People in Brazil are examining debris believed to have belonged to a European spacecraft in 2014. Photo: Getty. Sea of ​​Japan (also known as East Sea) The phenomenon of space debris falling to the ground and causing damage was first recorded in 1969. That year, Japanese diplomats informed the United Nations of an unidentified object from space falling from space. down and collided with a Japanese cargo ship moving off the coast of Siberia (Russia). The collision seriously injured five crew members. Not long after, a Soviet ship at that time appeared to search for the wreckage. The Japanese official said the debris was identified by experts as part of a Soviet spacecraft. However, this information was initially kept secret by Tokyo because it did not want to create a conflict with Moscow, according to AP. Northwest Territories, Canada The danger of objects from space became apparent in 1978, when Cosmos 954, the Soviet Union’s atomic-powered satellite, crashed to Earth. The incident caused radioactive debris to be scattered throughout the Northwest Territories, Alberta, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. After the incident, the Canadian government organized a large-scale “Operation Morning Light” to search for tiny pieces of radioactive material that fell on the Arctic tundra. The cost for this campaign is nearly 14 million CAD (equivalent to 11.5 million USD). A fragment of the satellite Cosmos 954. Photo: United States Department of Energy. Canada demanded compensation from the Soviet Union at that time in the amount of 6 million CAD (equivalent to 5 million USD), but Moscow ended up paying only half of that amount. State of West Australia, Australia In 1979, Skylab – the first space station of the US Space Agency (NASA) – broke up while re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere. The incident caused a lot of debris to fall across the farm town of Esperance in West Australia, Australia. The Skylab space station was photographed by the last crew before it broke up on July 11, 1979. Photo: NASA. “It’s the most beautiful fireworks display you’ll ever see,” Brendan Freeman, a retired farmer, told ABC. The debris did not cause major damage, but for fun, the town of Esperance authorities wrote a $ 400 NASA fine for littering. NASA did not pay the fine, possibly out of fear of setting an unfavorable precedent. In 2009, a DJ in the city of Barstow, California (USA) called for fundraising and brought the fine to pay the town of Esperance. Lakeport, California, USA Early one weekend in 1987, a retired aircraft mechanic living in a town near Mendocino National Forest in northern California heard what sounded like gunfire outside his bedroom window. After searching, he discovered a scorched metal piece more than 2m long lying in the alley next to the house. An analyst with the US Air Force determined that the object was most likely a piece of debris dropped from a Soviet missile. This rocket has previously been seen flying across the sky while burning up and falling to Earth. “It’s interesting because things like that don’t happen around here very often,” Maggie Pickle, the mechanic’s neighbor, told the AP. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Lottie Williams holds up a piece of debris that hit her shoulder from a US Delta II rocket in 1997. Photo: Tulsa World. One morning in 1997, Lottie Williams was walking with friends in Tulsa City Park when she saw what appeared to be a comet streaking across the sky. This object fell on Mrs. Williams’ shoulder, but the impact was very light, almost without feeling. This object was determined by scientists to be most likely a fragment of a US Delta II rocket. The fragment was kept by Mrs. Williams as a souvenir. “I had to be very lucky for the debris to be so light. It was one of the strangest things that ever happened to me,” Williams told NPR in an interview years later. East Texas and Louisiana, USA, In 2003, the US space shuttle Columbia broke up while re-entering the atmosphere, killing 7 astronauts on board. In places where the debris of the shuttle hit the ground, temporary memorials were erected for the crew. People in rural areas along the Texas-Louisiana state border reported seeing debris from the ship falling into a water storage tank or through the roof of a dental office. Someone even tried to sell a fragment on the e-commerce site eBay for $ 10,000. In the end, 84,000 pieces of wreckage from the wrecked ship were collected after an extensive search in swamps, woodlands, and grasslands. These debris were used to rebuild the ship and determine the cause of the disaster. Ivory Coast In May 2020, another Chinese Long March 5B rocket also crashed to Earth. The rocket was initially thought to have landed in the Pacific Ocean, but some people reported hearing a sonic boom and seeing metal shards falling from the sky. This shows that some parts of the Long March 5B missile fell on the village of Mahounou, in Ivory Coast. China’s Long March 5B rocket launch in late April in Hainan province. Photo: Getty. However, there were no reports of human casualties after the incident. The discovery of a piece of pipe more than 12 meters long also seems to help this area get more attention. Grant County, Washington State, USA The most recent space debris incident occurred just over a month ago, when a rocket owned by private aerospace company SpaceX exploded over the Pacific Northwest. The explosion created a “show of light,” which some initially mistook for a meteor shower, according to The Verge. A piece of equipment from the rocket fell on a farm in Washington state, leaving a mark more than 12cm deep in the ground, The Verge reported. A similar object was also discovered by fishermen off the Oregon coast a few days later, but authorities have not confirmed whether this is debris from a SpaceX rocket.

While the US AH-64 has performed excellently both in combat and in the export market, the Russian Mi-28 has only Iraqi and Algerian customers. The idea that Mi-28 will be chosen by India, however, in the end New Delhi chose the US AH-64. Mi-28 is also a line of attack helicopters with a long development time when the first flight appeared in 1982, but it was not until 2009 that the version capable of day and night combat entered service. After having an unimpressive first field trip in the Syrian battlefield, Russia has continued to upgrade to produce the Mi-28NM version. Currently in Russia’s official payroll, there is a Mi-28A version that is only capable of daytime combat, this version is not appreciated; Mi-28N is a version capable of fighting in all weather conditions including night and the upgraded version of Mi-28NM has only been commissioned in small numbers. To be fair, the Mi-28 is a line of heavy attack helicopters capable of delivering devastating blows to the enemy. However, the Mi-28 did not live up to expectations when it was designed to replace the Mi-24s. In the Syrian battlefield, the Mi-28N did not even prove superior to the Mi-24. This made many Russian generals criticize the developer. Perhaps that is why the manufacturer Mil bet on the Mi-28NM version. Compared to its predecessor, although there are not many major changes in appearance except for the nose, the changes brought from the inside have helped this aircraft achieve high combat performance. Weapons analysts said that with the introduction of the Mi-28NM version, the attack helicopter line was enough to line up with the latest US version of the AH-64E. There have been reports that the Mi-28NM was secretly brought to Syria to test fire by Russia to evaluate its combat performance and obtain positive results. It was from this real combat test that Russia quickly decided to put the Mi-28NM into mass production. In terms of structure, the cockpit of the Mi-28NM is reinforced more firmly, with an air-conditioning system, with additional protective armor, including a metal front windshield that is resistant to 12 bullets, 7 mm. The cabin has an additional layer of glass that separates the compartment between the two pilots, minimizing the possibility of the main pilot and the pilot pilot dying at the same time from enemy fire. The alloy frame of the Mi-28NM is able to withstand 20mm anti-aircraft shells. With the design applied on Mi-28NM, for the first time the principle of separating the cockpit between the main pilot and the pilot pilot has been applied. In the event of an emergency when the plane is above 100 m above the ground, the crew can parachute out when the plane crashes and crashes. The emergency exit system will be activated by the main pilot and the pilot pilot separately. According to Mr. Dmitry Litovkin, CEO of Independent Military Review, Mi-28NM is an attack helicopter version with enhanced tactical features, especially combat power. The helicopter is equipped with high-precision weapons, has a new control system integrated with artificial intelligence (AI). Mi-28NM is compatible, join the battle formation with helicopters, UAVs and other aircraft on the battlefield. In terms of firepower, the Mi-28NM heavy attack helicopter is equipped with a variety of powerful weapons systems, including new-generation multipurpose missiles and various bombs. The helicopter can attack stationary and moving targets within a radius of 8-10 km. Mi-28NM has a new LSN-296 aiming system, which can control two of Russia’s most powerful anti-tank missiles today, Khrizantema and Vikhr. The pilot of the Mi-28NM is equipped with a flying helmet with a specially designed target indicator system, displaying panoramic information to aim at targets in all directions. Mi-28NM is equipped with Nadterechny Н025 radar as well as a new generation of aiming and guidance complexes, including a control system for landing in dark and foggy conditions, which helps to improve combat efficiency. almost twice that of its predecessor. In the design of the Mi-28NM, the position of the radar transceiver remains above the main rotor of the helicopter. In addition to the upgraded avionics and body frame, the other difference is that the propeller of the Mi-28NM uses composite materials to make the helicopter more stable, the new engine is stronger but more fuel-efficient than that of the Mi-28NM. Predecessor. In addition, Mi-28NM is also equipped with a suicide drone. Helicopters can enter a predefined combat area and launch one or more drones from the cockpit. Once the target has been identified, the crew will report the data and monitor the kill launch process. Mi-28NM is capable of operating in all weather conditions, can fly in both automatic and manned modes, adapts to all kinds of terrain. One of the most practical improvements in the Mi-28NM is the crew’s “double control” mode. In the event that the main pilot is injured or killed, the pilot can still control the helicopter. Another improvement is that Mi-28NM is equipped with an additional radar system on the cockpit, capable of scanning around the aircraft, with a scanning angle of up to 90 degrees horizontally and 44 degrees vertically, helping detect and locate multiple targets at the same time. With such top-notch features, Russia’s Mi-28NM is expected to create a breakthrough in the combat capabilities of the Russian military as well as in the export market.

The ship Nanning, coded 162, was photographed participating in the exercise with the 901-class Chaganhu supply ship and 071-class Tuc Nam Son amphibious ship in the East Sea. Global Times , a Chinese state-run newspaper, announced that the destroyer Nanning would be based in the South China Sea. The destroyer Nanning (designation 162) and the supply ship Chaganhu (designation 967). Photo: SCMP. The Nanning ship was put into service in April at Zhanjiang military port, Guangdong province. This is one of three ships of the 052D class to be commissioned into the Chinese Navy in 2021. Before Nanning, two other destroyers of class 052D, Suzhou and Huainan, were also put into service. The total number of China’s 052D class destroyers is now 18. China’s 052D-class destroyers are designed to compete with the US Navy’s Arleigh-Burke-class guided-missile destroyers. They are equipped with state-of-the-art radar and electronic systems comparable to the American Aegis system. Each ship also has 64 vertical missile launchers. Currently, China is massively producing warships. China’s 25th class 052D destroyer is in production. In addition, China has also been producing at least 8 class 055 destroyers, of which 2 have been handed over to the navy, 6 are in the process of construction.

The Long March 2F rocket first flew at 6 am on November 20, 1999. It has been nearly 22 years since the Long March 5, Long March 7, and Long March 8 new generation launch vehicles have succeeded in succession. At present, the technical capability of the Long March 2F rocket to ensure the complex mission of manned flight is still irreplaceable. .

God Arrow “Long March 2F”

Looking at the global launch vehicle products can be described as a dazzling array, but with high reliability, high safety, high quality three-element standards, There are only three rockets that are qualified to launch manned spacecraft in the world today, namely Soyuz, Long March 2F, and Falcon 9.

So, what kind of talents does Long March 2F have among them?

The originator of the Long March 2F manned launch vehicle is the DF-5 missile , This type of rocket adopts a two-stage semi-configuration design, the propellant is nitrous oxide and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, the core stage diameter is 3.35 meters, it is equipped with four unidirectional swing engines with a thrust of 75 tons, and four booster diameters. 2.25 meters, each equipped with a 75-ton thrust fixed nozzle engine, the rocket’s take-off stage thrust is about 604 tons, the take-off mass is 480 tons, and the capacity is 8.1 tons under the condition of an inclination of 42° in the low-Earth orbit of 200 kilometers.

Long March 2F take-off stage power

The core level two is quite special, equipped with two engines, namely a main engine (a high-altitude version of the core level one engine) and a swimming engine.

The swimming engine is the secret of the core level 2 This type of engine has a thrust of about 4.8 tons, has 4 thrust chambers, and 4 nozzles are arranged around the main engine. At the same time, it is also the last engine shut down in the entire rocket power system. It can increase the height of the load into orbit by extending the working time. Adjusting the capacity can also eliminate the thrust deviation generated after the main engine is shut down, and further improve the accuracy of the load on track.

Core two power configuration

The private aerospace company “Blue Arrow Aerospace” has recently completed the 300-second + 750-second joint test of the second-stage engine of the Suzaku 2 rocket core. This rocket is expected to become the first liquid oxygen methane fuel rocket that can be launched into orbit. The second-level power layout scheme is the same as the Long March 2F core second-level. It is also composed of a main engine and a 4-thrust chamber swimming engine. It can be said to be a classic case of old trees and new flowers. This shows that private aerospace is not passive. Water is rooted in the aerospace industry capabilities accumulated over decades.

Suzaku II rocket core second stage joint test run

The difference between manned rockets and other rockets is concentrated in the “three highs”, namely High safety, high reliability, high quality Among them, high safety is the first issue, because manned spaceflight is a matter of life, and what it launches is not a cold spacecraft, but a living person.

Shenzhou 6 crew: Nie Haisheng and Fei Junlong

The reliability index of the Long March 2F rocket is set to not less than 0.97 against the international advanced level, which means that there are 3 failure probability design values ​​for 100 launches. In the event of a failure, it can ensure that the astronauts can safely return to the ground through life-saving means. .

At the same time, it also has a safety index of 0.997, which means that there are 30 failure probabilities of this type of rocket’s 1,000 launch missions, and 27 of these 30 failed launch missions, the astronauts can return safely through life-saving means.

In fact, it is impossible for the Shenzhou spacecraft to launch 1,000 times, or even 100 times, because the product is constantly iterating, and there will be a new generation of manned spacecraft and a new generation of manned rockets.

Shenzhou-6 manned spacecraft and fairing combination

Therefore, the launch mission of the Shenzhou spacecraft requires success again and again to ensure absolute safety. Up to now, the Long March 2F series rockets have implemented 14 launch missions with a success rate of 100%, which proves the scientific nature of the reliability index of not less than 0.97.

The success of past missions was a confident ballast, but after all, the astronauts flying to the sky were lying on top of a rapidly burning fuel tank of hundreds of tons. The high risk is self-evident. As Murphy’s law points out, if things are likely to go bad, no matter how small the possibility is, it will always happen. The Long March 2F carrier rocket has already made contingency preparations for the worst.

Long March 2F Yao-11 launch vehicle flight monitoring screen

There are two fundamental differences between the Long March 2F and other rockets, namely the addition of an escape system and a fault detection and processing system. The failure of the rocket in the high-speed flight state usually takes milliseconds as the time unit to react. It is very unrealistic to rely on the astronauts to manually decide whether to activate the escape system. The fault detection and processing system can make the decision on behalf of it. At that moment, the state of the rocket is monitored throughout the process, and the method of escape is automatically decided based on the fault feedback.

The most distinctive structure of the Long March 2F rocket is the escape tower on the top. The escape tower is an important part of the escape vehicle. The escape aircraft is an escape device similar to the principle of badminton, which has high requirements for flight stability.

Escape tower

The uppermost part of the escape tower is a counterweight structure, which can move the center of mass of the escape vehicle forward (analogous to the ball head of a badminton). At the same time, the upper fairing is equipped with 4 grid wings (analogous to the feathers of a badminton), which can make the center of pressure move backward. , The two work together to ensure the flight stability of the escape aircraft.

Grid wings in a folded state

The counterweight module near the top of the escape tower is the “attitude control engine combination”, which is composed of 4 engines with the same thrust, and is responsible for pitch and yaw missions.

Below the attitude control engine is the separation engine. It has two functions. It is responsible for separating the escape tower during normal flight missions without danger, and the other is to provide power support for the separation of the spacecraft’s return cabin and the escape vehicle during escape missions.Separate engine is 1 Front nozzle solid rocket motor , There are 8 nozzles.

Escape Tower Label

Below the separated engine is the main escape engine, which is responsible for taking the escape aircraft out of the danger zone as a whole. It is also a solid rocket motor with front nozzles and has 4 nozzles.

The escape tower has a total of 6 engines, all of which are solid fuel rocket engines.

There are two options for the failure of the rocket before ignition. One is that there is a long time before the ignition and takeoff, and the failure is extremely dangerous, and there is a long time of redundancy. Then the astronauts are told to leave the spacecraft by themselves and take the explosion-proof elevator of the launch tower. To the underground bunker.

Zero-altitude escape life-saving flight test of escape aircraft

The other is that when the risk issue is about to happen, the escape vehicle is activated to take the spacecraft away from the dangerous area. It can push the spacecraft to an airspace with a height of more than 1,300 meters and a horizontal distance of about 850 meters.

The Long March 2F rocket + spacecraft combination has the ability to escape from zero altitude to orbit. The escape system mainly has three working modes, namely Escape with tower, escape at high altitude without tower (120 seconds after ignition to before the separation of the fairing), rescue outside the atmosphere , The first two modes rely on the escape aircraft to execute, the last one relies on the Shenzhou spacecraft to save itself.

Long March 2F take-off thrust is about 604 tons

The escape aircraft is composed of an escape tower, an upper fairing, a high-altitude escape power system, a grid wing, a supporting structure, and a fire extinguishing device.

Escape aircraft marking

The tower escape mode is suitable for 15 minutes before takeoff to 120 seconds after takeoff, and the altitude covers the altitude from zero altitude to about 40 kilometers. Once the fault detection system detects a high-risk fault, it will immediately issue an escape command. Then the upper and lower parts of the fairing, as well as the separation surface formed by the spacecraft return cabin and the service cabin are unlocked, and the escape tower activates the main engine to separate the entire escape aircraft from the rocket. At the same time, the attitude control engine works to deflect the flight angle of the escape aircraft, and then leaves the danger zone. After entering the safe airspace, the engine is separated and the return cabin is separated.

Then the return cabin establishes a landing attitude, goes through the parachute deceleration, throws the outsole, buffers the engine ignition, and then softly lands on the ground to achieve a safe return.

The escape tower separates 120 seconds after the rocket ignites and takes off. What happens after that?At that time, the tower-less escape mode of the escape vehicle will play a role , The outer edge of the upper fairing of the rocket is equipped with a high-altitude escape engine and a high-altitude separation engine. The escape process is similar to the escape with a tower.

High altitude escape engine

The escape tower and the high-altitude escape system seem to be repeated construction, but they are not. The medium and low altitudes below 40 kilometers have high atmospheric density and high flight resistance, requiring large thrust to escape power, and escape towers can play a role.

If you enter the high altitude for more than 40 kilometers, the atmospheric density is low. At this time, you don’t need a large thrust to escape. If you continue to use the escape tower, there will be two problems. One is that the dead weight of the escape tower will reduce the rocket’s capacity, and the other is that the thin atmosphere weakens. The aerodynamic stabilizing torque of the escape tower, and the eccentric thrust of the main engine will cause the escape aircraft to instability, so different thrusts need to be set for different working conditions in the middle and low altitudes and high altitudes.

Long March 2F Yaoxi Rocket Escape Tower Separated

The fairing will be thrown away about 200 seconds after takeoff, which also means that all escaped aircraft will be thrown away, and the safety guarantee will enter the self-rescue mode of the spacecraft.

If there is a danger in the atmosphere, the ship’s arrow will immediately separate. At this time, the spacecraft has two options. If the flight altitude is not high enough to enter orbit, the three major compartments of the spacecraft will be separated in pairs, and the return cabin will return to the ground according to the established process. If the flight altitude is sufficient at this time, the spacecraft will start the orbital module orbital control engine to raise the orbit and enter the low-earth orbit around the earth, and then choose the opportunity to separate and return to the ground.

Shenzhou spacecraft orbit control engine

In recent years, a kind of “Push Escape” The escape method shows a more efficient escape ability. It can realize the full safety guarantee of the spacecraft from zero height to the separation of the ship and arrow, and the spacecraft does not need a fairing, which further improves the safety. In fact, this is a variant of the high-altitude escape power system arranged by the Long March 2F rocket fairing. Increasing its thrust can adapt to the mid-to-low-altitude escape mission and achieve full coverage. my country’s new generation of manned spacecraft is also expected to use push escape systems.

The new generation of manned spacecraft also plans to use push escape schemes

The Space Launch System (SLS-yellow) core module is placed between the two boosters. Photo: NASA According to Insider, the US space agency (NASA) has just released new images of a super rocket called the Space Launch System (SLS) that has just been assembled. It is the agency’s most powerful launch vehicle since the 1960s. The SLS super rocket was installed on June 11 at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA. This is the first SLS rocket, part of a new type of rocket designed to serve the mission of sending American astronauts back to the Moon, and beyond to Mars. The core module of the SLS rocket. NASA has aimed to test-launch the SLS super rocket in November 2021, the first step in a series of missions toward the goal of returning to the Moon for the first time since 1972. In the photo released by NASA, the core module of the rocket, up to 65 meters long, is placed between two smaller boosters. The first version of the SLS super rocket is called Block 1. Once assembled, the rocket will weigh nearly 4 tons, 110 meters high, which is taller than the Statue of Liberty (93 meters). Powerful launcher capable of carrying over 27.2 tons into orbit. That capacity means it’s powerful enough to carry the Orion spacecraft, which is expected to send astronauts into space on future missions. See the core module of the super rocket SLS being moved from New Orleans to Mississippi: Before being fully assembled, the top of the SLS rocket core module needs to be fitted with a converter and the space capsule is lowered and placed on the rocket. This is the first time the core and two boosters have been coupled together since the SLS project was announced in 2011. Photo: NASA The SLS will be launched for the first time in November this year, sending Orion into orbit around the Moon on an unmanned mission. Assembling the core module onto the booster marks the end of the second phase of rocket assembly. NASA aims to launch the SLS super rocket on its maiden flight as early as October 2021. This is the first of three missions that NASA has planned to return humans to the Moon. If the mission is successful, the world will see the first black man and the first woman set foot on the Moon in 2024. The first launch of the SLS rocket this year will be unmanned as it aims to test the rocket’s ability to deliver the lunar space capsule and return to Earth. NASA astronaut Christina Koch (left) poses for a photo with Expedition Flight 61 Engineer, Jessica Meir on October 12, 2019. Photo: NASA Two rockets of the Space Launch System – NASA, pictured after completion of assembly. Photo: NASA The boosters are located on either side of the core module of the SLS rocket, which can generate 3.6 million pounds of thrust in just two minutes to lift the rocket into space. The core module itself also has a powerful engine, generating about 2 million pounds of thrust. After the first failed test, the core modules’ engines were successfully launched in about 8 minutes on May 18, paving the way for rocket assembly. The engines will power the Orion spacecraft to travel at 24,500 miles (39,200km) per hour, the speed needed to get it to the Moon. Image of SLS system viewed from above. NASA also plans to use the SLS launcher to go to Mars. The modern SLS rocket is the equivalent of the Saturn V launcher, used in the Apollo missions. But because the Moon is 1,000 times farther from Earth, we need a more powerful launchpad. NASA has big ambitions for the SLS rocket. It is designed to be flexible and adaptable, and could be used for missions to Mars, Saturn or Jupiter. The next version of the rocket, Block 2, will be designed to carry a payload of more than 101,400 pounds (46,000kg). According to NASA, it will be a “pack horse” to help transport cargo to the Moon, Mars and other distant space destinations.

Ekaterinburg submarine of the Russian Navy. Photo: TASS Business Insider (USA) reported that the Delta-IV class submarine Ekaterinburg has spent nearly 2 years waiting at the port in Severodvinsk. Ekaterinburg’s decommissioning also marks the “final chapter” of the Delta class that has been the mainstay of the Soviet and Russian fleets of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines for decades. It is expected that Delta-class submarines will be replaced by advanced Borei-class ships. Delta IV class submarines are part of a group of 43 ballistic missile nuclear submarines with the first being launched in the early 70s of the last century. There are seven Delta IV submarines in service with the Russian Navy. Among them is the Podmoskovye which in 2016 was converted into a Special Mission submarine dedicated to intelligence missions. It is known that Ekaterinburg is the second ship of the Delta-IV class to be produced, built in 1985. On August 6, 1989, during Operation Behemoth, the Ekaterinburg submarine tested 16 R-29RM Shtil ballistic missiles. while in diving mode. The first launch was successful, but a fuel leak in the rocket during the second launch halted the test. The Ekaterinburg was fortunately unharmed. Not stopping there, in 2011, a serious fire occurred on the Ekaterinburg ship. The ship then had to undergo a three-year repair process.

“Based on the progress of the program, the budget will likely continue to be replenished. And the $48 million is just the initial investment,” the source from the US Air Force said. The US program to use rockets to deliver cargo on Earth was judged to be unfeasible. According to General Stephen R. Lyons – Commander of the US Transport Command (US TransCom), the use of missiles to transport goods has many advantages compared to the traditional way of using transport aircraft. Using rockets without a chain of aerial refueling aircraft to support the mission; Safe and secret, the opponent has very little chance of shooting down, not having to notify the host country when flying over like how with transport aircraft. The commander of US TransCom confirmed that this is a potential program and that the US Army is working with a team of experts from billionaire Elon Musk’s Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) to research and build a rocket that can fly. deliver weapons, military equipment to any place on Earth in less than 1 hour. According to the plan, the initial tests to test the principle will be carried out as soon as 2021. SpaceX has previously demonstrated the ability to land vertically and reuse boosters for its Falcon 9 system on mobile landing sites at sea. But the aerospace technology company has never landed a full payload rocket, and the proposed new rocket will carry four times as much cargo as these rocket flights have tested. There are two possible modes of transport that will be explored – cargo originating from a space base on the US mainland to overseas, or pre-sourcing on a spacecraft operating in orbit. and cargo can quickly leave orbit and land when needed. In partnership with industry, the U.S. Army could develop a prototype of such a space vehicle within the next 5-10 years, which could be used by TransCom to supplement air-to-air logistics operations. sea ​​and on land, including humanitarian assistance somewhere around the globe. TransCom will also have to deal with doctrinal, diplomatic, regulatory and organizational issues to facilitate the standardization of high-frequency launches. If successful, the US will revolutionize the transportation of goods. However, as soon as the US announced the program, the military community of this country pointed out a series of insurmountable difficulties. In terms of technical factors, rockets can only be launched when the weather conditions are relatively good; Poor weather can cause delays lasting up to a week. So a trip that is counted as lasting less than an hour will require significantly longer preparation time. The next problem is cost. According to calculations, a SpaceX Falcon 9 spacecraft with a capacity of 25 tons has a launch cost of $ 28 million. While the 12-hour flight from California to Japan on a C-17 Globemaster III costs $312,000, the cost doubles if the plane flies home to buy more equipment. By best estimates, it costs four times more to ship by rocket than to send the same amount of cargo by plane. However, cost is not everything, especially when hostilities are raging.

“We no longer recognize our own city. The Israeli army has redrawn the map of Gaza,” the reporter of Guardian in Gaza opened their paper. No longer recognizing his own city This little place is so distorted that the previous map of its roads and landmarks is now useless. On the streets, crater-like bomb craters were scattered. Debris lay scattered on both sides of the road, or sometimes blocked the roads. The famous buildings here no longer exist. 11 days of shelling has displaced the city. The aerial attacks caused the ground to shake violently, to the point that at some bomb sites, buildings seemed to be pulled to the ground rather than being hit from above. The Al-Jalaa Tower in Gaza City, where Al Jazeera and the Associated Press were located, was leveled by an Israeli missile. Photo: REX. On one street, the curving walls of a kindergarten lean down at an angle until they disappear completely. Nearly a week after the attack, large concrete mounds still line Al-Wehda Road. A 7-story building is now just a giant pile of rubble on the corner of the street. In a house, all that remains is a stairway among the dust. Across the street are the ruins of another building. “It’s a very old medical clinic, possibly the oldest in Gaza,” said Abdel-Latif al-Hajj, director general of international cooperation at the health ministry in Gaza. “. Al-Hajj said the building is Gaza’s main Covid-19 testing center. “Anyone can imagine what would happen if we stopped testing,” he said. In addition, war means that thousands of displaced people are now crowded together, which can speed up disease transmission. The 11-day conflict between Israel and Hamas has left more than 250 people dead, the vast majority of them Palestinians. Israel has carried out hundreds of airstrikes against militia targets in Gaza, while Hamas has fired more than 4,000 rockets towards Israel. “The Al-Wehda Carnage” According to the Guardian , Al-Wehda Street, is the main street in the center of Gaza City. At one end of Al-Wehda, Gaza’s largest medical facility, Shifa Hospital, is home to many survivors. Amjed Murtaja, 40 years old, lying on a hospital bed, legs covered with scratches. He said he was in his apartment on the fourth floor of the al-Wehda building when the bomb hit the balcony. “The building shook. My only thought at that time was to get to my wife and children,” he said. Just as Murtaja ran to another room and was just in time to hug his family, a second bomb fell, causing the entire structure to collapse. “We fell together,” he said. People in Beit Hanoun, Gaza return to their homes after the truce. Photo: Anadolu Agency. After landing, Murtaja’s hand was sandwiched between patches of cotton wool. They were stuck for about four hours, before neighbors and rescuers dug down and pulled them out. His wife Suza broke her back. In the same building, several members of the Al-Auf family, including one of Gaza’s most famous doctors, once the head of the anti-Covid-19 task of Shifa hospital, also died. Mr Murtaja said that while he was trapped, he could hear the screams of neighbors who were also trapped in the rubble like himself. Murtaja’s wife, Suza, is in the same hospital, but in a different women’s ward. Lying in an IV hospital bed, she said that after the sudden tremor, she was disoriented and at first thought she had been knocked over by a cupboard. One hand was stuck, the other hand held the phone and turned on the light, only to find that the building had collapsed. During the four hours she was trapped, she tried to coax her 2-year-old to sleep, but debris kept falling and waking him up. Israel said Thursday’s attack on Al-Wehda was aimed at destroying a vast network of tunnels it called the “Metro”, because it believed Hamas was hiding its military resources. The military said it had no intention of knocking down the building. So far, there has not been any clear evidence that Hamas is hiding what is in this tunnel system. The shelling on Al-Wehda Street was the deadliest attack in Gaza in the 11-day Israeli-Hamas conflict. Photo: AP. Nearly a week after the attack, a sign was erected in front of the building, bearing the names of those who died and the words “Al-Wehda massacre”. It was considered one of the deadliest attacks in Gaza in the 11-day Israeli-Hamas conflict, claiming the lives of 42 people. According to the United Nations, violence in Gaza has destroyed nearly 260 buildings. 53 schools, 6 hospitals and 11 health care centers were damaged. Nearly 80,000 people are displaced in the region, and about 800,000 have little access to tap water. The strip’s two million residents live inside what they call the “world’s largest prison,” with unemployment rates over 50%, health care systems collapsing, water sometimes poisoned and power is cut off continuously. Gaza Strip in ruins as seen from satellite Satellite images show the severity of damage in the Gaza Strip during more than 10 days of intense fighting.

As noted by Fox News, NASA’s rocket launch window opened at 20:04 and the rocket launched at 20:36 on the same day. About 10 minutes after launch, the Black Brant XII rocket ejected barium vapor at an altitude of about 350-400km above the Atlantic Ocean, just north of Bermuda and about 870-900km from Wallops. The barium vapor from the NASA rocket is not harmful to the environment and has formed two blue-violet clouds that can be seen across the East Coast for about 30 seconds. However, clouds prevented the launch from being viewed with the naked eye. “This is the last date NASA intends to authorize a rocket launch from Wallops. The vocal rocket was originally scheduled to launch on May 8 but has been postponed several times a week,” Fox News wrote and reported. For further information, the Black Brant XII rocket launched during NASA’s KiNet-X mission – designed to study how energy and momentum is transported between different regions of space with a magnetic connection. The Black Brant XII missile is a 4-stage rocket. Peter Delamere, KiNET-X principal investigator from the University of Alaska Fairbanks said: “The aurorae – also known as the north pole or pole light, is formed when particles in the ‘near universe’ of the Earth’s ‘near space’. Earth interacts with the atmosphere Electrons in Earth’s space environment and in the solar wind are relatively low in energy, however, the aurora is produced by very high energy electrons. Vapors emitted from the rocket’s payload will generate magnetic interference and potentially energized electrons.KiNET-X consists of a single rocket launch carrying seven separable payloads – equipment primary diagnostic device, along with four small sideloads and clouds of barium vapor set to release from two additional, larger payloads”. Beautiful performance Analyzing further, meteorologist Katie McGraw told News 5 that when the launch happened, people in Northeast Ohio could see it thanks to clear skies. NASA called the May 16 launch of the Black Brant XII rocket a “beautiful display” and couldn’t have written a better story. Katie McGraw further revealed that the Black Brant XII rocket was used for the mission to explore energy transport in space. Black Brant is the result of research at the Canadian Arms Research and Development Facility (CARDE) in the 1950s into the nature of the upper atmosphere as part of ongoing research into anti-missile systems. ballistic fire and long-range communications. The launch took place on May 16 after a week of waiting. In 1957, CARDE contracted with Bristol to produce a simple rocket fuselage, called the Propulsion Test Vehicle, for high-powered solid fuel studies. Albert Fia’s design is quite heavy, as it is designed to accommodate a wide range of engine burn times, propellant loads and launch angles well suited to its role as a test vehicle for development. ABM system. The first test flight took place just two years later. CARDE’s attention then turned to long-distance communications, and they found the propulsion test vehicle system useful as a locating missile. To better suit this role, Bristol modified the design to be lighter and more suitable for the Black Brant missile role. CARDE has launched several Black Brant rockets over the years with the original Black Brant I design able to carry a payload of 68 kg to an altitude of 150 km and fly for the first time in October 1960. The missile’s design emphasizes payload reliability and range. There are 12 versions of the Black Brant and the Black Brant XII is a four-stage sonic launcher manufactured in 1995. The missile was first launched from the Andoya rocket range off the northwest coast of Norway and caused an explosion also known as the fear of Black Brant. This incident has put Russia’s nuclear forces on high alert, fearing a high-altitude nuclear strike could blind Russia’s radar, and Russia’s Cheget “nuclear briefcase” has been put on high alert. sent to Russian President Boris Yeltsin, who must then decide whether to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike against the United States. This is the first and only known incident to date where any nuclear-weapon country has activated its nuclear briefcase and prepared for an attack. On September 19, 2009, a Black Brant XII rocket launched to study the clouds caused calls from eastern North America reporting “strange lights in the sky”. NASA reported that the light came from an artificial noctilucent cloud formed by the exhaust particles of the rocket’s fourth stage at an altitude of about 278 km.

Russian Peresvet complex. “Peresvet can hit various targets at an unexpected distance from the opponent. The capabilities of this weapon have been proven in combat,” the Russian minister said, comparing the Peresvet to weapons. gas in the American movie Star Wars: “You remember 20 years ago, laser weapons existed only in American fiction films. Today, Russia has made this a reality and the Peresvet complex has been successfully tested and put into service. “. The first Peresvet high-power laser weapon complex was equipped with the Russian Army starting at the end of 2018. It is also in the Russian category of classified weapons. But according to two Russian military experts Alexei Leonkov and Igor Korotchenko, the Peresvet combat laser weapon system has two very important capabilities: shooting down unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and countering long-range cruise missiles with American Tomahawk high precision. Igor Korotchenko, director of the Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade (CAMTO), confirmed that laser weapons such as the Peresvet complex can destroy unmanned aircraft. “Under favorable conditions, laser complexes like Peresvet are effective enough to destroy simulated targets such as drones, low-flying helicopters,” Korotchenko said. A second important feature is that thanks to Peresvet, Russia can effectively deal with modern air attack vehicles, high-precision weapons or reconnaissance equipment using optical-electronic equipment, expert Alexei Leonkov said. For example, to determine the target, the American Tomahawk missile will search for it visually, orient it with a digitized topographic map, put into the automatic control memory. If at this very moment a combination like Peresvet affects it, the search immediately stops. When the target is lost, the Tomahawk will self-destruct. Thus, despite no loud claims, Russia has quietly developed and quickly commissioned real laser weapons systems, forming combat capabilities, not merely tests. in the laboratory. With the above analysis, it is clear that in addition to close-range air defense systems such as Pantsir-S, Tor-M2E, the US Tomahawk cruise missile continues to encounter a very dangerous new enemy of Russia. Peresvet’s name. According to military expert Konstantin Sivkov, director of the Russian Institute of Geopolitical Affairs, Russia’s introduction of the Peresvet is one step ahead of the US. Currently, many countries are still in the exploration and testing stage of laser weapons development. Even the US can only use low-power tactical laser weapons with powers typically below 100 kilowatts. The most recent test in May 2020, the US successfully performed a laser weapon with a power of about 150 kilowatts. But even so, this capacity is still not enough to be able to destroy attack fighters and other targets. A 150 kilowatt laser can only counter speedboats or small UAVs, and the range is limited. At the same time, the stability of the laser in the actual combat environment is also a dilemma for the US and some other countries. When Russian laser weapons are already able to hit and destroy targets on the actual battlefield, it means that Russia’s technical level in the laser field has really matured. Also related to the recent US test of laser weapons in the Pacific Ocean, expert Konstantin Sivkov, expressed doubts about the effectiveness of US laser weapons. “To shoot down a more complex target like a ballistic missile as the US claims, requires keeping the laser beam on the target for several tens of seconds. That’s a great technical difficulty. During this time, the rocket flew a distance of tens of kilometers. There is currently no evidence that US laser weapons are successful in dealing with such fast targets,” the Russian expert wrote.

Soviet secret space rocket NPO Mashinostroyenia is a Russian state space development company, which grew out of a Soviet entity, known simply as OKB-52, responsible for the development of the Almaz space station, among other things. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu’s visit to NPO Mashinostroyenia in early 2021 offers the best and most complete look at the Shchit-1 system to date. The Almaz program was a covert effort to develop military space stations, primarily equipped to carry out intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions, hidden within the Saylut civilian space station project. The Almaz effort dates back to the 1960s, only to be officially declassified in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union planned to “weapon” the Almaz stations from the start, fearing attacks with US anti-satellite weapons – including small but maneuverable “killer satellites”. tall and more traditional interceptors. An example of the Shchit-1 system actually sent into space with the Almaz OPS-2 satellite. The Soviet Union also conducted a remote live-fire test with the system on January 24, 1975, the last day of the station in orbit. The results of the test remained confidential and the next Almaz space station, OPS-3, was launched without any weapons installed. OPS-4, which has never been to space, is believed to carry the Shchit-2 system. However, there is no indication that Shchit-2, although its general existence was previously known, has ever entered space and details about the system are still very limited. As for the “weapon” itself, Leonard Smirichevsky, the current head of NPO Mashinostroyenia, described it to a reporter for TV Zvezda as having four main components. The base of the system was a solid-fuel rocket engine, which was then attached to a rotary stabilization system consisting of a rotating wheel with blade-shaped radiators. There’s a hybrid warhead-propulsion section followed by a nozzle-like radar seeker at the front. By far, the engine – warhead part is the most interesting part. Outwardly, it appears to be a circular array of small, grenade-like charges, which one imagines would create a shrapnel cloud especially dangerous to other objects in the vacuum of space. . However, these projectiles are really solid and are designed to act as interceptors, destroying anything they hit through sheer force of impact. No one knows what happened to Shchit-2 after the Almaz program ended in 1978. It is also unclear why the Russians decided to consider the system at this time. The incident comes amid new discussions about anti-satellite weapons in orbit, including interceptors and guided-energy weapons, as well as killer satellites, and the development of systems this system, both in Russia and the United States, among other countries. Space weapon Shchit-2 on display at NPO Mashinostroyenia. Almaz . military space station The Almaz military space stations, which first began operating in the early 1960s, were intended to be armed from the outset. Almaz stations are expected to be versatile military platforms in space. This plan is for the first types configured primarily for a wide range of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions with cameras and many other sensor systems. The delay in the development of the sensor package affected the entire program. In 1971, the Soviet Union launched a civilian space station – Salyut – incorporating some of the design work developed under the Almaz program, along with components from the Soyuz spacecraft. The Salyut program eventually provided cover for the Almaz space station. Of the seven Salyut space stations launched between 1971 and 1991, three are actually of the military type. The first Almaz station, publicly known as Salyut-2 and also known as OPS-1, entered service in 1973. However, an accident on board shortly after launch forced the Soviet Union to abandon it. it before a real crew could be dispatched to join. OPS-2, also known as Salyut-3, followed in 1974. The station was successfully put into orbit on June 25, 1974. The crew stayed there for 15 days to test the Earth-viewing camera with the onboard Agat-1 telescope, which was said to be able to produce high-resolution images of the ground. The second crew failed to reach the station in late 1974 after their Soyuz spacecraft crashed. The third mission to OPS-2 was later aborted and it operated in unmanned mode until leaving orbit on January 24, 1975. In September 1974, personnel on the ground remotely recovered a film “pod” from the Agat-1 camera, then returned to Earth and recovered. The next Almaz space stations, called OPS-3 and Salyut-5, have no weapons on board, at least as far as we know. Plans for an OPS-4 station include a new Shchit-2 self-defense system, reportedly designed to fire interceptor missiles, but no images of that weapon have been made public. The Soviet Union also developed specialized self-defense guns for cosmonauts, such as the TP-82, but they were intended for use on Earth, not in space.

A shelter room in the basement of a building in Tel Aviv. Photo: Van Ung – P/v VNA in Tel Aviv During the conflict that has been going on for the past week, Hamas in the Gaza Strip fires hundreds of shells and rockets into Israel every day in retaliation for the Israeli army’s attack on this force. According to Israel’s Civil Defense Law, enacted in 1951 and subsequently amended several times, all homes, residential areas, offices and industrial buildings must have additional shelters built. In addition, Israel has also launched many propaganda campaigns, instructing people on how to stay safe whenever the sirens sound. In recent clashes with Hamas, the bunkers along with the Iron Dome (Iron Dome) interceptor missile system have helped Israel very effectively limit the number of casualties from Palestinian shells. The idea of ​​shelter was born after the First Gulf War, to help people quickly reach a safe place from bombs, bullets, missiles or chemical weapons. Later, with the development of the construction industry, Israelis tend to build shelter rooms right in their apartments. Whenever there is a missile alarm, people just need to quickly enter the shelter, close the door and wait until the alarm is over for 10 minutes to be able to go out safely. Currently in Israel there are some basic types of shelter works as follows: Shelter: All homes, residential areas and industrial buildings in Israel are required to have shelters built. The law also allows several houses or apartment buildings to share a bunker. In the event of war, the garages can be requisitioned as shelters or makeshift hospitals. The bunker must always remain closed so that anyone can quickly and easily access it when the sirens sound. Israeli children in a bunker. Photo: Jerusalem Post Shelter room: This is the most common form of shelter in Israel. Shelters are built right into apartments, floors of buildings or other public areas. The shelter room, built of reinforced concrete, is located near the entrance to the apartments. Usually these rooms are used by residents as storage, but when there is an incident, this place will be required to be cleaned up to be ready for people to enter the shelter at any time. Fortifications: Neighborhoods near the Gaza Strip often build fortifications, which are dome structures over buildings to avoid being penetrated by rockets. Since 2008, the Israeli government has built a solid bus stop with reinforced concrete to avoid being hit by shrapnel. Since 2009, all schools in the South have been fortified with anti-missiles. Migunit: This is a concrete structure shaped like a bell or box, with enough space for a small group of about 10 people to shelter. Migunit can be moved to place in vacant lots or near roads so that people can easily access when there is an alarm. Sewer pipes is a pipe several meters long placed near a house that can provide temporary shelter. At the request of the agency in charge of civil safety, the minimum size of the shelter room is as follows: Covered area 13m2 (3.6m x 3.6m), clear area 9m2 (3m x 3m) . Thickness of outer wall 25cm, thickness of inner wall 20cm, thickness of ceiling 30cm. The room must be built of solid materials, with metal-reinforced doors. Israelis take refuge in a sewer when rockets are fired from Gaza. Photo: Getty Images Normally, the shelter room will be the innermost room of the building, with limited wall area exposed to the outside, no windows or small windows, and the walls are not covered with fragile materials. shot causing injury such as porcelain, brick, mirror, glass… For old apartment buildings, the law stipulates that there must be shelter rooms with reinforced concrete walls at least 12 cm thick or at least under concrete stairs. cardboard with enough supports to keep the building safe enough from bombs and missiles. In the past, when there were no clear regulations, each shelter room was only 5m2 wide and was often used as a laundry room or storage. Later, the law stipulates a minimum area of ​​9m2, but most families still use the shelter room as an extra bedroom or office. In the event of a war, in each shelter people usually keep some items such as canned food, emergency lights, communication equipment, fire extinguishers, copies of important documents, phone chargers, and batteries. batteries, bottled water. There are also some personal items such as money, clothes, candles, medicine, first aid kit and important phone numbers.

Located behind a thick iron door in the lobby of the building, the bunker ensures the safety of the building’s residents in the event of attacks. While some residents have their own private cellars in their homes, shared shelters in the lobby of buildings can help anyone, even passersby, quickly enter. Usually, this bunker is locked and becomes the people’s storage. However, when there is an emergency situation, the main door will be opened. Each building resident has a key to the bunker. Inside, residents leave luggage bags containing essential supplies such as water, snacks and spare batteries to be able to sustain life for a period of time. The cellar also installed two air conditioners to ensure air for people sheltering inside. The bunker has only one window and is surrounded by an “iron wall”. From the moment the rocket was launched from the Gaza Strip, the people of Tel Aviv had about two minutes to get to the shelter. Meanwhile, those who are closer, such as those living in the cities of Ashkelon or Sderot near the Gaza Strip, have less than 30 seconds to reach safety. Israel’s Iron Dome missile defense system is said to be able to intercept about 90% of incoming missiles, but the constant rain of rockets from Gaza in recent days seems to pose a challenge. defense system that Israel has always been proud of.

The US Air Force recently conducted a test for the F-15E multi-role fighter when it carried five long-range air-to-surface missiles to attack outside the AGM-158 JASSM air defense point. These 1-ton stealth missiles will give the Strike Eagle the ability to hit land and sea targets equivalent to a bomber, while the air combat capability remains the same. To mount the AGM-158 JASSM to the F-15E’s external fuel tank mount requires a specially designed mechanism. At the same time, the aircraft still carries 2 short-range air-to-air missiles and 2 medium-range missiles, a total of 9 missiles. Despite being born for a long time, the power of the “Attack Eagle” F-15E is said to be still superior to many opponents in the world, now with a large number of AGM-158 JASSM missiles, Strike Eagle has become more and more multiple. dangerous part. AGM-158 JASSM is an upgrade from AGM-154 JSOW, officially put into service with the US Army in the mid-1990s, this is essentially a stealthy cruise missile equipped with a jet engine with Super long range, enough to overcome all the most advanced air defense systems. The AGM-158 JASSM missile is equipped with a Teledyne CAE J402 jet engine that allows to operate over a large area for a longer time. The missile’s body is designed with stealth capabilities and infrared shielding measures that make it very difficult to detect from a distance by radar systems. The AGM-158 is equipped with a very sophisticated navigation system that combines updated INS inertial guidance from the GPS global positioning system with an infrared sensor for finding and locking the target at the end. . The missile is also equipped with a data link that updates the operational status during the flight to change the target at the last moment if necessary. Significant improvements in the engine and aerodynamics give the AGM-158 JASSM a range of up to 370 km and up to 1,000 km in the JASSM-ER variant. The AGM-158 JASSM operates as an air-launched ground-attack cruise missile, not a clever glide bomb like the AGM-154. The range of the AGM-158 missile has exceeded the reach of most modern air defense systems today, helping the aircraft carrying it not have to enter the danger zone. Stealth capabilities and a new generation of quieter jet engines, which can operate at low altitudes below the range of radars, allow the missile to launch a surprise attack that makes the enemy unable to react. The AGM-158 JASSM has a variant of the AGM-158C LRASM super-long-range anti-ship cruise missile, which will be the main attack weapon of the US Navy fleet in the not too distant future. With the AGM-158 family of attack missiles, the US Army wants to convey the message that speed is not the core factor that gives a weapon’s power, this direction of theirs is completely different from that of Russia.

However, up to now, there have been many times of debris falling from space on Earth, including an event that happened in 2020. Photo: CNN The good news is that the debris falling on Earth generally poses little threat to human safety. As Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer at the Center for Astrophysics at Harvard University, told CNN: “It’s not the end of the world.” Even so, the issue still raises related questions about debris in outer space, how uncontrollably they fall to Earth, and what precautions should be taken when that happens. out? There have been many times of debris falling back to Earth Most of the debris would be burned in the atmosphere before having a chance to make any impact on the Earth’s surface. However, some large objects, like rockets, may remain intact when returned to Earth and are also likely to fall into populated areas. In 2020, one of the largest debris in space flew over the skies of Los Angeles and Central Park in New York City before falling into the Atlantic. This is an empty core from Chinese missiles, weighing nearly 20 tons, is the largest piece of uncontrolled trash when it fell back to Earth since 1991 and is the fourth largest piece ever. Other larger pieces are from NASA’s Skylab space station in 1979, the missile core of Skylab in 1975, and the Soviet Salyut 7 space station in 1991. The space shuttle Columbia from 2003 could also be included in the list. This is because NASA lost control of the ship when it returned to Earth. How many debris are floating in space? The answer is a lot. Above us there is a “cloud” of more than 9,000 tons of space debris – the equivalent of the weight of 720 school buses. This cloud contains hundreds of thousands – maybe even millions – of objects orbiting uncontrollably, including used rocket propulsion engines, dead satellites and debris from the army’s anti-satellite missiles. These debris are concentrated in the orbital regions closest to the Earth’s surface. And while it does not pose a significant threat to humans on the ground, it does pose a threat to many active satellites that provide a number of services such as climate tracking, studying Earth climate. Land and telecommunications service providers. These debris also threaten the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS station had to readjust its orbit several times last year due to space debris. “A few years ago, we had about 1,000 satellites in orbit, but now we have 4,000 satellites,” said McDowell. The tricky problem is that space transport experts do not have a complete map of the objects orbiting the Earth. Potential collisions are being tracked using government or private trackers on the ground, but the process is largely predictable. When will Chinese rockets return to Earth? The Long March 5B missile is expected to return to Earth’s atmosphere around May 8, according to Defense Department spokesman Mike Howard. Space Command is currently monitoring the missile’s path. According to Howard, the point of return to Earth’s atmosphere could only be accurately determined a few hours ago difficult to start falling back to Earth. However, Space Control Unit 18 will update the missile’s exact location via the Space Track website. Astrophysicist McDowell explained that determining where debris could fall to Earth is almost impossible at this point because the rocket’s travel speed can vary and with only 1 change. Very small is enough to greatly change the direction of the missile. “We expect it to return around May 8-10. During those two days, it will travel around the Earth about 30 times and at a speed of about 18,000 km / h “, according to Mr. McDowell. Still, the oceans are still the safest place for debris to land, as it occupies most of the Earth’s surface. Do people need to be on guard? There’s no need to be on guard, said Mr. McDowell. “The risk of it causing some damage or hitting someone is very small. It can still happen, but the chance of it hitting you is extremely small. I won’t waste a second worrying about it. Because there are still other bigger things to think about, ”said McDowell.

According to Pentagon French speaker Mike Howard, fragments of the 5B Truong Chinh missile, with a length of more than 30 meters and a weight of 22 tons, is expected to fall back into the atmosphere “around May 9”, at the same time. added that the US Space Command is closely monitoring the missile’s trajectory. Using data from the US military, Space Track predicts fragments of the missile will fall between 1:44 a.m. and 4 a.m. on May 9 (international time). Space Track also noted that because it was impossible to determine the correct time of the fall, locating the falling point of the debris is very difficult, but confirmed that it will continuously update the missile wreck’s location through its website. Chinese Truong Chinh 5B missile. Photo: CNN “Risk is possible, there will be some damage but quite small, not insignificant, but the ability to affect people is extremely small” – astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell of the University Harvard (USA), stated. The European Space Monitoring and Monitoring Agency (EU SST) has predicted a “risk zone” includes “any part of the Earth’s surface, including almost all of the Americas, Africa and Australia. , parts in southern Asia (Japan) and Europe such as Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece “. The extent of the debris’s influence is such a result of the rocket debris’s dizzying rate, even small effects during the fall can dramatically change its trajectory. . “We expect the debris to reappear sometime between May 8 and May 10,” said McDowell. However, as explained by Harvard astrophysicist, the oceans are still the safest place to bet for debris to land, as seas occupy 70% of the Earth’s surface area. China successfully launched the space station’s core module into space with the Truong Chinh 5B rocket, on April 29. Photo: REUTERS Earlier, on May 7, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed that most of the debris from the missile would burn when it falls to Earth and is less likely to cause any harm, CNN said. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Uong Van Ban said Beijing is very focused on bringing the rocket’s upper deck back into the atmosphere: “As far as I know, this missile uses a special design. Much of the rocket will be burned and destroyed in the return to atmosphere “. The Beijing government also criticized that the news that the missile unit had fallen out of control and could cause harm was exaggeration by the West. Chinese experts say the situation is nothing to worry about. Fragment of China’s Truong Chinh 5B missile is expected to hit Earth on May 9. Photo: CNN Previously, on April 29, China successfully launched the space station’s core module called Thien Hoa into space with the Truong Chinh 5B boosters from the Van Xuong Spacecraft Launch Center in Hainan Province. This is one of the steps for the country to complete its mission of setting up its own space station, a key effort in China’s plan to master space, probe the Moon, and even Mars. But instead of falling to a predetermined place in the sea like the rockets before, the central stage of the Truong Chinh 5B boosters began to rotate around the globe in a state of out-of-control, according to CNN. Dropping debris from Chinese missile launches to Earth is not uncommon in China. In May 2020, the core of the first Truong Chinh 5B rocket crashed on Ivory Coast, damaging a number of buildings, luckily causing no injuries.

However, an incident later occurred when the core of a missile weighing up to 20 tons lost control and fell back to the ground at an extremely high speed. According to forecasts by both the US space agency (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) at that time, the missile is likely to fall on May 8-10 – and currently the latest forecasts show. It will fall on May 9. Missile Truong Chinh 5B. Description: Thanh Luan Its location is a densely populated place or falls into the sea or uninhabited area is still a big question mark, so this event attracts the attention of most of the world’s major powers. . But many experts advise people in the countries concerned that “should not be too worried”. Specifically, sharing his opinion with CGTN channel on May 8, according to expert Zhang Xiaotian working at the School of Astronaut, Beihang University, told CGTN: “ As for the missile’s return to the ground, we need it to fall into a predetermined safe zone and there are many measures to achieve this goal such as choosing the launch location, controlling the brake. degrees at different stages “. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Uong Van Ban also said that the ability of fragments or missile cores to fall to the ground is extremely low because the missile is designed with special technology. . The Hindustantimes Indian newspaper quoted the Paris-PSL Observatory astronomer Florent Delefie as saying: “ The chance of the debris falling in an inhabited area is very low, with the probability of 1 in 1 million “. Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard, in an interview on Space.com even said that the probability of a personal danger being hit by a piece of paper is just 1 in many billions of possibilities. “The chance of someone getting hurt is probably 1% and the chance of you getting hurt is 8 billion times smaller than that, so don’t worry about it.” Even so, McDowell also criticized China for its somewhat irresponsible actions: “Usually, after the missile completes its mission, the engine will be reactivated and dropped into the ocean or inhabited place, so the damage is very little. However, China did not do that,” he said. they put rockets in orbit and then set them free. “ Theverge quoted Dan Oltrogge – founder of Space Safety Coalition as well as leading expert at Commercial Space Operations Center expressed optimism about the missile core will fall into the sea. He said: “Most of the Earth’s surface is covered with water (70%), so there is almost no danger, the chance of it falling into a residential area is not zero but there would be little to worry about if it does. fell into the ocean “. “The chance of anyone getting hit by debris is very low, extremely low”, he stressed . Have there been instances of missile debris hit causing significant injury? In fact, in more than six decades since humans put their first satellite into the air, there have been no cases of debris hitting people causing significant injuries, according to Stijn Lemmens, an expert at Mechanical European Space Agency. The likelihood of falling into the residential area of ​​the Truong Chinh 5B missile core is very low. Photo: Bulletin The China Space Agency, the main unit responsible for this incident, still keeps information related to the missile secret, so it is still possible to estimate the specific drop position of the missile core. a big question. Most recently, they just made an official announcement. This is not the first case of a Chinese space object losing control, before in 2018, a space station named Thien Cung 1 weighing 8 tons also lost control and fell back to the ground. but no one was injured. Articles translated from sources: Space, CGTN, Hindustantimes, Theguardian

The scene of the launch of the Truong Chinh – 5B missile in Hainan on April 29 (Photo: Tan Hoa commune). According to the Hong Kong news site the East On May 9, China’s Office of Construction to put people into space on Sunday morning said that fragments of the end-propeller compartment of the Truong Chinh – 5B (CZ-5B) rocket launched by China from the Van Xuong launch site, Hainan will return to the atmosphere at 9:12 am on the same day (Hanoi time); the area in which it re-entered the atmosphere lies above 28.38 ° east longitude and 34.43 ° north latitude, in the Mediterranean sky. The European Union’s Center for Space Monitoring and Monitoring (EUSST) had previously predicted that the rest of the missile bay would return to the atmosphere at 2:32 a.m. GMT on Sunday (9:32 a.m. Internal on Sunday), with an error of adding or subtracting 139 minutes. According to EUSST, the probability of a missile fragment falling in densely populated areas is very low, but it can still happen uncertain due to the object’s uncontrolled. Thien Ha module of 100m3 capacity was launched by missile into space. American company Aerospace Corporation again stated that missile fragments will fall to the ground at 3:30 am UTC on Sunday (ie 10:30 am Hanoi time) with an error of plus or minus 4 o’clock. Actual drop times may vary. The Truong Chinh – 5B missile was launched into space by China on April 29 to bring the 100m3 Thien Hoa core module into orbit, this part will be the place for 3 astronauts to live and live on the Air Station. the Chinese Heavenly Palace. The launch of the core module is the first of the 11 missions required to complete the installation of a space station. The carrier was successfully put into orbit, but the rocket’s propulsion chamber lost control and fell back to Earth. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, the fragment of the missile will catch fire when it enters the atmosphere, so the potential for harm is extremely low. The missile falls down (all brown parts and 2 support chambers) with the trajectory of the debris moving around Trac Dat. Black dot is the falling point predicted by Aerospace on May 8 (Image: UDN). However, there has been controversy surrounding the rocket’s falling back to Earth. The US Army Space Command said on May 4 that they “are closely monitoring and reporting to the public the location of the missile debris. It is currently impossible to determine where it fell to Earth. Asked during a press conference on May 6 whether the US shot down fragments of Chinese missiles, US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin said: “We expect it to fall where it will not cause it. casualties; hope it will fall into the ocean or the like “and said the US” has no plans to shoot it down “. During a press conference at the White House on May 5, when asked: “If the Chinese missile fragments cause harm to the US, will the US claim compensation,” White House spokesman Jen Psaki said: “No. it’s time to discuss this. We are tracking its position through Space Command and hopefully not in the end. ” “The US pays attention to solving the problem of space junk caused by increased activities in space,” she emphasized. The US hopes to cooperate with the international community to promote responsible behavior in the space. Photo of debris caught fire while crossing Italy on the night of May 8 (Photo: virtualtelescope.eu). Meanwhile, the Chinese side accused the Western media of overstating the fact that their missiles “lost control” and could cause great damage. According to the Reuters , sheet Global Times China’s claim that reports of the missile “out of control” and can cause damage are just “Western hype”. The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs believes that the probability of harm caused by this process is extremely low. Mr. Uong Van Ban, spokesperson for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs on May 7, when answering questions from reporters during a regular press conference, said that international practice allows rockets to enter the atmosphere to throw and destroy. He said: “As far as I know, this missile applies a special engineering design, most of the parts will be worn out and destroyed during the return, potentially harmful to cargo operations,” he said. zero and above ground is extremely low; The relevant authorities will promptly notify the outside situation ”. The Chinese rocket propulsion chamber fell down before (Image: weibo). The Chinese side is very interested in monitoring the reintegration of the missile debris atmosphere, but declined to answer questions about where it was expected to fall, said Uong Van Ban; instead, he advised reporters to “consult the relevant agencies”. However, the National Aerospace Bureau of China did not respond to relevant questions from reporters Bloomberg . Since the US Skylab space station was out of orbit and crashed into Western Australia in 1979, most space programs have tried to avoid sending large missiles into orbit, because in this case Their return to Earth will be difficult to predict. According to the news of The Guardi This uncontrolled China Changzheng-2B missile compartment is 30 meters long, 5 meters wide and weighs 21 tons, it could become one of the largest space debris falling to the ground. Photo of Truong Chinh – 5B rocket propulsion compartment falling on May 6 (Photo: virtualtelescope.eu) This missile compartment is currently freely acrobatic around Earth, is about to enter the lower atmosphere, and is expected to fall uncontrollably down to Earth. Its orbital tilt is 41.5 degrees, meaning that areas of the Earth in the range from the north like Chicago, New York, Rome, Beijing, Hanoi and south to New Zealand, Chile are all on the Road moves and may fall. Although scientists expect that most of the debris will be burned and destroyed as it enters the atmosphere, there are still some that will fall to different places on earth, these parts include a metal and glass numbers have not been burned. Some scientists believe that it is irresponsible for China to let the missile debris return to Earth uncontrollably. “They (China) are responsible,” said Paulo Lozano, director of the Space Thrust Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). They either did not provide enough information or did enough work during the design process to prevent the space object from returning uncontrollably back to Earth. I think that’s very important …. Hope they won’t fall on land, especially in public places, the consequences will be very bad. ” Lozano said that almost all missile launches in the US require a second stage. During this phase, the engine will restart to bring the missile back to earth in an area that does not have any. designated person. However, the Truong Chinh – 5B missile does not have this design. According to Jonathan Black, director of the Maritime and Aviation Systems Laboratory at Virginia Tech, the technology has been in use for the past ten years. Although the Truong Chinh – 2B missile was just launched in late April, its technology is still decades ago. Scientists speculate that the high cost may be the reason China is not adopting new technologies. The propellant compartment of the Chinese missile fell to Guangxi province before (Image: weibo). Harvard astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell criticizes China for being negligent in this regard, not letting objects heavier than 10 tons fall to Earth from space. He said potentially dangerous debris may not be completely burned when returned to the atmosphere at supersonic speeds, but the probability of falling into the sea is higher because 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by Ocean. However, Mr. McDowell told Reuters that it was still possible that missile debris could fall on the ground; can even fall in densely populated areas, like fragments of another Truong Chinh-5B rocket that crashed on Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in May 2020, destroying many buildings, But luck did not cause any casualties. Follow the latest information from the page the East at 11:33 a.m.: The China Space Construction Office announced: fragments of the last compartment of the missile carrying Truong Chinh -5B returned to the atmosphere at 10:24 am. The fall zone was located at 72.47 ° east longitude and 2.65 ° north latitude over the Indian Ocean near the Maldives, most of the equipment was burned down during the reintegration of the atmosphere.

People in Brazil are examining the debris believed to have belonged to a European spacecraft in 2014. Photo: Getty. Sea of ​​Japan (also known as East Sea) The phenomenon of debris falling from space falling to the ground and causing damage was first recorded in 1969. That year, Japanese diplomats informed the United Nations of an unknown object from the falling space. Down and collide with Japanese cargo ships moving off Siberia (Russia). The collision caused serious injuries to 5 crew members. Shortly after, Soviet ships appeared at that time looking for debris. Japanese officials said the debris was identified by experts as part of the Soviet spacecraft. However, this information was initially kept private by Tokyo because it did not want to create conflicts with Moscow, according to the report AP . State of the Northwest Territories, Canada The danger of an object from space became apparent in 1978, when Cosmos 954, a satellite powered by the atomic energy of the Soviet Union, fell to Earth. The incident caused radioactive debris to spread throughout the Northwest Territories, Alberta, and Canada’s Saskatchewan province. After the incident, the Canadian government organized a large-scale “Morning Light Campaign” to search for tiny pieces of radioactive material falling on the arctic tundra. The cost for this campaign is nearly 14 million CAD (equivalent to 11.5 million USD). A fragment of satellite Cosmos 954. Photo: United States Department of Energy. Canada demanded that the Soviet Union compensate at the time for CAD 6 million ($ 5 million), but Moscow ended up paying only half of that amount. State of West Australia, Australia In 1979, Skylab – the first space station of the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) – crumbled while returning to Earth’s atmosphere. The incident caused many debris to fall throughout the farm town of Esperance in West Australia, Australia. The Skylab space station was photographed by the last crewman before falling apart on July 11, 1979. Photo: NASA. “It’s the best fireworks display you’ll ever see,” described Brendan Freeman, a retired farmer. ABC . The debris did not cause great damage, but for fun, the town authorities Esperance wrote a $ 400 fine letter to NASA for littering. NASA did not pay the fines, possibly out of fear of setting a negative precedent. By 2009, a DJ in the city of Barstow, California (USA) called to raise funds and bring fines to pay the town of Esperance. Lakeport, California, USA An early weekend in 1987, a retired aircraft mechanic living in a town near Mendocino National Forest, in northern California, heard gun-like noises outside the bedroom window. After searching, he discovered a scorched metal piece longer than 2 meters in the alley next to the house. Analysts at the US Air Force determined this object was most likely a piece of debris falling from a Soviet missile. This missile has previously been seen flying across the sky while being burned and dropped to Earth. “It’s interesting because things like that don’t happen around here very often,” said Maggie Pickle, the mechanic’s neighbor. AP . Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Lottie Williams held up a piece of debris that fell on her shoulder from a US Delta II rocket in 1997. Photo: Tulsa World. One morning in 1997, Lottie Williams was walking with friends in Tulsa city park when he saw something like a comet across the sky. The object fell on Mrs. Williams’ shoulder, but the force of the impact was very light, almost insensitive. The object identified by the scientists was most likely a piece of the US Delta II rocket. Fragments are kept by Mrs. Williams as a souvenir. “I must be very lucky for the debris to be so light. It was one of the strangest things that ever happened to me, ”Mrs. Williams told NPR in the interview many years later. Eastern region of Texas and Louisiana, USA In 2003, the American space shuttle Columbia collapsed while returning to the atmosphere, killing seven astronauts on board. Where the wreckage of the space shuttle hit the ground, temporary memorials were built for the crew. Rural residents along the Texas-Louisiana border reported seeing debris from the ship fell into a water storage tank or through the roof of a dental office. Someone even tried to sell a piece of fragment on an eBay e-commerce site for $ 10,000. Finally, 84,000 pieces of debris from the ship in distress were collected after extensive searches in swamps, forests, and grasslands. These debris were used to rebuild the ship and identify the cause of the disaster. Ivory Coast In May 2020, another Chinese 5B Truong Chinh missile also crashed on Earth. The missile was initially thought to have crashed into the Pacific Ocean, but some people reported hearing ultrasonic explosions and seeing metal debris falling from the sky. This shows that some parts of the Truong Chinh 5B missile fell in the village of Mahounou, on the Ivory Coast. China’s Truong Chinh 5B missile launch in late April in Hainan province. Photo: Getty. However, there were no reports of human casualties following the incident. The discovery of tube fragments longer than 12 m also seems to help this area get more attention. Grant County, Washington State, USA The most recent cosmic waste incident happened just over a month ago, when a private aerospace company SpaceX rocket exploded over the Pacific Northwest. The explosion created a “light show,” which caused some at first to mistake it for a meteor shower, according to the report The Verge . A piece of equipment from the missile crashed on a farm in Washington state, leaving a mark more than 12 cm deep on the ground, The Verge reporting. A similar object was also discovered by fishermen off the coast of Oregon a few days later, but authorities have not confirmed whether this is debris from the SpaceX missile or not.

Japan has outlined a plan to conduct tests on the new missile by 2026 and is expected to have the first full launch by 2030. H-2A boosters at Tanegashima Space Center It is known that the country intends to use the same technology as the technology that SpaceX applies to the Falcon 9 rocket. That is the first landing technology of the rocket on the floating floor. Since the early 2000s, Japan has used H-2A boosters. The cost per launch is about 91 million USD, much more expensive than other similar devices in the world. The Japan Aerospace Research and Development Agency (JAXA) plans to make the first launch of the new H-III missile before the spring of 2022. However, according to calculations, the operation of the new equipment will only cost about half the cost of the H-2A boosters. At the same time, Japan will continue to reduce operating costs in order to compete in the market, emphasized Yomiuri newspaper. The newspaper also said that, in addition to first floor reuse technology, Japan is expected to apply the achievements of private manufacturers to produce the next generation of missiles with the aim of further lowering prices. device.

Illustration. (Source: space.com) According to the Vietnam News Agency reporter in Tokyo, Japan in 2030 will launch a rocket with propulsion recycled from engines used in previous missions, in order to reduce costs rocket launch . Kyodo news agency citing unnamed sources said that a panel of experts from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) is expected to put the goal of building the missile. be equipped with recycled propulsion in an interim report drafted on May 12. The current, rocket launch costs Japan’s H2A is very expensive because the rocket propulsion will be disposed of after the missile is launched. Even the H3 – the country’s next-generation missile and expected to be launched by the end of March 2022 – is disposable. Meanwhile, the Falcon 9 missile developed by the American Space Exploration Corporation, can reuse parts that have been used in previous missions to bring astronauts, including Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, boarded the International Space Station (ISS) last month. Since the propulsion of the Falcon 9 rocket is about 10 times reusable, the cost of launching the missile is only about 6 billion yen ($ 55 million), half of the launch cost. H2A rockets Japanese. So the Japan Aerospace Research and Development Agency (JAXA) is conducting research on how to launch a small test missile to a height of about 100 meters and then land vertically in an attempt. missile reuse force. In addition, JAXA also plans to test reusable missiles on a large scale, possibly with France and Germany in 2022./.

On the morning of May 9 (Beijing time), the China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO) confirmed that the fragments of Long March 5B had fallen into the Indian Ocean near the Maldives, the rest was loaded. fire in the atmosphere. The Truong Chinh 5B missile carrying parts for the Chinese space station was launched in Hainan province on April 29. Photo: Reuters. “They are jealous of China’s progress” In addition to the confirmation of the missile falling into the sea, the Chinese media said that Western newspapers are exaggerating the incident, discrediting the country’s space exploration program. “Their hype and smear are in vain”, CNN citing a Chinese source, saying that American scientists are “acting against conscience” and “anti-intellectual”. “These people are jealous of the advancement of Chinese aerospace technology… Some of them are even using loud words to interfere with our future missile launch missions, with the goal of building stations. private universe “, this page says. Earlier, the director of the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) Bill Nelson criticized China after debris from the Long March 5B rocket fell into the Indian Ocean. “It is clear that China has not met the standard of responsible space waste,” said Nelson in a statement on May 9. Compared to Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) or the US, China is a latecomer in the space field. They launched their first satellite in 1970, 13 years behind the Soviet Union and 12 years behind the US. In recent times, the field of Chinese space exploration has been invested more and more strongly. They are the first country to send a probe into the dark of the Moon in 2019, before bringing some rock samples on the Moon back to Earth by the end of 2020. The reason China wants to build a space station On the US side, this country has taken action that China sees as “hostile”, to prevent its space mission. Since 1999, the United States has imposed a restriction on exports of satellite technology to China. In late 2011, the US Congress also passed laws restricting cooperation between NASA and China. That is why Chinese astronauts are not allowed to board the International Space Station (ISS), the only space station in orbit to be completed, operated by cooperation between the US and Russia, Europe, Japan and Canada. The Long March 5B is the largest space object to return uncontrollably to Earth in nearly three decades. Photo: ABC. That is the reason why China plans to build the Tiangong (Tian Cung) space station, which means “heavenly palace”. In late April, the Long March 5B was launched to bring the first module to the space station. But then, the rocket fell into a state of uncontrollability until it was gradually pulled down by Earth’s gravity. Although criticizing the West for “bluffing” the Long March 5B out of control, the Chinese media and experts have ignored the explanation of why the missile makes the world worried. According to the CNN , the Earth’s launch and landing phases of the missile can be predicted. When falling into orbit, manufacturers often equip controls to direct missiles into the sea or keep them in a “graveyard orbit”, which helps them hover in space for decades. This is the second incident related to the Truong Chinh 5B missile. Last year, a 12-meter debris of the missile crashed into a village on Cote d’Ivoire, damaging businesses and homes. Estimated to weigh more than 20 tons, the Long March 5B is the largest space object to return to Earth uncontrollably in nearly three decades. SpaceX’s test missile explodes again when it lands on the launch pad SpaceX’s Starship SN9 rocket landed and exploded on 2/2. This is the first phase prototype of a reusable rocket line that will help send people to Mars.

Space Station Skylab was launched by the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) in 1973. The agency had planned Skylab to operate for at least 10 years, but that did not happen. The sun radiates more energy than expected, increasing Skylab’s pull back to Earth. Image: NASA . On the night of July 11, 1979, Skylab returned to Earth and exploded over the Indian Ocean, west of Australia. Debris from the 85-ton space station is scattered across fields and small towns. Although no one was injured, the town of Esperance (Australia) fined $ 400 to NASA for littering. However, this agency does not pay. Until 2009, a new radio station in California (USA) paid this fine. Photo: State Library of Western Australia. Not only Skylab, there have been many instances where objects from space fell uncontrollably down to Earth. November 10, 2013, satellite GOCE The European Space Agency (ESA) caught fire and plunged into the Atlantic due to running out of fuel a month ago. According to the Space , GOCE is used to map the Earth’s gravity. Previously, scientists were concerned that the 1-ton satellite could fall to the mainland. Image: Space . Atmospheric Research Satellites (UARS) was launched by NASA in September 1991 with space shuttle Discovery to analyze the Earth’s ozone layer. In December 2005, a satellite weighing 6.5 tons, worth $ 750 million, was stopped by NASA before it fell to Earth in September 2011. While most of the satellites were burned, the remaining 532 kg of UARS fell to Canada, Africa, parts of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Image: NASA . NASA launches satellites Pegasus 2 weighed 11.6 tons in 1965 to study asteroids orbiting the Earth. The data was sent back to NASA by Pegasus 2 for about 3 years, then kept on orbit for 11 years. On November 3, 1979, the satellite returned to Earth and then exploded, debris plunging down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Image: NASA . Operated for 9 years from 1971 to 1982, Salyut 7 is the last space station in the Salyut program of the Soviet Union. On February 7, 1991, the 22-ton space station lost control, crashing to Earth after a period of time out of orbit while still connected to the Cosmos 1686 spacecraft. Both burned and exploded in the sky. Argentina, some fragments found in Capitan Bermudez region, no human casualties have been reported. Image: Space Age . On February 1, 2003, space shuttle Columbia exploded in the sky above Texas (USA) when returning to Earth, killing 7 astronauts. Investigations revealed that 82 seconds after the 100-ton ship took off, an insulating foam fell onto the carbon fiber board, puncturing the hull and damaging the body temperature protection while it was in service. speed 28,968 km / h. Although no one on the ground was injured, the Columbia event marked the second deadliest disaster in NASA’s space shuttle program. Image: NASA . Cosmos 954 , the secret satellite of the Soviet Navy used to spy on US nuclear submarines, launched on September 18, 1977 lost control. On January 24, 1978, a 3.8-ton satellite crashed northwestern Canada, causing radioactive debris to scatter over a large area. The Government of Canada asked the Soviet Union to pay $ 6 million for the search and cleanup campaign, but this country only accepted to pay $ 3 million. Image: NASA . On July 27, 2016, a boosters Long March 7 (Truong Chinh 7) China’s free fall, exploding in the American western skies. The image of a missile-generated light trail in the sky is widely shared on the Internet. The Long March missile chain is part of China’s plan to build an outer space station. Image: Matt Holt . Space Station Tiangong 1 (Heavenly Palace 1) China exploded over the southern Pacific on April 1, 2018. The 8-ton space station was launched in 2011, receiving 2 crew from 2012-2013 before completing the mission. In March 2016, China lost contact with Tiangong 1, allowing the space station to fall freely due to the gravity of the Earth. Image: CMSA . SpaceX’s test missile explodes again when it lands on the launch pad SpaceX’s Starship SN9 rocket landed and exploded on 2/2. This is the first phase prototype of a reusable rocket line that will help send people to Mars.

The Starship SN15 space missile left its launch pad on May 4. Photo: Space According to Space page, on May 5, SpaceX successfully landed the Starship spacecraft during the fifth test at their base in Texas, USA. This successful experiment marks a big win for billionaire Elon Musk’s space company after four of the previous tests ended in explosions. The SN15 rocket took off from Starbase in Boca Chica, south Texas at about 17:25 local time, reached around 10km and performed a series of flight exercises before making a critical landing. Billionaire Musk happily posted on Twitter: “Starship is landing normally”. Watch the video of the Starship rocket launched and successfully landed for the first time (Source: SpaceX): The test, however, was not entirely perfect. A small fire engulfed the base of the 50-meter spaceship shortly after landing, but was quickly extinguished with a tornado. SpaceX expert John Insprucker explains this “it’s no stranger to the metal fuel we’re using,” adding that engineers are still solving design problems. SpaceX faces growing pressure to succeed with its May 4 test flight after NASA announced a version of the Starship would be used as a lander in its return to the Moon program. America. The $ 2.9 billion contract is currently on hold after two rival companies, Blue Origin and Dynetics, filed an objection. SpaceX Starship Ship Illustration on the Moon. Photo: SpaceX Along with SpaceX, the space company Blue Origin of billionaire Jeff Bezos is also expected to launch the first space travel flight in July. Previously, the four predecessor devices of the Starship SN15 ship ended in failure, broken to pieces in tests over the past five months. The most recent time in early March, the SN10, appeared to have landed safely but a fire suddenly erupted as soon as the ship touched the launch pad, causing it to explode into a fireball. A small flame also erupted at the base of the SN15 in the latest launch but was quickly extinguished. Video of Starship SN10 ship exploded after landing (source: videospace): SpaceX has learned a few lessons from other tough landings. And the SN15 has been revised with a slightly different look from the previous prototypes. “The SN15 has improvements in structures, avionics and software, and the engine will allow for increased speed and efficiency throughout production and flight: in particular, avionics. No new improvements, updated launch architecture and new Raptor engine design ”, a SpaceX representative wrote in the flight description on May 4. SpaceX is developing Starship to send people and goods to the Moon, Mars and other distant destinations. The system consists of two components, both of which are designed for fast and complete reuse. The two components are a spaceship called the Starship and a giant early stage booster booster called the Super Heavy. Both vehicles will be powered by SpaceX’s next-generation Raptor engine. SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk said the Starship will have six Raptor engines. Although the SN15 was just a full-scale Starship prototype in height and width, it was powered by only three Raptor engines. Future test variants will be stronger, Musk said, and we will soon see these more powerful means of carrying out space missions. Musk aims to launch the Starship into orbit before the end of the year. Three Raptor engines of the SN15 missile in successful test. Photo: Space Starship SN15 ship when about to land. Photo: Space NASA’s Artemis moon exploration program recently selected Starship as a manned lunar lander Artemis aims to establish a lasting, enduring human presence on and around the Moon by the end of the 2020s. NASA officials say the knowledge and skills gained during SpaceX’s testing efforts. will help humanity reach Mars in the 2030s. Over the past few years, NASA has worked to achieve its goal of making a human landfall on the moon by the end of 2024, at the direction of former President Donald Trump. However, this timeline is expected to be relaxed under President Joe Biden.

This weekend, China’s Long March 5B (Truong Chinh 5B) missile will fall back to Earth. Instead of falling into the sea as originally planned, the Long March 5B was orbiting the Earth and lost control. The silence from the China National Space Administration (CNSA) coupled with the rocket’s too fast travel speed makes scientists at other space research institutions do not have enough computational data, see rockets. Where will it fall. Hard to have human casualties The Long March 5B missile is 30 meters long, weighs 22.5 tons, and when it falls to the ground the equivalent of a small plane falling and debris flying 160 km away. This is the comment of Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. In 2020, a 50 meter long fragment also from a Chinese rocket crashed into the Atlantic, just 13 minutes after passing New York City with 9 million inhabitants. However, a 12-meter-long piece may have crashed in a village on Ivory Coast, according to the report The Verge , from the source of the local newspaper Afriksoir. The villagers heard a loud explosion, lightning, and noise at the same time that scientists calculated missile debris. The 12-meter-long debris that fell on the village of Mahounou on Ivory Coast in May 2020 is believed to have belonged to the Truong Chinh 5B missile. Photo: Afrik Soir. The orbits re-enter the atmosphere of rockets, which are inherently difficult to predict, because they travel at speeds of thousands of kilometers per hour. Scientists can only calculate accuracy after the rocket has returned to the atmosphere and began to fall. However, according to Mr. McDowell’s estimates, there will be no loss of life. Rockets will usually be burned most of the time when they pass through the atmosphere. Only a few parts, which are designed to be more heat resistant, can fall back to Earth. However, with a planet’s surface area of ​​up to 75% that is water, and also much of the ground uninhabited, the probability that missile debris could fall right where humans are inhabited is very low. “The worst scenario is that when a small piece falls on a person, that person is more likely to die. The probability that a lot of people get a debris fall is not high,” said Jonathan McDoWell. With a landing speed of about 160 km / h, debris falling on structures and vehicles will also leave great consequences. However, since the debris will fall in an area up to 160 km in diameter, the likelihood that they will fall into an inhabited, residential area is also very low. The Long March 5B missile contains the core module of the new space station. Photo: Getty Images. According to the Independent Over the past decade there have been about 100 satellites, and the wreckage of the missile returns to Earth every year, with a total mass of 150 tons. However, most of them do not cause serious consequences. The mass of space junk that fell in 2020 is the fourth largest block to fall back to Earth in history, after the Skylab space station in 1979, the Skylab’s rocket deck in 1975, and the Salyut-7, the Soviet space station, At 1991. Big problem with space junk This is not the first time that CNSA has had problems with objects landing on Earth from space. In 2018, the Tiangong-1 space station freely fell into the Pacific, between Australia and Chile. The Ivory Coast incident in May 2020 was also caused by another Long March 5B missile. Although there is little potential to cause material or life damage, the disposal of rockets and satellites out of use still leaves many scientists a headache. When a satellite expires, becomes unusable, it resumes its orbit. A boosters after completing a mission to put the spacecraft into orbit will also be left in the air. And when two objects in the universe collide with each other and create millions of debris, they are also left in space. Cosmic debris are surrounding the Earth. Photo: Nikkei. No one has put a ship on board and collects debris in space. All materials left by humans so far are known as cosmic trash. NASA scientist Donald Kessler believes that colliding with two large pieces of space debris can create a domino effect, causing thousands of smaller debris to continue orbiting the Earth. Mr. Kessler warns there will be a day when space junk becomes so much that we cannot launch a satellite without hitting another object. By then, we will be prisoners on our own planet, and will not blame anyone else but humans. As for the controllable missiles, the space agencies will calculate to bring them back to Point Nemo, which is considered the “graveyard” of spacecraft in the ocean. With the closest distance to the mainland of 2,250 km, the South Pacific Ocean is considered the “pole of the ocean” and is no different than a desert region in the middle of the sea.

Chinese Truong Chinh 5B missile leaves its launch pad. According to this map, anywhere between 41 degrees North and 41 degrees South can be affected by the rocket’s debris. He said the boosters will enter Earth’s atmosphere as early as May 8. According to ROSCOSMOS, “a portion of the rocket will no longer exist in the dense gas layers of the atmosphere” but “individual non-flammable structural elements can reach the surface of the Earth”. Meanwhile, the Aerospace Corporation non-profit aerospace organization predicts, the time of the Chinese missile crashes to Earth will occur at dawn on 9/5 (international time), the error plus – minus in 28 hours. They also published a map of the potential impact area – relevant to the area provided by ROSCOSMOS. The Chinese missile’s orbital tilt is currently 41.5 degrees, meaning it could fall anywhere from the north relative to New York, Madrid and Beijing and as far south as southern Chile and Wellington. New Zealand, these are all regions with the highest population densities in the world. The ROSCOSMOS map shows the drop zone of the Chinese missile’s center. Speaking to the press, US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin expressed his hope that the Chinese missile will fall into the ocean and it is estimated that it will fall between May 8 and 9. On May 6, Mr. Austin said at this time, the US has no plans to shoot Chinese missile debris that is expected to fall back into the atmosphere this weekend. Since the missile is traveling at an average speed of 7 km / s, it is difficult to predict where it will hit. US Department of Defense spokesman Mike Howard said the US Space Command was monitoring the missile’s trajectory. However, the US was only able to determine the exact point within a few hours before it fell. According to Howard, the 18th Space Control Squadron will provide daily updates on the missile’s position on the Space Track website. Ted Muelhaupt, an expert in space debris at the US-based nonprofit Aerospace Corporation, told ABC News that the central floor of the Truong Chinh 5B rocket was probably among 10 large objects. can fall to the planet into 1 piece. The bulldog has a central floor weighing 22 tons. China’s Long March 5B missile hull areas are likely to fall over the next few days. Photo: Aerospace Corporation According to SpaceNews, the 22-ton central deck of the Truong Chinh 5B missile is in a state of out of control and could fall to Earth. Instead of falling to the intended location at sea like the previous rockets, the central stage of the Truong Chinh 5B boosters began to rotate around the globe in China’s helplessness. On April 28, the China National Space Administration (CNSA) launched a Long March 5B booster rocket carrying a core module called “Thien Hoa” weighing 22.5 tons into space (part of the space station. Heavenly Palace). The launch went quite smoothly until the core of the missile suddenly deviated from its intended flight trajectory. It is known that the core layer of the body (weighing 19.6 tons, 30m long and 5m in diameter) is currently flying around in the LEO orbit at an extremely fast speed. According to a SPACECOM representative, the Chinese missile is currently flying at 162-306km above the ground, indicating that it has begun to gradually decrease altitude from 170-372km. Essentially the drag of the Earth’s atmosphere sooner or later pulls the upper missile body out of the LEO orbit, but with its erratic speed and trajectory it makes it possible to accurately predict the location and The moment the rocket will hit the ground becomes difficult.

The 21-ton core of the Chinese Truong Chinh 5B missile was taken on the night of 5/5/2021. Photo: Project Virtual Telescope According to the Daily Mail, the Italy-based Virtual Telescope (VTP) project captured the core of the missile, which looks like a bright spot of light as it crashes through their Elena robot telescope. Chinese rockets have caught international attention throughout the week as debris of the 21-ton vehicle is expected to fly back to Earth uncontrolled over the weekend, with the risk of landing in areas with residents. According to Italian researchers, the Truong Chinh 5B missile has moved “extremely fast”, as it soared through a distance of about 700 km above the VTP’s telescope. The Space.com site said that Gianluca Masi, the Virtual Telescope project’s astronomer who took the photo, wrote in the photo description: “At the time of the photo shoot, the rocket core was far from the telescope. Ours is about 700 km, while the Sun is only a few degrees below the horizon, so the sky is extremely bright, making it difficult to take pictures. captured this giant fragment “- Masi wrote in the description of the photo. “This is another brilliant success, demonstrating the amazing ability of robotic vehicles to track such objects,” Mr. Masi affirmed. On April 29, China launched a 5B Truong Chinh missile that carries the main module of its own space station into the orbit of the Earth. This module, called Thien Ha, is 16.6 meters long. Watch the video of China launching a rocket carrying module of the Tianhe space station on April 29: Space agencies and astronomers around the world are now closely monitoring the 5B’s trajectory in the hope of being better prepared for the moment it falls back to Earth. The latest information shows that fragments of this giant rocket are expected to fall back to Earth on May 8 and the US government has warned they could fall into populated areas. US Department of Defense spokesman John Kirby revealed the intended date of return to Earth’s atmosphere, but said the exact timing of that event was currently unidentifiable. Mr. Kirby said the government at this time “does not have enough information to be able to formulate specific plans”. However, he asserted that if there was information, they would share it appropriately.
The US Space Command is currently monitoring the Chinese missile as carefully as possible and giving daily updates to its position on the Space Track website. The Truong Chinh 5B Y2 missile carrying the Thien Ha core module was launched from the Van Xuong launch pad in Hainan province, China on April 29. Photo: THX Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at Harvard University (USA) and a specialist in orbital tracking, notes that the core of Truong Chinh 5B is the heaviest object that has fallen out of control through the atmosphere in nearly three decades. century. Before breaking, this core had a weight of nearly 21 tons. The last time a heavier object fell out of control was 1991, when the 43-ton Soviet Salyut-7 space station crashed on Argentina. Mr. McDowell calculated that the core was about to fall to Earth 7 times heavier than the second floor of the Falcon 9 rocket, which burned in the sky of Seattle, about a month ago. If returned to the atmosphere at night, it could produce a similar light trail. Despite US Department of Defense concerns, many industry observers believe the situation is not to the point of causing panic. The risk of being hit by debris is extremely small, says analyst McDowell. Meanwhile, Mr. Song Zhongping – a Chinese aerospace expert – on May 5 said that the rocket fragments returned to Earth is completely normal. China launched the Truong Chinh 5B rocket in May 2020 (photo) to test a vehicle for a program to send people to the Moon. Photo: Daily Mail Wang Ya’nan – editor-in-chief of Aerospace Knowledge magazine – added that during the missile development, Chinese aerospace officials have carefully considered from the initial stage of missile design and selection. Select launch location, to launch status and flight trajectory. “Most of the debris will burn up during its return to Earth’s atmosphere,” Wang explained. Only a very small fraction can fall to the ground and is likely to fall into the ocean or areas far away from where humans are active. Since Chinese rockets are mainly made of lightweight materials, most will easily be burned during high-speed fall through the atmosphere. Besides, Truong Chinh rocket also uses environmentally friendly fuel, so once the parts fall into the ocean, it will not cause water pollution. According to Space, if there is debris damage, the United Nations Convention on Liability of the Outer Space Treaty states that the launching country “must bear full responsibility for damages. caused by their space objects on the Earth’s surface or to an aircraft, and are responsible for damage caused by its fault in space “. The only time this convention was invoked was in 1978, when a nuclear-powered Soviet satellite, Kosmos 954, spread radioactive debris across the Canadian Arctic, leading to a campaign. urgent cleaning and cost at least S $ 3 million in 1981 (equivalent to $ 7.5 million today).

The largest missile center in China is falling out of control in orbit, after it carried part of the new space station into space last week. The object is expected to fall to Earth during an “uncontrolled re-entry” on May 8 or 9. Whether it falls harmlessly into the ocean or affects the land where humans live, the reason the Chinese space program allows this to happen is – again – unclear. And given China’s planned launch schedule, it is entirely possible that such uncontrolled re-imports continue to occur. Missile Truong Chinh 5B in a launch in 2020. (Photo: Xinhua) The China space program has a series of major spacecraft achievements over the past six months, including bringing back lunar rocks and sending spacecraft into orbit around Mars. However, the programs seem to continue to pose a small, though small danger to people across the planet without control of the path of the launched missile. Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who tracks objects in space, says: “I think it was their negligence. I think it is irresponsible. The uncontrolled drop is the reinforced core of Truong Chinh 5B, designed to lift large, heavy sections of the space station. For most rockets, the lower layers typically fall back to Earth shortly after launch. The upper layers, when they reach orbit, often reactivate the engine (after releasing the load), directing them to re-enter deserted areas such as the oceans. For the past three decades, only China has lifted layers of such large rockets into orbit and let them crash somewhere, said Dr. McDowell. “It is a technical decision based on possibilities.” He said that Chinese engineers were able to design the trajectory of the rocket so that it would remain in orbit, fall back to Earth shortly after launch, or they might have planned to activate the booster. fig to get it out of orbit in a non-dangerous way. Ted J. Muelhaupt, director of the Center for Orbital Research and Aerospace Debris re-entry, says: “The reintegration design cannot be taken lightly, it’s something the world as a whole has done because we need it.” As for Truong Chinh 5B reinforcement, it could be anywhere between 41.5 North latitude and 41.5 South latitude. That means Chicago, located further north, is safe, but big cities like New York could suffer. On May 6, Aerospace Corporation, a federally funded nonprofit that conducts research and analysis largely, predicts the re-entry will take place on May 8 at 11:43 p.m. Eastern time (10:43 p.m. 9/5 Vietnam time). If that is correct, the debris could fall to Northeast Africa, in Sudan. The timing uncertainty – a 16-hour fluctuation – and location are still large. A day ago, Aerospace predicted the re-entry site an hour in advance in the Eastern Indian Ocean. The calculations are complicated by many factors, for example, the sun. The increase in the intensity of the solar wind – charged particles sprayed by the sun – will inflate the Earth’s atmosphere, increasing its force on the object and increasing its rate of fall. The movement of the object also affects. The US Space Command and the Russian space agency are both monitoring the missile division. The Russian statement noted that the re-import will not “affect the territory of the Russian Federation” . The US agency meanwhile promised to update it regularly before the event was likely to take place. Currently the object is moving at a speed of about 29,868 km / h, so prediction of position also changes with each minute. China plans to launch several more launches in the coming months as the construction of its third space station is completed, known as the Heavenly Palace, or “palace in the sky”. That would require additional flights of giant rockets and the possibility of more uncontrolled re-imports leaving people on the ground anxious to follow, even when mishaps from single parts. very small. Jen Psaki, White House press secretary, said on May 5: “For the mutual benefit of all nations, it is necessary to act responsibly in space to ensure the safety, stability, security and long-term sustainability of space activities”. America hopes to push “Responsible spatial behavior”.

On April 29, at the Van Xuong spacecraft launch center in Hainan province, China successfully launched the first module of the Tianhe space station with the Truong Chinh 5B rocket, marking an important step in the build the country’s own space station. However, instead of falling to a predetermined place in the sea like the previous rockets, the central stage of the Truong Chinh 5B boosters started spinning around the Earth in a low orbit in a state of out-of-control. With a weight of about 21 tons, 30m long and 5m wide, the remnants of the Truong Chinh 5B rocket are flying in orbit around the Earth every 90 minutes / rev, at a speed of 27,600 km / h at an altitude of over 300 kilometer. Since the end of last week until now, this remaining part has decreased altitude by nearly 80km. According to the observations of underground amateur astronomers, this missile is in a very unstable state. Some calculations show that the central floor of the Truong Chinh 5B missile will plunge into the atmosphere on May 8. When it crosses the Earth’s atmosphere, it could be burned, but it is likely that large pieces of the missile will remain and will fall scattered over an area of ​​160km wide. Worth mentioning, this is not the first time that China’s Truong Chinh 5B missile has fallen into a state of out-of-control during the biosphere. In May 2020, a similar incident happened. Beijing is expected to have at least 10 more similar launches, bringing all additional equipment into orbit, before completing the station by 2022. China’s Truong Chinh 5B missile was launched into orbit on April 29 at the Wenchang launch pad, southern China. . Prior to the US Space Command’s forecast that the 2021-035B Truong Chinh 5B (Long March 5B or Chang Zheng 5B) missile core, called 2021-035B, was capable of falling uncontrollably on Earth on the day. May 8-9, many people questioned: Will Russia or the US plan to use the missile to shoot the core of the Truong Chinh 5B missile, to save the planet’s citizens? On May 6, the US said it was tracking the object’s path, but had no plans to shoot it down. Cosmic garbage Australia currently holds the record as the country that contains the largest space waste in the world. In 1979, the 77-ton American SkyLab space station disintegrated in Western Australia, leaving the area around the coastal town of Esperance splashed by debris. Although no deaths or serious injuries have been reported from being hit by these cosmic debris, it is quite dangerous. Just a year before the fall of SkyLab, a Soviet remote sensing satellite, Cosmos 954, crashed into a barren area of ​​Canada’s Northwest Territory, spreading radioactive debris over several hundred square kilometers. As the Cold War was at its height, the nuclear sensitivity of the Cosmos 954 led to unfortunate delays in locating and cleaning the wreck. Who has to pay for cleaning? International law sets out a compensation regime that applies in many cases of damage on Earth, as well as when satellites collide in space. The 1972 conventions, a United Nations treaty, impose liability for the damage caused by space debris, which includes a regime of absolute liability as they fall to Earth like fragments. crumbs. In the case of Long March 5B, this would impose potential liability on China. The new treaty has only been invoked once before (for the Cosmos 954 incident) and therefore may not be considered a incentive. Of course, this legal framework only applies after the damage has occurred. In 1978, a Soviet nuclear-powered satellite crashed in northern Canada, resulting in a $ 3,000,000 fine for the tundra radioactive cleanup for Canada.

The US Space Forces, the Russian Space Agency and the Aerospace Corporation, a US-funded nonprofit research firm, predict that debris and the missile body will fall to Earth by the end this week, possibly on May 8 (US time). At the present time, the authorities have not been able to accurately determine where the missile will fall. The studies showed that after the incident, the rocket moved into the Earth’s atmosphere. According to the principle, the missile Truong Chinh 5B will orbit the Earth for a while before free fall. The Truong Chinh 5B missile, which carries the main module for China’s space station, was launched into space from April 29. Photo: Getty The orbit of the universe sent the missile through many densely populated areas from New York City and Los Angeles (USA) to Southern Europe, Beijing (China), Australia, South Africa and South America. However, it is likely that the Truong Chinh 5B missile will “land” in the Pacific or a large uninhabited territory. “The rocket’s trajectory traverses the most densely populated areas in the world,” said John Logsdon, a former member of the NASA Advisory Council and founder of the Space Institute at the University of Washington. If we cannot control the missile’s position in the atmosphere, it creates a concern about where the missile falls to Earth. ” As the rocket phase falls through Earth’s atmosphere, friction heats the surrounding air to about 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1,649 degrees C). The rocket will likely break at this temperature and parts of it could burn, but there are still many large debris that could survive and fall to Earth. Accordingly, experts estimate that about 5 tons of the remaining missile components, including fuel tanks, propellants, large parts of the rocket engine, metal fragments and insulation, will fall to an area of ​​the Earth. The highest possibility of scientists’ calculations is that these rocket components will fall into the ocean, where no people are inhabited. “There is still a risk of the impact of the collision, including who could hit someone with a rocket,” said Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer observing objects orbiting the Earth, CNN told CNN. But the risks of a missile hitting the residential area are very small so you don’t need to worry too much about this. ” However, according to John Logsdon, this is still an unusual situation and China needs to give an explanation of what happened. On May 7, Yonhap news agency reported that South Korea and the US discussed how to respond to the Chinese Truong Chinh 5B missile crash. It is known that Truong Chinh 5B missile was launched last week, bringing a module of China’s first permanent space station into space. However, the missile has a problem that worries space forces around the world. Members of the Korea Space Operations Center held a video conference with US-led Joint Space Operations Center officials on May 7. Photo: Yonhap The South Korean Air Force and the United States-led Joint Space Operations Center (CSpOC) hosted an online conference and shared their monitoring and analysis data. This conference was attended by both the German and Japanese armies. “We do not rule out the possibility that the missile fragment will hit the Korean peninsula. We are prepared for any situation,” said Lt. Col. Choi Seong-hwan of the Korea Space Operations Center. closely monitor the missile’s path and coordinate with CSpOC and other related agencies “. The US command said it was impossible to determine the exact landing point of the missile “until it returned to Earth”. In addition, The Guardian reported, the US has no intention of shooting down the remains of the Chinese Truong Chinh missile. Specifically, US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin said: “We have the ability to do a lot of work but we have no plans to shoot down this missile. We anticipate the missile will land in the ocean or not. people or similar land “. A spokesperson for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs said on May 7 that the head of the missile will probably catch fire when it moves into Earth, so it will not pose a major threat to people around the world. White House press secretary Jen Psaki believes the US is committed to addressing the risks of space debris and wants to work with the international community “to promote leadership and responsible behavior. mission in space “. Minh Hanh (According to Business Insider, Guardian, Yonhap)

China’s Truong Chinh 5B missile was launched into space from April 29 New arena between America-China This week, the US and China have repeatedly debated over the warning that the remnants of the Chinese Truong Chinh 5B missile could fall back to Earth. While the US has criticized this as the result of irresponsibility and negligence and predicts serious consequences, China has countered that the West is overdoing and the impact of heavier missile remnants. The 20 tons falling back on Earth is nothing serious. Observing the latest incident, world commentators said that, even when the huge remnant of Truong Chinh 5B’s missile fell to the Earth and caused no consequences, the controversy related to the row. Space between China and America will not end either. On the contrary, this is just the opening for a new “arena” between the two leading economies in the world because they are spending sparingly to increase their presence in the universe. The more space we invest and build, the greater the amount of space waste will be, and the return of giant objects from space will no longer be uncommon. Just over last month, the Chinese National Aerospace Agency also kept an eye on a massive cosmic litter. In particular, the International Space Station (ISS) emits the largest space trash ever, which is the 2.9-ton base of 48 nickel-hydrogen panels. It is expected that the trash will spend 2 to 4 years floating in low Earth orbit before it burns into the atmosphere. The consequences of this discharge are not the same as the discharge of the remnants of the Truong Chinh 5B missile because the object of the Chinese missile weighs more than 20 tons, so it is difficult to burn out, leaving the large structure falling on Earth. However, as soon as the ISS station’s discharge was announced, the China Space News website immediately published an article warning the risk of a 2.9-ton retrograde waste block. “Pray for that waste block not to come back and hit the space station”, according to the article on this website. The problem of litter will be as bad as climate change The South China Post (SCMP) newspaper published this month indicated that China is tracking about 20,000 blocks of space waste, 50% more than a decade ago. ” In the end, the consequence may be that, even if there are no more people performing any more space activity, the total amount of cosmic waste will continue to increase, the door to human space will be completely blocked. – Mr. Feng Hao, an aerospace specialist in China, said Mr. Feng Hao, lead author of the report and his colleagues at the Beijing Institute of Space Systems Engineering, said that the situation of the rapid increase in the amount of waste in the orbit of the Earth is very alarming because that floating object can collide with each other. The scenario above will take place soon and worse when China and the US continue to compete in space. Both have ambitious plans to expand the space program over the next few years. Tens of thousands of satellites have been launched, a lot of large-scale infrastructure built in orbit from Earth to Moon. Feng estimates that by 2033, the geostationary orbit will be crowded, meaning that adding more satellites to orbit will lead to a chain collision. Space litter “could become the same important political issue as the current state of climate change,” said a Beijing-based scientist, who did not want to be identified. According to this scientist, when the important orbits do not have many gaps, tensions between Washington and Beijing, the two countries most active in aerospace operations, will become increasingly fierce. “Beijing may criticize Washington for its cosmic emissions, on the contrary, Washington will limit Beijing’s future space missions. This will cause a profound geopolitical impact, affecting all countries on Earth “, emphasized the anonymous expert. Furthermore, when the US-China confronts, international cooperation related to space waste disposal will inevitably be affected. Not to mention, the situation of sharing space waste tracking information between countries is still superficial, partly because the technology used in the universe is related to the military, so no country wants to share it clearly. . “You can imagine this situation as two people sitting in the front row scrambling for the steering wheel while the car is about to crash into the wall,” the Beijing expert explained. China launched the 5B Truong Chinh missile into space, carrying the first module of the Chinese-made Tian Cung space station, from April 29. This missile has a 1-core configuration for propulsion, so the size of this floor is very large. When completing the task of bringing the missile to, the separated core will be disabled and become a giant mass of cosmic trash. The problem is this trash is spinning in uncontrollable Earth orbit. Expected to fall to Earth as early as today (May 8).

Photojournalists installed remote cameras to be ready to record the missile launch image on April 22. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon space shuttle, set to take off atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. It will take almost 24 hours to reach the space station, whose orbit is about 250 miles (400 km) from Earth. It was originally scheduled to launch on April 22 but had to be delayed for a day due to unfavorable weather forecast. This rocket launch marks NASA’s second return to service after nine years of stopping the shuttle from space in the United States. It is also the third crew flight to be launched into orbit under a public-private partnership between NASA and SpaceX, the rocket company founded and owned by billionaire high-tech entrepreneur Elon Musk. The crew this time has 4 members including two NASA astronauts, commander Shane Kimbrough (53 years old) and pilot Megan McArthur (49 years old), along with Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide (52 years old) and specialist Thomas Pesquet (43 years old), a French engineer with the European Space Agency. 6 months of space experiment Crew 2 is expected to spend about six months conducting scientific experiments and maintenance before returning to Earth in the fall. The four members of Crew 1, sent to the space station in November, are scheduled to return to Earth on April 28. Crew 2’s mission is also special in that the Falcon 9 launch vehicle using the same early stage booster has put Crew 1 in orbit. This is the first time that a proven booster device has been used again during a crew launch. Reusable booster vehicles, designed to fly back to Earth on their own and land safely after they separate from the missile’s remains a few minutes after launch. SpaceX’s reusable rocket strategy has pioneered more economical space travel. SpaceX has so far recorded more than 45 successful Falcon 9 landings, and the company has refurbished and reused the majority of them for multiple flights. However, all previous flights only carried cargo, not people, into space. The pilot of Crew 2, McArthur, will make history as the first female Pilot of the Crew and the second in her family to ride a shuttle. She is married to NASA astronaut Bob Behnken, who took a SpaceX demonstration flight last year. If all goes according to plan, they will arrive at the space station on Saturday. McArthur and her three friends and crew will be greeted by four astronauts of Crew 1 (three from NASA and one from Japan JAXA Aerospace Exploration Agency) and two crew members. Russian family and an American astronaut were on a Soyuz flight to the space station.

There is nothing wrong and exaggerated about the threat posed by the Soviet Union, both military and ideological, in the contemporary American perception of Sputnik satellite. Shortly after Sputnik was successfully launched into low-Earth orbit, the US and the West fell into what became known as the “Sputnik Crisis”. The early Soviet spatial achievements were regarded by many around the globe as a testament to the superiority and effectiveness of the Soviet model of government and the social structure of the Soviet State. In the New York Times alone, “Sputnik 1” was mentioned in articles averaging 11 times a day between October 6 and October 31, 1957 – America’s fear of Lien. Bucket in space. With each subsequent victory in technology, the Soviet Union not only demonstrated what could be done through an economic and policy approach, but also demonstrated what American capitalism could not do …, or at least, it can’t be done quickly. The fear of the communists not only winning mentally but also the embracing heart and mind led directly to the establishment of the Aerospace Research Agency (NASA), which invests in the resources for missile and orbit science, strong funding for defense programs, and prestige enhancement to offset the advantages of the Soviet Union are becoming evident in many fields. N1 boosters of the Soviet Union; Source: spacethatneverwas.tumblr.com In November 1957, the Soviet Union became the first country to put a live animal, the Laika, into orbit in Sputnik 2. The following month, the United States made its first attempt to send a Vanguard TV3 satellite (Test Vehicle 3 ) of the Naval Research Laboratory into orbit, but the rocket only flew about 4 feet off the launch pad before collapsing again and exploding. However, the following month, the United States entered space with Explorer 1, and later that year, NASA replaced the National Aviation Advisory Committee (NACA) with a mission to bring the US towards supremacy in space. . In 1959, the technically faulty Soviet Luna 1 rocket flew further than the platforms before it, escaped the orbit of the Moon and eventually entered the orbit of the Sun, but later that year, the spacecraft The Soviet Union Luna 2 pillar reached the lunar surface for the first time. Soon, Luna 3 sent an image of the surface of the Moon from orbit and by 1960, the Soviet Union was the first to send animals (the dogs Belka and Strelka) and plants into space and back. and still live. And just a year later, the Soviet Union brought a real human being, the cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space. Plan your spaceship “explore” In 1959, for promotion, the Soviet Union decided to choose a number of technologies, vehicles and equipment that represented the great progress of the Soviet Union for a traveling exhibition. The opportunity to take a closer look at the exhibition’s most precious jewel – a Lunic spaceship very similar to the Luna 2, housed in a deck above the modified rocket has arrived. When they got as close as possible, a few plainclothes agents were surprised to find the spacecraft hidden behind glass cuts in real missile housings. The declassified reports said that some people gasped, raised their eyebrows, were shocked to know the incident, and believed in Langley’s ears (nicknamed the US Central Intelligence Agency – CIA). Immediately, plans and plans to “explore” the Lunic more carefully began to be mapped out. But at the display site, soldiers guarded the ship at all times, both during and after hours, when museums and galleries were closed; Access to the Lunic information gathering while it was on display was practically impossible, so the CIA turned their attention to the way the Lunic was transported from one exhibit to another. The Soviet Vostok missile; Source: djournal.com While all exhibit artifacts were transported from one city to another by train (with guards), the CIA identified several gaps in how each one was transported from the site. exhibition to train station. The artifacts are simply placed in compact crates and loaded onto a truck carrying them to the train station for loading and unloading. This transit was not closely monitored by Soviet security, with items arriving at random intervals and little coordination between transport forces; The guardians at the railway warehouses were not even given a list. It was this shortcoming of Soviet security that gave the CIA, above all, the opportunity it needed. Missile robbery from the highway When night came, in order to carry out their plans, plainclothes CIA agents followed the van carrying Lunic out of the exhibition site, not forgetting to keep an eye on Soviet security. Surprisingly, despite tight security throughout the exhibits, the vehicle carrying a container filled with Soviet national secrets made a short trip to the train station completely unaccompanied. When the truck approached, turned toward the train station, the CIA agent simply let the car pass and escorted the driver to a nearby hotel. An agent jumped into the driver’s seat and drove the truck into a nearby, chosen rescue park that has high walls obscured. This was one of the most daring agents of the Cold War, and could certainly spark a clash between the planet’s two nuclear powers … For thirty minutes, CIA agents hovered over in the dark surrounding their newly stolen truck, waiting for some indication that the Soviets noticed Lunic’s absence. When nothing seemed to be suspicious, they climbed into the 20-foot long, 11-foot-wide and 14-foot-deep crate located inside the truck. Their job is to approach the Lunic spaceship, disassemble it and take pictures of what they can, then reassemble it, stuff it back inside the tank and transfer it to the train station before morning, so that the Soviets would not know what happened. Professional work The barrel itself has been reused over and over again, making it fairly easy to open without leaving any signs of being touched. With no way to pull the rocket out of the barrel, however, the spies soon realized they had no choice but to get in and do their job inside the barrel. Agents take off their shoes and split into groups, climbing to the bottom of the box using a rope ladder they carry to access the secrets stored inside. The CIA played an important role in stealing Soviet missile technology; Source: WATM Soon, their plans went wrong – the Lunic spacecraft won’t have difficulty reaching through the missile deck it’s located in, but when attempting to penetrate, CIA agents find a small seal. in plastic with engraved Soviet logo. To reach the spacecraft, it was necessary to break the seal, but doing so would almost certainly reveal their interference to Soviet authorities. Soon, calls to CIA parts in the area, and were told that they could re-seal the seal and arrive in time for reassembling and returning rockets in the morning. Although the engine was removed, the pylons as well as the fuel and oxidant tanks remained, providing the CIA with enough information to extrapolate the engine size and the missile’s payload capacity. Once the seal is removed, the Lunic itself has been pulled out, disassembled, and photographed in great detail. The information gathered was not only valuable from a design point of view, it also provided important context with regard to the Soviet missile program. Thanks to the recorded measurements and weights for the payload, the CIA will be able to better understand the telemetry data it collects around each Soviet launch. It is an important intelligence victory for the United States and will continue to shape the plans and policies pertaining to America’s space efforts for many years to come. But getting information is only part of the job. As the moonlight faded, CIA agents working with hand tools and socks ended up reassembling the Lunic and its missile housings, adding seals, removing wire ladders, and fixing the top. of the barrel. By 5 a.m., the original driver was returned his truck and his “cargo”, and he delivered it to the train station in time to deliver the first guard to come to work at 7:00 a.m. . The information gathered from the campaign gave the US a more complete understanding of what the Soviet Union was capable of, allowing the Americans to plan their appropriate efforts. America is no longer active in the dull anxiety of the “Sputnik crisis” without the actual data it needs to substantially assess the situation. It was in that newly found knowledge that America’s future spatial dominance began to sprout. In order to defeat the enemy, it is imperative to know where they are and what they can do… and the CIA has discovered it in the back of a stolen truck. Less than ten years later, the United States came ahead in the space race when the Apollo 11 landed on the Moon just before a Soviet amphibious ship crashed on the other side. More than twenty years later, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War officially ended./.

China’s Long March (Truong Chinh) 5B missile was launched last Thursday A Chinese uncontrolled 21-ton missile is falling on Earth and could land in densely populated areas, experts warn. China’s Long March (Truong Chinh) 5B rocket launched last Thursday is expected to fall back to Earth in the next few days. Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer who tracks objects orbiting the Earth, said SpaceNews that its path was “slightly further north than New York, Madrid and Beijing, and as far south as Chile and Wellington, New Zealand”. The missile can fall anywhere within this range, including oceans and densely populated or uninhabited areas, but most missiles will burn in the atmosphere. Satellite tracking devices have detected missiles longer than 30m cruise at speeds of more than 6.4km / s. China launched the Long March 5B at 11:23 a.m. local time last Thursday to make the first phase of their upcoming space station. The module that the missile carries, dubbed ‘Thien Hoa’, will be inhabited by the three crew members after the space station’s giant structure is complete. State media reported that China aims to complete the China Space Station, known as Tiangong (Tiangong) by the end of 2022, after several other modules have been launched. When completed, the Tiangong Space Station will orbit the Earth at an altitude of 340-450km. China aims to become a space power by 2030 to keep up with rivals, including the US, Russia and the European Space Agency, and create the most advanced space station around Earth. The ISS International Space Station, currently in orbit, takes 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble since the launch of the first module in 1998. The ISS was supported by five space agencies – NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe) and CSA (Canada) – but China was initially banned from the United States. However, the unsettled return of the missile could put an end to the Chinese celebration if the vehicle lands in an inhabited area. Cosmic debris watchers have observed it moving slowly and unpredictably to Earth over the past few days and it will be one of the largest uncontrolled debris on record. The Long March 5B is about 33m long, 5.3m wide and although more than 10 tons of space debris has been left in orbit for an uncontrolled return to ground flight, Mr McDowell said “by current standards. , it’s unacceptable to let it come back uncontrollably. ” Holger Krag, head of the European Space Agency’s Office of Space Safety Programs, told SpaceNews that: ‘China is aware of the potential danger of out-of-control’. “It is always difficult to judge the volume and amount of debris left over without knowing the design of the object, but the logical rule is about 20-40% China launched the Long March 5B in May 2020 to test the vehicle in preparation to send people to the moon, but the mission also ended with an uncontrolled return trip. The Long March 5B rocket entered space on 5 May 2020 and crashed to Earth a few days later, just off the coast of West Africa. This has been confirmed by Space Control Squadron 18, a unit of the US Air Force that tracks space debris in Earth orbit. The force says what’s remarkable not only about the size of the missile but also the extent of its uncontrolled dive zone. Before crashing into waters off the west coast of Mauritania, the rocket core flew over Los Angeles and New York.

Artwork: Teslarati.com According to NASA’s announcement, the contract to bring astronauts to the Moon as early as 2024 was signed with a value of nearly $ 3 billion. The contract will use the prototype spacecraft Starship, designed for a large crew with the necessary equipment for space exploration missions. Starship ships can land vertically on the surface of the Earth as well as other planets in the universe. So far, test flights have not been successful, but the group is working to build new test vehicles. NASA expert Lisa Watdon-Morgan said: “We have selected a partner and are preparing to implement the next phase. “We have to make sure to run the tests because we won’t send people to the Moon until the trials are successful.” Unlike the Apollo lunar landings between 1969 and 1972, NASA is currently preparing for a permanent presence on the Moon, a stepping stone to an even more ambitious plan, that is. is to send astronauts to Mars. This decision by NASA makes the race to conquer the Moon and other planets in the universe between the US and other powers becomes hotter. In the latest move, China’s aerospace science community on April 24 affirmed that this country is a cosmic power, capable of exploring space, exploring deeper areas in the universe by unmanned vehicles. . Scientists in this country also did not hide their ambition to bring people to the Moon soon. Chinese Academy of Sciences scholar Ye Peijian, Ye Peijian, said: “We are planning to conduct asteroid probes. We will accomplish this mission in 10 years. We also hope that China will soon be able to send people to the Moon in the near future. In early December 2020, China announced that the Hang Nga 5 probe had landed successfully and placed a flag on the surface of the Moon. This is the third successful Chinese landing in the past 7 years. Once a weak country in the space race, China has continuously developed aerospace programs in recent years with the ambition to conquer new territories. In early March 2021, the Russian Space Agency Roscosmos said that the country and China signed a memorandum of understanding to build a lunar space station together. The space station will be designed as a complex of experimental research facilities that operate on the surface or orbit of the Moon. Russian officials also announced that they will try new boosters to continue their lunar exploration program this year. Besides the US, Russia, China, some other countries such as Japan, European Union, India, Korea, Israel, South Africa … also announced ambitious Moon exploration programs in the coming time. Besides the Moon, conquering Mars is also becoming a target of fierce competition among countries. Just in February, the American Perseverance self-propelled vehicle, China’s Tianan-1 spacecraft, Hope of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) visited Mars one after another. According to space experts, the polls have different objectives but all show the interest of space powers to the Red planet. Not only is it intended for military and civilian purposes, the future space race is also related to economic benefits estimated to be worth trillions of dollars./.

With headquarters in London, UK, the OneWeb company intends to deploy a total of more than 650 satellites in the lower orbit of the Earth, in order to provide users on the ground with high-speed Internet 24 hours a day. day through contact satellites. The company is also competing with billionaires Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos in the race to cover high-speed internet via satellite to anywhere in the world, especially in remote areas. This is the third time the Russian side has launched the OneWeb satellite beam into Earth orbit after the previous two missions took place in December 2020 and March respectively at Vostochny space airport with 36 satellites per launch. The first six satellites of OneWeb were launched from the Guiana launch site in France in February 2019, and last year, the company launched 68 more satellites from Baikonur launch site, Kazakhstan.

Russia tested the 53T6M interceptor bullet. Missile ammunition participating in the test is determined to be 53T6M currently in service with the Aerospace Force, performing the task of protecting against weapons attacking from the air and from space. The Department of Defense was last informed about tests of new missiles belonging to the anti-missile defense system at the Sary-Shagan arena in November 2020. There have been test launches that took place in October 2020, June and July 2019, February, July, August, December 2018, and November 2017. The 53T6M missile ammunition is an upgraded version of the Russian 53T6 missile ammunition deployed in the A-135 Amur system since the early 1980s. The new missile shell has a two-stage structure, uses solid fuel and is stored in a special storage tube. This type of mechanism allows to reduce the reaction time of the system and the missile can be used immediately in an emergency. According to publicly available information, the 53T6M missile is a part of Russia’s new A-235 Nudol missile defense system. The new 53T6M interceptor missile ammunition is the premise for the A-235 to replace the current A-135 system. Russia is developing and completing components of the A-235 interceptor missile system and ammunition. The difference of the new missile defense system compared to the A-135 Amur is that the components of the complex are placed on a special field vehicle chassis to increase maneuverability. Along with that, the new interceptor missile shell allows Nudol to intercept targets at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere. The A-235 Nudol system is equipped with the powerful Elbrus-3M supercomputer system for information processing. The interception capacity of the A-235 will be divided into three levels: 51T6 missile bullets will undertake the interception at a distance of 1,500 km and an altitude of 800km; missile 58R6 – 1,000km and 120km; Missile bullets 53T6M or 45T6 intercept the target at a distance of 350km and an altitude of 40-50km. All of them have the ability to carry nuclear warheads to enhance the enemy’s ability to destroy intercontinental ballistic missiles. According to military expert Dmitry Kornev, the introduction of the 53T6M missile ammunition by Russia is a completely normal move and does not affect the balance of the strategy. Technically, this is the line of pure weapons for the defense mission and the last line of defense to protect Moscow.

Currently, there are 15 members participating in the ISS project, of which 5 main members are: Russia, the US, Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency. Construction of the station began in 1998, the first permanent expedition commenced operations in 2000. It was previously announced that, during a meeting with President Putin on Astronaut Day (April 12), Russia decided to withdraw from the ISS project from 2025 and start building its own Orbit Station. The first module for it will be the SEM, which was originally designed for the ISS. Roscosmos notes that the ISS modules have reached the end of their useful life. Usually IS structures are used for only 15 years, but most ISS modules, not only Russian ones, are more than two decades old. Ong Vladimir Soloviev, the leader of the flight division, spoke of the need to create the new station due to technical problems on the Russian segment on the ISS, namely detecting cracks that allow the air to escape. Although the cracks have been sealed, there are still small leaks. Russia decided to leave the ISS and build its own Space Station Mr. Soloviev predicts, after 2025 there will be mass technical problems with the parts of the station. Carrying out repairs and maintenance is extremely costly and downright dangerous. In October, Mr. Soloviev revealed the appearance of a new Russian orbital service station. Under the plan, it will include at least five modules: Basic part, target production, logistics warehouse, platform (slide) for spacecraft assembly, launch, reception and servicing, as well as one The commercial module can accommodate four travelers. According to the documents, for the purpose of being used in the Russian Orbital Station component, this module needs to be adapted to accommodate the “Angara-A5M” boosters from Vostochny aerospace, instead of missile “Proton-M” from Baikonur airport. In addition, on the module will have to replace the assembly from active to passive, place two cabin compartments for astronauts and adjust the systems in charge of movement and navigation, telemetry, communication. and heat guarantee. According to published documents, the plan to build Russia’s Orbital Station will be divided into two phases. Energy Science (NEM) modular model on the Russian Space Station In the first phase between 2025 and 2030, NEM, node, base, and entrance modules are expected to launch. In the second phase, from 2030 to 2035, Roscosmos will produce the target modules as well as the foundation for the maintenance of space apparatus. The Russian orbit station will fly in a Sun synchronous orbit – at an angle of 97 degrees from the equator, on which its solar panels will always receive light. Such orbits also allow the crew to see the North Pole every hour and a half, and every two days they see any point on our planet. In this connection, it is planned to have the part of the Earth-facing Station within the range of the observation system in various spectral bands – from optical to radar, and on the opposite side a device. are intended for monitoring outside of open spaces. To board the New Station in the first phase will be the manned transport “Progress” and the “Soyuz” manned, while in the second stage the manned train “Oriol”.

In April alone, ISS has been busy with flights up and down. On April 9, the Russian Soyuz rocket sent 1 American astronaut and 2 Russian astronauts to the ISS laboratory 420km from the Earth’s surface. Eight days later, another Soyuz rocket carried another trio of American and Russian astronauts back to Earth. On April 23, the US spacecraft SpaceX brought two more Americans, one Japanese and one French to connect to the ISS. However, such bustling scene on ISS is about to come to an end. Last week, Russia announced it would withdraw from the ISS by 2025. Despite the growing tensions between Russia and the US over the past decade, the two countries ‘space agencies continue to work closely with each other, along with 13 countries’ space agencies. According to the US Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), since 2000, ISS has welcomed 243 people from 19 countries. According to the Financial Times, Professor Anu Ojha, director of the UK National Aerospace Institute and an advisor to the European Space Agency (ESA), said: “I only hear positive things about astronauts and astronauts as they work together “. In the early years of building and assembling modules of ISS, since 1998, Russia and Western partners cooperated closely. “NASA and ESA cannot build a space station without Russian experts,” said Ojha. The Russians are masters of building modular space stations ”. The ISS station once welcomed astronauts from many countries Western countries need Russian rockets to carry materials and people to and from the ISS. This reliance increased when NASA decommissioned the space shuttle fleet in 2011 and Soyuz became the only passenger vehicle that could put astronauts in orbit. Only in 2020, NASA will begin to use the SpaceX spacecraft system of billionaire Elon Musk. For the Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos), cooperation with the West through the ISS also adds to the financial resources. NASA spent $ 3.9 billion to hire Soyuz to transport astronauts to the ISS from 2011 to 2019. Although astronaut Mark Vande Hei’s trip to the ISS in April may not be the last of an American on Russian rockets, the majority of non-Russian astronauts will travel on SpaceX or on Boeing’s Starliner, expected to go into service from 2022. During the first 15 years, the ISS crew focused on assembly and engineering work, which meant that the zero gravity work environment was only just being established. Recently, NASA astronaut Kate Rubins, who just returned to Earth in mid-April, recounted her hundreds of hours on the ISS to do biological experiments, from decoding DNA on a space station to growing human heart tissue and vegetables. . ISS’s most important area of ​​research is its attempt to understand the long-term effects of space travel on human health, in preparation for planned attempts at the Moon or travel to Mars. Other direction of cooperation For Russia, the decision to end ISS participation is expected to lead to more spatial cooperation with China. It is also part of the Kremlin’s broader pivot to Beijing. Since Western sanctions were first imposed on Moscow in connection with Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia has doubled down on its efforts to strengthen ties with China. The two countries reached agreements on defense and space cooperation while bilateral trade nearly doubled compared to 2010, reaching $ 110 billion in 2019. In 2020, Roscosmos rejected an offer from the US to join NASA-led Artemis program, aimed at bringing people to stay longer on the Moon. In March, Russia and China agreed to jointly develop a base on the Moon to “promote the peaceful discovery and use of space for all mankind” (according to a memorandum of understanding between the two. country). Roscosmos last week also said it aims to set up its own Russian space station by 2030, using modules designed like the ISS. The Interfax news agency quoted Roscosmos Director, Dmitry Rogozin, as saying: “It is likely that by 2030, we can put a space station into orbit, that will be a huge breakthrough.” On Russian television, Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov said that in the future, on the Russian space station, in addition to astronauts, there will be the participation of artificial intelligence and robotics. He stressed that Russia is ready to consider for foreign crews to visit, but definitely the Russian space station must be national. Interfax quoted an unnamed source as saying that Russia planned to spend up to $ 6 billion to put this project into operation. China will also soon introduce the module to build the China Space Station (CSS). The ship carrying this module is scheduled to take off at the end of April. This is the culmination of the project that the Chinese government launched in 1992. After this module goes into space, China plans to launch at least 10 more times. Another launcher carries the remaining modules and cargo to complete the CSS assembly by the end of 2022. The 100-ton, T-shaped CSS will consist of three main modules: the 18-meter core module, called Tianhe, and two 14.4-meter lab modules, called Wentian, that are permanently attached to the sides. of the core module. As the station’s control and control center, Tianhe can accommodate 3 astronauts with a stay of up to 6 months. CSS has volume less than 1/4 the volume of ISS. Instead, configure 3 modules based on China’s need in doing the necessary scientific experiments. The 440-ton ISS with a construction cost of $ 150 billion will end its lifespan and should be returned to Earth expected by 2025. The future of the ISS is still under negotiation after the current cooperation agreements expire. by the end of 2024. According to NASA, from a technical point of view, the ISS can operate until the end of 2028. Of course, the ISS will be upgraded if it wants to last longer, especially electrical and communication systems. .

According to the developers, the tugboat weighs 80 kg, carrying 16 kg of liquid fuel. The tugboat is designed to pull a number of satellites into different orbits. That is seen as a competitive advantage over missiles without tugs. Russia is ambitious in future tugboat development projects. Russia is popularizing the use of the accelerator decks, in fact the tugboats put satellites in different orbits. On March 22, the Fregat stage used in the Soyuz rocket carried 38 foreign satellites to different orbits. By the end of 2020, Russian media reported that Roskosmos State Space Group would spend 4.2 billion rubles on the development of nuclear space tugs for flights to other planets of the solar system. Accordingly, the state corporation plans to develop a preliminary project on creating a space complex with an energy-transport module based on a nuclear electric motor. Expressing confidence in this program, Mr. Alexander Bloshenko – chief executive officer “Roskosmos” said the nuclear space tugboat will be launched to one of the satellites of Jupiter by 2030.

Illustration. TASS. Igor Pshenichnikov, responsible for the Amur-LNG project, said Russian experts are developing a reusable methane rocket engine for the Amur boosters that can redirect carriers. off the launch pad in the event of take-off malfunction. “We are planning to deploy a hot backup and guidance system in the Amur boosters,” he said. If one of the motors fails, it will be turned off while the operation of the other thrusters will be accelerated. The lead expert explained: “In this situation, the quest continuation option would be considered.” If damage occurs during takeoff or near the ground, the missile will not be able to launch due to its large mass. That is why the missile is diverted to a safe distance so as not to damage the launcher. Russian State Space Corporation Roscosmos and Progressive Space Missile Center signed a contract in October 2020 for the design of a space missile system concept with reusable methane-fueled rockets. The first Russian Amur application. The missile will be launched from Vostochny aerospace in the Russian Far East at a stage of reuse. In February, Dmitry Baranov – Director of the Advanced Space Rocket Center (a division of Roscosmos) said work on the conceptual design of the methane Amur fuel missile will be completed by the third quarter of 2021. . Amur is a commercial missile carrier. With the reuse phase, it will be able to put the payload of up to 10.5 tons into orbit as low as Earth, compared with the 8.5 tons carried by the Soyuz-2 rocket.

RT reported that the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) confirmed that an SA-5 long-range surface-to-air missile was launched from Syria towards the Israeli fighters while they were in progress. attack in the Golan Heights of Syria. The missile exploded in a village in the Negev desert on the morning of April 22, just a few miles from Israel’s nuclear reactor. The explosion did not cause any serious injury or damage. IDF does not believe a nuclear reactor or any other ground site is the target for the missile. Photo of a missile explosion from Damascus, Syria. Photo: REUTERS Israel’s radar detected at least one of the missiles heading towards the Negev desert and triggered sirens in the area. IDF air defense crews were also involved. However, defensive measures have failed to stop the SA-5 missile. During a press conference in Tel Aviv, Defense Minister Benny Gantz admitted that the missile interception attempt “was unsuccessful” and that IDF is investigating the cause. In response to the other missile, Israel aimed to fire at a Syrian battery about 24 miles (40 km) from Damascus. Many Syrian soldiers were injured in the Israeli attack. Syria’s air defense forces intercepted “most of the enemy’s missiles”, a military spokesman said. Israel often uses its Iron Dome missile defense system to avoid the attacks by the Hamas Islamist movement. In February, Israel’s internal security agency arrested an Arab on charges of espionage and provided information on the country’s missile defense system to Hamas. Israel’s Iron Dome missile defense system. Photo: REUTERS The missile responses come amid constant tensions between the two countries. Israeli fighters routinely carry out airstrikes on Syrian territory, although IDF rarely comment on these operations. Earlier this month, four Syrian servicemen were injured in a missile attack believed to have originated from the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.

Russian aircraft maker Mikoyan recently said it is developing a new generation of intelligent target recognition system for MiG-series fighters, including the MiG-35. The new system will be able to target not only when the object is completely discovered, but even a small amount of exposure. “Work is underway to create an automated landing assistance system, along with an accurate target recognition complex thanks to neural circuit-based artificial intelligence,” said the company representative. . Mikoyan has repeatedly talked about the possibility that the MiG-35 will receive a steering assistance system with artificial intelligence elements. The MiG-35 is Russia’s latest generation 4 ++ multipurpose fighter, it is an upgrade from the MiG-29 with the integration of many applied technologies on the 5th generation fighter. The aircraft has an empty weight of about 24,500 kg, the largest weapon payload is 6.5 tons. The speed of 2,100 km / h, the maximum thrust of the engine reaches 18,000 kgf. Actual ceiling is announced about 16,000 m, a range of 3,000 km. MiG-35 has 9 external suspension points and a 30 mm cannon integrated in the body, armament includes air-to-air missiles at various ranges, air-to-ground missiles, guided aviation bombs, Uncontrolled rockets and free-fall bombs. Currently, the Russian Air Force has officially received six MiG-35S fighters belonging to the first mass production batch. Under the state procurement program of weapons, by 2027, the manufacturer will hand over a total of 24 MiG-35S fighters. The official operation of the MiG-35S by the Russian Aerospace Forces will open up export opportunities for this fighter, because many customers, though showing interest, are not ready to order because reliability concerns have not been verified. After integrating additional artificial intelligence, MiG-35 can make customers more bold in “opening the purse” when its reliability has increased significantly. But in the opposite direction, there are also many comments that Russia’s claim is very suspicious, because this technology is still foreign to them, and Moscow is also significantly behind the US and the West. MiG-35, Su-57 or many other Russian weapons, although advertised very “monumental”, but in fact so far they have not perfected the features as designed, or have not been proved in operation. . In addition, Russia is also known for its “way” to sell weapons with incomplete features to “ask” for a perfect partner, which is reflected in the fact that the MiG-35 has been sold in India for decades now on. Therefore, perhaps the manufacturer must deploy new technologies on the aircraft serving the Russian Air Force and have a good performance on the battlefield, for example in Syria, the export prospects of MiG- 35 is really bright

The S-300 air defense complex includes a radar vehicle and a missile carrier. Photo: Military Todays Variants of the S-300 are divided into the P series of land-based air defense, the V series of cruise missile interceptors, the F series of on-board air defense. In it, the version that attracts the attention of the military and is the most widely used of the P series is the new S-300PMU system. S-300PMU Known as the SA-10 by NATO, the S-300PMU is a vertical-launch air-to-air missile system using a solid-material rocket engine; equipped with a thin explosive warhead with explosive equivalent of 100kg with a near-target fuse; effective combat altitude from 25-30,000m; maximum combat distance 90,000m. S-300PMU weighs 1,480kg, is 7m long, body diameter 0.45m, flight speed 50-120m / sec, deployment time 5 minutes, recovery time 5 minutes; traveling speed of the vehicle on the asphalt road is 60 km / h, the field road is 30 km / hour; ability of continuous journey of 500km; 10 years use time; number of guided missiles simultaneously 12; 6-person team. The missile is capable of simultaneously attacking multiple aerial targets and dealing with modern aircraft from low to high altitude, cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles and some types of missiles. Strategic ballistic in all weather conditions day, night … The S-300PMU system has 2 versions, used for domestic use SA-10A and for export SA-10B. The SA-10A includes a missile complex, a command station, a combat control center, a 3-way target capture radar, an I FLAP LID multi-purpose phase-type radar with a digital beam to scan targets. station, 12 launch tubes placed on the container launch system. The towing vehicle is a 6×6 KrAZ-260V truck. SA-10B includes 4 launch tubes, installed and launched vertically on 8×8 MAZ-7910 truck chassis. Each SA-10B complex includes FLAP LID-B combination combat radar, CLAM SHELL 3600 3-way target scanning radar, a command-control station and a assurance unit. When maneuvering, the launcher system is installed in a horizontal position. FLAP LID-B combined battle radar has a flat network antenna with an area of ​​2.75m2; when moving this antenna in a horizontal position. This is a radar capable of simultaneously capturing 6 targets. When launched, will spend 2 missiles for each target to increase the kill capacity, the time the gun deployed to fight 5 minutes. S-300PMU-2 NATO calls it SA-20B. Compared with the S-300PMU-1, the S-300PMU-2 version has a remarkable advantage by using the new 48N6E2 missile, which can destroy medium-range ballistic missiles, and fighters at range. 200km li; greater target detection using the RLS 96LE independent target indicator. S-300PMU-2 can also shoot missiles 48H6E, 48H6E2 … of S-300PMU-1, ensuring connectivity to any air defense system. S-300PMU-3 (commonly referred to as S-400) NATO, called the SA-20, is a new generation of long-range air defense and anti-missile weapons developed on the basis of the S-300PMU missile system. The outstanding advantages include: fully automatic combat features; works in all weather conditions; It is capable of intercepting aerial targets from a range of 400km such as stealth aircraft, strategic and tactical aircraft, tactical missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles, electronic countervailing systems, reconnaissance vehicles … Components of the S-400 include: Command station, radar radar, phased network radar, 8 anti-aircraft missile complexes with 12 launch tubes, 2 surface-to-air missile complexes, technical support complex and security stations maintenance … Currently, in the world, about 20 countries and territories have equipped and deployed the S-300 system. In which, Russia is the leading country in the possession of this weapon. It is expected that by 2025, the Russian army will replace all S-300 systems with the new generation S-400, S-500 and Pansir-S systems, capable of attacking off-road targets. horizon, tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, modern aircraft and jamming equipment … in all weather conditions. Major improvements will be made from the system’s electronic devices. This will allow the missile system to have longer, higher visibility and more flexible response, extending the range and range of targets in space. The next-generation air defense missile system will be combined with elements of air defense, missile defense and space defense. The plan is being carried out by the Almaz Design Institute and Russia’s Fakel Machine Design and Construction Department.

Older UAV models such as the Qods Mohajer-6 developed in 2017, the Yasirr and HESA Karar reconnaissance UAVs, often used in firing drills, were also on display during this year’s parade. In addition to the domestically produced UAV collection, guided missile systems such as the Damavand long-range missile and the Zolfaqar short and low-range missile systems also appeared at the parade. Iran’s goal of becoming a UAV powerhouse in the region of Iran is significantly limited due to international sanctions. Iran relies heavily on copying foreign UAVs, collecting debris from neighboring countries or from UAVs shot down in Iran. UAVs are not the only sector where the defense industry has made progress in recent decades. Iran currently produces small weapons, aircraft warships, missiles … Among these, the ballistic missile program is a concern for Israel and the US. The US believes that Iran’s ballistic missile program should be limited like its nuclear program. However, Tehran asserted that its ballistic missile program poses no threat to the United States, due to its limited range.

New Russian light jet artillery system. (Source: Sputnik) This is information shared by Mr. Alexander Kochkin, CEO of JSC NPK Techmash. “The lightweight MLRS system model was introduced to interested military authorities and received their support in principle. The military proposed a way to install this jet artillery in cars. As well as the missions placed on the system on the battlefield, the key to building this model is the S-8 type unmanned missile, “Kochkin said. He noted that at present, related businesses are actively conducting research work, which defines the technical structure of the new MLRS system, from which it will fabricate and test samples of the system. According to Alexander Kochkin, “the review of the test results, the development of feasible proposals to continue the work and the form of implementation of those options, as well as the funding expected to be completed by 2022” . NPO SPLAV is the developer and manufacturer of all Russian series jet artillery systems – proven MLRS systems such as Grad, Uragan and Smerch, as well as the state-of-the-art Tornado-S and Tornado-G. So far the minimum size of the MLRS system produced in Russia is 122 mm. The S-8 is a Russian unmanned missile with the size of 80 mm. The ammunition is designed to be launched from helicopters and aircraft to strike ground targets. The missile has many different warheads weighing from 3 to 9 kg and can destroy both infantry, armored vehicles as well as entrenched enemy structures. (According to Sputnik)

“The Air Force had a step back in progress with its supersonic missile program when the first test with a propulsion failed. The B-52H bomber took off on April 5 to launch the prototype AGM-183A, but the test bullet could not complete the launch procedure and was safely hung on the plane until it reached the Edwards base ” . Missile AGM-183A onboard B-52H aircraft. The test was to test the performance of the propulsion engine, as well as the detachability of the supersonic surfacing vehicle after the rocket engine stopped working. The warhead is designed to self-crumble shortly after being separated from the engine, helping to minimize the no-fly zone for ships and aircraft. The US Air Force has conducted seven test flights with the missile model AGM-183A to collect positioning data and flight parameters, test the ability to integrate missiles onto the B-52H launch platform and build procedures. commissioned for the first test shot. The AGM-183A hypersonic missile is also known as the “Aircraft Launched Rapid Reaction Weapon” (ARRW). This is one of the supersonic missile programs being developed for the US Air Force to close the gap in this field with Russian opponents. Especially according to the US Air Force’s statement, the AGM-183A possesses many advantages over the hypersonic missile Kinzhal of the Russian Air Force. The US side said that the parameters on Kinzhal of Russia are equivalent to the AGM-48 Skybolt (developed 60 years ago) of the US and far behind the current AGM-183A. The AGM-183A is superior to the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal in that it does not require the launcher to climb to very high altitudes and maintain Mach 2 as the Kinzhal’s speed and still easily reach design specifications. In particular, according to the US Department of Defense procurement advisor Will Roper, the AGM-183A has an impressive speed when it can reach a maximum of nearly Mach 20. It can be seen that the AGM-183A has a much faster speed than the Kinzhal when the Russian missile reaches just above Mach 10. Although not yet launched, but with the aforementioned parameters, the AGM-183A deserves to be considered a rival to Russia’s supersonic weapons today. But for the AGM-183A to enter service, it may take the Americans a long time. Meanwhile, Russia is ready to equip Kinzhal after successive trials of the weapon.

On April 15, 2021, one of the US military bases located north of the Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor was covered with an “unknown” missile attack, ie not yet. Which armed group assumes responsibility.

As a result of the missile raid, several US servicemen were injured and taken very quickly to a nearby hospital. This was announced by Aletejah TV from Iraq after consulting local sources.

Meanwhile, Iran’s Mehr news agency made it clear that the missile attack was carried out “against the US headquarters, which is responsible for exporting oil obtained from the Syrian territory”.

At the same time over the past few months, a number of similar attacks have been carried out against various targets of the US military in eastern and northeastern Syria, causing some minor damage.

Meanwhile, the Syrian opposition online publication Enab Baladi claimed that the missile strike hit the base of the “Syrian Democratic Forces” (SDF) consisting of directly supported Kurdish fighters. by Washington.

The detail to note is that none of the media has indicated the specific coordinates of the US military base that suffered the attack, nor the location where the missiles were launched.

Since 2015, Washington has controlled nine military bases in northeastern Syria, close to hydrocarbon mines, four of which are in Deir ez-Zor province and 5 in Al-Hasakah province. Furthermore, at all of these facilities, besides the Americans, there were Kurds.

Analysts say the latest attack could be carried out by the remnants of the Islamic State (IS) terrorist organization or by pro-Iran militias fighting on the Damascus side.

Besides, it is not possible to rule out the raid involving the Syrian government army, when Damascus always affirms that it will regain its sovereignty over the entire resource-rich Northeast region.

On April 14, Syrian government sources said several IS jihadists attacked the SDF prison in Al-Hasakah city, where IS prisoners are being held. The results of this clash have not been released.

It should be noted that since September 2020, the US has increased its military facilities in Syria, regularly dispatching reinforcements to its bases from Iraq and in the opposite direction, escorting the oil caravan.

Oil sourced from northeastern Syria is of great importance to the United States, because it helps Washington pay for the expenses of the Syrian battlefield and partly to support the Kurdish forces. contradiction.

On the side of the Damascus government, they always asserted that the US action was to take resources and seriously violate the sovereignty of an independent country.

Currently, the Syrian government army only controls more than 60% of the territory, while the Northwest is actually under Turkish control, while the northeastern part is rich in resources occupied by the US.

“The test was done with a script dealing with an external air attack. As soon as it detected and locked the target, the fighter launched Bozdogan. The missile hit the target with absolute precision. “The Turkish Air Force said in a statement.

Self-produced rocket launchers F-16 Earth.

The source added that, prior to this exemplary interception, Bozdogan also successfully conducted many other interceptions when launched from fixed platforms on the ground.

These are state tests before they enter service. The results of the Bozdogan development program have made not only the manufacturer, the Air Force but also President Recep Tayyip Erdogan very pleased.

“When officially put into service, Ankara will have a weapon that no other country has. In particular, this missile will replace the US-made AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-9X ammunition. served in the Turkish Air Force, “Erdogan said.

According to Drive, not only the US-made AIM-120 AMRAAM and AIM-9X are gradually being replaced in Turkey, but the legendary American anti-ship missile Harpoon also suffers the same fate in the Turkish Navy.

Specifically, on the new generation of Turkish Milgem-class warships, Harpoon is replaced by the Atmaca (Hawk) missile line researched and developed by Turkish defense contractor Roketsan.

It is known that Atmaca is the first anti-ship missile produced by Turkey. It can glide through ships before hitting and destroying any warship it targets.

At first glance, the Atmaca missile looks quite similar to Russia’s Harpoon or Kh-35 anti-ship missiles. Like other rockets, Atmaca is launched from a launcher using a rocket engine, helping to propel the missile to move at high speed.

After finishing the propulsion process, the jet engine will be activated and help the missile fly to the target position. Thanks to the integration of an altimeter radar, the missile can fly just above the waves easily to avoid being shot down when attacking enemies. Roketsan officially developed the Atmaca missile since 2009.

The missile can operate in all weather conditions, highly effective against moving and fixed targets at sea. The maximum range of the Atmaca is believed to be about 250km – this range is much further than the AGM-84 Harpoon.

“A powerful Turkey needs to have state-of-the-art weapons of its own in order not to be dependent on external supply, even though those countries are known as close allies.

In some areas that are not yet our strengths, such as defensive weapons and fighters, Ankara will seek partners that are more reliable and not affected by political factors, “said a member of the company. Turkey’s ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) said.

From the statement of the AKP representative showed that this is the reason why Turkey decided to carry out the deal of Russia’s S-400 interceptor system despite the US and some NATO members threatening sanctions. .

In addition, the Turkish Air Force is currently negotiating with the Russian side on the fighter deal. It is not clear that this NATO member is looking to buy Russian Su-35 fighter or Su-57 stealth fighter.

The US raised the range of the S-400 killer to three times.

After improving the range of this new missile to reach about 1,600 km, which is about three times more than the current PrSM missile.

Currently, the US military continues to order old Tomahawk missiles and SM-6 supersonic missiles as temporary medium-range weapons. However, in the long run, they will replace this missile with a new generation missile, including the upgraded PrSM version.

The US military has researched and concluded that they need a medium-range missile with a range of 500 to 2,000 km, such a missile should be in service as soon as possible, at least by 2023.

General John Rafferty, who is in charge of upgrading the US’s long-range precision firepower, said that in the future these weapons will change everything in both Europe and the Pacific. He also did not hesitate to call the PrSM missile a killer capable of destroying Russia’s S-400 air defense system.

Before that, in March 2017, the US military began conducting the PrSM program. The goal of this program is to create a new generation of high-precision missiles with an official range of 60 to 499 kilometers to replace the existing US Lockheed Martin MGM-140 ATACMS tactical line of tactical missiles. .

Like the ATACMS, the PrSM missile is also launched from the standard launchers of the US M270A1 MLRS and M142 HIMARS missile systems. However, unlike ATACMS, the launcher M270A1 MLRS can carry four PrSM missiles (this pedestal can only carry two ATACMS) and the M142 HIMARS launcher can carry two PrSMs. ).

General John Rafferty said that the US military is currently researching and has committed to create a version of the PrSM capable of firing “medium range” that is about 1,500 to 2,000 km. The general also admitted that the range of this new missile violates the INF agreement, but the advantage is that the US has withdrawn from the treaty.

General Rafferty also revealed that this year, there will be four launches of the PrSM long-range precision attack missile. These tests will include a range of 400 km at the White Sands missile test site in New Mexico in May, in August the full-range missile launch will take place at Vandenberg airbase in California and These two long-range missile launches will take place in the fall.