One of 17 decapitated bodies found in an ancient Roman cemetery. The cemeteries held the burial of 52 people, and 17 beheaded bodies including 9 men and 8 women and all were over 25 years old at the time of death, a team of researchers reported in an article published online May 19 in the British journal Britannia. In many cases, the heads of the decapitated people were buried next to their feet and the pottery was placed in the position where their heads would normally have been. Some bodies were also laid face down in their graves. Researchers believe that those who were beheaded were executed. They note that the number of criminals in Roman law increased dramatically during the third and fourth centuries, around the time these skeletons were buried. Remains of archaeological evidence shows that the Roman army used Knobb’s farm as a supply center and they would take strict action if there was any violation. “During the third and fourth centuries, the penalties imposed under Roman law became more and more severe. The number of criminals applying the death penalty increased from 14 at the beginning of the third century to about 60 by Constantine’s death in 337 AD,” The researchers have noted that security concerns are one of the reasons for the increase in the death penalty. During the third and fourth centuries, there were many civil wars in the Roman Empire, many of which were fought to be crowned emperor. Despite the possibility of execution, individuals were still buried with ceramic pots and in some cases placed in coffins. Isabel Lisboa, the archaeologist who led the excavation, said: ‘A beheaded woman had the richest collection of tombstones, buried with two urns and a coal bead necklace. Pipe coal is a type of coal that is easy to glow. Under Roman law, family and friends could demand that the body of an executed criminal be returned for burial. Those executed were likely not slaves, as slaves had no status and likely would not have been buried. Scholars argue Even so, Simon Cleary, emeritus professor of Roman Archeology at the University of Birmingham in the UK, said: “What we know of the sites of Roman judicial executions suggests that they are mainly in cities and towns and have a deterrent effect. Knobb’s ranch is not near any major towns or cities.” Cleary adds that a law made by the emperor in Rome is difficult to enforce in a remote place. It is possible that these people were executed but Roman law may have nothing to do with why they were killed. By the fourth century, the Roman army had for centuries become a draconian rule, with no way back for the common man, says Cleary. Why most of the burials of decapitated people in the Roman Empire occurred in Britain is unclear. Roman Britain can be really weird at times, especially in its treatment of the dead, there are plenty of ritual practices other than beheading or burial that to our eyes look eerie. . To people’s eyes at the time, they could be completely conceivable.” Other scholars have also expressed doubt that Roman law had much to do with the burial of the decapitated. Caroline Humfress, director of the Institute for Constitutional and Legal Studies at St. Andrews in Scotland, said: “I personally think it is very unlikely that the executions on Knobb’s farm were related to Roman legal processes.” “If they have a judicial context, it’s more likely to be localized and involve executions carried out without trial,” Humfress said. However, other scholars argue that these people could have been executed according to Roman law. “The official execution seems to be the best explanation for the Knobb Ranch cases,” said Judith Evans Grubbs, a professor of Roman history at Emory University in Atlanta. He noted that women in the Roman Empire were often the target of accusations of witchcraft and adultery, both of which could have been considered crimes by the Romans. Stunned with the largest, deepest $ 211 million swimming pool in the world 08/06/2021

The name Vatican predates Christianity, coming from the Latin word Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican hill. The Vatican was founded in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty as the successor to the broader Papal State, which existed from AD 756 to 1870 and was a theocratic monarchy. The Vatican City State and the Holy See are two separate entities. “Vatican” is a term commonly used to refer to the territory of a country, closely associated with the city of Rome, the official document being issued in Italian and issuing ordinary passports to its citizens. “Holy See” is a term that has a broad connotation in terms of religion and governance structure over 1.2 billion believers in the world, official documents are issued mainly in Latin and issue passports. diplomacy and public service. Under the Lateran Treaty, several Holy See properties located within Italian territory, most famously Gandolfo Castle and Peter’s Basilica, were granted external territorial status similar to embassies. The Pope is the Head of State and head of government of the Vatican City State, is the non-inherited monarch, the only autocratic king in Europe, wielding absolute power, including legislative, executive and judicial powers. for the Vatican. The Pope is also the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome and the leader of the Holy See and the Roman Catholic Church. When the Holy See is vacant, a conclave of cardinals under the age of 80 is convened to elect a new pope. Under the Pope, the heads are the Premier (who is also the Chairman of the Ceremonial Commission), the Secretary of State (who also acts as secretary of state) and the Chancellor of the Vatican, all of whom are appointed by the Pope, as well as may be dismissed by Him at any time. Many citizens have Vatican citizenship but live abroad (actually in Rome, Italy); The largest community in the Vatican are pastors from all over the world who come here to live and study. The Vatican has the smallest army (about over 100 people, well-trained, strong, disciplined and marksmen), founded in 1506. The Vatican has its own stamp, passport, license plate, national flag and anthem, but the currency is the Euro. The Vatican has a train station with a total length of just over 800 meters, but there is no tax system. The dispute between Italy and the Catholic Church in the Vatican ended in 1929 with the Lateran Pacts agreement, leaving the Vatican independent with the amount of money spent $ 93 million – the foundation of the national treasury. The Vatican also has a stake in certain corporations in the US, and more than 80% of its income comes from investments in the US and Canada. Tickets to museums, stamps and souvenirs, and donations from believers and organizations are also sources of income for the Vatican. The Vatican has an observatory at Gdandolfo Castle and a research center equipped with a modern telescope located on Mount Graham, southeast Arizona (USA). The Vatican itself is a cultural building, Peter’s Basilica and the Sistine Chapel are home to many world-renowned works of art, including works by famous artists such as Botticelli, Bernini and Michelangelo. The amount of wealth stored in this cathedral is also very large, in addition to European masterpieces of art, there are also countless gold and foreign currencies. The Vatican Library is one of the oldest libraries in the world (officially established in 1475, although in fact it has existed since ancient times) possessing 75,000 rare documents, throughout history. Although the area of ​​territory and military strength is the lowest in the world, the political and cultural influence of the Vatican is comparable to that of the leading powers because behind it is 1/6 of the world’s population (believers). Christian). In 1984, the Vatican was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Visitors to Italy cannot ignore Rome and once they come to Rome, they will definitely visit the Vatican – the smallest and most attractive country on the planet.

The machine performs everything from kneading, to baking, and filling completely automatically. Customers can observe the baking process through a small glass window. It takes about 3 minutes to make a delicious pizza for guests. Raffaele Esposito, a 19th century Neapolitan who invented Italy’s most famous pizza. This is the most loved cake in Italy and the world, so the first pizza vending machines in the world receive a lot of attention. Customers give their feedback after their experience with this pizza vending machine. Some argue that pizza products are perfectly acceptable in case you are in a hurry. However, there are opinions that this is a ‘horror’ experience. Claudio Zampiga, a retiree, said: “The pizza looks pretty good but it’s much smaller than in a restaurant and has few cores.” Fabrizia Pugliese, a Neapolitan college student, now living in Rome tried the machine-made pizza. Fabrizia Pugliese shared that he didn’t like the pizza from this vending machine because it tasted like “piadina”, a super thin, soft unleavened bread that is very popular in northern Italy. “I don’t think it’s a pizza,” said Fabrizia Pugliese in his judgment. Gina, a customer who is a retiree, said: “It’s horrible. Pizza really has to be eaten hot right away. This machine I don’t see works for myself.” Unique crunchy pizza vending machine in Italy In fact, for many Italians, the classic pizza experience will involve watching and looking at the baking process, from kneading and cooking in a wood-burning brick kiln to the final product release. and. With its current position, “Mr. Go Pizza” machine will face fierce competition to win a part of the market. The reason is that nearby, Napolitano restaurant using brick oven to make cake is very crowded. Giovanni Campana, a local customer, said after taking a bite: “I don’t think I’m going to have a pizza made with a machine” It is said that Esposito created the classic “Pizza Margherita” on June 11, 1889 to welcome Queen Margherita of Savoy, wife of King Umberto I, to visit Naples, Italy. The famous chef used tomatoes, mozzarella cheese and basil leaves, representing the three colors of the unified Italian flag, red, white and green. Esposito, who made a pizza for the queen 132 years ago will probably agree with the new creation.

Ordinary day of a family vegetable garden owner in Caffarella park At the same time, the Mantagnota Residential Management Board, which manages the flower gardens of the large Tre Fontane Park, has received more and more applications for land. Here’s an interesting fact: the subjects of greatest interest are citizens between the ages of 20 and 30. The epidemic epidemic among young people is not only encouraged by the prospect of planting and taking care of the family’s clean vegetable garden by themselves, but also by the 23 thousand square meter community space. Everyone there cultivates together – weeding, making soil, sowing seeds, planting and watering vegetables, taking care of cleaning, collecting waste. For many, this is a unique opportunity, to reestablish the feeling of being part of the social network, or the community. – Since the first social gap, up to now, the number of Roma families owning a family garden has increased by 30%, said Andrea Messori of the Family Garden Association. The social divide forced many public venues, including restaurants, cinemas, museums or galleries, where a large number of Italians spent their free time, forced to close. At the same time, countless cultural and sports events have to be canceled, foreign tours have to be delayed indefinitely, so it’s no surprise, when residents of Vinh City are eagerly looking for a new way to spend. free time. More and more people are participating in outdoor activities. Cultivating clean vegetables in the home garden is one of those activities. Ngoc Bau ( Włosi chcą mieć własne ogródki działkowe. Zainteresowanie wzrosło o 30 proc )

In the slums more than 10 kilometers from Bucharest, Roman families specialize in making a living by burning rubbish for metal. The ingredients for burning are varied, from broken computers to electric cables. “I will sell them (after burning product) to metal buyers. We have to work one to two weeks to get a kilo of metal, ”said Mihai Bratu, a Roma person in the village of Sintesti, a suburb of Bucharest. Like many Roman communities across Romania, the slums of Sintesti have long been neglected by the authorities. This place now consists of temporary houses, spontaneous wire grids and trash. Octavian Berceanu, head of the Romanian Environmental Protection Agency, the pollution from the relentless burning scrap sites is becoming excessively serious. He began frequent raids in Roman living areas. He said that residents here can be considered “modern slaves” are under pressure of a mafia-style system. “This is a kind of slavery, because people here don’t have the opportunity to go to school, find jobs in the city, don’t have the basic infrastructure conditions like the official electricity network, clean water or roads. Sipunculus. This ruined their lives, ”said Octavian Berceanu. Mr. Berceanu repeatedly raided the Roman slums to stop burning rubbish for metal. It is illegal to burn garbage in spontaneous landfills. It has also resulted in heavy air pollution for the Bucharest metropolitan area. Police officers prevented a woman from entering an area where people used to burn trash. Romanian riot police are deployed in these raids to support environmental forces. A piece of computer components was seized by Romanian environmental forces in the raid. The doll’s head lies on the ground after a mid-April raid by Romanian environmental forces in Vidra. Romans, also known as Digans, are scattered in many European countries, especially in Eastern and Southern Europe. The poverty rate in this community is much higher than the general average. According to the Borgen Project, 90% of Romans in Romania live at or below the poverty line. Only one in five Roma children attend school. A Roma child playing with scrap copper pieces. “Everywhere in the world, the extremely poor have to rely on meager resources for their livelihoods. This has negative consequences: They have little education, poor facilities and development level is low, “Gelu Duminica, director of a non-governmental organization dedicated to helping the Romans, said. Duminica argues that the government’s targeting of Romans, rather than the large industries or more than a million cars in the capital, Bucharest, shows them as “sacrifices” as part of their marketing campaign Politicians.

The famous Roman arena in Italy Referring to the Roman arena, people often talk about a large area that can accommodate tens of thousands of people with ancient and beautiful designs in Italy. But recently archaeologists discovered a Roman arena in Turkey, very similar to the famous one in Rome but much smaller in size. Arena in Turkey used to host gladiator matches about 1,800 years ago with a capacity of 20,000 people. Meanwhile, the Roman arena in Rome began construction in AD 70, when the Vespasian emperor, with a total capacity of about 50,000 to 80,000 spectators. Archaeologists locate the arena amidst the ruins of the ancient city Mastaura, Aydin province. The arena was partially buried and obscured by vegetation. Ancient roman arena discovered in Turkey The building has gladiator lounges and guest rooms. The whole monuments are preserved in good condition. Like the Roman arena in Italy, the arena in Turkey was built in the shape of a circle, instead of the typical semicircle of many ancient buildings.
Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz of Adnan Menderes University, who led the study, said the discovery was unique. Sedat Akkurnaz said: “This is the only example of such a solid existence in Anatolia. The structure is difficult to detect because it is heavily obscured by bushes, wild trees. Most of the arena is below ground. The arena is very sturdy as if it had just been built, meanwhile, the rest of the structure is on the ground, consisting of several rows of arena seats and external support walls. The dome-building technique of Roman architecture looks very good. Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz also explained that the arena is the venue for gladiator battles and wildlife. Near the old city of Mastaura, there are many major cities in western Anatolia such as Aphrodisias, Miletus, Priene, Magnesia and Ephesus. Therefore, people from neighboring cities also come to Mastaura to witness the battles with their own eyes. Part of the wall of the ancient arena in Turkey Experts believe that the arena in Turkey was built during the reign of Severan dynasty, during the Roman empire. This royal lineage includes the infamous Caracalla, his father Septimius Severus, who died in York after his campaign to conquer Scotland. Archaeologist Sedat Akkurnaz said: “We do not know exactly who the emperor was. But through the stone construction, the construction of the building, I think it was at the same time as the Severus dynasty. The city of Mastaura was very prosperous and prosperous. It was during this period that the Roman administrators greatly helped the city. There was a considerable increase in the number and variety of Mastauran coins during this period ” . Although the arena in Mastaura cannot match the structures in Rome in terms of scale, it is still a remarkable area. Sedat Akkurnaz said: “At this stage, it is difficult to accurately or approximate the audience. Our initial estimate was between 15,000 and 20,000. The gladiators had their own lounges, the audience was excellent. first has entertainment room “. In the near future, with the support of the local authorities, they will take action to conserve the parts most at risk of failure. According to Sedat Akkurnaz, there are cracks in the walls of the building, some of the stones are falling.

Illustration. Under the new Rome tourism law, sitting on the famous Spanish Steps would be illegal. The reason is that the newly renovated ladder is a historical relic with centuries dating rather than seating. Similarly, for the other historic stairs in the city, you can go up and down but if you sit it will inconvenience others or you may be fined. It is also illegal to knock suitcases with wheels and push children down old steps because it can destroy stone steps. While these rules may sound stricter, the protection of the ancient wonders of Rome is essential. Do not wear high heels in Athens, Greece In Greece, it is illegal to wear high heels when you visit ancient monuments such as the Parthenon and the Acropolis or any other historical site of stone and marble. The reason is that high heels will destroy these stone steps. In addition, when you have to walk a lot, high heels are also quite inconvenient, visitors should use more suitable shoes. Do not dip feet, swim in the canals of Venice You are never allowed to swim or even dip your feet in Venice’s canals and lagoons because it is against the law. Also, you should know that these places are not really clean for diving. Instead, you should go to Lido Island with beautiful sand beaches, clear water and spoiled for diving. The fountain is not a cooling place Forget what you saw on the film, you will be in trouble or possibly fined if you try to splash water at Rome’s Trevi fountain to cool off or at any fountains in Italy. Instead, head to the stunning beaches of Cinque Terre or the Amalfi Coast to cool off in summer. Do not swim in Blue Grotto cave, Italy When traveling Italy, if you see a sign that prohibits swimming, strictly obey. Swimming is also prohibited at the Blue Grotto cave (Capri island, southern Italy), which is famous for its unique glowing blue water. The typical case of being punished for swimming in this cave are supermodel Heidi Klum couple and musician Tom Kaulitz. In 2019, they were fined over $ 6,000 for jumping into the water. Do not eat or drink while visiting historical sites One Italian law can confuse visitors: It is illegal to eat spoiled foods in historic landmarks like Rome, Florence and Venice. You can be in the park or while walking in the street. But you can get a fine (even get kicked out of the city center), if you eat pizza on a historic square or drop ice cream while visiting the Colosseum. for brewing coffee on the famous Rialto Bridge. In Greece, you are also not allowed to bring drinks, food or chewing gum to any historic site. Do not wear a swimsuit on the streets of Barcelona, ​​Spain In Barcelona, ​​visitors are only allowed to wear swimsuits at the beach. Wearing a bikini or swimming pants and walking on the street is punishable in Barcelona, ​​as on the famous island of Mallorca. In Rome, it was illegal for men to go out naked because it was against the law. Do not feed pigeons It is against the law to feed pigeons in Venice, as pigeons peck their food ruining monuments and bird droppings also contaminate tourist attractions. Similarly, in Vienna, Austria, feeding pigeons is a misdeed and can be punished, since 2014. Do not make any noise When you arrive in Germany, remember it is illegal to make noise on a Sunday or a holiday. InVenice too, a new law here states that making too much noise at night or during naps (from 1pm to 3pm) is prohibited. Do not touch public faucets in Rome According to Lonely Planet, tourists should pay special attention to how they drink water from Rome’s public taps, called nasoni. You must not let your mouth touch the metal hose when you are taking drinking water. Instead, put your hands under the tap to get water; or collect water from the tap with a water bottle.