Kelly performed a spacewalk outside the space station on November 6, 2015. Time – an important “link” When humans have the opportunity to explore Mars, the crew members will carry out the mission and travel to places millions of miles away from our planet. Scientists want to understand as much as possible about the potential effects of microgravity and radiation on the human body. A big step towards this goal is the One-Year Mission, when NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko spent 340 days aboard the International Space Station from March 2015 to 2020. 2016. Space explorers have spent nearly a year living in zero gravity. The data collected before, during and after their flight made a big contribution. This will help researchers better understand what happens to the human body in space. One concern has arisen regarding astronauts, when their eyes change over long periods of time in space. This change is thought to occur when astronauts are in space for six months or more. Time spent in space also has potential impacts on their vision health. According to researchers, crew members typically spend four to six months on the space station. However, future planned missions lasting a year or longer should be considered. The effect on astronauts’ visual health as a result of long-term flight was previously known as visual impairment and intracranial pressure, or VIIP syndrome. The researchers are now referring to ophthalmic and neurological findings in astronauts after long-duration spaceflight, such as spaceflight-associated optic nerve syndrome, also known as SANS. A new study focusing on eye changes and problems astronauts Kelly and Kornienko experienced has been published in the journal JAMA Opthalmology. “About six months after astronauts began their space missions, we started to observe changes in the eyes of some people. Those changes didn’t show up during their roughly two-week mission aboard the space shuttle,” said study author Brandon R. Macias, director of the Cardiology and Vision Laboratory at NASA Johnson Space Center. in Houston said. According to Macias, the team’s preliminary findings suggest that the duration of the space mission could be responsible for changes in eye structure for the worse, such as swelling of nerve ending tissues. vision. This change has been noticed in some astronauts who have been on missions longer than a year in space. The premise for the future American astronaut Scott Kelly (left) and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko (right) spent a year on the space station. The changes in astronauts Kelly and Kornienko were compared with crew members who spent about six months on the station. Both of these astronauts experienced many changes in eye structure. One of them developed mild optic disc edema. “Disc edema can occur when the nerve fibers at the back of the eye swell or when CSF (spinal fluid) builds up around the nerve fibers. If the swelling is severe and persists for a long time, visual function can be affected,” explains Macias. Meanwhile, the other astronaut suffered from optic disc edema and the growing growth of choroidal folds. Both of them used to not realize the changes they were going through. “The retina at the back of the eye is a smooth layer,” says Macias. Folds develop when this tissue becomes wrinkled and uneven. These folds can have different patterns depending on their location and severity. This condition has the potential to impair visual function.” Two astronauts recovered from optic disc edema after returning from space. However, the choroidal folds do not always fully recover. These structural changes did not result in any significant functional changes to the eye. “There is a concern, however, that longer space missions could contribute to more structural changes to the eye. The longer these structural changes take place, the more likely they are that they can cause damage to the retina,” warns Macias. The researchers believe the new findings are a reliable measurement for monitoring the crew members’ eye structures, as well as their long-term health upon their return to Earth. At the same time, the scientists also wanted to understand why some crew members had more eye changes than others. That information could help the team figure out how to prevent neuro-eye syndrome associated with space flight. The team will measure eye activity before, during and after the task by electromechanical methods. Simultaneously, the electrical response of the light-sensitive cones and rods of the eye is measured. Scientists will also look at changes in blood flow in the retina. This may provide more insight into why some crew members undergo more changes than others.

How do ultraviolet rays affect the eyes? Eyes are very sensitive to any touch, including light. Looking at objects that are too bright for a long time, the eyes will quickly get tired, the feeling of eye pain appears. In the bright sunlight of summer, radiation from the sun easily causes blurred vision and premature degeneration… Therefore, protecting eyes from ultraviolet rays is very necessary. Ultraviolet rays appear in the sun, located in the 400-100nm wave band, appearing more and more, making eye diseases at an increased risk. If you look directly into the sunlight, it is more dangerous for your eyes. Ultraviolet rays (also known as UV rays, ultraviolet rays) cause eye burns, corneal damage, cataracts… The first harmful effects of ultraviolet rays can cause eye burns, easily encountered if we stand in the sun for a long time and do not have the protection with sunglasses, a hat. Symptoms of the disease are burning of eyelids, feeling of burning, itching, dry eyes and continuous blinking, blistering of endothelial cells. This phenomenon occurs a lot can lead to blurred vision, blurred vision. At first, ultraviolet rays only affect the eyelids and cornea. If severe, UV rays will affect the lens, leading to cataracts. In addition, damage to the endothelial cells of the retina leads to macular degeneration. Eye damage can be immediate or permanent after absorbing the UV rays present in the sun. In the eyelids, sunlight can cause some types of blepharitis, especially ciliary cancer such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Normally, after being exposed to ultraviolet rays, from 6-15 hours, there will be visual disturbances such as decreased vision, seeing halos around light sources. After that, the patient will feel like there is a foreign object in the eye, watery eyes, very afraid of light. Usually, if progress is good, after 8 hours, these symptoms will go away on their own. In case of prolonged exposure to sunlight, ultraviolet rays can also cause more serious eye diseases such as retinal damage, cataracts, and even blindness. How to protect your eyes: The most important way to avoid sun damage to your eyes is to avoid direct exposure to the sun, avoiding the time when UV rays are the most, such as from 11am to 4pm. If we must work in the sun, we must find ways to limit the sun’s penetration into the body in many different ways such as wearing hats, wide-brimmed hats, covering the face… Ultraviolet every time you go out. Hair also needs to be shielded from the bad effects of the sun. Hair also needs proper sun protection Every day, the hair has to endure a lot of harmful effects from the environment: wind, dust, sun … making the hair worse and worse. At the same time, factors such as: age, aging process, daily hair care habits, abuse of dyes, excessively hot hair drying… are also causes of faster aging process. hair, causing the hair to lose more and more natural tolerance, become weak and break. To protect the hair, Health of life We recommend that you perform the following solutions: Sun protection for scalp and hair: Standing in the sun for a long time, especially when the scalp is wet from sea water or water from the pool, can easily cause the scalp to burn and become red. Therefore, you should wear a wide-brimmed hat to protect your hair from the sun. Rinse your hair with clean water before and after swimming: Another enemy of hair is chlorine in swimming pool water. The simplest way to reduce the impact of chlorine on the hair is to rinse the hair with clean water before swimming, helping the hair follicles to expand and fill with water, minimizing the amount of chlorine absorbed into the hair when swimming. After swimming, wash and rinse your hair thoroughly with clean water. Let your hair dry naturally: If possible, instead of using a blow dryer, be patient and let your hair dry naturally. While a hair dryer is convenient, it can easily dry, break and damage hair if not used properly. Daily you should use nourishing and care oils with essential protective ingredients such as moisture, UV protection. Make it a habit to steam your hair once a week to directly provide essential nutrients to your hair. Sunscreen spray for hair: You should not only protect your skin from the sun but forget about protecting your hair from the sun, UV rays and high temperatures from the sun. Your solution is hair-specific sunscreen sprays with UV protection that help protect hair from signs of damage without being greasy. Note: For healthy hair, do not wash your hair too much. After each wash, the scalp needs 48-54 hours to recover. When you wash your hair too much (wash several times a day or wash it every day) and use too much shampoo, you will make the oil layer on the scalp lose, the protective layer of the hair roots is affected, making the hair easy to fall and break. than. Eating enough nutrients such as vitamin B2 found in milk, meat, liver, bread helps healthy hair; vitamin B5 found in chicken, oranges, egg yolks… has the effect of nourishing hair; especially vitamin B3 found in yeast, fish, beans because this is an important ingredient, without it, hair will turn gray at a fast rate. Regularly drink milk and eat dairy products to provide optimal nutrition for your hair.

The light-emitting glasses device helps visually impaired patients locate and touch the book on the table. (Source: nytimes.com) On May 24, a group of scientists announced that they had partially restored the vision of a blind man, by injecting light-sensitive proteins into one eye. The study was published in the journal Nature Medicine. This is the first study to describe the successful use of this new treatment. The patient participating in the trial of the new treatment is a 58-year-old French man who is completely blind due to retinitis pigmentosa. With the help of a special type of glass, he was able to see some objects from a narrow perspective such as notebooks, pin boxes, glass shards… The study’s authors say the trial – the result of 13 years of continuous work – has reached an important milestone for more effective treatments in the future. Dr José-Alain Sahel, an ophthalmologist at the University of Pittsburgh and the Sorbonne in Paris, said: “Clearly this is not the end of the road, but an important milestone.” Dr. Sahel and other scientists have been trying for decades to find a cure for inherited forms of blindness. These genetic disorders rob the eye of essential proteins needed for vision, causing the light-sensitive cells to degenerate. When light enters the eye, photoreceptors capture these rays. They then send an electrical signal to neighboring cells, called ganglion cells, which are responsible for transmitting information. vision from photoreceptors to the brain via the optic nerve. In previous studies, researchers were able to treat a form of genetic blindness known as Leber congenital blindness, by correcting a faulty gene that can cause photoreceptors to gradually become impaired. degenerate. But other forms of blindness cannot be treated so simply if the retina has completely lost its photoreceptors. “Once the cells are dead, you can’t fix the gene error,” says Dr. Sahel. For these diseases, Dr. Sahel and other researchers tested a new, more radical approach. They used gene therapy to turn ganglion cells into new photoreceptors, even though these ganglion cells normally don’t pick up light. Scientists are taking advantage of proteins derived from algae and other bacteria that can make neurons sensitive to light. Ed Boyden, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who is a pioneer in the field of optical genetics, thinks the use of proteins to cure blindness has taken him by surprise. “So far, I’ve only thought of optical genetics as a tool primarily for scientists, because it’s being used by thousands of people to study the brain,” he said. But if optical genetics were used for medical purposes, that would be extremely exciting.” Dr. Sahel and colleagues realized that the photogenetic proteins created by Dr. Boyden were not sensitive enough to produce images from normal light entering the eye. Amplified light also cannot be used to shine into the patient’s eyes, as this will damage the delicate tissues of the retina. So they selected a photogenetic protein that is only sensitive to amber light and inserted it into ganglion cells in the patient’s retina. Next, the researchers invented a special device that transforms visual information from the outside world into an amber light that the ganglion cells can perceive. They created goggles that scan the field of view at a rate of thousands of times a second and record any pixel where the light changes. The goggles then send a pulse of light from that pixel into the eye. The method can produce images in the brain, the researchers say. Our eyes naturally roam around in small movements many times a second. With each movement, these pixels change the light level. However, it is still an open question whether blind people can learn how to use this information to identify objects. About this Botond Roska said: “The brain has to learn a new language.” After testing gene therapy and goggles on monkeys, Dr Roska, an ophthalmologist at the University of Basel, co-author of the study, and colleagues are ready to test it in humans. Their plan was to inject the gene-carrying virus into the eyes of each blind volunteer who signed up for the new gene therapy, then wait a few months for the ganglion cells to develop the photogenetic proteins. They will then instruct the volunteers on how to use the goggles. However, they have only coached one volunteer due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The 58-year-old man has been wearing goggles at home and while walking. One day, he realized that he could see pedestrian lines on the road. When the pandemic subsided in France, scientists continued to test his eyesight and discovered that he could still reach and touch a notebook on the table, identifying swapped glasses. The results of the electroencephalogram (EEG) showed that his brain was indeed responding to the visual signals from the eye. Currently, Dr. Sahel and colleagues are bringing in other volunteers to test and further refine the new treatment technique.

Part of this 58-year-old male patient’s vision has been restored, allowing him to recognize, count, locate and touch various objects displayed on the table in front of him. (Photo: New York Times) According to research results published on May 24, scientists in Europe and the US have applied optical genetic engineering to treat a patient who lost vision due to an inherited disease of photoreceptors. 40 years ago. This involves injecting them directly into the patient’s eye, combined with stimulation for several months by wearing light-emitting glasses, which convert images into pulses of light printed onto the retina. A 58-year-old blind man was able to partially restore vision in one eye with the help of a breakthrough treatment using genetic engineering and light-activated therapy. The patient, who lives in France, was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a degenerative eye disease that affects the retina at the back of the eye and causes it to stop working, almost 40 years ago. year. However, several months after the treatment, he was able to recognize, count, locate and touch various objects with the treated eye while wearing a pair of light-stimulating glasses. The researchers say that although their findings, published in the journal Nature Medicine, are still in the early stages, their work could be seen as a stepping stone to targeted treatments. new target for people with RP (RP – a condition in which the cells in the retina that receive light are disrupted, which can lead to total blindness). It is the most common inherited eye condition, affecting around 1 in 4,000 people in the UK. The researchers used a technique, called photogenetics, to genetically alter cells in the retina so that they produce light-sensitive proteins called channelrhodopsin. The treatment, which is done by injecting an eye into one eye, activates the gene that codes for a channelrhodopsin protein called ChrimsonR, which senses amber light. The team also developed specialized goggles equipped with a camera to capture and project visual images onto the retina at amber wavelengths of light. The patient then trained for several months as the genetically engineered cells began to stabilize. Seven months later, the patient began to show signs of improvement in vision, the researchers said. The team also said their patients were “excited” after this first experience of partial vision. With the aid of the light-stimulating glasses, the patient was able to locate, recognize, touch and count objects such as notebooks, pin boxes and glasses on a white table in front of him. The researchers also read the patients’ brain activity using a technique known as an electroencephalogram. A tortoise is alternately raised or removed from the table, and the patient must press a button to indicate whether it is there or not. The results from the experiments show that patients can recognize with 78% accuracy. Although this type of optical genetic therapy may be beneficial in restoring visual function in people with RP-related blindness, more results from this trial are needed, the researchers say. clearer picture of the safety and effectiveness of this approach. José-Alain Sahel, lead author of the study from France’s Sorbonne University and the National Center for Scientific Research, said: “It is important that blind patients suffer from various types of neurodegenerative diseases. and functional optic nerve would likely qualify for treatment. However, the effectiveness of the treatment depends on the extent of the patient’s optic nerve degeneration. He said it will take more time to study this method before it can be put into practice. Quynh Hoa According to The Irish Times

Part of this 58-year-old male patient’s vision has been restored, allowing him to recognize, count, locate and touch various objects displayed on the table in front of him. (Photo: New York Times) According to research results published on May 24, scientists in Europe and the US have applied optical genetic engineering to treat a patient who lost vision due to an inherited disease of photoreceptors. 40 years ago. This involves injecting them directly into the patient’s eye, combined with stimulation for several months by wearing light-emitting glasses, which convert images into pulses of light printed onto the retina. A 58-year-old blind man was able to partially restore vision in one eye with the help of a breakthrough treatment using genetic engineering and light-activated therapy. The patient, who lives in France, was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a degenerative eye disease that affects the retina at the back of the eye and causes it to stop working, almost 40 years ago. year. However, several months after the treatment, he was able to recognize, count, locate and touch various objects with the treated eye while wearing a pair of light-stimulating glasses. The researchers say that although their findings, published in the journal Nature Medicine, are still in the early stages, their work could be seen as a stepping stone to targeted treatments. New target for people with RP (RP – a condition in which cells in the retina that receive light are disrupted, which can lead to total blindness). It is the most common inherited eye condition, affecting around 1 in 4,000 people in the UK. The researchers used a technique, called photogenetics, to genetically alter cells in the retina so that they produce light-sensitive proteins called channelrhodopsin. The treatment, which is done by injecting an eye into one eye, activates the gene that codes for a channelrhodopsin protein called ChrimsonR, which senses amber light. The team also developed specialized goggles equipped with a camera to capture and project visual images onto the retina at amber wavelengths of light. The patient then trained for several months as the genetically engineered cells began to stabilize. Seven months later, the patient began to show signs of improvement in vision, the researchers said. The team also said their patients were “excited” after this first experience of partial vision. With the aid of the light-stimulating glasses, the patient was able to locate, recognize, touch and count objects such as notebooks, pin boxes and glasses on a white table in front of him. The researchers also read the patients’ brain activity using a technique known as an electroencephalogram. A tortoise is alternately raised or removed from the table, and the patient must press a button to indicate whether it is there or not. The results from the experiments show that patients can recognize with 78% accuracy. Although this type of optical genetic therapy may be beneficial in restoring visual function in people with RP-related blindness, more results from this trial are needed, the researchers say. clearer picture of the safety and effectiveness of this approach. José-Alain Sahel, lead author of the study from France’s Sorbonne University and the National Center for Scientific Research, said: “It is important that blind patients suffer from various types of neurodegenerative diseases. and functional optic nerve would likely qualify for treatment. However, the effectiveness of the treatment depends on the extent of the patient’s optic nerve degeneration. He said it will take more time to study this method before it can be put into practice. Quynh Hoa According to The Irish Times

Fingerprinting for people at the Go Vap District Police. Photo: Thanh Chung – VNA What information does the chip-mounted citizen ID contain? The biggest difference of chip-mounted Citizen Identification compared to other types of identification such as Identity Card or Barcode Citizen Identification is the chip located on the back of the card. The chip contains information about the identity of each citizen, such as: Full name; date of birth; home town; fingerprint, retina, image, identification features … At the same time, in the near future, the chip on the citizen’s ID card also contains information related to insurance, banking, driver’s license … of the user. use. In addition to the chip, the new model Citizen ID card also has a QR code on the front of the card. When scanning this code will display information about the name of the issuer, the old ID number (In the case where the 9-digit ID card was used), the issuer will no longer have to bring it The identity card number of the identity card with A4 paper is very easily crumpled as it is nowadays. Is losing a citizen’s ID with a chip “dangerous”? As mentioned above, the citizen’s ID with chip shows a lot of personal information of the grantee, and also integrates many other specialized information about insurance, banking … Therefore, many people expressed worry that if you accidentally lose this ID card, or have your card stolen, will your personal information be easily leaked out … In fact, only authorities are equipped with specialized chip readers to extract information. Therefore, people can be completely assured that, if the identity of the chip-mounted citizen is lost, the person who finds it is difficult to read the information of the lost person that the chip on the card is keeping. Unlike chips, QR codes are easily scanned, just using an App on a smartphone. However, the QR code does not contain too much information that needs “security” as on the chip. On the contrary, the fact that the ID card attached to a chip stores a lot of information will help people later when they go to do administrative procedures, make transactions with banks, real estate, insurance, apply to study for their children …, No need to bring a variety of papers, just use this card.

On March 26, the maximum UV index in the provinces and cities from the Central to the South reached a very high level of harm. Artwork: Thanh Vu / TTXVN Forecast, at 12 o’clock on March 26, Hue city (Thua Thien – Hue) has UV index of 9.6, Da Nang city has index of 9.9, Hoi An city (Quang Nam) has index. 9.7, Nha Trang City (Khanh Hoa) has 9.1, Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho City both have 8.0, and Ca Mau City (Ca Mau) has 9.8. From March 27-29, the cities of Ha Long (Quang Ninh), Hai Phong and Hanoi have mainly UV indexes reaching the threshold of high risk of harm (July 6), while cities in the In the Central Central region to the South, the UV index reached the threshold of very high harm risk (9-11). On the scale of the UV index, 3-5 is average, 6-7 is high, 8-10 is very high, above 10.5 is exceptionally high, very dangerous. UV rays can penetrate clouds and windows, if the skin is exposed to direct sunlight for 25 minutes when the UV index is at a very high threshold, it will cause burns. UV rays are essentially thermal radiation that is harmful to the human body. UV rays are most affected by direct contact with the skin and eye surfaces, causing serious long-term problems. In the eyes, regular exposure to UV rays can lead to corneal inflammation, red eye pain, cataracts, and retinal damage. Skin, if constantly exposed to the sun without protection, UV rays will attack the dermis, making the skin darker (the phenomenon of tanning). In addition, intense sunlight causes the skin to rapidly age, create wrinkles, damage and even lead to skin cancer. When walking on the street, people can use anti-UV glasses to protect their eyes, avoiding the harmful effects of UV rays to important parts of the eye such as the cornea, lens and retina. The World Health Organization (WHO) assesses UV rays appear at all times of the day and operate independently whether it’s rainy or sunny or shady. The most intense time of UV rays is from 10 hours to 14 hours a day. During this time, people should minimize outdoor travel and when necessary measures to prevent UV rays are required. To prevent UV damage, health experts recommend that people wear eye protection sunglasses, choose lenses that are sun-resistant, UV absorption from 99-100% will protect Best for the eyes and surrounding skin. Along with that, people should supplement with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C, which helps to limit the harmful effects from ultraviolet rays; Use sunscreen regularly every time you go out, even when it’s cloudy.