided with the north pole of Mars. This massive collision completely changed the core of Mars, causing activities inside Mars to quickly stop, and the Martian magnetic field also gradually weakened and finally almost disappeared. lost. Without the protection of the magnetic field, the solar wind gradually strengthens and melts the atmosphere of Mars, liquid water continues to evaporate, causing Mars to quickly become a barren land. Currently, there is almost no atmosphere on Mars, but there is still some water ice in the polar regions. In addition, there may be a seasonal amount of liquid water in some areas of Mars, which has a high salt content and may be temporarily liquid in the low-temperature Martian environment. At the moment, the temperature on Mars is very low, the average temperature is only -63 degrees Celsius. If humans want to settle on Mars in the future, the first thing to do is to strengthen the star’s magnetic field. Mars and produces large amounts of greenhouse gases to “heat” Mars and melt the solid water that exists on Mars. Mars is much smaller than Earth, so it would have cooled from its molten state at its inception faster than Earth, so liquid water on Mars may have appeared earlier, which could This means that life on Mars may have formed and evolved earlier than our planet. Therefore, there are conspiracy theories that, when celestial bodies collided with Mars, the rocks that were thrown into space by the collisions could have carried the germ of life on Mars into space, and then some someday fall to Earth, becoming the source of life on Earth. And perhaps by coincidence, life on Earth also began to form around the same time that Mars’ North Pole collided. From the point of view of time, this is consistent. In addition, astronomers have discovered traces of suspected life in meteorites on Mars that have fallen to Earth. Life on Earth may have originated on Mars, but this has so far required more convincing evidence. In the past, the Curiosity rover has detected some carbon-containing organic substances in the rocks on Mars, which may be evidence that ancient Mars once had a few living things. Even now, it is still possible for life on Mars, they did not go extinct billions of years ago, but moved into the Martian underground and developed a unique survival mechanism to adapt to the harsh environment. harsh on this planet. Compared to Venus and Mars, our planet is very lucky. For billions of years, Earth has always been a habitable planet, so hundreds of millions of species have appeared here. Our Earth is like a “chosen planet”, a moderate distance from the sun, with a magnetic field that can resist solar radiation so that all kinds of life can continue to multiply and develop. Although it cannot be ruled out that some planets in the solar system (such as Europa) also harbor life, the environments of those planets are very different from those of Earth, and most life on Earth is not ruled out. Soil cannot exist there. In the near future, Earth will still be the only planet inhabited by humans in the universe.

Healthy mice were created from freeze-dried sperm stored for 6 years in space. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. A new study shows that rat sperm that was freeze-dried and stored on the International Space Station (ISS) for nearly six years didn’t suffer any DNA damage and went on to produce “mice pups” healthy”. The study was published June 11 in the journal Science Advances . According to the scientists, this discovery sheds more light on whether mammals, including humans, can reproduce in space. Combined with ground-based experiments exposing mouse sperm to X-rays, the study found that mammalian sperm cells can be preserved on the International Space Station for up to 200 years. Researchers have long thought that exposure to space radiation can damage the DNA in cells and lead to the possibility of passing mutations on to offspring. The lack of freezers on the ISS has prevented long-term research into living cells. To overcome these limitations, the researchers frozen dried sperm samples from 12 mice and sealed them in small, lightweight tubes and transported to the ISS by rocket without the need for a freezer. Mouse sperm were freeze-dried in glass tubes and stored on the ISS . Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. Because of the complex mix of different types of radiation in space, scientists say, only simulation experiments to assess DNA damage on Earth cannot capture the reality of conditions. outside our atmosphere. Dr. Sayaka Wakayama, Yamanashi University, Japan, lead author of the study told The Independent : “There are different types of radiation flying around in space, unlike on the ground. For example, there are heavy ions, protons and electromagnetic waves from the rays of the sun.” “It’s very difficult to irradiate and reproduce all these types of radiation at once on the ground, so I think DNA damage in biological samples can only be measured in space,” he explains. . Scientists periodically test small portions of the sample. The samples returned to Earth after 9 months, 2 years 9 months, and 5 years and 10 months, respectively. Mouse embryos developed normally in the laboratory after fertilization with freeze-dried sperm and stored in space. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. When the researchers examined the samples using instruments that measured how much radiation they had absorbed and performed tests to assess DNA damage in the cell nuclei, they found a long stay. Long duration on the ISS did not result in DNA damage to freeze-dried sperm. Dr Wakayama said: “The total amount of space radiation absorbed by the ISS, as measured by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is 0.41 milli Gray (mGy) per day. Meanwhile, typical radiation doses used to treat cancers such as solid epithelial tumors range from 60 to 80Gy. “The results of the ground X-ray experiment show that freeze-dried sperm can withstand up to 30 Gy and still be able to produce the next generation,” added Dr Wakayama. The freeze-drying process used in the study is “similar to instant coffee, or freeze-dried fruit,” explains Dr. Wakayama. With food, just adding water can be used “instantly”. The freeze-drying process kills sperm, but when rehydrated and injected into a mouse egg, the sperm can still fertilize the egg, then develop normally. The rehydrated sperm cells, when injected into fresh ovarian cells and transferred to female mice, resulted in the birth of “healthy pups”. Mouse sperm that has been preserved in space for years is injected into egg cells. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. Although there is a difference between DNA damage caused by X-rays and space radiation, it can be roughly predicted that freeze-dried sperm can be preserved on the surface of the body, the scientists wrote in the study. ISS for over 200 years”. According to the scientists, a total of 168 mice were born from sperm kept in space for six years, all of which were normal in appearance and had no abnormalities in their gene activity patterns. compared with control mice born from sperm preserved on Earth. Some of these mice were raised to adulthood and were able to produce healthy offspring. Scientists believe that more studies from similar experiments could shed more light on radiation effects and the tolerance of life forms for long periods of time in space. Scientists are also conducting research to find out whether mammalian embryos can develop in zero-gravity conditions. Proposals for this experiment were approved by NASA and JAXA in 2015. In August, frozen mouse embryos will be launched to the ISS, where astronauts will thaw and culture in zero gravity.

Taishan Nuclear Power Plant, Guangdong Province, China (Photo: SCMP) Late on June 14, the US media reported that authorities in Washington spent a whole week assessing a report on a possible radioactive leak at the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant (Taishan). ) in Guangdong province, China, after a French company warned of an “imminent radiation threat”. Responding to the news, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian confirmed that radiation levels at the Taishan power plant were normal and there were no safety concerns to report. “There is nothing abnormal in the radiation levels around this nuclear power plant, and safety is still guaranteed,” Trieu said at a press conference on June 15. concerned, the current situation at the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant meets the technical requirements.” He also emphasized that Beijing pays close attention to nuclear safety issues and has a nuclear safety control/management system that fully meets international and domestic standards. Zhao made the statement after the US channel CNN reported earlier this week that the UN Security Council had spent a week assessing the report on the risk of radioactive “leakage” at Taishan. and held “many” meetings on this issue. Framatome – a French nuclear reactor manufacturer that holds a stake in the Taishan plant – is said to have alerted authorities at the US Department of Energy through a letter about the “threat of leakage”. impending radioactive leak” and accused the Chinese government of raising the allowable radiation level to avoid shutting down the power plant. According to a memo cited by CNN, Framatome has sent a letter of petition to Washington to get the US to remove sanctions., It is known that China’s atomic energy industry has been subject to many restrictions imposed by the US. since 2019, due to concerns about the industry’s relationship with the Chinese military. Beijing has criticized the US decision, while some observers say the sanctions are politically motivated. On Sunday, the Dai Son plant also released a statement indicating that radiation levels in and around the plant were “normal” and that its reactors were in good working order. “All performance indicators of the two units meet nuclear safety regulations and plant technical regulations,” the statement said. Last Friday, Framatome released a statement saying that “according to production data, the plant is operating below safety indicators”. However, despite these claims, several US media outlets continued to report on the situation in Taishan, with Newsweek magazine publishing an article titled “Leakage at the Chinese nuclear power plant”. Quoc is reminiscent of Chernobyl, while Taishan insists it is safe.” This article also claims that there are many reports indicating that Taishan brings back “the memories of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, when the Soviet Union mitigated the problem of radiation levels at one of the nuclear power plants. their nuclear power”. Several other agencies, including Bloomberg, also recalled the Chernobyl incident when reporting on Taishan. France’s Electricite de France (EDF) – the parent company of Framatome – owns a 30% stake in the Taishan plant, along with China Atomic Energy Corporation. The plant consists of two reactors located in southern China, about 75 km from Macao, 140 km west of Hong Kong. This plant started operating between 2018 – 2019 and is said to be the “new generation” of nuclear reactor technology.

Solutions against heat Planning solution In the past, our ancestors had a saying: “Get a gentle wife to make a house facing south”. It is a very natural and simple way of planning to avoid the direction that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The south direction is the direction to catch the cool wind, avoiding the radiation of the sun. Of course it is a folk house in the village-rural structure. Modern urban areas depend on many other factors, so it is not possible to completely choose the direction for the project. This is not to say that the direction is dependent. Where possible, the orientation of the building should be optimized. The Vietnamese standard on heat protection for houses clearly states: “For houses, try to arrange so that the west-east side of the house has the smallest surface area to limit solar radiation”. As with clusters of works or complexes of works, it is necessary to design a reasonable total ground, giving priority to good orientation for mainstream works, works with higher heat resistance requirements such as living and working places. Environmental and ecological solutions This solution is associated with the planning solution. This is also a solution that our ancestors have applied very thoroughly in traditional architecture. Trees, water surface are always indispensable elements, accompanying the architecture. Trees create shade, prevent and cover architectural surfaces from solar radiation. The water surface (pond, lake, aquarium …) and green trees regulate the climate, making the environment cooler and cleaner. Under conditions of unsaturated air humidity, the water surface always has the phenomenon of evaporation. Water evaporation is an endothermic process, so it causes the ambient temperature to drop. Trees and water surface are attached to natural land; All have low emissivity, which are effective factors for overall heat resistance, with a large range of influence. Currently, in many urban areas, the ratio of trees, water surface to construction works is at an alarming rate, plus other areas are concretized at a high level (yard, summer, parking lot). …). The surfaces of these materials have high emissivity, causing the air environment to heat up significantly. Architectural solutions This is considered the broadest and most flexible solution. The architectural solution is the combination of the ground and the building block, the design of a reasonable cover structure to limit the surface exposed to the sun – avoid radiation, or reduce the heat conduction in the material, enhance thermal convection. The basic architectural solutions are as follows: Reasonable ground layout, prioritizing main spaces to avoid contact with sun-catching surfaces; push the extra spaces such as stairs, storage, toilet to that side. Create setbacks, negative spaces such as halls, loggias, technical slots, etc. to avoid solar radiation entering the main space surface. Use side shading structures installed outside the enclosure (walls) to reduce radiation and heat conduction. In traditional folk architecture, many places have a bamboo mat on the veranda. This element has been applied a lot in modern architecture with different forms and different materials. Facade complex with “rigid structures” to block the sun; attached to the bearing structure and cover. Usually it is an umbrella, vertical and horizontal sunshades. In the 70-80s, this type of architecture was very developed – especially in the category of administrative and office buildings. Those designs are carefully studied in terms of architectural physics according to the climate and solar chart of each locality. Build thick walls, box walls (hollow), use insulation materials (hollow bricks, insulation panels, 3D panels, aerated aggregate concrete…) for the covering structure. The door design is reasonable in terms of location and materials. These solutions are all based on the principle of reducing radiation and conduction of heat from the outside. Use heat-resistant materials for roofs such as woven panels, brick holes, corrugated iron roofs (for flat and concrete roofs), use heat-insulated false ceilings (for sloping, tiled roofs). This solution must pay special attention to the problem of ventilation for the air mass between the two roof layers. Reduce the emissivity of the building surface with plants, such as growing vines on the wall, garden design – water surface on the roof. This is a pretty good aesthetic solution, but there are certain changes over time. Organize the premises, design the location and structure the door reasonably; design courtyard, skylight to enhance air convection. The goal is for the hot air to escape up and out, making room for the lower heat mass. Technical solution Air conditioners (Air conditioners): Considered modern, and easy to deploy applications. However, air conditioners also reveal certain disadvantages. First of all, this solution consumes significant energy resources, and affects the environment. According to the principle of thermal balance, to reduce the temperature in the room, it increases the outside temperature by the same amount of heat. Besides, air conditioners are difficult to meet for open spaces, too large spaces. Ventilation: In addition to natural convection, forced ventilation is considered an effective solution to combat heat when natural convection is not effective. Properly designed ventilation systems will contribute to heat resistance, and should be taken advantage of – combined with architectural solutions such as skylights. Spraying water, misting: Misting systems have recently been deployed to many applications, in public spaces such as restaurants, and even houses. Spraying water and mist creates the phenomenon of evaporating water and collecting heat, while enhancing air convection. In addition, the pressure of water spray, mist creates cool air movement (will be discussed in the next section). In addition, homeowners can also use specialized heat-resistant paint for the surface of the building, which is also an effective anti-heat solution.

Illustration. Every day, you should drink 2-3 cups of green tea, this antioxidant-rich drink after being absorbed by the body not only minimizes the harmful effects of radiation from the computer, but the vitamin A in the tea leaves also contains vitamin A. can protect and enhance your eyesight. Daily should eat a moderate amount of carrots, bean sprouts, tomatoes. Fruit juice has a sour taste and juice from green vegetables is a very good body cleanser, if possible, should drink it regularly. Wash your face The radiation emitted from the computer is considered a catalyst that causes the skin to absorb a lot of dirt in the air, which in the long run will lead to the appearance of wrinkles, freckles, acne… promptly wash your face with clean water, it will reduce over 70% of radiation. It is best to wash your face with warm water mixed with a few drops of lemon juice, followed by a gentle massage to remove dirt, then apply lotion to restore the skin. Drink a lot of water This is a simple but highly effective skin care secret. Most of the words shared about beautiful skin care by beauty bloggers, famous stars, beauty queens, etc. refer to drinking lots of water. You may not know, radiation from computers is one of the causes of dry skin. When the skin lacks moisture, the sebaceous glands are forced to work continuously to compensate. This causes your face to have an excess of oil, causing an unsightly shine. In addition, excess oil clogs pores, making the skin prone to acne. Therefore, drinking water is very necessary to compensate for the amount of moisture lost during work. However, how much water is enough for the body is also quite important. Drinking too much water can easily lead to excess water in the body, causing edema. Better yet, you should drink enough from 2-2.5 liters of water every day to keep your skin smooth. Relax your skin Busy work makes her always focus on the computer constantly, so she often forgets to let her skin rest. Just like the brain, the skin also needs rest after a long period of activity. After every 1-2 hours of work, stand up, breathe and close your eyes gently to relax the whole body. On the other hand, you can go get drinking water to moisturize the skin and help the eyes and brain to be released. Apply this habit regularly, you will find your mind at ease and work more efficiently.

Illustration. In hot summer, children often sweat a lot. Sweat is easily deposited in the mouth of the unfinished sweat glands, stimulating the skin, forming nodules, rough touch, and heat rash. Bathing with water alone cannot remove the dirt on the baby’s skin. Therefore, when bathing the baby, the mother should use a little gentle shower gel or lotion with natural extracts mixed in water to bathe the baby, this will help make the baby’s skin healthier, soft and lightly fragrant. gentler, avoiding the attack of harmful bacteria. Note, when bathing the baby should use warm water and should not bathe for too long or too many times a day because it will make the baby’s skin dry. Use sunscreen Not only every adult needs to use sunscreen every day to protect their skin, but so do children. When going outdoors, parents need to apply sunscreen to their children to prevent ultraviolet rays from directly affecting the skin and causing harm to the baby’s skin. In addition, you should limit your children’s exposure to sunlight for too long, especially when UV radiation peaks from 10-14h. In addition to applying sunscreen, when moving outdoors in the sun, parents need to shield children with sun protection items such as wide-brimmed hats, long-sleeved shirts, glasses, … Moisturizing Newborn skin is different from adults, 30% thinner, less durable structure, vulnerable to damage and irritation. Children’s skin is relatively large compared to their body weight, contains a lot of water, but is twice as easy to dry as an adult’s skin. Therefore, atopic dermatitis is very common in children, especially infants and young children. One of the factors that increase the risk of atopic dermatitis is that parents have not paid attention to skin care and done it incorrectly. Doctor Khanh advised, after bathing, mothers should use moisturizing milk for children to limit water loss through the skin. Moisturizing is also the basic measure to prevent and treat atopic dermatitis. The moisturizer works to restore the skin barrier, make the skin soft, fight dryness, reduce itching. In addition, applying moisturizing products regularly is also anti-inflammatory, preventing allergens and bacteria from entering. Protect your skin properly The last and equally important step is to protect the skin. Areas that often sweat or come into contact with urine such as the folds of the neck, the inside of the elbows, the elbows, the arms and legs, the groin, the buttocks, the back, the chest need to be dried. Mothers can apply powder to absorb excess moisture, help the skin to breathe, prevent bacteria from growing, and prevent heat rash. Note that the powder is only applied after cleaning and drying the baby’s skin. Khanh emphasized, the skin is the organ that protects the child’s body from environmental agents, preventing the penetration of allergens and bacteria that cause infections. Proper care will increase the “resistance” of the skin, prevent atopic dermatitis, skin infections and uncomfortable heat rash. Clean, healthy skin also helps children feel comfortable, eat well, sleep deeply, and develop better physically from the first stage of life. Soon I grew up, could talk and walk without my mother’s support. So, take advantage of 20 minutes of skin care every day to bond more closely with your child. The reassuring whispers will make your baby love bath time more than anything. Mothers should also play with their children while playing with water so that the baby feels really comfortable and excited. Gentle massage movements, slowly applying powder will help awaken the senses in children, bring a sense of joy and excitement for children to develop comprehensively and happily.

Overcoming prejudice to pursue passion Jocelyn Bell was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland and Burnell is her husband’s last name, Roger Burnell. Her parents, Allison and Philip Bell, were supportive of her interest in science. Mr. Philip is an architect, credited with building Ireland’s Armagh Planetarium. Her parents’ support was especially important because at the time, girls were discouraged from doing scientific research. In fact, the school she attended, Lurgan College, wanted girls to focus on housework skills. Thanks to the persuasion of her parents, she was finally allowed to study the sciences. Jocelyn Bell Burnell in her youth At the beginning of her academic and research career, she thought that she was not qualified to attend Cambridge University, and she was even ridiculed by male classmates. However, she did not stop striving and in 1965, she graduated from the University of Glasgow with a major in Physics. In 1969, she successfully defended her doctoral thesis at Cambridge University. During her time at Cambridge University, Jocelyn Bell worked on a team led by astrophysicist Antony Hewish that built the Mullard Observatory’s (MRAO) radio-receiving antenna array to observe the quasars. They also created a radio telescope to study quasars, bright distant objects that contain supermassive black holes within them. She detected the first radio signals of a pulsar on October 28, 1967 at the age of 24. This is the first pulsar, a star invisible to the naked eye that can only be detected by radio waves. Neutron stars rotate very quickly and emit beams of radiation, which have a huge gravitational pull. As for the discovery of pulsars, the press described it as “the greatest astronomical discovery of the 20th century”. Jocelyn Bell Burnell’s discovery was also called “one of the most surprising things in the history of astronomy”. Among many other findings, her discovery provided a kind of test for Einstein’s theory of relativity, providing a new treasure of knowledge about how heavy elements in the universe form. However, Burnell’s work was completely ignored. In 1974, together with radio astronomer Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research in the field of astronomical observations at radio wavelengths and the discovery of pulsars. It is unfair that Jocelyn Bell was not awarded a part of the Nobel Prize even though she was also named in the scientific report on the discovery of the pulsar. It was a gender-unfair decision, according to observers. Jocelyn Bell Burnell was honored by US scientists with the attendance of President Barack Obama in 2016. The world recognizes the merits Jocelyn Bell Burnell has taught at many universities in the UK and USA. She has won the Beatrice M. Tinsley Award from the American Astronomical Society (1989), was awarded the Royal Medal from the Royal Society in 2015, the Prudential Lifetime Achievement Award and many others. She became President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and President of the Royal Astronomical Society from 2002 to 2004 and was elected President of the Institute of Physics from October 2008 to October 2010. She was recognized by Queen Elizabeth as Commander of the British Empire for her services in the field of astronomy. Her curiosity, diligent observation, and rigorous analysis have revealed some of the most mysterious and interesting objects in the universe. Not only a pioneer and a great tree, Bell Burnell is also the most outstanding role model in the field, a worthy representative of women in science. She has dedicated her career to empowering women and minorities in science.” Chiara Mingarelli, astrophysicist at the Flatiron Institute in New York, USA Bell Burnell’s discovery had a great influence on world science. In early 2018, scientists at the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) demonstrated the feasibility of using pulsars for navigation in the SEXTANT experiment carried out on the International Space Station. This experiment stems from the idea that future robotic spacecraft could use the pulsar’s clock-like regular X-rays to triangulate the position of the pulsars. There is currently a project to use pulsars as lighthouses to guide the way during space travel. “Analyzing data in other regions, I found two more mysterious signals. I discovered four other examples of an entirely new class of stars, objects that emit signals as they rotate. Their signal swept across the universe like a lighthouse. We called it a pulsar,” she told the Guardian. Jocelyn Bell Burnell and her work on pulsars Pulsars have been used to weigh the solar system and accurately determine its mass. They are recommended signposts for long-term interstellar navigation. Astronomers also use pulsars to create maps that direct aliens to Earth’s position in space. In 2018, physicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell was awarded the Breakthrough Prize – the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, worth $3 million. She used the $3 million prize money to create scholarships to encourage female students, migrants, and disadvantaged ethnic minorities to pursue a career in physics. For a discovery that many consider worthy of a Nobel Prize, she was recognized by the Breakthrough Committee with a special prize in fundamental physics for her scientific achievements and her “inspirational pioneering role”. ” for more than five decades.

How do ultraviolet rays affect the eyes? Eyes are very sensitive to any touch, including light. Looking at objects that are too bright for a long time, the eyes will quickly get tired, the feeling of eye pain appears. In the bright sunlight of summer, radiation from the sun easily causes blurred vision and premature degeneration… Therefore, protecting eyes from ultraviolet rays is very necessary. Ultraviolet rays appear in the sun, located in the 400-100nm wave band, appearing more and more, making eye diseases at an increased risk. If you look directly into the sunlight, it is more dangerous for your eyes. Ultraviolet rays (also known as UV rays, ultraviolet rays) cause eye burns, corneal damage, cataracts… The first harmful effects of ultraviolet rays can cause eye burns, easily encountered if we stand in the sun for a long time and do not have the protection with sunglasses, a hat. Symptoms of the disease are burning of eyelids, feeling of burning, itching, dry eyes and continuous blinking, blistering of endothelial cells. This phenomenon occurs a lot can lead to blurred vision, blurred vision. At first, ultraviolet rays only affect the eyelids and cornea. If severe, UV rays will affect the lens, leading to cataracts. In addition, damage to the endothelial cells of the retina leads to macular degeneration. Eye damage can be immediate or permanent after absorbing the UV rays present in the sun. In the eyelids, sunlight can cause some types of blepharitis, especially ciliary cancer such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Normally, after being exposed to ultraviolet rays, from 6-15 hours, there will be visual disturbances such as decreased vision, seeing halos around light sources. After that, the patient will feel like there is a foreign object in the eye, watery eyes, very afraid of light. Usually, if progress is good, after 8 hours, these symptoms will go away on their own. In case of prolonged exposure to sunlight, ultraviolet rays can also cause more serious eye diseases such as retinal damage, cataracts, and even blindness. How to protect your eyes: The most important way to avoid sun damage to your eyes is to avoid direct exposure to the sun, avoiding the time when UV rays are the most, such as from 11am to 4pm. If we must work in the sun, we must find ways to limit the sun’s penetration into the body in many different ways such as wearing hats, wide-brimmed hats, covering the face… Ultraviolet every time you go out. Hair also needs to be shielded from the bad effects of the sun. Hair also needs proper sun protection Every day, the hair has to endure a lot of harmful effects from the environment: wind, dust, sun … making the hair worse and worse. At the same time, factors such as: age, aging process, daily hair care habits, abuse of dyes, excessively hot hair drying… are also causes of faster aging process. hair, causing the hair to lose more and more natural tolerance, become weak and break. To protect the hair, Health of life We recommend that you perform the following solutions: Sun protection for scalp and hair: Standing in the sun for a long time, especially when the scalp is wet from sea water or water from the pool, can easily cause the scalp to burn and become red. Therefore, you should wear a wide-brimmed hat to protect your hair from the sun. Rinse your hair with clean water before and after swimming: Another enemy of hair is chlorine in swimming pool water. The simplest way to reduce the impact of chlorine on the hair is to rinse the hair with clean water before swimming, helping the hair follicles to expand and fill with water, minimizing the amount of chlorine absorbed into the hair when swimming. After swimming, wash and rinse your hair thoroughly with clean water. Let your hair dry naturally: If possible, instead of using a blow dryer, be patient and let your hair dry naturally. While a hair dryer is convenient, it can easily dry, break and damage hair if not used properly. Daily you should use nourishing and care oils with essential protective ingredients such as moisture, UV protection. Make it a habit to steam your hair once a week to directly provide essential nutrients to your hair. Sunscreen spray for hair: You should not only protect your skin from the sun but forget about protecting your hair from the sun, UV rays and high temperatures from the sun. Your solution is hair-specific sunscreen sprays with UV protection that help protect hair from signs of damage without being greasy. Note: For healthy hair, do not wash your hair too much. After each wash, the scalp needs 48-54 hours to recover. When you wash your hair too much (wash several times a day or wash it every day) and use too much shampoo, you will make the oil layer on the scalp lose, the protective layer of the hair roots is affected, making the hair easy to fall and break. than. Eating enough nutrients such as vitamin B2 found in milk, meat, liver, bread helps healthy hair; vitamin B5 found in chicken, oranges, egg yolks… has the effect of nourishing hair; especially vitamin B3 found in yeast, fish, beans because this is an important ingredient, without it, hair will turn gray at a fast rate. Regularly drink milk and eat dairy products to provide optimal nutrition for your hair.

In addition to excreting sebum to balance the skin, pores also keep the job of sweating to regulate body temperature and remove toxins from the body. Large pores are a skin problem many people face in the summer. Photo: ELLE. Causes of large pores Many different reasons such as diet, pressure and damage from solar radiation, using inappropriate cosmetics cause the skin to produce more sebum, causing clogged pores, enlargement and acne. Acne development causes the pore area to expand, the skin around this area is also stretched. Excess sebum becomes a suitable environment for bacteria, dirt to accumulate leading to larger pores. Many people have the habit of using thick concealer to cover areas with large pores. When removing makeup is not clean, it accidentally leaves cosmetic residues that cause acne, causing pores to expand. Not using sunscreen is also the cause of large pores. Because the surface of the skin is not protected from the “attack” of UV rays, it is easy to lose collagen and elastin, making the skin drier. In addition, age also affects the size of pores because the skin loses elasticity and reduces collagen production. Solar radiation makes pores bigger. Photo: The Sun. Measures to prevent large pores Avoid staying up late, eating a lot of grease that makes the skin prone to acne, instead, use green vegetables and fresh fruits to provide vitamins for the skin. Do not squeeze acne, because doing this is more prone to infection and larger pores. In addition, you need to drink enough water every day. Keep your skin clean, wash your face with products suitable for each skin type, especially those with oily skin are prone to large pores. Washing your face with cold water is a natural way to prevent sweat and reduce shine. This method helps to tighten pores that secrete excess oil in the hot summer weather. Wash your face with cold water to close the pores. Photo: ELLE. Light makeup for people with oily, sweaty skin. Using rose water after washing your face somewhat helps to tighten pores. Facilitates skin regeneration by exfoliation. However, do gentle movements. Vigorous rubbing can rupture the sebaceous glands under the skin’s surface and lead to acne formation. Apply a mask at least once a week to clear the skin with different types such as fresh milk and tomatoes, potatoes, egg white and honey mixture. Besides, it is recommended to experiment with placing ice cubes on a cotton pad, and then apply it to the location with large pores for about 10-20 seconds. With this method, you can effectively shrink and clean your pores. Eat lots of green vegetables, fresh fruits and drink enough water daily to help the skin be provided with vitamins.

After irradiation, samples of the fake crane orchids were taken to the separation room to be cultured in nutrient solution for a certain time. (Photo: Nguyen Dung/VNA) In Lam Dong – the “capital” of high-tech agriculture of the country, the application of new science and technology in agriculture is increasingly widespread. Especially for the plant breeding industry to preserve rare genetic resources as well as to develop commercial varieties of these plants. Wild Orchid Di Linh is one of such trees. They are not only mass-produced, but also irradiated to create mutations on demand. Di Linh fake crane – a “famous” orchid of orchid players inside and outside Lam Dong province, often sought to buy with many different prices. However with In-vitro technology As modern as it is today, for the first time, the Center for Science and Technology Application (Lam Dong Department of Science and Technology) has successfully studied the process of mass propagation of this plant. Mass breeding The technique of propagation by plant tissue culture (In-vitro) is no longer strange in Lam Dong province in general and Da Lat city in particular. The application of this technology to propagate the species of Orchid Di Linh was first deployed by the Center for Science and Technology Application. The project was completed, completed and accepted by Mr. Phan Quoc Chinh, Deputy Director of Lam Dong Center for Science and Technology Application and his colleagues. To select the original source of quality seed, the people who carried out the project had to collect Gia Hac Di Linh orchids in Da Lat city and Di Linh district, in orchid gardens that met strict standards. Sampled plants must have an average height of 30-40 cm, have 14-16 pairs of leaves, average trunk diameter of about 4mm and be planted in plastic or terracotta pots. Each tree has 4-5 fruits and the physiological ripening rate is not equal. Selected fruits that should be dark green and physiologically ripe, of the specified size, without cracks, were collected for inclusion in the sample. A seedling of the fake crane orchid has had a mutation: the color of the leaves, the stem has turned white or purple. (Photo: Nguyen Dung/VNA) After being cleaned and disinfected, samples of Di Linh imitation crane will be propagated in-vitro according to the following summary procedure: initial culture stage to create buds and clusters of buds; rapid multiplication stage; rooting stage to create a complete plant. These three stages take about 28 weeks, then the seedlings (5cm tall, 4cm long roots, good growth, dark green leaves) are brought to the nursery to plant and take care of. After the next 24 weeks, the plant can be grown with a height of 5-7cm, with 4-5 leaves. According to Mr. Phan Quoc Chinh, plants grown in an In-vitro environment must ensure the conditions of temperature, humidity and light intensity according to certain cycles. In addition to the results of creating a series of fake crane orchids, the project also built a standard process for propagating this plant by the In-vitro method and can be transferred to other units. “During the implementation, we tried to add ripe banana pulp, coconut water to the culture medium. The results showed that shoot formation and shoot growth also increased faster than normal, “- Mr. Chinh said. Very cheap price After finishing breeding process In-vitro, the first 500 orchid seedlings were brought to the nursery at the Don Duong Experimental Station (Don Duong District) and continued to be tested on many different types of media within 3 months. As a result, the rate of plants living outside the nursery reached 90%. Among the types of substrates put into the experiment, coir fiber media helped the plant grow best, the height of the tree reached 5.6cm; The root length is 3.70cm, the survival rate is 95% and the tree has a large stem, dark green leaves, many leaves. A Di Linh Fake Orchid is eligible for sale for 25,000 VND / tree, very cheap compared to the current market. (Photo: Nguyen Dung/VNA) According to Mr. Nguyen Nhu Chuong, Director of Lam Dong Center for Science and Technology Application, after the acceptance of the project, the Center continues to propagate about 3,000 plants to supply domestic and foreign markets at an export price. selling for only about 25,000 VND/seedling. “The method of tissue culture in the laboratory makes it possible to propagate many times larger numbers than natural breeding. Therefore, the price that the Center is selling to the market today is normal,” said Mr. Chuong. From the results of the study, Center for Applied Science and Technology Lam Dong has carried out the development of basic standards for Gia Hac Di Linh orchid seedlings and received by the Sub-Department of Cultivation and Plant Protection. Thereby, the genetic resources of rare forest orchids originating locally are preserved and developed. According to Mr. Ho Anh Dung, Vice Chairman of Da Lat Flower Association, the quality of In-vitro seedlings will ensure higher uniformity and superiority compared to traditional methods, serving the conservation of seed resources. and commercial purposes. The first-line mother plant has been carefully selected, which will help the seedlings to preserve the best characteristics of the mother plant, not only the Di Linh orchid but also precious plants such as Ngoc Linh ginseng, Camellia flower./ .

Mr. Phan Quoc Chinh, Deputy Director of Lam Dong Center for Science and Technology Application, Head of the topic inside the orchid tissue culture laboratory Di Linh Giac. (Photo: Nguyen Dung/VNA) Nuclear Research Institute (headquartered in Da Lat city, Lam Dong province) is a leading unit in the field of agricultural biology in Vietnam’s atomic energy industry. Among them, radiation breeding is a field that has existed for a long time and developed to this day. mutagenic irradiation on flowers, decorative leaves and rare orchids fake cranes. Irradiation selects mutations The Center for Radiation Technology and Biotechnology (Nuclear Research Institute) is a unit that regularly applies radiation techniques to select and create mutant varieties on plants. Especially in the past time, the market Orchid and mutant bonsai is extremely vibrant, many customers have come to the center to irradiate to mutate plants. The irradiation process is quite quick, with the new technology Gama Cobalt irradiator, this process only takes about 1-2 minutes and is fully automatic. Immediately after, orchid seeds will be taken to the separation room to be cultured in nutrient solution for a certain time. After that, these plants were further isolated many times to select mutant morphologies different from the parent plant. Master Le Xuan Cuong, irradiation technician (Center for Radiation Technology and Biotechnology), said that the number of doses will vary depending on the sample provided by the customer such as tissue samples, branches, seedlings… “After irradiation, it will produce random mutations, beneficial or harmful, regardless of their will” – Master Cuong said. Currently, the Center’s Culture Room is storing many pseudo-crane orchid seedlings that have mutated on the stem and on the leaves. Specifically, the color of leaves and stems have turned white or purple. These are mutant forms that can be seen immediately, for flower color, you have to wait for the plant to grow and flower as usual to know. A seedling of the false crane orchid has had a leaf color mutation, and the stem has turned white or purple. (Photo: Nguyen Dung/VNA) According to Mr. Le Van Thuc, Deputy Director of the Center for Radiation Technology and Biotechnology, for flower plants, by irradiation techniques, it is possible to select flower colors or select traits that are resistant to adverse conditions. environmental benefits such as preventing fungal and bacterial diseases on plants. “Compared to natural mutations, the probability is one in a thousand or one million, but using radioactive sources to cause mutations in plants will have a higher probability of hundreds, thousands of times,” – Mr. Thuc analyzed. Application on many plant varieties Not only orchids, the Center for Radiation Technology and Biotechnology has tested irradiation to cause mutations on Forget-me-not Da Lat flowers, Torenia flowers, and Dendrobium orchids. The results have created many mutant lines in flower color and stem and leaf structure with great differences compared to the mother plant. Through that, the Center has built up the basic processes of radiation breeding; selection of materials for irradiation, frequency of irradiation, propagation, experimental planting to screen for mutations at phenotypic level, identification of mutant lines at molecular level… Technicians of the Center for Radiation Technology and Biotechnology (Nuclear Research Institute, based in Da Lat city, Lam Dong) next to a radioactive projector that causes mutations in plants. (Photo: Nguyen Dung/VNA) According to Mr. Le Van Thuc, the Center’s orientation will continue to promote the field of plant biotechnology and plant breeding, rapid multiplication of plant varieties and conservation of valuable plant genetic resources; continue to develop radiation technology in the selection and breeding of key plant varieties, endemic varieties of Lam Dong province, focusing on selecting and creating new quality varieties on flower, fruit, ornamental and medicinal plants. Currently, the Nuclear Research Institute has used irradiation techniques combined with In-vitro methods, applying in vitro flowering techniques to quickly select flower color mutations, shortening the selection time. filtering, reducing the cost of isolating mutant lines that previously had to be planted in the field for selection. At the same time, the Institute cooperates with many units throughout the country such as the Southern Fruit Institute, the Mekong Delta Rice Institute, the Central Highlands Agro-Forestry Research Institute, universities: Tra Vinh University, the University of Da Lat… to handle mutant irradiation on many different crops. Mr. Do Minh Ngoc, Deputy Director of Provincial Department of Science and Technology Lam Dong Irradiation is a tool and a technological solution for breeding that many parts of the world have implemented. However, the selection and maintenance of mutant traits is very important and requires time and experience, for these plants to become a source of seeds for other production industries.

Previously, on May 10, the first 6 patients received radiation therapy during the day here. After radiation therapy is indicated, the patient is taken to the radiotherapy area for simulation. The simulation area is equipped with 2 16-slice CT machines, which can perform 3D, 3D simulation techniques with contrast and RPM breathing synchronization system for high-tech 4D radiotherapy (radiotherapy). modulated according to the patient’s breathing rate). The first patient underwent CT simulation before radiation therapy at facility 2, Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital. Photo: BVCC After simulation, the CT data is transferred to the radiotherapy planning room for optimal radiation therapy planning personalized for each patient. Once the radiotherapy plan is approved by the treating physician and engineer, the data is transferred to the radiation machine to prepare the patient for radiation therapy. According to the leader of Oncology Hospital, when the professional processes and equipment system operate stably, the hospital’s facility 2 rapidly increased to receive the number of patients to the radiation treatment area. With 6 accelerated radiotherapy systems, the serving capacity of the radiotherapy area at facility 2 can accommodate 240-400 radiotherapy sessions per day. This helps to completely solve the overload of radiation therapy at the main facility of Oncology Hospital (Binh Thanh District) for decades. According to the plan, from May 19, the main facility of Oncology Hospital will continue to bring outpatients of internal block to facility 2 for further treatment and chemotherapy during the day. With a design of 100 beds, the day chemotherapy facility 2 is capable of treating 300 patients per day, reducing the number of day chemotherapy sessions by 70-80% at the main facility. Also from this time, Oncology Hospital will start to schedule appointments for patients who are being monitored after finishing chemotherapy and radiotherapy at the main facility to switch to re-examination at facility 2. According to the threading route, patients from the provinces and Thu Duc city (accounting for about 80% of day treatment patients at the main facility) will be introduced and guided to facility 2 for treatment. Particularly, the main facility is for patients in the remaining districts of Ho Chi Minh City.

Due to the presence of minerals and other resources on the Red Planet, in the future, Mars could be an abundant source. All in all, the initiatives in this direction are impressive, but as always, there are nuances attached to them. Traveling to Mars on 1,000 rockets and creating land for 1 million earthlings as Elon Musk suggests is an extremely expensive and technologically difficult task. It is not necessary to list all the problems that arise when massive scientific works are devoted to this, just to mention the main “knots”. First, There is no technology that allows the creation of spacecraft with the ability to send people into distant space without having to receive a lethal dose of cosmic radiation. This problem could be solved by wrapping lead plates, but would lead to a proportional increase in the mass of the ship and a decrease in its carrying capacity. New engines were needed, but they are now beyond production. Monday, Solar radiation will remain a problem on the Martian surface. The Red Planet, unlike Earth, does not have a magnetic field that protects us from ionizing radiation. Astronauts will not have to walk on red sand dunes like in the movie “Total Recall”, but have to hide in bases hidden deep below the surface. Tuesday, Mars on Mars is cold and has practically no atmosphere, but the radiation background is 2.5 times higher than what astronauts on the ISS can tolerate. It is impossible to live in such conditions without a special space suit. There are also many other problems, but it is clear that expanding living space is an extremely important task for all of humanity, requiring accumulation and huge investments in technology. For this reason, scientists are seriously skeptical of Elon Musk’s initiative, especially when he proposes to carry out thermonuclear bombardments at both poles of the Red Planet. This will lead to higher temperatures, melting glaciers, the formation of liquid water and the release of greenhouse gases, which will create the atmosphere on Mars. After that, the settlers could walk on the surface without the spacesuit. But there is another way of looking at this “terrain” approach. Mathematician Robert Walker calculates that in order to carry out the first part of the plan, which would require at least 1 million nuclear bombs with a capacity of 100 megatons, they would have to be sent to Mars 3,500 a day for seven weeks to achieve. desired results. There are no such large numbers of nuclear weapons on Earth and the lack of means to deliver them to another planet. This is the first thing. Carbon dioxide reserves on Mars would not be enough to create a suitable atmosphere, even if the first problem were solved. Since the Red Planet has no magnetic field, solar radiation will gradually “suck” in the already formed magnetic field. This is the second thing. And finally, for some reason, Elon Musk doesn’t take into account that after so many nuclear explosions, the surface of the planet will be radioactive for a long time, you can’t walk there with a mask oxygen and plant trees. “Nuke Mars” is just a cover for the US to send nuclear weapons into space? In general, Elon Musk’s initiative is a nonsense and he himself cannot help but understand this. But why is this smart man promoting it? The head of Roscosmos – Mr. Dmitry Rogozin tried to answer the question: Anyone who calls for the “terrain” of Mars or other planets is well aware that this is just an excuse for launching nuclear weapons into space, which, if useful, is just to “terrain”. our “Earth. But it’s true, you can’t just send nuclear warheads to Mars. First, they will need to be put into orbit and accumulate somewhere along with the means to send them in large batches. Where is that? Suppose that a circular orbit station, which the United States and its allies are building, will be adapted for this case, with China and Russia as targets. But will the nuclear bomb then make its way to the Red Planet? It’s long been no secret that Elon Musk is working closely with the Pentagon on the space program and satellites. So why not try with the best cause, Mars exploration, to advocate for the idea of ​​​​putting a US nuclear arsenal in space, Mr. Rogozin concluded.

The idea of ​​​​conquering Mars has been a dream of mankind for many years, this could be the first step towards realizing the dream of many science fiction scientists that is to explore outer space. Sending humans to another planet, even within the solar system, has the effect of reducing the risk of a global catastrophe that could destroy life, such as a large asteroid impact or nuclear war. Even in the future, the Red Planet could be an abundant source of resources. Obviously the ambition to travel to Mars is impressive, but there are many doubts and obstacles attached. Tech billionaire Elon Musk put forward the idea of ​​humans traveling to Mars on 1,000 rockets and creating land for 1 million inhabitants, this is clearly an extremely expensive and technologically difficult task. major barriers have been listed. First, Earth science has not yet been able to create spacecraft with the ability to send humans into distant space that is “immune” to deadly cosmic radiation. The solution to this problem could be to wrap lead plates, but that would increase the weight of the ship and reduce its carrying capacity. Engines for spaceships are now well beyond construction. Second, solar radiation is a big problem, the Red Planet is different from Earth in that it doesn’t have a magnetic field protecting it from ionizing radiation. Astronauts will have to hide in bases hidden deep below the surface, not be able to walk freely on the surface. Third, Mars is cold and has no atmosphere, but the radiation background is 2.5 times higher than that of astronauts on the International Space Station ISS. It is impossible to live in such conditions without a special space suit. There are many other problems as well, but it is clear that expanding space into outer space requires accumulation and huge investments in technology. Before this fact, scientists expressed doubts about Elon Musk’s initiative, when he proposed to carry out bombardments with thermonuclear warheads at both poles of the Red Planet. A “fusion attack” would cause glaciers to melt, forming liquid water and releasing greenhouse gases, which help create the atmosphere on Mars. Then the “reclaimers” could walk around without a spacesuit. But mathematician Robert Walker calculates that to carry out the first part of the plan requires at least 1 million nuclear bombs with an explosive yield of 100 Megatons, must be assembled on Mars 3,500 a day for 7 weeks to achieve desired results. There are no such large numbers of nuclear weapons on Earth, and the lack of means to deliver them to another planet, is the first hurdle. CO2 reserves on Mars would not be enough to create a suitable atmosphere, even if the first problem were solved. Since the Red Planet does not have a magnetic field, solar radiation will gradually “suck” the gas that has already formed, which is the second barrier. Finally, Elon Musk does not take into account that after many nuclear explosions, the surface of the planet will be radioactive for a long time, people cannot walk with oxygen masks and plant trees. Elon Musk’s initiative is clearly impractical and perhaps the billionaire himself understands this, but what is his meaning. The head of Russia’s state space corporation Roscosmos – Mr. Dmitry Rogozin made a remarkable remark. “Anyone calling for the reclamation of Mars or other planets is well aware that this is just an excuse for launching nuclear weapons into space for military purposes on Earth.” “It’s true, you can’t just put nuclear warheads on Mars. They need to first be put into orbit and assembled somewhere with the means to send them in large batches.” “Assuming an orbital station being built by the US and its allies will be tailored to target China and Russia. Will nuclear warheads reach the Red Planet then? “It is no secret that Elon Musk is working closely with the Pentagon on the space and satellite program. So why not experiment with the best cause of Mars exploration, to advocate for the idea of ​​​​putting US nuclear weapons in space,” concluded Mr. Rogozin.

From 1954-1975, Saigon, under the management of the national government at the time, with the social situation had a temporary period of peace, the economy was developed, the urban attraction increased, leading to the urbanization rate. rapidly developing. Since the 1960s, the economy has depended on massive aid from allied capitalist countries, especially the United States. Saigon urban area has the opportunity to develop further. The networks of roads and main roads were expanded and newly built. The population of Saigon at that time was more than three million people and had become a huge metropolis, a population center, a center of employment and a refugee camp. The Library of General Science, designed by architect Nguyen Huu Thien and architect Bui Quang Hanh, completed in 1972, is highly appreciated for its architectural solutions to adapt to hot, humid tropical climates and heavy rains. In the early 1970s, due to the economic investment policy to attract foreign capital, the city’s industry developed strongly, and a series of large-scale enterprises appeared. In parallel with the development of technical infrastructure, traffic, electricity, water; social infrastructure, public works, commerce, services, large residences, buildings, hospitals, universities are invested and developed with higher quality than before. In addition, a large number of highly qualified and numerous scientific and technical workers, technical workers and craftsmen were born. In which, a team of Vietnamese architects trained from many domestic and foreign sources such as France and the US have met the design and construction needs of Saigon. Based on the contemporary socio-economic foundation, construction activities developed together with close exchanges with Western capitalist countries have created conditions for art movements in the world to be imported into Vietnam. freely. In which, the popular international modern architectural style has contributed to changing the appearance of Saigon architecture. This architectural style has begun to gradually replace the cumbersome and restrictive Western classical and neoclassical architectural forms before, making Saigon architecture bring many elements of a modern urban architecture. compared to other countries in Asia at this time. Notably, most of these architectural works are designed and constructed by a team of Vietnamese architects who meet international modern standards. The stylized stilt house standing on the lake and the flower wall on the reading room façade is a reasonable solution. Columns, beams, cantilevered roofs, roofs reaching out from the walls are familiar traditional images . The trend of modern architecture when entering our country has been applied by the architects to suit the local climatic conditions and has formed the style of “tropical modern architecture”. In fact, this style appears almost widely in countries with tropical climates such as Brazil of South America, some South African countries, South Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka or from Southeast Asian countries. They have the common characteristics of simple shapes, high-rise buildings, reinforced concrete construction materials, aluminum and glass, high functional value, use of detailed structure of couches, sunshades and corridors in accordance with the requirements of the project. humid tropical climate. However, a special feature is that “tropical modern architecture” in Saigon has been skillfully combined by Vietnamese architects between Western modern technical elements and Eastern culture, exploiting the traditional architectural features in the building. The harmony between architecture, people and nature has made these buildings truly worthy contemporary works to be treasured. Tropical features and Saigon nuances Referring to the typical architectural works of this period, it is impossible not to mention the Independence Palace by the architect. Ngo Viet Thu and his associates designed. My colleagues also have an analysis of this work in the same issue, however, I still want to emphasize, this is a work that shows a harmonious combination of Western and Eastern cultural elements. , creating a project with a “tropical modern” style as a monumental highlight at the end of Le Duan street. Independence Palace seen from above. Photo: Zing The facade architecture of the building is divided into three solid – hollow – and solid pieces, which partly repeats the layout of the previous Norodom Palace, however, can also recall the silhouette of the traditional three-room, two-gable house, similar correspond to the functional areas inside. The ground floor is designed with large glass doors to bring trees and water surface into the building as much as possible. The prominent image on the façade is the unique “stone flower curtain”, the author’s name for his work. Because the facade of the building faces East – North, in order to have a lot of natural light and still limit solar radiation, the author has cleverly combined Western technical materials with traditional aesthetic concepts. The tradition creates the image of the curtain, making people think of the images of the shuttle or the bamboo structures, which are symbols of the gentleman in the concept of the Eastern people. They bring a very familiar feeling to Vietnamese people. Inside the flower curtain is a wide and long porch filled with light, reminiscent of a porch in folk architecture. The indoor spaces are created by the author according to the principle of natural ventilation and open space to exploit the surrounding landscape and also to suit the climate here. Even the roof insulation solution is taken care of. The roof has a two-layer floor structure, the bottom is a bearing concrete layer, the top is a heat-resistant knitting sheet placed on a brick pillow 40cm from the floor, it is thanks to the convection air cushion in the middle that should keep the indoor temperature at all times. cool either. At the same time, in the work, some specific materials are used such as washing stone, grinding stone to paint the walls, but there are people who put the Independence Palace in the category of “tropical architecture that creates Saigon’s nuances in the overall design of the city.” Vietnamese contemporary architecture”. In 1972, the construction of the General Science Library designed by architects Nguyen Huu Thien and Bui Quang Hanh was completed. The work is located in a quite favorable position in the city center, opposite the old Gia Long Palace – now the City Revolution Museum – at the corner of Nam Ky Khoi Nghia and Ly Tu Trong streets today. The authors have combined the building block in functionalism by creating two blocks with a clear geometric shape but cleverly arranging them to contrast each other. The horizontal block is the reading room and the vertical block is the bookstore, along with the solid and hollow façade solution to bring unexpected and impressive visual effects. Although this is a tactic that we often encounter in some modern Western works, here the authors have shown the consistency from content to form an architectural solution adapted to the situation. The climate is tropical with lots of sunshine and lots of rain. At the same time, the authors also know how to skillfully combine Western aesthetic elements and traditional Vietnamese elements to create a work with unique nuances. General Science Library Architecture. Photo: Flickr That is the architectural treatment of the facade of the bookstore with solid walls running in the horizontal direction, symbolizing books stacked on top of each other and leaving only small window slots just enough to get light, to Avoid direct sunlight to yellow the documents inside. Or like the image of a stylized stilt house standing on a lake in a cubic layout of the building’s facade, the ground floor floor is raised from the ground to bring a sense of closeness and enjoyment but without losing the grandeur of House. Because the work is facing northwest – southeast, the use of a flower wall on the facade of the reading room block is quite reasonable, both against solar radiation and creating ventilation for the corridors and rooms inside. . Especially here the authors have modernized traditional architectural elements to create decorative motifs that are extremely expressive, bringing great success. The work that makes a strong and unforgettable impression is thanks to this flower wall. The building is no longer a homogeneous box-shaped block, but has used many elements of traditional wooden architecture such as columns, beams, cantilever, roof raced out from the wall, even the familiar bare surfaces of the building. The large wall panels in modern architectural style are also treated with stone materials and decorated with dragon and phoenix reliefs. The shapes and details show that the Vietnameseization as well as the tropicalization of modern architecture at the Library of General Science has reached its peak. University of Medicine and Pharmacy project. Photo: MINH@K It is possible to point out another project, which is the University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Located in a large campus, with a distributed layout but the blocks are linked together by rows of covered corridors on all three floors, so the circulation between functional blocks is quite convenient. It is also thanks to this layout that the building organically connects with the gardens, trees, water surface, weaving in the campus to create a fresh atmosphere, softening the harsh sun of the climate. It also demonstrates the application of the principles of the school of organic architecture that such masters as Frank Lloyd Wright, Alvar Aalto, Richards Neutra have proposed. Although there is a limitation of square shapes, but due to the way of creating a liberal floor plan, due to the flexible solution of space, it has been quite closely combined between the indoor and outdoor spaces. between architectural works and nature in a harmonious and lively manner. The project of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy is a very successful example of a solution against solar radiation. For the east and west facing facades, a vertical and thick slat system combined with the corridor was used. As for the south and north facing sides, the corridor solution is combined with the mixed roof system. The blocks are linked together thanks to the corridors covered with all three floors, so the circulation between the functional blocks is quite convenient and organically connected with the gardens, trees, and the sun. country. This is also a successful work on solutions against solar radiation. For the facades facing east and west, a thick and vertical slat system in combination with the corridor was used. As for the south and north facing sides, the corridor solution is combined with the mixed roof system. Photo: MINH@K In general, the architecture of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy has a high consistency thanks to the use of a wide corridor system solution combined with blue forms, herringbone stairs, whitewashed stone walls that stand out on the green background of trees. All of them create a very typical style of “Saigon tropical architecture”. Although there are only a few typical examples in the overall picture of Saigon urban architecture in the period 1954-1975, it also gives us an idea that Saigon architecture in this period has taken a step forward. outstanding, both adapting to the tropical climate and meeting the needs of the new urban lifestyle of the people here. Whenever mentioning this period, everyone is proud of an architecture with the common name “tropical modernization”, a title favored by many international researchers. With a fairly smooth combination between modernity and ethnicity in architecture, between architectural, climatic and human factors, the works in this period really laid a solid foundation for the the next step of contemporary Vietnamese architecture. Posts: Assoc. Nguyen Khoi

One of the first patients performed CT simulation before head and neck radiotherapy on the same day – Photo: BVCC Oncology Hospital 2 basis (Ho Chi Minh City) has just said that the first 6 patients have received radiation therapy for the day here. At this new hospital, all of them had a simulated CT and radiotherapy on the same day that the patient came for follow-up appointment, while at facility 1 (Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital), the patient was after CT for the simulation, it takes an average waiting time of 2 weeks for radiation therapy. Thus, the Radiation Therapy Area of ​​the Day 2 Baseline Oncology Hospital officially came into operation, starting a roadmap to deal with overcrowding of patients for decades at Primary Oncology Hospital 1. After the State Construction Inspection Department (Department of Inspection) approved in writing to allow the acceptance and commissioning of basements 1 and 2 of the Basement 2 Oncology Hospital, the Management Board attended. The investment project to build civil and industrial projects in Ho Chi Minh City has handed over to the Oncology Hospital all the facilities in basement 1 and basement 2, where the radiotherapy area of ​​the hospital will be deployed. With an area of ​​more than a thousand square meters, equipped with 2 simulation CT systems, 6 accelerated radiotherapy systems, 2 brachytherapy systems and 9 outpatient clinics, this is an integrated simulation, setting up area. treatment plan, external radiation therapy, brachytherapy and outpatient examination, forming a closed day treatment process of radiotherapy at Primary Cancer Hospital 2. After receiving an indication of radiation therapy from the treatment department, the patient was taken to the radiotherapy unit for a simulation. The simulation area is equipped with 2 16-slice CT machines, which can perform 3D, 3D simulation techniques with contrast, comes with RPM breathing synchronous system for high-tech 4D radiotherapy ( modulated radiation therapy according to the patient’s breathing rate). After the simulation, the CT data are transferred to the radiotherapy planning department to perform the positioning of the radiotherapy volumes and healthy organs, calculate the irradiation field parameters, dose, shielding, … treatment. to get an optimized personalized radiation treatment plan for each patient. When the radiotherapy plan is approved by the treating doctor and the engineer, the data is transferred to the radiotherapy machine to prepare the patient for radiotherapy. The daily plans will be checked and measured directly on the machine to ensure the quality of treatment (the actual dose delivered on the machine must be the same as the dose set in the software). If all are satisfactory, the patient will be treated on a radiograph. Primary Oncology Hospital 2 has put into operation 6 image-guided radiotherapy machines (IGRT) that can perform advanced techniques in current radiotherapy: Electron, 3D, IMRT, VMAT . In addition, the radiotherapy machine can perform SRS / SBRT (Hyper Arch) radiotherapy, breathing radiotherapy, control surface movement. Medical physicist working with radiotherapist in planning radiotherapy at Primary Cancer Hospital 2 Oncology Hospital’s Board of Directors said that when the specialized processes and the equipment systems are working stably, Primary Oncology Hospital 2 will rapidly increase the reception of the number of patients coming to the radiotherapy area. With 6 accelerated radiotherapy systems equipped, the service capacity of the radiotherapy area at facility 2 can meet 240-400 times of radiation therapy per day, capable of resolving the overload situation. Radiation therapy for Primary 1 Cancer Hospital for decades. According to the plan, from May 19, 2021, the Oncology Hospital will continue to bring outpatients of the internal group to the 2 primary Oncology Hospital for continued treatment and chemotherapy during the day. With a design of 100 chemotherapy beds a day, the 2nd Primary Oncology Hospital’s Day Chemotherapy area is capable of chemotherapy 300 patients per day, which will reduce 70 – 80% of the number of chemotherapy during the day. basis 1. In addition, from this time, Oncology Hospital will start appointing patients who are monitored after the end of chemotherapy, radiotherapy at facility 1 to be re-examined at Primary Cancer Hospital 2. According to the patient diversification roadmap to reduce the load for primary cancer hospital 1, patients from the provinces and cities of Thu Duc (accounting for about 80% of day treatment patients of Primary Cancer Hospital 1) will be Introduction and guidance on facility 2 for treatment, facility 1 will be for patients of the remaining districts of Ho Chi Minh City. When the inpatient treatment area of ​​Primary Cancer Hospital 2 is officially handed over, all the inpatients of Primary 1 Cancer Hospital will be transferred to the new facility.

On May 11, the UV index in all provinces and cities across the country was very high. Photo: Thanh Dat / VNA Specifically, in the North, the UV index in Hanoi is at 8.8 – 9.4; Ha Long city (Quang Ninh province) at 7.8-8.4; in Hai Phong city is 7.6 – 9.4 and very high harm from 11-13 hours. In the Central region, the UV index in Da Nang cities is 7.8 – 9.5, Hue (Thua Thien-Hue province) is 7.7-9.6, Hoi An (Quang Nam province) is 7.8 – 9.5 and the same harm is very high. at 11-13 o’clock. For the South, the UV index in Ho Chi Minh City is 7.6 – 9.5, Ca Mau city (Ca Mau province) is 7.7 – 8.8 and the harmful effect is very high from 11-13 hours. In particular, the UV index in Can Tho city was the lowest with a maximum of only 7.7 and high harm at 10 o’clock; in Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa province) is highest when the maximum is 10.1 and the damage is very high from 10-13 hours. It is forecasted that from May 12-14, the UV index in all provinces and cities across the country is at a very high risk of harm, particularly in Ha Long city (May 12), Can Tho ( May 13-14), Ho Chi Minh City and Ca Mau (May 12-14) have a high risk of harm. According to the World Health Organization, the highest UV index is 11+ (too high) with a burn time of 10 minutes of continuous exposure; Index level 8-10 (very high) has a burn time of 25 minutes of continuous exposure. Ultraviolet radiation is a component of sunlight, in which ultraviolet rays A and B (UVA and UVB) can damage the DNA of skin cells. When exposed to too much sunlight, the skin will burn, dry, dull, lose elasticity, create wrinkles, accelerate aging and can cause skin cancer. In addition to its effects on the skin, ultraviolet rays can also cause eye problems. According to doctors, from 10-16 hours is the most intense sun, if not necessary, people should stay out of the street and when on the street should wear clothing that can protect the skin as much as possible, use a hat, hats cover the head, face … so wear a wide-brimmed hat that covers 2/3 of the face; use umbrellas, wear dark, black glasses, and seal the mask. People should choose thick, cross-woven, face-covered masks that are black and dark (90% sunscreen, light-colored masks only work against the sun by 60%). Blue medical masks are only dust-resistant, not sunscreen. In addition, people should use sun protection products with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or more to protect the areas of the face, lips, arms, hands …, apply 15-20 minutes before Go out in the sun and reapply if you sweat a lot.

Astronaut in space. Illustration. Many plans have been proposed, such as “launch” ill-fated astronauts into space, burial on Mars, even used as food for the crew. If there is a problem on the flight itinerary We are entering an exciting space era, in which many hope human’s first step on the surface of Mars will not be far away. However, as SpaceX CEO Elon Musk once said, “If you want to go to Mars, prepare for death.” About 21 astronauts have been killed since humans first set foot on a spacecraft and flew into space 60 years ago. According to experts, the death toll will inevitably increase as space agencies prepare for missions to send humans to Mars. To get to the Red planet, astronauts spend at least seven months living inside a cramped spaceship, traveling long distances, deep. If they survive this journey, they will have to endure the harsh environment of the Martian world. When a crew member dies while on a mission, it will take months, even years, for their bodies to be brought back to Earth. This situation raises a question: What happens to the body of a dead person in space? NASA does not have procedures to handle corpses in space because the astronauts selected for the mission are guaranteed physical and mental health. However, researchers around the world have thought of this situation and proposed measures to handle when an astronaut accidentally dies. During the mission on the journey to Mars, can the astronaut’s body be placed in cold storage or freeze-dried until the spacecraft returns to Earth? The process of freezing drying in space is much different from that on Earth. On Earth, people would use liquid nitrogen to freeze bodies, but in space, a robotic arm would hang the body wrapped in a bag on the outside of a spacecraft. The body will freeze for an hour, become brittle, then the arm will shake, breaking into small pieces. This process will theoretically turn an astronaut weighing 90kg into a mass of only 22kg, which can be stored on a spaceship for many years. But if this freeze-drying isn’t an option, the crew can send off their deceased companion to stay forever in the vast universe. Catherine Conley of NASA’s Office for the Protection of the Planet told Popular Science: “At the moment, there are no specific guidelines in the plan to protect the planet, either at the NASA level or internationally, regarding” bury “a deceased astronaut by throwing the body into space”. The solution of releasing the dead into space seems to be the easiest option, the body will stay on the spacecraft’s journey and linger on the place where it was released. And if more missions choose this approach, future spacecraft heading towards Mars will likely collide with many corpses. The robotic arm holds the dead body in space waiting to freeze. Illustration. Bad situation going to Mars If you are lucky enough to survive on a journey that lasts approximately 7 months and reach Mars, astronauts will face new challenges that threaten their survival, radiation. Previous data showed that Mars is 700 times more contaminated with radiation than Earth. Radiation can alter the cardiovascular system, damage the heart, harden and narrow the arteries, or remove some of the cells in the lining of blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular disease and may end with the death of the astronaut. In this case, burial on Mars would be necessary, but NASA has strict laws about contaminating other planets from microorganisms on Earth. NASA scientist Conley told Popular Science: “Regarding the disposal of organic matter (including corpses) on Mars, we are not imposing any restrictions as long as all are eliminated. microorganisms on Earth. So it is necessary to cremate ”. However, not every dead astronaut can be buried, but in some emergency situation, such as when the remaining crew runs out of food and in order to survive, the corpse of the human. The team can help them sustain life on their way back to Earth. It sounds barbaric, but there has been such a case in the past, when a plane crashed into the Andes in 1972. The survivors had no food and no way to communicate with them. outside, so in order to sustain life, to find someone to come and save, they made the difficult decision to eat the dead as soon as the plane crashed. Biologist Paul Wolpe said: “Although we give our bodies a lot of respect, life is everything. If the only way a human could survive was to eat a body, then that would be acceptable, even if no one wanted it.

CONTENT::: 1. What is ultraviolet rays?
2. True understanding of ultraviolet rays
2.1. Subjects are more susceptible to exposure to UV rays
2.2. When do UV rays appear highest?
2.3. Effect of ultraviolet rays on the eyes like?
2.4. At what time does ultraviolet rays affect the eyes most strongly?
2.5. Wear sunglasses help protect against UV rays?
2.6. Do you have ultraviolet rays in cloudy weather?
2.7. Do not use sunscreen
2.8. Sitting in a car is not harmful to UV rays?
2.9. Ultraviolet rays do not cause skin cancer in oily skin
2.10. Get more vitamin D by getting plenty of sun exposure Ultraviolet rays are known to cause many significant harm to the skin, eyes and many other parts of the human body. However, not everyone understands correctly about ultraviolet rays. Misunderstandings about ultraviolet rays can make you stay in the wrong way. Find out information about ultraviolet rays in the article below will help you have a better view of this ray as well as understand the best of ultraviolet rays. 1. What is ultraviolet rays? Ultraviolet or ultraviolet rays are also abbreviated as UV, from the English language is Ultraviolet. Ultraviolet rays are electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths to visible light but longer than X-rays. Ultraviolet rays can also be divided into near ultraviolet with wavelengths from 380 to 200 nm and far ultraviolet or vacuum ultraviolet with wavelengths from 200 to 10 nm. Specifically, when ultraviolet rays affect human health and the environment as follows: UVA rays, also known as long wave or black light, have a wavelength of 380-315 nm. UVB is also known as the average wavelength with a wavelength of 315-280 nm. UVC has a shorter wavelength of 280 nm and is also known as a short wavelength, or is sterile. 2. Understand correctly about ultraviolet rays In summer, the highest time of year ultraviolet rays appear because direct sunlight greatly affects the skin, eyes and human health. So what major myths do you often encounter in the summer about ultraviolet rays that affect your quality of life? 2.1. Subjects are more susceptible to exposure to UV rays Young people are more vulnerable to UV exposure. Research data shows that up to about 50% of people are exposed for life to ultraviolet rays before the age of 18. Young people are more often exposed to ultraviolet rays than young people spend more time outdoors than older people. In particular, young people under the age of 18 still do not fully understand the harmful effects of UV rays to their health, so they do not really pay attention to covering their skin, wearing a wide-brimmed hat or sunglasses to protect their eyes when going out in the sun. . Ultraviolet rays affect everyone if they do not protect the skin properly – Photo Internet 2.2. When do UV rays appear highest? It is known that the amount of UV rays in the sun will be the most from 10 am to 4 pm. This is also known as the time when the sun contains the most ultraviolet rays of the day affecting people. In addition, in Vietnam, ultraviolet rays are most active in the summer. Vietnam is a tropical country, ultraviolet rays are present in all seasons of the year but highest in the summer. 2.3. Effect of ultraviolet rays on the eyes like? Many people mistakenly believe that ultraviolet rays cause little effect on the eyes. In fact, the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays on the eyes often accumulate over time. In particular, many cases of harmful effects from ultraviolet rays to the eye once it has emerged can leave permanent consequences. 2.4. At what time does ultraviolet rays affect the eyes most strongly? Ultraviolet rays are most active from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. It is wrong to assume that this is the time when ultraviolet rays have the strongest impact on the eyes. In fact, eyes and skin are not the same. The human eye tends to be most exposed to UV radiation in the early morning and late afternoon. This means that the eyes are exposed to ultraviolet rays before 10 a.m. and after 4 p.m. Read more: How are UV rays harmful to the eyes? How to protect eyes from the sun. 2.5. Wear sunglasses help protect against UV rays? Many people believe sunglasses can 100% protect eyes from UV rays. However, this is a misconception. In fact, not all sunglasses are created with the same process and quality. This shows that there are many types of sunglasses that do not provide the ability to protect the eyes from the harmful effects of UV rays. Especially the sunglasses sold on the market without brand. Research done confirms that up to 45% of ultraviolet rays can still reach the eye even when you wear glasses with UV protection. Therefore, experts make the mistake of choosing large sunglasses that surround the eyes and need to make sure that the sunglasses you use are effective in protecting the eyes from ultraviolet rays. In addition, glasses should be worn during outdoor activities. Absolutely not subjective because wearing sunglasses does not completely protect the eyes from UV rays as you think – Internet photo 2.6. Do you have ultraviolet rays in cloudy weather? Most people think that if the weather is cloudy, when it is not sunny, UV rays will not appear. In fact, more than 90% of the ultraviolet rays penetrate the clouds. And from there, ultraviolet rays affect your skin and eyes. For weather, even on cloudy days, UV rays have the ability to affect as well as affect human health. 2.7. Do not use sunscreen A lot of people, especially women, because they use so many lotions, take care of their skin before the sunscreen step. The types of products used can also protect against the sun, so it is completely wrong to not use additional sunscreen on your skin. Only do not use extra sunscreen when the cosmetics you use have a sun protection factor of SPF 30 or higher. If not, be sure to apply an extra layer of sunscreen after using other lotions. Note, should re-apply sunscreen every 2 hours when participating in outdoor activities for a long time. Not only that, cosmetologists also said that most cosmetics do not provide enough functions to protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays. Meanwhile, if there is sun protection effect, the cosmetics only have an SPF of lower than 30. : Instructions on how to use sunscreen effectively and properly Mistakes when applying sunscreen that many people make 2.8. Sitting in a car is not harmful to UV rays? One of the many misconceptions about ultraviolet rays people encounter. In fact, even though the car’s glass has the ability to reduce the radiation intensity. However, it is also not possible to completely prevent UV rays from causing. Therefore, the effects of sunlight can still affect the skin if sitting in a car without other skin protection measures. Ultraviolet rays cause skin cancer for all skin types, not excluding oily skin as people mistakenly believe – Internet photo 2.9. Ultraviolet rays do not cause skin cancer in oily skin It is believed that ultraviolet rays do not cause skin cancer in people with oily skin. In fact, any skin type can suffer permanent damage or skin cancer if regularly exposed to ultraviolet rays. Therefore, people with oily skin still need to apply appropriate skin protection measures to combat the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays. 2.10. Get more vitamin D by getting plenty of sun exposure Many scientific studies have shown that prolonged skin exposure in the sun not only does not increase the absorption of vitamin D but also increases the risk of leading to cancer or other skin damage. Although the sun has many effects on the skin and eyes. However, the sun still has certain effects on mental health and metabolism of the body. Therefore, you still need to do outdoor activities or expose your skin to the sun at certain times of the day. UV rays can cause damage to the skin and eyes. So, getting the right understanding of ultraviolet rays can help you protect yourself effectively and properly.

The patient first had a simulated CT scan before receiving head and neck radiation According to Associate Professor-Dr. Tang Chi Thuong, Deputy Director of the Ho Chi Minh City Department of Health, right after the State Department of Construction Inspection (the Ministry of Construction) has issued a written approval to allow acceptance and commissioning of the basement. 1 and 2 basement of Oncology Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City Investment and Construction Project Management Unit of Ho Chi Minh City has handed over to the Oncology Hospital all the facilities in the basement. 1 and 2 basement, where will deploy the Radiation treatment area of ​​the hospital. The radiotherapy area of ​​the day covers an area of ​​more than 1,000 square meters, is equipped with 2 simulation CT systems, 6 accelerated radiotherapy systems, 2 brachytherapy systems and 9 outpatient clinics. This is an area that integrates simulation, treatment planning, external radiation therapy, brachytherapy and outpatient examination to form a closed day-to-day radiotherapy treatment at Primary Cancer Hospital 2. Accordingly, after the patient has prescribed radiation therapy from the treatment department, the patient is taken to the Radiotherapy Area to perform the simulation. The simulation area is equipped with 2 16-slice CT machines, which can perform 3D, 3D simulation techniques with contrast, comes with RPM breathing synchronous system for high-tech 4D radiotherapy ( modulated radiation therapy according to the patient’s breathing rate). After the simulation, the CT data are transferred to the Radiotherapy Planning Department to perform the positioning of radiotherapy volumes and healthy organs, calculate the irradiation field parameters, dose, shielding, … treatment. to get an optimized personalized radiation treatment plan for each patient. When the radiotherapy plan is approved by the treating doctor and the engineer, the data is transferred to the radiotherapy machine to prepare the patient for radiotherapy. The daily plans will be checked and measured directly on the machine to ensure the quality of treatment (the actual dose delivered on the machine must be the same as the dose set in the software). If all are satisfactory, the patient will be treated on a radiograph. At present, Baseline Oncology Hospital 2 has put into operation 6 image-guided radiotherapy machines (IGRT) that can perform advanced techniques in radiotherapy today: Electron, 3D, IMRT, VMAT. In addition, the radiotherapy machine can perform SRS / SBRT (Hyper Arch) radiotherapy, breathing radiotherapy, control surface movement. It is expected that, when the professional processes and the equipment systems are in stable operation, the 2nd Primary Oncology Hospital will rapidly increase the number of patients coming to the radiotherapy area. With 6 accelerated radiotherapy systems equipped, the service capacity of the radiotherapy area at facility 2 can meet 240-400 times of radiation therapy per day, capable of resolving the overload situation. radiation therapy for Primary 1 Oncology Hospital for decades. According to the Ho Chi Minh City Department of Health, on May 19, the Oncology Hospital will continue to bring outpatients of the internal block to the 2 primary Oncology Hospital to continue treatment and chemotherapy during the day. . With a design of 100 chemotherapy beds a day, the 2nd Primary Oncology Hospital’s Day Chemotherapy area is capable of chemotherapy 300 patients per day, which will reduce 70 – 80% of the number of chemotherapy during the day. basis 1. In addition, from this time, the Oncology Hospital will start appointing patients who are monitored after the end of chemotherapy, radiotherapy at facility 1 to be re-examined at the Primary Oncology Hospital. 2. When the inpatient treatment area of ​​the 2nd Primary Oncology Hospital is officially handed over, all the inpatients of the 1st Primary Oncology Hospital will be transferred to the new facility.

Such questions will never end, even if one day we may know what lies beyond the boundaries of the universe. The universe is just a grain of sand in the galaxy Our universe was born from a big bang. This explosion had to come from a singularity with an indeterminate, and perhaps unlimited, density, after this explosion space and time were created, first of all light radiation, then gradually. form heavier elementary particles, which fuse together into the smallest atoms, molecules, particles of dust and gas, and the end result is galaxies, stars, planets … and our whole life today. According to today’s data, we estimate quite accurately that the big explosion mentioned above happened about 14 billion years ago, 10 billion years later, our Earth was born, and humans have intelligence. Wisdom appeared only about 15,000 – 20,000 years ago (mid and late ice age). For a long time, man has been constantly learning about his origin in the universe. Through the thousands of erroneous years of believing that we are the center of the universe, the cognitive revolutions from the time of the Copernics, the Galilei (16th and 17th centuries) until this moment when we were Going deeper than 10 years into the 21st century, has told us more about where we truly are. We are not only microorganisms on a planet orbiting the Sun, but the Sun itself is not the only star, it is just one of the 200 billion stars of the Milk Way galaxy. While this galaxy is only one of more than 50 members of the Local Group, a cluster of galaxies is in the Virgo supergroup – one out of the thousands, millions, or billions. galaxy in this universe. Yet until this point, the farthest place man has ever set foot is the Moon, one of our satellite. The number of 384,000km from Earth to the Moon sounds large when compared to the daily measure. But let’s try the comparison. With speeds up to approximately 300,000 kilometers per second, light takes just over a second to bring an image from the Earth to the Moon, but it will take more than 50 billion years to reach the edge of the universe. pillar. Perhaps our civilization in the next few hundred years will hardly allow us to go even out of this tiny galaxy. However, even though it is impossible to travel to distant space on their own, people still do not stop observing it. So far we have been able to obtain signals from places billions of light years away (even though it was information about them billions of years ago and maybe not even a few billion at that time. light year). The universe is a multidimensional space (more than 4) and it also has its limit, which is increasing due to constant expansion. Studies in recent years have shown that our universe probably won’t end with a material collapse and collapse, it just keeps expanding, diluting the density until all the time. all interactions are gone. Even so, no matter how much the universe expands, it is still just a balloon that is inflated, it can go on growing and growing, but in the end it must have a limit. What is out of the universe? Up to now, there is not any evidence for the existence of something outside the universe, but a model called multiverse is still concerned by many people because it explains for the the chances of the universes and life are beyond our limits. Essentially, the multiverse is just a proposed model based on the multistory hypothesis and probability in quantum mechanics. It is sometimes called parallel universes with the main content that our universe is not unique but there may be other universes that exist parallel to us. This multiverse theory has 4 forms of division instead of 4 with different differences from our universe. Level 1: There are other universes that are independent of ours. They also have the same physical properties as we have made no difference, except for different probabilities and internal conditions that will produce different results. Maybe there’s a life like us, there’s a civilization just like us, there’s only a slightly different nature. Currently, a rather fuzzy evidence for this is the inconsistency at several points in the resulting background radiation. As we know, this background radiation emitted shortly after the Big Bang and spread across the universe, what we get today is its remnant, so it is the witness for early universe. S This unevenness in this radiation background raises the question of the magnetic universe colliding with other universes as proposed by the multiverse, of course so far these are only questions. Level 2: At this level, we see the multiverse as “bubbles” born in an empty space. These bubbles could be being pushed apart like the galaxies are moving apart in our universe. In this hypothesis there is a difference. The physical and mathematical equations are still no different between the universes, but not only the initial conditions are different, but maybe the physical constants are also different such as the speed of light, the gravitational constant .. The results are due to the different material structures. Level 3: This is the multi-historical / multi-world hypothesis that we often see in fiction movies. There may be worlds that are parallel to us but with other constants lead to different consequences. Like a mechanical cat Doraemon, in fact, when Doraemon returns to the past to help Nobita, it is a world and a different history, while the original history still happens in another parallel world. Level 4: This model, the difference is most pronounced. The parallel universes with us have almost nothing in common with us. Not only the conditions in physical constants but also the laws of physics are completely different. The geometry of universes at this level is completely different, while our universe today has many closed universes, flat universes, universes with complex spacetime structure. , constantly fluctuating … and even open universes but with other laws of physics, completely alien elementary particles, where we have no chance of surviving if we are pushed there. . Currently, people try to look for further signs like radiation irregularities as evidence for the existence of the multiverse (of any level), but with today’s technology any any measurement for this background radiation is not absolutely accurate. Assuming there is evidence of other universes, it would be impossible to observe them.

At the present time, more than 1.25 million tons of contaminated water are stored in tanks at the plant. Pictured is workers involved in cleaning up Japan’s No. 1 Fukushima nuclear power plant after the 2011 disaster. (Source: AFP) On April 26, during a regular press conference in Beijing, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Uong Van Ban said that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had confirmed that it would invite water experts. This group joins the working group on a plan to release treated radioactive wastewater from Japan’s No. 1 Fukushima nuclear power plant into the sea. After the 2011 disaster, water pumped into the damaged reactors at the No. 1 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant to cool the fuel rods. Along with contaminated rainwater and groundwater, the reactor’s cooling wastewater is treated with an Advanced Liquid Treatment System (ALPS). ALPS removes most radioactive substances, including strontium and cesium, but cannot remove tritium. At the present time, there are more than 1.25 million tons of wastewater that has been treated but still contains radioactive substances being stored in storage tanks at the plant. On April 13, 2021, more than 10 years after the incident at the factory, the Japanese government decided to discharge this wastewater into the sea. The IAEA expressed support for Japan’s decision to discharge treated wastewater into the sea, and affirmed its readiness to provide technical assistance in monitoring this discharge. (Reuters)

Chairman of Provincial People’s Committee Nguyen Thanh Binh (second, from right) visits OCOP booth A lot of visitors came to OCOP Festival Total sales at the festival reached about 20 billion. Along with the OCOP products of An Giang (Thao An black musk tea, Kim Loan snakehead, Vuon Ba Ba sticky mango, Tran Gia palm sugar, Tien Anh almond cake …), many OCOP products and specialties provinces with high sales volume, such as: Co Hoan rolls (Dong Thap); sausage Kim Hue (Long An); Dak Lak coffee; cocoa powder, coconut candy, coconut fiber, coconut nectar of Tra Vinh; Soc Trang pia cake; Bac Lieu dried shrimp; The whole family, Lang So vermicelli (Quoc Oai), Ba Vi milk cake, incense of Xa Kieu incense craft village, Bac tea, Tam That herbs of Hanoi; Tay Ninh rice paper; Ca Mau fish ball; products processed from lettuce, fish lettuce and celery in Lam Dong … OCOP Products Festival and typical goods of provinces and cities in 2021 attracted nearly 150 booths of businesses, cooperatives, production establishments, craft villages of 24 provinces and cities in the country. This is the first event to be held in An Giang.

Ultraviolet rays, also known as ultraviolet rays, are rays emitted by the sun whose wavelengths are shorter than visible light and longer than X rays, the wavelengths of UV rays from 10nm to 380nm. Related to human health and based on the UV wavelength are divided into 3 categories: UVA: Wavelength from 380 to 315 nm; UVB: Wavelengths from 315 to 280 nm: UVB rays stimulate the metabolism of Melanin (skin pigmentation), making the skin dark and dull; UVC: Wavelength In addition to the ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun, there are also artificial ultraviolet rays such as those emitted by welding machines, from devices such as computers, phones, and televisions. According to BS. Dang Bich Diep – Stem Cell Research and Application Department, Central Dermatology Hospital said, too much exposure to sunlight will cause sunburns, eye damage such as cataracts, skin aging, If prolonged exposure, accumulation may cause skin cancer. According to BS. Diep, the ultraviolet index or the UV index (ultraviolet rays) is a measure of the intensity of ultraviolet radiation from the sun at a particular place on a particular day. The publication of this index will help people protect against UV rays, as too much exposure to sunlight will cause sunburns, eye damage such as cataracts, skin aging, if prolonged exposure. Long accumulation can cause skin cancer. The most common acute harm to UV ears is sunburn from short-term overexposure, doctors say. In particular, when the peak heat is hot it can cause heatstroke or heatstroke, affecting health. Accumulated UV exposure, or frequent and prolonged exposure to high UV rays, can lead to premature skin aging, especially skin cancer. The time of day that UV rays most easily affect the skin range from 10 to 16 hours depending on the season and region. So, to determine the dangerous UV index by standing in the sun and observing your shadow, if the shade is shorter than the height, it corresponds to the high UV index, now should use sun protection measures. . What to do to limit ultraviolet rays? At this time of prolonged hot weather, BS. Diep recommends that people take proactive measures to protect their bodies from UV damage such as: limiting peak sun exposure (shadow observation rule). When going out in the sun, you need to ensure sun protection measures: use sunscreen (choose a broad spectrum sunscreen that is resistant to UVB (SPF), UVA (PA), (SPF) rays. 30 and above, PA +++) Sunscreen should be reapplied every 2 hours or after exposure to water to ensure skin protection. You can use a combined sunscreen to protect your skin, UV-protective eyeglasses, wear a hat, and sun-protective clothing. Besides, drink enough water, eat fresh fruits and vegetables. In addition to filtered water, you can add mineral water, vitamin-rich fruit juice …

The orchid varieties, no matter how unique they are, cannot be confirmed that they are “mutant orchids”. Photo: internet. Orchids, the reason for having an amazing variety of designs, colors, and fragrances today is because it is the product of genetic mutations that have been around for thousands of years. Genetic mutations include mutation mutations and recombinant mutations. Mutant mutations can be genetic mutations (loss, addition, replacement of nucleotides pair) or chromosomal mutation (fragment, repetition, inversion, transition, polyploid). The cause of mutation is natural agents such as radiation, ultraviolet rays, heat shock, herbicides … Recombinant mutations are new combinations of genes that have been rearranged in the offspring to create New and different style compared to parents, grandparents, old grandparents. This is due to the independent dissociation, the cross-exchange of the chromosomes. For orchids and other pollen plants, insects (bees, butterflies) also contribute to diversity when pollinating from one plant to another, from one variety to another. Thanks to the genetic variation that they Lan Orchidaceae becoming one of the largest family of plants in the world, with about 28,000 natural species and 100,000 hybrid species; The number of species and genera of orchids has continuously increased over time (Vietnamese Wikipedia). According to the book Vietnamese orchids of Tran Hop (1998) our country has about 137-140 genera, including over 800 species of wild orchids. However, it is impossible to confirm that a certain orchid species detected or collected in the forest was created by mutation or recombination. Adding the tail “mutant spread” is arbitrary. Photo: internet. In fact, the majority of orchids in our country are collected from natural forests or imported for farming. In the country, there is no announcement about orchids created by mutation method. Flower Research Center – Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute, the leading flower agency has started to select and create new orchid varieties by crossbreeding and mutating, but the results are also new at the beginning. Therefore, someone lucky to discover a beautiful and rare orchid variety in the forest or accidentally bought a rare orchid branch at the Buoi market – Hanoi for example, they could give it a name, but adding the tail “mutant spread” is arbitrary. The question is why a group of people intentionally added the tail “mutant spread” and massively propagated and promoted, sold millions and billions of money per eye and bud, while still not knowing how beautiful the face of the flower was. have buyers? Because, there are many people who think or try to explain that the new “mutant orchid” is beautiful, strange, unique than an orchid variety due to hybrid “recombination” or “normal orchid” … tendon “mutation” has hit on the psychology of curiosity, lightheadedness, gullibility of ignorant people. In a nutshell, a series of “mutant orchid” varieties are being propagated and widely advertised, with tens and hundreds of billions of deals is unusual, absolutely no scientific and practical basis, only can say this is a bold game “cheats”. The sensational way of calling “mutation” has hit the curious, light-hearted, gullible mentality of ignorant people. Photo: internet. Actually, the law also has provisions to limit this situation. The Law on Crop Production in 2018 requires that new varieties must be disclosed (name, origin, difference …) before being circulated in the market, however this regulation will not take effect until 2022. In addition, the Intellectual Property Law 2009 stipulates to grant protection to owners of new orchid varieties, even if new varieties are searched, discovered in the forest or collected from orchid collections, if proven. The new variety that is truly different from other orchids has been widely known to the market. However, in order for the law to come to life, apart from the State need to pay more attention to the trees that we have long considered as “secondary”, when there is a market, it becomes “main”, the flower producers and traders. True orchids need to gather, expose the tricks of doing business that are dishonest, not transparent, to build a very promising orchid industry in our country.

Your cornea will have to absorb most of the UV radiation when exposed to sunlight, causing cataracts or macular degeneration, keratitis, corneal keratocytes … many Eye diseases can arise with the negative impact of UV rays. Especially the days UV rays are as dangerous as they are now . Sunglasses are not merely a fashion accessory but also a protective item for the eyes. Therefore, choosing the right glasses is extremely important to keep your eyes safe. You need to pay special attention to this index on the glass to choose the most effective UV protection. Standard UV resistant sunglasses UV400 glass is recognized as having the highest UV protection standards. With the ability to block radiant light rays with a wavelength up to 400 nanometers. This standard is considered quite high and strict for maximum UV protection for your eyes when going in the sun. Wholesale Assorted Colors Metal UV400 Square Aviator Fashion Sunglasses Womens Bulk. From the ability to protect eyes from dust, smoke and solar radiation, when choosing UV400 glasses, you should pay attention to choosing glasses according to the following standards: * According to Australian standard AS 1067 . Sunglasses are divided into 5 categories, from UV filter category 0 to UV filter category 4, based on the amount of light the glasses absorb. UV filter category 0 has the least ability to block UV rays and sunlight. UV filter category 04 has the best level of protection. * The US standard is ANSI Z80.3-1972 . Under this type of standard, lenses should be able to keep UVB rays no more than 1% and UVA rays no more than 0.5 times that of visible light. * The European standard is EN 1836: 2005 . According to this type of standard, the UV filter category 0 is the glass that does not block UV at the necessary level, the UV filter category 1 is sufficient, the UV filter category 2 is the good compartment, and the UV filter category 3 is the complete compartment. The standard size for a UV-protective eyewear according to European standards is EN 1836: 2005. The material of the sunglasses resists UV rays In the old days, sunglasses were simply made of glass. But today, most of the better, more durable lenses are made of plastic because it filters ultraviolet rays. This special plastic, called polycarbonate, is capable of withstanding strong bumps. There is a special type of glass called high index (more clearly high index of refraction, meaning high index of refraction) that is resistant to large amounts of ultraviolet radiation and also thinner glass thickness. In addition, there are also reflective mirror lenses on the market. This type has good light blocking ability but is not effective against UV rays. Note – Choose sunglasses with large lenses that fit perfectly to your face, and wrap around your eyes to better block out the sun. – Never look directly at the sun, even when wearing sunglasses to avoid chronic eye diseases. – Some types of contact lenses are also UV resistant but do not cover the eyes. So, you should still use sunglasses for full protection.

Recently, Ukraine is trying to put Chernobyl on the list of protected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In the photo: A bedroom of a kindergarten near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Pripyat city, Ukraine. (Source: Reuters) According to Ukraine’s Culture Minister Oleksandr Tkachenko, the proposal to include Chernobyl on the UNESCO heritage list is the first and important step for the site to become a unique destination of interest to all mankind. In the photo: The abandoned city of Pripyat near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. (Source: Reuters) Minister Oleksandr Tkachenko said, before submitting an application to the United Nations, the desired sites protected by UNESCO must be included in the list of national historical and cultural heritages. (Source: Reuters) Hence, the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture recently decided to include a military radar built near the city of Chernobyl in the 1970s on this list and is also discussing a similar plan for the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone – the restricted zone with a radius of 30km from the center is the nuclear reactors. In the photo: The radar system was installed near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. (Source: Reuters) On April 26, 1986, the 4th reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in Pripyat, 108 kilometers north of Kiev, exploded. According to many scientists, the cause of the accident was defects in the reactor’s design, especially the control rods; and non-compliance with the safety rules of nuclear power plant employees. However, some independent experts today believe that none of the above two assumptions are completely correct. (Source: Reuters) About 190 tons of radioactive material was released into the atmosphere; Radioactive dust clouds spread throughout Europe such as the western Soviet Union, Eastern and Western Europe, Scandinavie, England, and East America. In the photo: The view inside a house in the abandoned village of Zalissya, near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. (Source: Reuters) The killing of 31 workers and firefighters left thousands more battling radiation-related illnesses, such as cancer. In the photo: A house in the abandoned village of Poliske near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. (Source: Reuters) Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia were severely polluted, evacuating and resettled for more than 336,000 people; about 60% of the radioactive cloud fell on Belarusian territory. (Source: Reuters) This is considered the most serious catastrophe in the history of nuclear energy, emitting 400 times more radiation than the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945. (Source: Reuters) To overcome this, thousands of tons of soil were removed from the contaminated area, and contaminated machinery and equipment were buried in a special burial site. A 30km quarantine zone has been created around the plant, and people have been evacuated. (Source: Reuters) An area of ​​more than 4,000 square kilometers around the former location of the power plant was uninhabitable. To date, the total number of people killed and suffered from long-term health effects remains the subject of fierce debate. In the photo: Engineers check the structure and radioactivity at the control room of the No. 4 reactor (Source: Reuters) Much of the area around the nuclear plant is abandoned, with buildings in ruins. All the buildings in Pripyat, a town once inhabited by 50,000 people, mainly working in factories, are in need of repair. In the photo: An abandoned building in the city of Pripyat. (Source: Reuters) Image of a Ukrainian engineer inspecting the inside of the No. 3 reactor, which has been decommissioned for many years. Engineers who come into the reactors to inspect the inside of the reactors must wear impermeable clothing on the outside, wear specialized masks and radiometric equipment. (Source: Reuters) The 1986 calendar remains on the wall of a house in the village of Zalissya. (Source: Reuters) A kindergarten in Pripyat was burned down by the explosion. (Source: Reuters) Remnants left in the village of Poliske abandoned in the Chernobyl region. (Source: Reuters) The third reactor’s control center remains intact. (Source: Reuters) The view inside a house in Zalissya. (Source: Reuters) In 1997, the Chernobyl International Shelter Foundation was formed to design and build a more permanent cover for the concrete “coffin” that covers the unstable and insecure No. 4 reactor. By 2010, a new “coffin” named New Safe Confinement was started to build. Unlike the old structure, New Confinement is designed to safely dismantle a reactor with a remote operating device. In the photo: The abandoned city of Pripyat. (Source: Reutes) This work will be built on the track adjacent to the reactor building 4, completed in 2016. A new metal dome at Chernobyl will cover the demolished reactor to prevent radioactive material from leaking out. out. The dome weighing 36,000 tons and 108 meters high, worth € 1.5 billion ($ 1.7 billion) was paid through a special fund of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and Sponsored by 45 countries. The dome is strong enough to withstand storms and has a lifespan of up to 100 years, the EBRD said. In the photo: New Safe Confinement project seen from afar. (Source: Reuters) Life is back in the wilderness. In July 2019, President Volydymyr Zelensky signed a decree in July that designated Chernobyl as an official tourist attraction. In the photo: A moose on a deserted road in the Chernobyl region. (Source: Reuters) In 2019, the HBO drama Chernobyl caused visitors to skyrocket, to 120,000. Accordingly, those wishing to witness the highly radioactive area at the infamous No. 4 Reactor will be provided with protective vests, helmets, and poison masks and can only stay in short time. After they leave, they will have to undergo two x-ray tests to measure exposure. (Source: Reuters) The move is part of an effort by the Government of Ukraine to encourage tourism in the region. (Source: Reuters) On April 26, Ukraine will celebrate the 35th anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Minister Oleksandr Tkachenko expects Chernobyl – which has become a popular spot for adventure travelers before the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, will start attracting tourists again. In the photo: An abandoned village house in Zalissya. (Source: Reuters) (Reuters)

Feng shui expert Phung Phuong said, according to the opinion of many people, the house is located at a junction, there is a road that crashes straight into the bad, very bad soil. The killing intent from the road straight into the house makes the family members easily die and get sick. It is because of this mentality that the houses at the junction, especially the houses in the alleys in the inner city area, have more difficulty in dealing. However, is this completely correct? According to feng shui experts, the above conception of human has many points that need to be reconsidered. To consider disaster or happiness, we need to rely on many factors: Correlation between the house and the straight line Small, big house: not worrying. Small big street: direct killing intent like “swallowing” the house. Correlation between the passing line and the straight line If the crossroad is larger, it will reduce the radiation pulse, the straight line will hardly impact the killing intent on the house. Is there any work in the straight line? The good and bad of this project will have a big impact on the air flow at that junction. For example, a spacious street, clean house, greenery, dignified road, this is a good intersection (Minh Duong intersection). But if there are landfills, barns, wasteland, and industrial zones, it will create impurities and dust that will have a very bad effect. Length of intersection The greater the traffic density, the greater the danger of direct collision, the flow of vehicles will be a weapon that penetrates into the house, called radiofrequency. So in fact, there are many works at the junction that are still peaceful and convenient, only in a few cases with killing intent, but there will still be a way to dispel the violence. * Information is for reference only.

According to Politico, Pentagon officials have passed intelligence on the suspected attacks to US lawmakers. However, a Defense Department spokesperson told the site that the agency was ignorant of direct energy attacks against US troops in Syria. US military soldiers in Syria. Photo: US Army Even so, according to two former US national security officials involved in investigative efforts, direct energy attacks on US soldiers abroad, suspected of being behind by Russia, are becoming. of such concern that the Pentagon’s Office of Special Operations and low-intensity conflicts began an investigation last year. It is unclear exactly how many US soldiers were injured or how badly they were injured. Direct energy attacks are used to describe directing certain energy sources to a specific target, such as using lasers or microwave energy, to cause total harm to human health. The investigation is part of a broader effort to investigate direct energy attacks on US government officials and agencies, Politico said. Previously, many US officials in Cuba, China and Russia mysteriously fell ill, with the main reasons allegedly being affected by microwave radiation sources.

Ultraviolet rays are invisible rays, part of the energy coming from the sun, that can burn skin and cause skin cancer. UV radiation is made up of three types of rays – ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB) and ultraviolet C (UVC). UVC is the most dangerous type of ultraviolet rays, but it cannot penetrate the ozone layer of the atmosphere, so it is not harmful to the earth. UVA and UVB rays – are the most harmful substances, of which 95% are UVA rays and 5% are UVB rays. UVB rays often affect the outer layer of the skin, damaging the skin. UVB rays cannot pass through glass windows, but are strongly reflected from snow, water surface, asphalt, causing burns … It can lead to some types of skin cancers such as melanoma, carcinoma. basal and squamous tissue. UVA rays are much less intense than UVB rays but reach the deeper layers of the skin about 50 times and cause more damage than UVB rays. UVA rays penetrate thin materials such as windows, clothes, clouds … so even if it’s shady, or cloaked in sun-protective clothing, our skin is still heavily affected. This ray does not cause immediate blackening of the skin like UVB, but causes skin aging and immunodeficiency, it also affects the basal cell layer of the epidermis, where most skin cancers arise. Although the acute effects of UV are usually short and reversible. But the long-term effects of UV rays are much more serious and dangerous, which can be life-threatening, including aging of the skin, suppression of the immune system, eye damage and skin cancer. For this reason, it is often recommended to use a sunscreen to block both of these types of radiation. How to use sunscreen? When the skin has been severely damaged by UV damage and the skin has lost significant collagen, lax cell connection, treatments, including modern aesthetic methods, have partly improved, but It is very difficult to give back healthy skin because at this time the cell’s DNA is damaged. Therefore, it is essential to do immediately to prevent the skin from getting sunburned. First of all, it should be minimized when going to the street when the sun is heavy and need to take measures to protect the skin when going out in the sun with a hat / hat, jacket and sunscreen. Protect skin by wearing a hat and sunscreen 30 minutes before going out in the sun. For the sunscreen to be effective, apply sunscreen to areas of skin that must be exposed to direct sunlight 20 minutes before going out. For the skin already with clothing support, you just need to apply an appropriate amount to the skin. For areas exposed to direct sunlight, sunscreen should be reapplied every two hours. Going outdoors, sunscreen should be reapplied every 2 hours. The shelf life of conventional sunscreens is 3 years under normal room temperature conditions. If placed in an environment that is too hot or too cold, the product quality will suffer, thereby disabling their functionality.

Hundreds of tanks contain radioactive wastewater outside the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan. Photo: AP Since then, the authorities have used millions of tons of water to cool the reactors, and store waste water in giant tanks on site. 10 years have passed, the operator of the nuclear plant Tokyo Electric Power Co (TepCo) is now alerting the danger of running out of water storage space from the cooling process, estimated to reach a threshold of about 1.3 million tons of water. year 2022.
Environmental groups, including Greenpeace, have recommended the Tokyo government to build more tanks to keep water outside the plant, rather than opting for an ocean discharge option. Japan has considered several other options, such as evaporation or underground storage of contaminated water from factories. In the end, however, the Tokyo government decided to dilute the huge mass of polluted water and release it into the sea, when it found this option more technically feasible and cost-effective. The process is expected to begin in the next 2 years. Currently, all wastewater is filtered to remove most of the radioactive elements, but some dangerous substances remain, including Tritium, which has been identified as harmful to humans.
Evaluation of Tokyo’s solution, expert Ken Buesseler at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Falmouth, Massachusetts, noted: “Tritium is light and can float as far as the west coast of the United States within 2 years”. More serious problems are thought to lie in potentially dangerous radioactive isotopes in water, including strontium-90 and iodine-129. In theory, filtration can reduce their concentration, to about 70% for water that has not undergone secondary filtration. But scientists are not sure whether the actual filtration results are according to plan.
A poll conducted by the Asahi Shimbun newspaper in January 2021 found that 55% of Japanese respondents opposed the Tokyo government’s plan to discharge radioactive wastewater from Fukushima into the sea, while 32% said that they support. At the Tokyo government’s earlier hearing on the release of nuclear radioactive water into the sea, some industry and local representatives continued to oppose the decision believed to undermine efforts to revive the affected areas. disaster, blowing past efforts to restore the reputation for local products. “We will die from releasing polluted water into the oceans, as it could have a catastrophic impact on the future of the Japanese fishing industry” – Hiroshi Kishi, head of the Federation of Water Cooperatives National real estate said. Mr. Kishi emphasized that the discharge of radioactive water into the ocean may cause other countries to tighten restrictions on imports of Japanese seafood products, reversing the recent trend of loosening policies.
Japan’s April 13 announcement also immediately drew concerns in neighboring countries, including China and South Korea, about the possible impact on human health as well as seafood businesses. . Beijing calls for Tokyo’s “responsible” attitude, along with “prudent” disposal of nuclear waste, arguing that it involves “the interests of the international community and the vital interests of neighboring countries ”. Meanwhile, Seoul said that “it will be unacceptable if the Japanese side decides to discharge polluted water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant without full consultation”.

Ms. Tran Vu Diem Hang, Green Development Innovation Center, said that the rooftop solar power system is a solar power system with photovoltaic panels installed on the roof of a building, with capacity? exceeding 1 MW, directly or indirectly connected to the electricity grid with a voltage of 35 kV or less of the buyer. Every region in our country has potential for solar power. For example, in Hanoi, the radiation intensity and total radiation are not small, the installation of grid-connected solar power brings high efficiency. The Northwest region also has solar energy potential … So, no matter where you live, people can install rooftop solar PV. For households, rooftop solar power saves electricity costs, reduces the pressure of paying high-tier electricity bills for households using a lot of electricity; increase household income because it is possible to sell excess electricity after it is used to EVN; help protect the roof to cool the roof, especially in the summer … A rooftop solar PV system consists of photovoltaic panels, power converters (inverters) and wires as well as a lightning protection system. Currently, the cost of installing a rooftop solar power system is not too expensive: the current investment price of 01 kWp ranges from 13-18 million VND depending on the size and origin of the equipment. However, in order to install solar power on the roof, people must pay attention to a number of points. First, the area must be large enough for installation. Accordingly, the roof area must be at least 6 – 7 m2 / kWp and 3 kWp should have a roof area of ​​21 square meters. You also need to make sure the roof is sturdy enough to place the mechanical system, the battery plate on top. In addition, the installation space must be ensured that there is no shade obscured by trees or other construction works. In particular, you must test the construction unit’s capabilities. Currently, each unit has its own capabilities, experience and standards leading to very different quality and price. Therefore, people should choose units with good capacity and years of experience. Invite readers to watch the video: Spontaneous gas sales are rampant. Source: VTV24

Treated contaminated wastewater tanks at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Photo: AFP / VNA Mr. Aso ensures that wastewater discharged into the sea will be treated according to the plan announced by the Government, whereby the concentration of radioactive tritium in wastewater will be diluted to 1,500 becquerel / liter, equivalent to 1/40 of the permitted concentrations are according to Japanese safety standards and 1/7 of the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water, before being released into the sea. The discharge of this wastewater into the sea will be implemented in about 2 years. After the 2011 disaster, water pumped into the damaged reactors at the No. 1 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant to cool the fuel rods. Along with contaminated rainwater and groundwater, the reactor’s cooling wastewater is treated with an Advanced Liquid Treatment System (ALPS). ALPS removes most radioactive substances, including strontium and cesium, but cannot remove tritium. At the present time, there are more than 1.25 million tons of wastewater that has been treated but still contains radioactive substances being stored in storage tanks at the plant. On April 13, more than 10 years after the factory incident, the Japanese government decided to discharge this wastewater into the sea. The IAEA expressed support for Japan’s decision to discharge treated wastewater into the sea, and affirmed its readiness to provide technical assistance in monitoring this discharge. Before the Japanese decision, the Russian Foreign Ministry on April 15 expressed concern about this issue, at the same time urged Japan to approach the issue of wastewater treatment from the Fukushima nuclear power plant with all responsibility. responsibility. Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova expressed her expectation that the Japanese government would show transparency and inform all countries concerned about Tokyo’s actions. In addition, Ms. Zakharova added that Russia is waiting for Japan to have more detailed explanations, while calling on Tokyo not to make economic activities of other countries difficult, including in the fishing industry. fish. On the same day, Chinese Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs Wu Jiang Hao (Wu Jianghao) summoned the Japanese Ambassador to the country Tarumi Hideo to present a note protesting the decision to discharge treated radioactive wastewater into the sea. Stored at the No. 1 Fukushima nuclear power plant.

Architect NGHIA-ARCHITECT said that the biggest difficulty facing the architect is to ensure that the renovation is in accordance with the planning regulations and exterior requirements applied in urban areas. At the same time, meeting customers’ needs in changing the original structure to become a more cohesive space for the family. The renovation must be carefully considered and studied to create a unique facade. The outer sun shading layer helps the house to be more introverted and discreet According to the original plan the house had three basic problems that needed to be addressed. Firstly, the old status quo is in a typical form and reveals the inadequacies because it cannot exploit the open space element – a characteristic of garden villas. The architect designed the use of vertical wooden bars as a wind door covering the facade to increase the unique and sophisticated look. The louvre (sunshade) on the façade gives a unique look, although not too fussy but still enough to break the way for the house. This louvre layer contributes to reducing the sunlight that is radiated directly into the windows Second, what is needed to create an open house is to combine the living space with many trees. A corner of the garden overlooking the water with many trees. Family dining area. Third, the effective design layout for the second floor revolves around the idea of ​​bringing more interaction between family members while ensuring essential privacy. Instead of a doorless wardrobe inside the main bedroom, the architect decided to move it outside to connect the bedroom space of parents and children. In addition, the architect decided to invest in a separate play space for the children. A small steel staircase can be reached from the bedroom. The room layout helps to stimulate the dynamism and imagination of young children. The architect designed the second floor around the idea to closely link family members. Simple and modern interior. Another view of the living room has a relaxing sitting corner. The first floor and the second floor are connected by floor clearance. Each space of the house opens up a green space outside through sliding glass doors. Each bedroom space is calculated to have maximum access to the elements of ventilation and natural light. One of the strengths of this project is that each room opens up a green space. The master bedroom has full access to sunlight and wind.

Foreign Ministry spokesman Trieu Lap Kien.

“The oceans are not Japan’s trash, the Pacific is not Japan’s sewage trench. The world does not have to pay the price for Japan’s discharge of radioactive water. On some Japanese officials say,” “Nothing will happen even if you drink this”, please drink first, then we will talk, “Foreign Ministry spokesman Trieu Lap Kien said at a press conference on the 14th. / 4.

“We call on the Japanese side to be aware of their responsibilities, to adhere to a scientific approach, to fulfill international obligations and to take into account the serious concerns of the world community and neighboring countries. and the people of our own country, “added the Chinese diplomatic representative.

Earlier, on April 13, the Japanese government announced a plan to discharge more than 1 million tons of radioactive contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear plant into the Pacific.

According to the roadmap, the discharge will begin in about two years, and the entire process is expected to take decades.

Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga said that the decision to release polluted water into the Pacific was the “most realistic” and “inevitable” option to achieve the recovery of Fukushima “.

Japanese Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso affirmed that this water source has been treated, diluted, will be very safe, drinkable, and said that Japan should discharge water sooner.

About 1.25 million tons of water has accumulated in the area of ​​the Fukushima nuclear plant after the tsunami hit in 2011.

The amount of radioactive water is increasing by about 140 tons per day, is currently stored in more than 1,000 tanks and is expected to run out of storage space by next fall.

Japanese Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide said the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other third parties will be involved in the plan, ensuring the discharge of treated wastewater in Fukushima into the sea is carried out. transparent way.

In a recent statement, the IAEA confirmed to support this decision, because radioactive elements, except tritium, will be removed from the water or reduced to a safe level before being discharged. The IAEA has also shown that nuclear plants around the world use a similar process to treat wastewater.

However, Japan’s discharge has met with opposition from fishing communities in this country as well as concerns from neighboring countries such as China and South Korea.

South Korea expressed “serious concern” that the Japanese decision would have a direct and indirect impact on the safety of its people and the surrounding marine environment.

South Korea urged Japan to provide more information on its wastewater discharge and said it would measure and monitor the radiation itself.

An old phosphorus mine in Florida.

According to information from the BBC, China uses rare earths as a trump card in the trade war with the US. China has signaled that it could limit exports of rare earth minerals to the US as the trade conflict between the two countries escalates.

By far, China is the largest producer of raw materials vital to many US industries including high-growth industries such as electric vehicles and wind turbine manufacturing. The US Geological Survey has determined these minerals are very important to the economy and defense of this country.

Restricting exports to the US, if implemented, could have a major impact on major US industries worth trillions of dollars that rely on rare earth minerals.

Rare earths are a valuable resource that plays an important role in the industry.

Rare earth is a group of 17 elements used in many fields, including renewable energy technology, oil refining, electronics, … Called “rare” because they are difficult to exploit. This raw material is believed to be in the Earth’s crust. There are very few places in the world that exploit or produce rare earths because rare earth exploitation is both difficult and potentially harmful to the environment.

Rare earth exploitation is very difficult and poses a risk to the environment.

Currently, Chinese mines account for about 70% of global rare earth production. Myanmar, Australia, the US and some other countries only exploit a small amount, accounting for the remaining 30%.

According to US government data, about 80% of imported rare earths come from China. Estonia, France and Japan also supply treated rare earths to the US, but the original ore is from China.

The US mines rare earths and sends ore to China for processing, but China has imposed a 25% import tax. Consequently, the United States considered developing its own rare earth refining industry.

Information from the New York Times and Bloomberg said that the US is seeing the potential to exploit rare earth from old phosphorus mines in Florida. The process of handling leaked waste here helps to protect the environment and is an opportunity to reduce dependence on rare earths from China.

China is holding back most of the world’s rare earth supply.

A sewage leak at an old phosphorus mine in Florida prompted authorities to issue an evacuation order and declare a state of emergency near the Tampa area amid a potential collapse of the mine’s radioactive waste. Cleaning up the forgotten giant pile of phosphorus scattered in Florida and other parts of the southeastern United States could help resolve America’s dependence on important imported raw materials, while eliminating Threats of environmental disaster are lurking in the local people.

Phosphorus is a byproduct of the production of fertilizers from phosphate rock. For every ton of organic phosphoric acid produced, more than five tons of phosphorus are produced. This waste is worthless in its raw form due to the concentration of uranium, radium and other heavy metals making it radioactive toxic, unable to be used as soil amendment or building material.

According to the study, there is a large amount of rare earths and radioactive metals present in phosphorus piles in Florida. However, those are not the only scarce metals that can be found in phosphorus ores. Rare earths are a collection of elements that are important for high-tech applications such as magnets and lasers. A 2017 analysis by the US-China research group showed that rare earths are present at a rate of about 0.2% in a waste pile of about 1 billion tons in Florida, equivalent to two million tons of rare earths, enough to cover global demand for a decade.

Many laboratory studies have been done to look at phosphorus recycling processes. However, prices for phosphorus, rare earths and uranium have been mostly curbed in recent years to limit the commercial appeal of phosphorus recycling around the world.

Every year, the US government spends a substantial amount of money monitoring and managing risks at the old phosphorus mine in Florida. The US plans to spend about $ 111 billion to clean water pipes and water infrastructure.

Under the Donald Trump administration last year, the US environmental protection agency authorized the use of raw phosphorus as road construction materials. However, the cost of waste treatment here is so high that investors are still afraid.

The US government has to spend a lot of money on the treatment of the phosphorus mine in Florida.

Huge open-pit ponds the size of the entire city block, filled with toxic wastewater, and underneath there is a lot of radioactive waste.

Recently, local officials allowed residents to return home after an urgent effort to pump millions of gallons of water out of ponds and into inland waterways. The environmental impacts of releasing large amounts of polluted water have not been evaluated. But in the past week, the “ghost” of a great cataclysm caused the government to evacuate hundreds of households from the dangerous area.

Researchers fear that, when giant puddles collapsed, radioactive waste will leak, it will lead to unpredictable dangers. The environment will be affected by the emergency discharge of polluted water, which contains many substances that can cause harmful algae to bloom and kill fish.

Wastewater in the area near Wilmington in North Carolina.

Florida is considered the largest producer of phosphorus in the world, accounting for about 80% of phosphorus mining in the US – where the exploitation and consumption of about 23 million tons of phosphorus per year.

When coal-fired power plants generate electricity, they leave hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic sediment known as coal ash, mixed with water and dumped into ponds within the plant.

Across the United States there are more than 700 landfills and large bodies of water still store coal ash discharged from coal-fired power plants. Under the Obama administration, there were regulations to close coal ash ponds in 2018. Currently, the North Carolina region authorities also began requiring power companies to dig coal ash ponds under the new law. state, also requiring the closure of all coal ash ponds by 2029./.

The Japanese honey apple (also known as the sun apple) is one of the most expensive apple varieties in the world. In Vietnam, Japanese honey apples are sold for up to 1.5 – 2 million VND / kg.

In the country of the rising sun, honey apples are grown entirely according to organic technology, meticulously from care to collection.

Japanese honey apples are grown mainly in the Aomori region, which is considered the capital of delicious apples.

Winter is the time when growers clean the trunk of the apple tree, cutting dry branches for the best growth.

Spring comes, when the apples begin to bloom, it is time for growers to add nutrients to the plants. The grower will carefully remove the flower clusters on the branches so as not to disturb the rest of the flower.

For the most effective natural pollination, they even kept bees in the apple orchard.

In the summer, apples start to bear fruit. Each branch usually has 5-6 apples.

At this point, the grower continues the pruning, leaving only one fruit on the branch. This helps the tree concentrate nutrients, the apple will be sweeter.

Next fall, the whole orchard of red and ripe apples looks good.

They test each apple on the tree for appearance standards and then harvest.

The soil analysis, pesticide residue analysis, radioactivity … are done carefully to ensure the quality of the apple honey wall. Photo courtesy of: Noal Farm, Aomori Apple

Video: Autumn red ripe apple orchard. Source: Youtube

The above comments of Mr. Konstantin Roginsky, deputy director of the Institute of Oceanography of the Russian Academy of Sciences shared with the media on April 13.

“The amount of wastewater announced by the Japanese side is a small amount. This is a drop of water in the ocean. Even in the worst case, if the wastewater is poorly treated, this heavy water will sink to the bottom and lie at a depth of 5-6-8 km, ”said Mr. Roginsky.

The waste water is planned to be discharged into the ocean, not posing a threat to the ecosystem of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, because the currents in that area go from north to south in the direction of the Russian scientist. Japan”.

The wastewater discharge will begin in about two years and the entire process is expected to take decades. (Image: Reuters)

According to Roginsky, the discharge of wastewater from the Fukushima nuclear power plant does not pose a threat to the Sea of ​​Japan, which is separated from the Pacific by islands of Japan. “US naval bases are much more harmful to Japan’s coastal fisheries,” added Roginsky.

“About 1.5 million tons of wastewater will be dumped into the ocean. Accordingly, the water is diluted, losing its natural salinity. This can be more harmful to marine organisms than it is with poor radiation release. They are used to living at a certain salinity, at a certain depth, in a certain chemical composition of water, ”explained the Russian expert.

Also commenting on the contemporary Japanese announcement of the discharge of wastewater from the Fukushima nuclear power plant, the expert of the Federal Council on Agricultural Policy – Food and Environmental Management, Ms. Natalia Sokolova undertook that if the wastewater is properly purified, there will be no radioactive threat to Russia.

“Right now, the amount of liquid accumulated is very large. Most of it is regular water. If purified from all harmful impurities, including tritium, the wastewater can be safely discharged into the oceans, as well as the coastal waters of other countries will not be affected. “, Ms. Sokolova shared with Sputnik.

According to the ecologist, discharging water from nuclear power plants is a common process for operating plants. But Fukushima is an emergency, so it is not known whether or not an operation will be able to proceed. It will become clear by 2023 whether wastewater can be filtered to the required parameters.

“Rigorous laboratory analyzes should be performed during the entire wastewater purification process. Two years prior to discharge is called approximate figure. I am sure that the Japanese government will make a decision on the outcome of the wastewater purification process. So far, these are just plans and the reality is that not all wastewater can be 100% purified ”, believes Ms. Sokolova.

Japan insists it is safe to discharge water from the plant as it has been treated to remove most of the radioactive elements and will be diluted. (Image: Reuters)

Meanwhile, Dmitry Lisitsyn, President of the Far East (Russia) environmental protection organization, said that the discharge of wastewater from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan would lead to radioactive pollution. was brought to the heart of the North Pacific, where Pacific salmon are inhabited.

“The Fukushima nuclear power plant is located on the Pacific coast of Honshu Island. When radioactive pollution enters the Pacific off the coast of Honshu, they are quickly transported to the northeast by the Kuroshio currents, then into the North Pacific stream. All polluted wastewater is sent directly to the North Pacific. How does this threaten Russia? The fish forage in the North Pacific, then infiltrate the Russian table and there will be more before the polluted wastewater completely disappears, “RIA quoted Mr. Lisitsyn.

Lisitsyn noted six Pacific salmon species live in the Far East. They spawn in rivers, feed and grow in the ocean. Specifically in the central region of the North Pacific. This is exactly the site where this pollution was done.

What does the IAEA say?

Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Rafael Mariano Grossi, welcomed the decision of the Japanese Government to discharge wastewater from the damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant into the sea and promised that the organization would assistance to avoid negative consequences.

“I welcome Japan’s announcement of how they will treat wastewater stored at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The IAEA will work with Japan before, during and after discharge to help ensure this is done without negatively affecting health and the environment, ”wrote Grossi on Twitter.

According to Mr. Grossi, the controlled discharge of water into the sea is regularly used by nuclear power plants operating in the world and in the region, they comply with strict environmental safety standards and regulations. .

The start of wastewater discharge is expected to be around 2023. At the current rate of storage in reservoirs, all available reservoirs will be filled by the end of 2022.

Earlier, speaking at a press conference on April 13, Japanese Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide announced that it would discharge more than 1 million tons of wastewater from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the sea, saying that the discharge of water into Thai waters Binh Duong was the “most realistic” and “inevitable” option to achieve the recovery of Fukushima.