5G has arrived, 6G is not far away, satellite networks will shine, but the road ahead is bumpy

5G has arrived, 6G is not far away, satellite networks will shine, but the road ahead is bumpy

Text | Xie Tao

“Star-Ground Integrated Network” and “Seamless Air-Space-Ground Coverage” are the scenarios described in the “6G Overall Vision and Potential Key Technology White Paper”, which was published by the China IMT-2030 (6G) Promotion Group in 2021. Released on the 6th.

The white paper predicts that 6G (sixth generation mobile communication technology) will be commercially available in 2030, enabling the transition from the Internet of Everything to the Intelligent Connection of Everything. Unlike the previous five generations of mobile communications, which were mainly ground communications, satellite networks in the 6G era will assume an important role.

However, judging from today’s technical level, the satellite industry chain is far from realizing the scenarios in the white paper in areas such as development, production, networking, operation and maintenance, and applications. Looking to the future, we need to lay a solid foundation for the industrialization of emerging technologies as well as leapfrog long-term planning.

Satellite Internet: a key infrastructure for 6G

For people in the non-communication industry, the IMT-2030 (6G) Promotion Group is an unfamiliar name. IMT is the abbreviation of “International Mobile Communications”. IMT-2030 (6G) is the working group to promote China’s 6G process. Its predecessor is IMT. -2020 (5G) Promotion Group. The 5G promotion group includes China’s major telecom operators, equipment manufacturers, universities and research institutions. Under the promotion of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, this is a platform that aggregates China’s industry, academia, research, and use forces to promote China’s 5G research and international exchanges and cooperation. It actively participates in, influences and guides the 5G standardization work of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union). In June 2019, almost at the same time that the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the 5G commercial license, the original 5G promotion group was upgraded to the 6G promotion group.

In June 2020, ITU formally solicited technical views on the future development of IMT from all member states including China, and plans to complete the “Future Technology Trend Report” in 2022. This report will set the tone for global 6G programs and standards.

The “6G Overall Vision and Potential Key Technology White Paper” is the latest achievement of China’s 6G research, and is a mobile communication plan submitted by China to the ITU for the next ten years.

In this plan, the significant difference between 6G and 5G systems is that it clearly proposes to achieve “seamless global coverage” and build a “inclusive and intelligent human society”-this goal must be achieved with the help of key supplements from non-ground facilities such as satellites. . The white paper shows that 6G services will form eight business applications such as holographic communication, digital twins, immersive cloud XR, sensory interconnection, and global coverage, and can be further classified into three categories of application scenarios: immersion, intelligence, and global coverage. Global coverage will provide an integrated air, space, and ground network with seamless global coverage, so that there will be no mobile Internet blind spots on the planet. Ten years later, mankind will truly realize the “ubiquitous” network for the first time on earth. The perspective of global coverage helps answer a common question from all walks of life: 5G networks are characterized by high speed, large bandwidth, and low latency. 5G has just begun. How can 6G be put on the agenda again? The white paper gives the answer: humans have entered the 5G era for two years, but there are still more than 80% of the land area and 95% of the ocean area without mobile network signals, and the communication objects are limited to the space within 10,000 meters above the surface. , It is impossible to realize the “sky, sea and sea” Internet surfing. At the same time, there are still 3 billion people without basic network access facilities in the world, and the digital divide in economic and social development is widening. The SpaceX (Space Exploration) company founded by Musk has been intensively implementing Starlink two years ago because its business model is also based on the needs of these mobile network blank spaces. Currently, Starlink has launched 28 batches of low-Earth orbit global networking satellites, with more than 1,600 satellites in orbit. Starlink will deploy a total of 42,000 satellites-occupying 40% of the total capacity of low-Earth orbit satellites. Starlink has begun to land terminal services in Europe and the United States. Some people may ask: Will this space-based satellite Internet subvert the existing ground-based cellular network facilities featuring optical fibers, base stations, and iron towers? The white paper also gives the answer: satellite networks will not replace terrestrial networks, but provide strategic supplements in areas where the economics of terrestrial facilities are poor or beyond the reach of infrastructure, and ultimately integrate with terrestrial networks. In April 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission made it clear that “satellite Internet” is an important part of the construction of new infrastructure. In May 2021, China Satellite Network Group was formally established, and the new infrastructure of satellite Internet is steadily advancing. We believe that the ideal result of this new infrastructure is to build a high-speed network that is ubiquitous and without perception in real life. 6G vision calls for satellite network “leopard change” Satellite Internet is a product of the continuous development of satellite communications. With satellite communications, it has experienced three development stages of different orbit heights, different communication systems, different business types, and different coverage areas. From the 1960s to the 1980s, through the analog communication satellites in geosynchronous orbits, they mainly provided communication services to the government and public sectors; from the 1980s to the end of the last century, digital communication and low-orbit satellite communication satellites came onto the stage and gradually began to provide services to businesses and families. , Individuals provide services; from the beginning of this century to the present, multi-orbit high-throughput satellites (HTS) have brought true satellite Internet, providing users with more diverse network access options. One of the most famous forerunners is Motorola’s aborted Iridium project. At present, under the background of accelerating and deepening 5G commercial use, the development plan of satellite Internet is to transfer 5G base stations from ground towers to low-orbit small satellites, and dynamically splice ground coverage through multi-satellite networking. The signal is transmitted to the terminal without ground network signal. According to our research, the country is in the early stages of satellite Internet development, and “rigorous needs” in industries such as emergency disaster reduction, resources and environment, transportation and logistics, and energy pipeline networks are constantly emerging. The Internet of Vehicles, Internet of Things, and Industrial Internet are crossed by 5G technology. In converged applications, satellite networks will be very useful. With the advancement of technology research and development in 5G on the satellite, integration of communication-navigation-remote sensing, and air-space network connection, smart agriculture, smart city, smart manufacturing, smart cultural tourism, autonomous driving, financial services, home and individual users Other application scenarios will also be supported by satellite networks. And moving from 5G to 6G will be a process in which satellite network services are more convenient and easy to use, scenes are constantly enriched, and the domestic market scale is growing exponentially. We estimate that if 100 billion yuan is invested in satellite development and deployment during the infrastructure period (initial in 2021), the downstream terminal and industry solution market is expected to reach 200 billion yuan after three or four years. After 2026, industry applications and The scale of the space-time big data service market will reach 700 billion yuan. At the beginning of the construction of a new generation of satellite networks, how to maximize the capability structure, utilization efficiency and cost advantages of low-orbit satellite communications through innovation is the key to whether the 5G network can go to the sky and the 6G vision can be realized as scheduled. Starting from the new infrastructure needs of China’s “satellite Internet”, we believe that the technological innovation direction of satellite networks is to finally form a space infrastructure with complete “communication, navigation, remote, calculation, and storage” space-time big data service capabilities. The construction of satellite networks should draw development momentum from the latest ICT technologies, which have not yet been included in the vision of traditional spacecraft development departments: one is the “intelligence” that can integrate artificial intelligence, machine learning, quantum computing, blockchain and other technologies; The second is the “opening” of interfaces, software and hardware, the market to the industrial ecology, which minimizes supply chain costs and enhances user experience; the third is to build end-to-end, endogenous dynamic “security” at the beginning of satellite networking. Satellite evolution speed lags behind network demand In low-Earth orbits at altitudes of 200 km to 2,000 km, with the rapid increase in global small satellite networking activities, in the 5G commercial period, satellite networks have highlighted three development trends, including both new forces and constraints. First, the application density of new technologies in satellite networks has increased. For example, satellite research and development are achieving low-cost and miniaturization, and launching costs are also decreasing. Technologies such as Hall propulsion, composite materials, inter-satellite optical communications, and fully electronically scanned phased array antennas have gradually entered the industrialization stage, providing for satellite network upgrades. A new technological basis has been created. Second, the digital economy has brought about an incremental market for satellite services. The interconnection of everything, wide area coverage, and ultra-large bandwidth are the characteristics of 5G network services. Satellite network users are also looking forward to an application experience similar to terrestrial 5G business scenarios, and are willing to pay for the service providers who are the first to meet their special scenario requirements. In the 6G era, satellite networks are the most effective solution in the face of the global digital divide due to factors such as geographic conditions, population distribution, and economic development levels. In addition to commercial forces, social and political driving forces will also be increasingly strengthened. The third is that the satellite network presents “abundant scarcity”, which is a technical challenge accompanied by a positive situation. On the one hand, with the technological iteration of multiple satellites and even dozens of satellites, the difficulty of expanding the scale of satellite networks is reduced, and the number of satellites in orbit has also changed from scarcity to ample; but on the other hand, a single satellite is limited by energy and weight. Such restrictions, insufficient resources available for networking adjustments, resulting in huge fluctuations in user experience. Behind this “abundant scarcity” is today’s satellite supply-side technology that needs to be improved urgently. For example, satellite in-orbit storage and computing, satellite-to-satellite and satellite-to-ground data transmission capabilities are obviously lagging behind; the control planes of different satellites lack standardized interfaces and are poorly compatible, making it difficult to realize intelligent networking; communication standards and protocols have yet to be unified; satellite control is mainly Relying on mission planning on the ground, the efficiency is low and there are hidden safety hazards; the satellite network security architecture is easily compromised, and the data transmitted through the air interface is easily intercepted. On the user side, compared with terrestrial 5G, the convenience of satellite network applications is far from 6G expectations. For example, satellite remote sensing data charges are high, satellite communication charges per unit bandwidth resource and per unit bit transmission are high, and the charging model is rigid and unfriendly; the timeliness of the satellite data supply chain is poor, and it cannot stably and continuously meet the needs of refined applications; the interface of satellite applications With poor interface ease of use, users and developers face technical barriers far higher than those of general Internet applications. In the policy field, many uncertainties still restrict the development of the satellite network industry. How to reasonably plan and allocate the radio frequency and orbital location resources required by the satellite network in commercial scenarios is a question that market entities expect clearly. Since space belongs to the human “commons” space, with the increase in satellite deployment, the ownership of its data assets in the “commons” has yet to be clarified by the international legal system. At the same time, geopolitics directly affect the overseas deployment of satellite network ground measurement and control infrastructure. Multinational businesses need to balance market competition and access risks, and overseas market expansion and user service delivery are difficult. Task List of China’s Satellite Industry Moving from 5G to 6G will inevitably face a series of technical discussions, policy games, and commercial competition. Many uncertainties still need to be resolved through demonstration and practice after the release of the white paper. However, the white paper can be used as a long-term action for the Chinese satellite industry to grasp the current situation. pointer. We foresee that in order to serve commercial 6G networks in 2030, a new generation of satellite networks must meet the following four application expectations: One is the flexible networking of a large number of satellites. Building a flexible intelligent network architecture based on the number of satellites can reconstruct and expand the topology and functions of the satellite network at any time as needed. The second is multi-load, multi-task, and soft handoff. In order to improve the efficiency of space resource utilization, each satellite and each satellite network is equipped with multiple types of loads. The software defines satellite functions and on-orbit updates, which can perform soft handover in response to different tasks and establish a network topology suitable for new tasks. , Call the payload and complete the task. The third is the integration of world resources. Satellites can coordinate the utilization of space and earth network resources including perception, transmission, calculation, storage, communication protocols, frequencies, tasks, etc., follow uniform commercial standards and maximize the utilization of energy, bandwidth, frequency, orbit, and data. The fourth is the integration of perception, transmission, storage, and computing. In the data link between the networked satellites, the integrated design of information collection, transmission, calculation, and application is realized, and the change of demand scenarios is swiftly responded to, and data security is ensured. With these expectations, which satellite technologies will help support the 6G vision? Standing in the 5G era, in which areas should the commercial satellite industry invest in innovation and R&D in order to build the four pillars of the air-space-ground integrated network? We believe that the satellite network in the 6G era can be divided into seven functional domains in the space segment and one functional domain in the ground segment. The functional domains of the space segment include perception, transmission, storage, computing, platform, function, and network security (see Table 1); the functional domains of the ground segment are mainly used for ground support, including ground stations, launch sites, and satellite-to-ground integration Core network, etc. Some of the technologies in these eight functional domains have entered commercial use and tend to be stable and mature, while most of them are still in the verification and testing stage, requiring strategic investment to achieve key breakthroughs. At this stage, the more important thing is the transformation of the satellite industry chain. The immediate question is whether the commercialization of satellite development and production will bring about a reduction in the cost of satellite networks and applications? At the same time, how to use the saved costs to break through the bottleneck of existing satellite design and research and development, and to drive a moderately advanced technology research and development for 2030? China’s private commercial aerospace has only started for a few years, but the “catfish effect” has begun to appear. The cost of the entire satellite and the launch cost of satellites are decreasing, and the delivery cycle of satellite products is gradually shortening. The design method and process innovation of “onboard integration” is conducive to the on-demand customization of satellite functional loads. Mass production of small satellites required for future constellation networking in a flexible manner will gradually become the mainstream practice for domestic delivery of commercial satellite orders. Those enterprises with capacity reserves and technical preparations will gain a leading edge in the new satellite network infrastructure that started in the 5G era and ended in the 6G era, and will drive the prosperity of the entire satellite industry chain. In order to solve the “question list” set out by China’s 6G vision for satellites, the main players in the industry chain must collaborate to form an innovative network, in software-defined satellites, on-satellite 5G, standardization, inter-satellite link technology, innovative satellite configurations, and ground Terminal applications and integration of communication, navigation and remote control have surpassed the international advanced level, forming a new generation of satellite product pedigree with China’s independent and controllable core technology. 5G has arrived, and 6G is not far away. We hope to work with China’s commercial aerospace partners to use epoch-making satellite hard technology innovation to shape a smarter and more beautiful human future. * Originally published in Caijing Magazine on June 21, 2021.The author is the founder and CEO of Jiutian MSI; Editor: Mark

Photo: The Verge SpaceX’s satellite internet network team Starlink is in talks with “several” airlines to implement allowing users to access the internet on their flights. The project’s vice president said during a conference on Wednesday (June 9) that the company is continuously developing, expanding bandwidth to serve commercial projects later this year. “We’re in talks with a number of airlines,” said Jonathan Hofeller, vice president of SpaceX. “We are developing our own airline service… we have done a number of tests so far and are looking to perfect those products to put on flights in the very near future.” SpaceX began piloting the Starlink satellite in 2018 to address the global scarcity of broadband internet connections, especially in rural areas where fiber optic connections are often unavailable. Under the trial plan, Starlink customers will pay a one-time fee of $499 for a package that includes a Wi-Fi router, self-regulating Starlink pan, and $99 per month for monthly internet services thereafter. Since its first launch, the company has launched nearly 1,800 Starlink satellites out of the 4,400 it estimates it will need for global coverage. Last year, SpaceX submitted plans to test Starlink on five Gulfstream jets. In March, SpaceX also negotiated with the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) to apply Starlink technology on all popular vehicles from trucks, marine ships to airplanes. Elon Musk made it clear on Twitter at the time: “We do not connect Tesla cars to Starlink, because our terminal is too big, This controller is only for airplanes, ships, big trucks “. Starlink’s satellites are in low Earth orbit, lower than the geostationary orbit of the larger satellites that currently provide Internet services to commercial aircraft. It is the technology that makes airlines choose to cooperate with Starlink over other competitors. However, the same technology is now being used by a range of competitors. Amazon recently announced plans for 3,000 of its own low-orbit satellites, and the UK’s OneWeb has also launched 182 of the roughly 640 planned satellites. Competitors to Starlink with plans to commercialize the aircraft are Intelsat and ViaSa, which operate satellite networks in geostationary orbit. ViaSat recently announced plans to use its next-generation satellite network on Delta’s main fleet. The California-based company is planning a low-orbit network of 300 satellites that will begin launching early next year. According to experts, Viasat will be a stiff competitor to SpaceX in the future.

These word-of-mouth statements are almost consistent with information from the US Senate hearing on a request to fund NASA with a figure of $ 585 million to invest in nuclear-powered propulsion technology in the fiscal year 2022. and other American efforts in this area. This means that Russia’s space nuclear energy program is not only for technical purposes, but also for geopolitical purposes. Russia’s current program has its roots in the Soviet era. The Soviet Union launched a total of 33 military satellites with the function of spying and targeting targets equipped with nuclear reactors into low orbit around the Earth from 1969 to 1988. Most of these satellites used reactors. Buk type nuclear power generation reactor, only 2 of them using advanced thermal electron furnace NPP Topaz with generating capacity from 4.5 to 5.5 kW, however, this project was suspended in 1986 . In the early 1990s, a Russian-American cooperation project aimed at continuing the development of the Topaz furnace, but this project was suspended in 1995. In the period 2000-2007, Russia also tried to find ways to cooperate with China. Nation in this field. Despite the economic decline for a long time, Moscow has been trying to continue its independent efforts in the field of the use of nuclear energy in space since 1998, and during the time of President Dmitry Medvedev in power, the This effort has been identified as a key priority for the Kremlin. The budget for this program of Russia for the period 2010-2018 is 17 billion rubles, divided between Roscosmos 9.8 billion rubles and Rosatom 7.2 billion rubles, equivalent to $560 million in 2010 exchange rates. However, the actual disbursement figure is much smaller. In 2010, only 500 million rubles ($16.5 million) were allocated for this purpose. Over the next decade, total disbursements reached nearly 10 billion rubles ($213 million), according to public information from Roscosmos and Rosatom. The results of these efforts have not been as successful as they initially suggested. For example, the technical requirements of the proposed product are an outer space nuclear reactor with a capacity of 1 MW of electricity and an ion thruster with a capacity of 50 kW. However, the reality shows that Russia is currently only developing nuclear power generation systems YaEU-25M, YaEU-25 and YaEU-50 with a generating capacity of 10-40 kW and propulsion using ionic force. 25 kW. At present, perhaps Russia is just stopping at the computational model run for more powerful reactors and engines. For comparison, NASA is still trying to design a 10 kW outer space nuclear reactor with a Stirling engine for the purpose of increasing efficiency, currently Russia is still revolving around the thermal electron model, and the problem of using Using engines or turbines in combination with reactors is still only a theory. It is hard to believe that Russia will design a nuclear reactor in space with a generating capacity of 1 MW or ion propulsion engines with a larger capacity in the near future. Anyway, Moscow is still trying to turn the results achieved into advanced applications in long-distance space travel or foreign politics. Due to a decline in space research activities in other sub-sectors, coupled with economic weakness, these problems have prompted the Kremlin to look for another trump card. While the development of nuclear reactors for space exploration is far from complete, the Russian government as well as industry is currently looking for the application of nuclear reactors to satellites. military. These satellites can be used for radar reconnaissance or electronic warfare (for example jamming) when they are deployed in low, mid or geostationary orbits. However, no tests of such satellites have yet been conducted, meaning Moscow is not ready to field such satellites in the near future. In addition, the promotion of nuclear-powered spacecraft could be used by Russian space and nuclear industry units as a tool to apply for funding, to promote a slow and risky research program. this. For its part, the Kremlin is still trying to blur its true purpose. They came up with the “Strategy for the development of nuclear energy in space by 2030 in 2019, and issued relevant policies for the first time in 1998. Even if Russian military satellites are used by Russian military satellites. Nuclear power appeared in 2030, it also did not bring about significant changes in the technical and military fields. However, Moscow is still trying to polish it as a tool to help shift political supremacy. First, Russia has consistently supported the ban on placing weapons in outer space. Second, Russia will not be able to stand in the forefront of space technology without cooperating with other countries in the field, so Russian leaders see nuclear technology in space as a way to develop. cooperation, even in times of growing hostility in the West. The Russian SPT-100 series Ion Thruster has been used on satellites since 1994.

Italy plans to invest in a super-fast Internet with a speed of 1 gigabyte to provide it to all people by 2026. Artwork: jedsundwall.com Italy plans to expand its tax relief plan to quickly bring superfast broadband to buildings. The move comes as the country struggles to close the gap in digital development with the rest of Europe. The European Union’s (EU) third-largest economy now ranks second from the bottom out of the bloc’s 27 member states in terms of Internet usage. According to the latest EU data, about 17% of Italians have never used the web and only 13% of Italian households sign up for a super-fast broadband connection with a speed of at least 100 megabytes. Italy’s new government, led by former European Central Bank chief Mario Draghi, plans to spend more than 8 billion euros ($9.76 billion) from EU support funds on broadband, mobile networks. fifth generation (5G) and satellite technology and want a super-fast Internet connection at 1 gigabyte made available to all Italians by 2026. With this goal in mind, the Italian government is considering measures such as deploying fiber optic cables or exempting existing tax rates for residents when renovating the telecommunications network for their homes. This measure allows people to be partially exempted from the current 110% tax rate when renovating and upgrading telecommunications networks to help houses “become smarter”, thereby enhancing energy savings. quantity./.

A model of the BeiDou Satellite Navigation System is displayed at the 12th China International Aviation and Space Exhibition in Zhuhai city, Guangdong province. (Photo: AP) Citing Yang Jun, deputy director of the China Satellite Navigation Office at a conference, Xinhua News Agency said that the country’s satellite navigation industry is worth more than 400 billion yuan in 2020, growing at a steady rate 20% year. China officially commissioned the Beidou 3 (BDS) system last July at a commemorative event attended by President Xi Jinping. As Beijing continues to invest in becoming a space power, Beidou is expected to be able to rival the GPS of the US and the Galileo of Europe. Launched in 1994, China’s Beidou project arose from the military’s need for its own satellite navigation system, replacing the US Department of Defense’s GPS. In particular, in 1996, a serious incident occurred when the Chinese military lost track of two missiles in the Taiwan Strait, possibly due to sudden GPS interruption. Since then, Beijing has invested heavily in Beidou to ensure an independent and stable satellite navigation system to guide missiles and bombs. The first BeiDou satellites were launched in 2000 and are now in their third generation, and are also commercially available. China actively promotes the use of BDS in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as in the Belt and Road Initiative countries. Beidou-related products are exported to more than 120 countries and regions, serving about 100 million users globally, according to Xinhua. BeiDou features are integrated in many popular smartphones. As a two-way communication system, Bac Dau allows compatible devices to send data to satellites, exchange text messages between two users, and track location in case of emergencies. Domestically, more than 7 million personal vehicles, 36,300 delivery and postal vehicles, 1,400 state-owned ships and 350 aircraft are using BDS. However, BDS also has its shortcomings. Last month, a truck driver in Hubei committed suicide after he was fined 2,000 yuan (US$305) because the vehicle’s BDS system was found to be disconnected during a routine inspection. Other drivers also filed complaints on the Hubei government website for similar disconnection problems. Du Lam (According to SCMP)

For the purpose of expanding photo reconnaissance capabilities to ensure combat operations, the US National Mapping and Photographic Reconnaissance Service is authorized to use images of the territory of Afghanistan taken by the commercial Ikones satellite, with high resolution. 1m resolution. The US military also has the right to use information received from the satellite system to explore the earth’s natural resources. These are Landsat-7, Terra, Orview satellites. Information from these satellites is used to establish, supplement and clarify topographic maps, to facilitate the assessment of the situation in the area of ​​combat operations. The figure shows the NAVSTAR navigation satellite system. Photo: britannica In this war, the United States decided to extend the use of the experimental satellite for opto-electronic imaging of the earth’s surface EO-1 belonging to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the purpose of ensuring the integrity of the satellite. better for the US military. Thanks to this satellite, the US military has received images of the earth’s surface position with a resolution of 30m, allowing it to be used to assess the damage of the target, on the basis of comparing the multispectral images obtained to take pictures before and after taking the blows and to calm down on the need for repeat attacks. For radio reconnaissance satellites, the US uses 2 Acvakaid satellites (Magnum and Mentor types). These satellites allow the reception of radio communications, relay communications, convection, signals from satellites, signals of ballistic missiles, aircraft and vehicle control signals. unmanned flight. It is said that the Taliban use very modern means of mobile satellite communication. However, the American radio reconnaissance satellite allows to capture the communications between the Taliban commanders, to detect in time the location of the troops and their plans. Military communication satellites work with the greatest intensity, but only guarantee 40-60% of the requirements of the forces participating in the campaign. In the composition of this satellite cluster, there are 6 satellites of the DSCS strategic communication system, 3 satellites connected to the Mistar tactical and strategic communication network, 2 UFO-type satellites of the tactical-operational communication system. of the navy, air force and army, six satellites of the SDS transmission system. In addition, the US also uses satellites belonging to NASA systems to monitor and transmit TDSS information. Due to the sudden increase in the information traffic required to secure the operation, the United States had to make maximum use of space communication systems (compared to Operation Desert Storm, the traffic of information delivery increased by 7 times). Especially the Iridium mobile satellite communication system with 66 satellites operating in low orbit. This system ensures that the US military groups have enough communication channels connecting to the US Department of Defense’s digital information network (DISN) and ensures the communication system of the US state executive agencies, ensuring for the national telephone system and the Internet. The NAVSTAR navigation satellite system includes 24 satellites that ensure real-time navigation for US forces. The shortening of the adjustment time between satellites of the NAVSTAR system by the test measurement complexes of the US Air Force allows to improve the accuracy and determine the target coordinates for the use of technological weapons. high. In planning and conducting air strikes and missile strikes, the US military places particular emphasis on using information received from the satellites of the National Environmental Monitoring System (NPOESS). This system is used for weather forecasting, setting up global and regional meteorological maps for a period of 1 day to 2 weeks, allowing selection of information on cloud status, atmospheric pressure, etc. atmosphere and other parameters of near-Earth space. Meteorological satellites Block-5D2-8 and Block-5D3-1 are used with the highest intensity. The improvement of the operational efficiency of the NPOESS system allows to fully guarantee the US military units with meteorological information. In particular, the forecast of changes in solar activity has provided the ability to promptly correct the functions of communication, reconnaissance and navigation satellites, contributing to improving the efficiency of attacks and the detection of satellites. command the forces. To secure meteorological forecasts for navies, NASA’s Quicksat satellites are used to determine wind speed and direction over the ocean’s surface. Thus, during the war in Afghanistan, US satellite systems were used with high efficiency. At the same time, it also revealed some disadvantages, such as the lack of radar and opto-electronic reconnaissance satellites to timely orient the commander to use tactical forces. As a result, in some cases, commanders did not receive timely reconnaissance information. In addition, the satellite’s unobservable cycle over the combat area disrupted the monitoring of the movements of Taliban forces and vehicles.

Mr. David Parker – Director of ESA shared with the press: “We are entering a new phase – a stage where humans are likely to explore the “eighth continent”. The Moon is a repository of archives. With the Moonlight project our mission is to take an important step towards uncovering the wonders of the Solar System, which stores 4.5 billion years of history, yet we barely understand its secrets. mystery of the universe”. Moon with “satellite constellation” that Moonlight will build, in order to turn this place into “8th continent” – Photo: ESA. The space agency did not disclose the specific cost to carry out this mission, but according to information, a number of companies from the UK, EU and Canada have offered to work with ESA to develop the Moonlight project. They will provide telecommunications and navigation services for crews and robots. The ESA said: “The combination of many agencies and organizations will facilitate the exploration of more space on the Moon. This is one of the goals of the NASA Artemis mission to return humans to the Moon in 2024.” Upon learning of this project, dozens of international, institutional and commercial groups have offered to support ESA. Many of these initiatives come from major space organizations in China, India, Japan, and Russia, along with other astronaut nations and private companies. Outline the primitive base that ESA intends to build, which will start a large city in the future – Photo: ESA. These helpers saw benefits from being involved in the project as: Radio astronomers could set up observatories on the far side of the Moon, with the understanding that the signal would move relay information back to Earth easily and quickly. Commercial agencies could develop supporting new services and products, such as virtual reality games in which players control Moon robots. It is possible to name a number of agencies and organizations that propose to participate in the Moonlight project such as: British company Surrey Satellite Technology (SST) will participate in Moonlight and act as a service provider and producer. satellite output. “Our partnership with ESA will provide the world’s first lunar data relay service,” said SST CEO Phil Brownnett. Or London-based Inmarsat and MDA Space and Robotics Ltd (MDA UK), based at the Harwell Science and Innovation Facility in Oxfordshire, both leading the exploration of ideas. They will work on the development of the Lunar Navigation and Communication Service (LCNS) to support future scientific, exploration and commercial activities on the lunar surface. Yasrine Ibnyahya, Senior Director at Inmarsat said: “I am confident that the expertise and assets from Inmarsat can solve problems in the most efficient and cost-effective way. The Moonlight project is the first step to open up future opportunities, it can facilitate human exploration of space, develop technology and can be the basis for access to new resources. “.

Soviet secret space rocket NPO Mashinostroyenia is a Russian state space development company, which grew out of a Soviet entity, known simply as OKB-52, responsible for the development of the Almaz space station, among other things. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu’s visit to NPO Mashinostroyenia in early 2021 offers the best and most complete look at the Shchit-1 system to date. The Almaz program was a covert effort to develop military space stations, primarily equipped to carry out intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions, hidden within the Saylut civilian space station project. The Almaz effort dates back to the 1960s, only to be officially declassified in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union planned to “weapon” the Almaz stations from the start, fearing attacks with US anti-satellite weapons – including small but maneuverable “killer satellites”. tall and more traditional interceptors. An example of the Shchit-1 system actually sent into space with the Almaz OPS-2 satellite. The Soviet Union also conducted a remote live-fire test with the system on January 24, 1975, the last day of the station in orbit. The results of the test remained confidential and the next Almaz space station, OPS-3, was launched without any weapons installed. OPS-4, which has never been to space, is believed to carry the Shchit-2 system. However, there is no indication that Shchit-2, although its general existence was previously known, has ever entered space and details about the system are still very limited. As for the “weapon” itself, Leonard Smirichevsky, the current head of NPO Mashinostroyenia, described it to a reporter for TV Zvezda as having four main components. The base of the system was a solid-fuel rocket engine, which was then attached to a rotary stabilization system consisting of a rotating wheel with blade-shaped radiators. There’s a hybrid warhead-propulsion section followed by a nozzle-like radar seeker at the front. By far, the engine – warhead part is the most interesting part. Outwardly, it appears to be a circular array of small, grenade-like charges, which one imagines would create a shrapnel cloud especially dangerous to other objects in the vacuum of space. . However, these projectiles are really solid and are designed to act as interceptors, destroying anything they hit through sheer force of impact. No one knows what happened to Shchit-2 after the Almaz program ended in 1978. It is also unclear why the Russians decided to consider the system at this time. The incident comes amid new discussions about anti-satellite weapons in orbit, including interceptors and guided-energy weapons, as well as killer satellites, and the development of systems this system, both in Russia and the United States, among other countries. Space weapon Shchit-2 on display at NPO Mashinostroyenia. Almaz . military space station The Almaz military space stations, which first began operating in the early 1960s, were intended to be armed from the outset. Almaz stations are expected to be versatile military platforms in space. This plan is for the first types configured primarily for a wide range of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions with cameras and many other sensor systems. The delay in the development of the sensor package affected the entire program. In 1971, the Soviet Union launched a civilian space station – Salyut – incorporating some of the design work developed under the Almaz program, along with components from the Soyuz spacecraft. The Salyut program eventually provided cover for the Almaz space station. Of the seven Salyut space stations launched between 1971 and 1991, three are actually of the military type. The first Almaz station, publicly known as Salyut-2 and also known as OPS-1, entered service in 1973. However, an accident on board shortly after launch forced the Soviet Union to abandon it. it before a real crew could be dispatched to join. OPS-2, also known as Salyut-3, followed in 1974. The station was successfully put into orbit on June 25, 1974. The crew stayed there for 15 days to test the Earth-viewing camera with the onboard Agat-1 telescope, which was said to be able to produce high-resolution images of the ground. The second crew failed to reach the station in late 1974 after their Soyuz spacecraft crashed. The third mission to OPS-2 was later aborted and it operated in unmanned mode until leaving orbit on January 24, 1975. In September 1974, personnel on the ground remotely recovered a film “pod” from the Agat-1 camera, then returned to Earth and recovered. The next Almaz space stations, called OPS-3 and Salyut-5, have no weapons on board, at least as far as we know. Plans for an OPS-4 station include a new Shchit-2 self-defense system, reportedly designed to fire interceptor missiles, but no images of that weapon have been made public. The Soviet Union also developed specialized self-defense guns for cosmonauts, such as the TP-82, but they were intended for use on Earth, not in space.

DOGE-1 will send a 40 kg Geometric Energy Corporation satellite to the Moon. This satellite will collect information about the planet Earth. Representatives of the two companies have not announced the contract value paid in Dogecoin. The DOGE-1 program will send a satellite to the Moon on a Falcon 9 rocket. Fees are paid in Dogecoin. Photo: SpaceX. SpaceX vice president Tom Ochinero said the DOGE-1 program “will demonstrate the application of extraterrestrial cryptocurrencies and lay the groundwork for transplanetary commerce.” Earlier, Elon Musk said that SpaceX will “actually put a Dogecoin on the Moon”. However, he made his statement on April 1, so no one is sure if he was joking or telling the truth. SpaceX is not the first company run by Elon Musk to accept cryptocurrency payments. In February, Tesla announced it was buying $1.5 billion in Bitcoin and accepting payments for cars in the currency. The move caused Bitcoin price to surge. In the crypto world, the term “to the moon” is often used to refer to a coin’s value skyrocketing. According to Coinmarketcap, on the morning of May 10 (Vietnam time) Dogecoin is priced at about 0.55 USD, with a market capitalization of 72 billion USD, ranking 4th after Bitcoin, Ethereum and Binance coin. Before that, Dogecoin had 2 strong volatile weekends. On May 8, the news that Elon Musk hosted Saturday Night Live caused the price of Dogecoin to increase sharply. According to Coinmarketcap data, the value of each Dogecoin coin has increased from $0.34 on May 1 to $0.69 as of the morning of May 8. Many fans of Musk and Dogecoin even plan to invite friends over to watch and celebrate if the coin’s price skyrockets. On the morning of May 8, Elon Musk posted on his personal Twitter a picture of him and two other guests of Saturday Night Live. Musk also inserted a picture of the dog Shiba, the symbol of Dogecoin, into the frame. Soon after, the Dogecoin price increased rapidly and reached an all-time high of $0.72 before cooling off. The price of Dogecoin dropped dramatically on the morning of May 9, before Elon Musk hosted Saturday Night Live. Photo: Coindesk. However, before the time of Elon Musk’s broadcast, the price of Dogecoin dropped dramatically. According to the data of Coinmarketcap , from nearly 0.7 USD, Dogecoin dropped to more than 0.5 USD after more than 30 minutes of the program. The market capitalization of this coin dropped from $90 billion to just $68 billion after 1 hour, more than $150 million of leveraged investors was blown away. As expected by many, Elon Musk mentioned Dogecoin in the middle of the show. “Recently, the prices of many cryptocurrencies have increased, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and especially Dogecoin,” replied Elon Musk when asked “what is cryptocurrency”.

EUSPA headquarters in Prague. (Source: insidegnss.com) The Vietnam News Agency correspondent in Prague quoted the Czech news agency (ČTK) as saying that the European Union’s space program agency ( EUSPA ) officially operated in Prague from May 12. The EUSPA will centralize the operational management of the EU’s space programmes, while remaining responsible for managing the Galileo navigation system and other space programmes. It is the only EU agency based in the Czech Republic. In the announcement, CEO Rodrigo da Costa said: “EUSPA will play an important role in the implementation of the space program and the realization of the EU’s ambitions. This will be achieved primarily by using maximize the synergy between the various components of the program, especially navigation, Earth observation and secure communications, to stimulate innovation across multiple sectors.” In addition, EUSPA will provide European satellite navigation services, and will operate in the commercial use of data and services from Galileo, EGNOS and Copernic. Another objective of this body is to prepare the coordination of the EU satellite communications program within the public administration ( GOVSATCOM ). EUSPA, formerly the European Global Positioning Satellite System Agency, also known as GSA, has been headquartered in Prague since 2012. According to a representative of this agency, GSA has paid the Czech Republic budget nearly 130 million euros in 2020. After the expansion, the financial contribution is forecast to increase. The number of employees will increase from the current 200 to 600 employees, so the Czech Republic is looking for a new space for the agency, replacing the current headquarters on Janovského street in Holešovice of Prague which will not be enough in the future. future./.

There is nothing wrong and exaggerated about the threat posed by the Soviet Union, both military and ideological, in the contemporary American perception of Sputnik satellite. Shortly after Sputnik was successfully launched into low-Earth orbit, the US and the West fell into what became known as the “Sputnik Crisis”. The early Soviet spatial achievements were regarded by many around the globe as a testament to the superiority and effectiveness of the Soviet model of government and the social structure of the Soviet State. In the New York Times alone, “Sputnik 1” was mentioned in articles averaging 11 times a day between October 6 and October 31, 1957 – America’s fear of Lien. Bucket in space. With each subsequent victory in technology, the Soviet Union not only demonstrated what could be done through an economic and policy approach, but also demonstrated what American capitalism could not do …, or at least, it can’t be done quickly. The fear of the communists not only winning mentally but also the embracing heart and mind led directly to the establishment of the Aerospace Research Agency (NASA), which invests in the resources for missile and orbit science, strong funding for defense programs, and prestige enhancement to offset the advantages of the Soviet Union are becoming evident in many fields. N1 boosters of the Soviet Union; Source: spacethatneverwas.tumblr.com In November 1957, the Soviet Union became the first country to put a live animal, the Laika, into orbit in Sputnik 2. The following month, the United States made its first attempt to send a Vanguard TV3 satellite (Test Vehicle 3 ) of the Naval Research Laboratory into orbit, but the rocket only flew about 4 feet off the launch pad before collapsing again and exploding. However, the following month, the United States entered space with Explorer 1, and later that year, NASA replaced the National Aviation Advisory Committee (NACA) with a mission to bring the US towards supremacy in space. . In 1959, the technically faulty Soviet Luna 1 rocket flew further than the platforms before it, escaped the orbit of the Moon and eventually entered the orbit of the Sun, but later that year, the spacecraft The Soviet Union Luna 2 pillar reached the lunar surface for the first time. Soon, Luna 3 sent an image of the surface of the Moon from orbit and by 1960, the Soviet Union was the first to send animals (the dogs Belka and Strelka) and plants into space and back. and still live. And just a year later, the Soviet Union brought a real human being, the cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space. Plan your spaceship “explore” In 1959, for promotion, the Soviet Union decided to choose a number of technologies, vehicles and equipment that represented the great progress of the Soviet Union for a traveling exhibition. The opportunity to take a closer look at the exhibition’s most precious jewel – a Lunic spaceship very similar to the Luna 2, housed in a deck above the modified rocket has arrived. When they got as close as possible, a few plainclothes agents were surprised to find the spacecraft hidden behind glass cuts in real missile housings. The declassified reports said that some people gasped, raised their eyebrows, were shocked to know the incident, and believed in Langley’s ears (nicknamed the US Central Intelligence Agency – CIA). Immediately, plans and plans to “explore” the Lunic more carefully began to be mapped out. But at the display site, soldiers guarded the ship at all times, both during and after hours, when museums and galleries were closed; Access to the Lunic information gathering while it was on display was practically impossible, so the CIA turned their attention to the way the Lunic was transported from one exhibit to another. The Soviet Vostok missile; Source: djournal.com While all exhibit artifacts were transported from one city to another by train (with guards), the CIA identified several gaps in how each one was transported from the site. exhibition to train station. The artifacts are simply placed in compact crates and loaded onto a truck carrying them to the train station for loading and unloading. This transit was not closely monitored by Soviet security, with items arriving at random intervals and little coordination between transport forces; The guardians at the railway warehouses were not even given a list. It was this shortcoming of Soviet security that gave the CIA, above all, the opportunity it needed. Missile robbery from the highway When night came, in order to carry out their plans, plainclothes CIA agents followed the van carrying Lunic out of the exhibition site, not forgetting to keep an eye on Soviet security. Surprisingly, despite tight security throughout the exhibits, the vehicle carrying a container filled with Soviet national secrets made a short trip to the train station completely unaccompanied. When the truck approached, turned toward the train station, the CIA agent simply let the car pass and escorted the driver to a nearby hotel. An agent jumped into the driver’s seat and drove the truck into a nearby, chosen rescue park that has high walls obscured. This was one of the most daring agents of the Cold War, and could certainly spark a clash between the planet’s two nuclear powers … For thirty minutes, CIA agents hovered over in the dark surrounding their newly stolen truck, waiting for some indication that the Soviets noticed Lunic’s absence. When nothing seemed to be suspicious, they climbed into the 20-foot long, 11-foot-wide and 14-foot-deep crate located inside the truck. Their job is to approach the Lunic spaceship, disassemble it and take pictures of what they can, then reassemble it, stuff it back inside the tank and transfer it to the train station before morning, so that the Soviets would not know what happened. Professional work The barrel itself has been reused over and over again, making it fairly easy to open without leaving any signs of being touched. With no way to pull the rocket out of the barrel, however, the spies soon realized they had no choice but to get in and do their job inside the barrel. Agents take off their shoes and split into groups, climbing to the bottom of the box using a rope ladder they carry to access the secrets stored inside. The CIA played an important role in stealing Soviet missile technology; Source: WATM Soon, their plans went wrong – the Lunic spacecraft won’t have difficulty reaching through the missile deck it’s located in, but when attempting to penetrate, CIA agents find a small seal. in plastic with engraved Soviet logo. To reach the spacecraft, it was necessary to break the seal, but doing so would almost certainly reveal their interference to Soviet authorities. Soon, calls to CIA parts in the area, and were told that they could re-seal the seal and arrive in time for reassembling and returning rockets in the morning. Although the engine was removed, the pylons as well as the fuel and oxidant tanks remained, providing the CIA with enough information to extrapolate the engine size and the missile’s payload capacity. Once the seal is removed, the Lunic itself has been pulled out, disassembled, and photographed in great detail. The information gathered was not only valuable from a design point of view, it also provided important context with regard to the Soviet missile program. Thanks to the recorded measurements and weights for the payload, the CIA will be able to better understand the telemetry data it collects around each Soviet launch. It is an important intelligence victory for the United States and will continue to shape the plans and policies pertaining to America’s space efforts for many years to come. But getting information is only part of the job. As the moonlight faded, CIA agents working with hand tools and socks ended up reassembling the Lunic and its missile housings, adding seals, removing wire ladders, and fixing the top. of the barrel. By 5 a.m., the original driver was returned his truck and his “cargo”, and he delivered it to the train station in time to deliver the first guard to come to work at 7:00 a.m. . The information gathered from the campaign gave the US a more complete understanding of what the Soviet Union was capable of, allowing the Americans to plan their appropriate efforts. America is no longer active in the dull anxiety of the “Sputnik crisis” without the actual data it needs to substantially assess the situation. It was in that newly found knowledge that America’s future spatial dominance began to sprout. In order to defeat the enemy, it is imperative to know where they are and what they can do… and the CIA has discovered it in the back of a stolen truck. Less than ten years later, the United States came ahead in the space race when the Apollo 11 landed on the Moon just before a Soviet amphibious ship crashed on the other side. More than twenty years later, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War officially ended./.

With headquarters in London, UK, the OneWeb company intends to deploy a total of more than 650 satellites in the lower orbit of the Earth, in order to provide users on the ground with high-speed Internet 24 hours a day. day through contact satellites. The company is also competing with billionaires Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos in the race to cover high-speed internet via satellite to anywhere in the world, especially in remote areas. This is the third time the Russian side has launched the OneWeb satellite beam into Earth orbit after the previous two missions took place in December 2020 and March respectively at Vostochny space airport with 36 satellites per launch. The first six satellites of OneWeb were launched from the Guiana launch site in France in February 2019, and last year, the company launched 68 more satellites from Baikonur launch site, Kazakhstan.

According to the developers, the tugboat weighs 80 kg, carrying 16 kg of liquid fuel. The tugboat is designed to pull a number of satellites into different orbits. That is seen as a competitive advantage over missiles without tugs. Russia is ambitious in future tugboat development projects. Russia is popularizing the use of the accelerator decks, in fact the tugboats put satellites in different orbits. On March 22, the Fregat stage used in the Soyuz rocket carried 38 foreign satellites to different orbits. By the end of 2020, Russian media reported that Roskosmos State Space Group would spend 4.2 billion rubles on the development of nuclear space tugs for flights to other planets of the solar system. Accordingly, the state corporation plans to develop a preliminary project on creating a space complex with an energy-transport module based on a nuclear electric motor. Expressing confidence in this program, Mr. Alexander Bloshenko – chief executive officer “Roskosmos” said the nuclear space tugboat will be launched to one of the satellites of Jupiter by 2030.

However, a Huawei PR officer told the Global Times on Saturday that he has not received such information. China Mobile declined to answer the Global Times when asked. Ma Jihua, a senior analyst in the tech industry in Beijing, told the Global Times that the move to use satellites is natural as Huawei pushes up the layout of 6G networks, 50 times faster than 5G. Compared to building 5G networks that rely on base stations to transmit signals, 6G networks transmit higher frequencies, needing to use satellites for communication instead of base stations where there will be low penetration capacity, Ma explain. Illustration. Huawei’s rotating chairman, Xu Zhijun, announced at Huawei’s global analysts conference earlier this month that the Chinese tech giant will launch its 6G network by 2030 at the same time soon. Release of 6G white paper to explain what is 6G industry. In fact, in 2019, Huawei proposed launching more than 10,000 small satellites to provide 6G services worldwide, during the global 6G summit. China has made the biggest 5G footprint worldwide and is likely to go further in 6G development with efforts from giant Huawei, which has 5G technology outperformed. rivals and also leads in research and development 6G despite the US causing difficulties. According to Ma Jihua, the potential of 6G technologies is something no government or company can ignore despite the fact that it is still in the early stages of research and development. Satellite communication has shown increasing importance since last year with the proposal of new infrastructure. Ma Jihua also noted: “We need to know how to communicate in a satellite constellation as the country pushes forward with technology development along with Huawei’s new 6G satellite moves even though both use satellites.” China’s satellite constellation, such as the current projects in which Hongyun and Hongyan have been involved, aims to make online access available to residents and businesses in remote and remote areas in China. While the 6G satellite is used more widely for testing and data availability in popular metropolitan areas, Ma added. It is known that at the end of last year, China launched the world’s first 6G test satellite from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in Shanxi Province, North China, marking a breakthrough in public discovery. terahertz space communication technology of China.

SpaceX denied claims that the Starlink and OneWeb satellites almost collided In a filing submitted to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) after a meeting between representatives of SpaceX, OneWeb and FCC, SpaceX said that, in fact, the probability of a collision never exceeds the allowed threshold and the satellite will not be able to collide even if it is active. They have also corrected records regarding recent press releases regarding the physical coordination between SpaceX and OneWeb. Meeting between the parties took place the day after the flyer The Wall Street Journal published an article titled “Elon Musk’s satellite Internet project is too risky,” in which OneWeb made allegations that the Starlink satellites had approached other satellites alarmingly two. times in the past two years, including the last which took place on April 2, when a satellite Starlink Send a request to a OneWeb satellite to take collision avoidance measures. Sheet The Wall Street Journal quoted Chris McLaughlin, OneWeb’s director of legal and government relations, saying, “While working with OneWeb, SpaceX disabled the automated collision avoidance system supported by artificial intelligence (AI) to allow OneWeb to steer its satellite away from other satellites. It is unclear exactly why SpaceX disables the collision avoidance system when the Starlink satellite is within 57 meters from the opponent’s satellite. SpaceX has not yet commented on this issue. In a filing filed with the FCC on April 21, SpaceX said: “OneWeb recently made clear and inaccurate statements to the media about recent coordination. Specifically, Mr. McLaughlin of OneWeb told the newspaper Wall Street Journal that SpaceX has powered off the automatic satellite collision avoidance system. In reality, however, SpaceX and OneWeb have worked well together on a technical level. And OneWeb itself has asked SpaceX to temporarily turn off the AI ​​system to allow them to control the satellite as agreed by the parties. SpaceX’s automatic collision avoidance system has been and still works well at all times. According to SpaceX, OneWeb admitted wrongly and offered to withdraw its false statements during the meeting with SpaceX and FCC. SpaceX expressed its disappointment to the FCC that OneWeb officials chose to make public false information about the coordination’s plight. Successful coordination depends on trust and transparency among satellite operators. Also in the filing to the FCC, SpaceX confirmed that the possibility of collisions between satellites is very small. Other data also showed that “probability of collisions between satellites is below the permitted threshold and continues to decrease”. OneWeb launched satellite launch operations on April 3, and the satellites are eventually more than 1,000 meters apart. The probability of a collision happening is extremely small. Phan Van Hoa (According to Arstechnica)

Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Aries Palace The relationship of couples has a clear improvement. Single people have the opportunity to meet and talk more with someone you love for a long time. The relationship between husband and wife is also reconnected after disagreements and conflicts. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 69 Lucky color: Light green Gentlemen: Scorpio Little person: Gemini Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Cung Kim Nguu Love story flourishes, warmth. All fatigue is dispelled behind the family door, beside Taurus there is always a strong spiritual support. This can be seen as a great consolation after the troubles and pressures of life. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 17 Lucky color: Smoky gray Gentlemen: Thien Binh Primary: Cancer Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Gemini Love process to sublimate. Single people easily find half of love from the matchmaking of relatives and friends. Married people alone need to be more careful in their relationships with the opposite sex, because peach blossom can cause unnecessary problems. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 84 Lucky color: Dark gray Gentleman: Taurus Little lady: Lion Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Cancer Love story filled with happiness. Just a small gift or a kind question from the other person will help you laugh all day. However, you should also take the initiative to create surprise gifts for the other person. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 6 Lucky color: Green Gentlemen: Lion Primary: Cancer Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: the Lion The emotional process has a bright spot. Single lions can take advantage of this opportunity to express their feelings to a friend who has long been a crush. This is also a good time for couples to practice emotional warming. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 53 Lucky color: Dark red Gentlemen: Pisces Young Lady: Taurus Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Cung Virgo The emotional process is connected, loved. Going through many waves and conflicts, the insiders will cherish and tolerate each other more. However, do not prolong removing the knot if you do not want your love to fall into a stalemate. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 8 Lucky color: Brown red Gentlemen: Bao Binh Primary: Cancer Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Thien Binh Palace The emotional process has signs of prosperity. Single people should diligently participate in collective activities before it is easy to find a love partner. Couples always give each other sweet gestures and full of romance. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 111 Lucky color: Dark purple Gentlemen: Scorpio Primary: Aries Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Scorpio The emotional aspect has quite a lot of changes. There are always many satellites around you, so it is not easy to choose people to travel together. Sometimes, you even feel this is causing you a lot of trouble. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 82 Lucky color: Sepia Gentleman: Taurus Young Man: Pisces Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Palace of the Sagittarius The love story is a bit unstable. Single people find it difficult to interact with people of the opposite sex. In addition, this constellation should also balance its emotions well to avoid creating a feeling of stuffy, uncomfortable for the opponent. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 29 Lucky color: Green Gentleman: Sagittarius Primary: Scorpio Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Capricorn Love story received many good things. The single person has not completely removed the shyness and distance, but thanks to the prosperity of flowers, he quickly finds a suitable dating partner. Affection: Health: Lucky numbers: 2, 8 Lucky color: Gray white Gentlemen: Aries, Cancer Young people: Thien Binh, Nhan Ma Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Cung Bao Binh Love story has many ups and downs. Without a lot of experience in love, this constellation can refer to how to maintain a relationship from those who went before. But don’t forget that the most important thing is to learn from your mistakes. Affection: Health: Lucky number: 9 Lucky color: Pink chalk Gentlemen: Gemini and Bao Binh Minor: Aries, Cancer, Capricorn Horoscope today April 27, 2021 about love: Cung Song Ngu The emotional process flourishes. Single people love people who also have feelings for you, so if you boldly express your feelings to the other person, the chances of receiving love will be great. Affection: Health: Lucky numbers: 3, 6 Lucky color: Blue, yellow Gentlemen: Lion and Sagittarius Primary: Cancer, Thien Binh ** Horoscope and astrological information in the article is for reference only.

This is the first time I have visited a soy sauce factory, and it feels completely different from other factories. The green lawn is densely covered with small tanks. There is no industrial atmosphere at all. The craftsmanship of hand-made sauce is well-known. Fortunately, it just happened. Found number 0001, which is considered a beginning. Many people will definitely be curious, why should the fermentation tank be put in the ground? Listening to the tour guide said that it is to “absorb the earth’s energy”, and traditional things pay more attention to the five elements of Yin and Yang. Inside these small jars are fermented soybeans, which will take three to four years after being placed here. The reason why it is called “five to one” soy sauce means that only five catties of soybeans can be used to make one catty of soy sauce. To do a little science here, the fermentation time of soy sauce is too short, because it has not been fully fermented, and the time is too long. Soy sauce with too long fermentation is too thick and not suitable for consumption. It will be just right for three to four years. And the four-year fermentation period is better than the three-year fermentation period, and the price is more expensive. By the way, the hats of these fermentation tanks are also hand-made by nearby farmers, which can be regarded as driving the local economic development and increasing farmers’ income. There are a few big characters on the side of the sauce jar, which are called “Jianqi Hejiang”. What is “Jianqi Hejiang”? In fact, this is related to a period of history in Hejiang County. According to the records of “Historical Records”, when Panyang ordered Tang Meng when he was on a mission to Nanyue, he stumbled upon a scented sauce here, and then reported to Emperor Wu of Han. After the letter was written, he left the country from Bajun Fuguan, sent troops to Yelang Kingdom, and defeated Yelang and Dian Kingdom all the way, and wiped out Nanyue. This is an interesting historical story and also marks the long history of Hejiang soy sauce. And this soy sauce factory can be traced back to 1918. It was jointly established by Zhang Maojiu and Zhang Zhixuan, who were from Hejiang at the time, with 4000 silver dollars each. Since then, soy sauce has been produced continuously for hundreds of years. It is a 100-year-old shop. Now the factory is not only a base for producing soy sauce, but also a place to visit soy sauce production and popular science soy sauce. There is also an observation deck in the factory area. You can get a panoramic view of the entire factory area on the observation deck. At this time, you will find a magical thing. Although these fermentation tanks are arranged densely, it is said that there are 100,000 mouths in total. The display is very neat, it is said that it is placed using satellite positioning, so that no matter what angle the visitors look at, these fermentation tanks are presented in a straight line, which is indeed very spectacular. The soy sauce produced here is more viscous and tastes better than other places. Although there are 100,000 fermentation tanks, it requires a period of three to four years of fermentation. The production volume is very limited, even if the price is only a few of that of ordinary soy sauce. The most expensive one can even sell for 300 per catty, but it is still in short supply. It is basically only sold in one of its eight specialty stores. It is hard to find online or in other supermarkets, not to mention other places, even in the urban areas of Luzhou. It’s hard to buy. In addition to soy sauce, Yongxingcheng also has other products such as handmade vinegar, but their best product is still soy sauce, and with this traditional soy sauce brewing process, Yongxingcheng has been included in the intangible cultural heritage of Sichuan Province. A bottle of intangible cultural heritage soy sauce, don’t you want to try it? The picture/text is original by Xia Xia Xia, the travel madman, unauthorized reprinting is prohibited About the author: now go over 500+ global city, and had studied at Oxford University and Waseda University, UK, Sri Lanka and worked as international volunteers are welcome to continue to focus, eat, drink all over the world to share with you, like to remember the point Like Comment Or share!

Google Earth desktop and mobile time lapse is now available worldwide. PHOTO: GOOGLE. Google Earth users can see the dreadful impact climate change has had over the past four decades. Google’s latest feature, Timelapse, is an eye-opening engineering marvel that provides visual evidence of how Earth has changed due to climate change and human behavior. This tool takes a static image of the platform and transforms it into a dynamic 4D experience, allowing users to click through the timeline highlighting melted ice caps, receding glaciers, massive urban growth, and the impact of forest fires on agriculture. Google says it took two million processing hours on thousands of machines in Google Cloud to compile 24 million satellite photos, 800 videos captured and recorded between 1984 and 2020 on Timelapse. The company has worked with NASA, the US Geological Survey’s Landsat program, the European Union’s Copernicus program and Sentinel satellites, and the Carnegie Mellon University CREATE Laboratory, to help develop the technology. Satellite images taken of Dubai in 2002 and 2020. Source: GOOGLE. To explore Timelapse in Google Earth, a user can type any location into the search bar to see the location in motion, whether it’s a landmark or a neighborhood where they grew up. Google says it has removed elements such as clouds and shadows from images, and has calculated a single pixel for every location on Earth annually since 1984; put them together into one Timelapse video. Google Earth’s Timelapse tool shows the changing coastlines, the dramatic expansion of the cityscape and agricultural land, as well as the simultaneous degradation of glaciers, forests, and rivers. Through Timelapse one can see the coast of Cape Cod gradually shifting south, the development of agriculture in the middle of the desert in Al Jowf, Saudi Arabia and the development of Songdo beach, a beach. man-made in Busan, Korea. “Visual evidence can get to the core of a debate in a way that words cannot convey complex issues to people,” said Rebecca Moore, director of Google Earth. Google has also made guided tours through its Voyager storytelling platform, around some of the broader changes seen in the image. Satellite images show the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan in 1988 and 2006. Source: GOOGLE. Google said it hopes governments, researchers, journalists, teachers, and advocates will analyze their images, identity trends, and share their findings. “We invite everyone to use Timelapse and share it with others,” Ms. Moore said: “We invite everyone to use Timelapse and share it with others. Timelapse in Google Earth is a miniature to gauge the health and well-being of our single home and a tool that can educate and inspire action “. Climate change is causing frequent and more severe floods, droughts, storms and heat waves as global average temperatures rise to new record levels. Scientists have warned that an increase in global greenhouse gas emissions could lead to extreme weather conditions and higher risks from natural disasters. While the new tool can help raise awareness about our current climate crisis, a bigger challenge is translating that perception into action. Dr Jennifer Marlon, an environmental science researcher at the Yale Program on Climate Change Communications, said: “There is a large number of people who still believe that human activity cannot change the entire planet. . Those people probably won’t surf on Google Earth. But maybe their kids will watch at school and take them home telling their parents, “Mom and dad, look at this.” Google Earth’s time lapse is now available worldwide.

Super typhoon Surigae shot from Japanese satellite Himawari 8 at 8am on April 18. The strongest wind of a super typhoon reaches level 17 (200-220 km / h), jerking above level 17. Himawari 8 satellite recorded super typhoon activity in the last 4 hours. Himawari 8 is a Geostatic Weather Satellite (single-position fixed observation) operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). This satellite, built by Mitsubishi Electric with the assistance of Boeing, was launched into orbit on October 7, 2014 with a cost of manufacturing about 800 million USD. Users can track images from satellite Himawari 8 via website himawari8.nict.go.jp. It is expected that by the evening of April 18, the super typhoon center is about 380 km east of the central coast of the Philippines. Wind power is unchanged from before. Super storm images updated live on website zoom.earth. This page synthesizes images from Himawari 8 satellite, X GOES data and Meteosat satellite chain. Super storm image at 8:20 am April 18. It is forecast that by the evening of April 19, the super typhoon center is about 280 km southeast of the central coast of the Philippines. The wind power now drops to level 16, recoil above level 17. The direction of super typhoon Surigae on windy.com. Users can download the application on the smartphone to monitor live weather, storms, if any. Image from satellite SAT24 shows the super typhoon about 400 km from the central Philippines. This is the first super typhoon this year to form in the Pacific Northwest. Experts say that even without going to the mainland, the super typhoon appeared in the area at this time is quite early.

To develop space technology, first of all, it is necessary to master the technology of satellite design and manufacture. In the photo: Vietnamese engineers participating in the fabrication of MicroDragon satellite in Japan. Step by step mastering technology Recently, the Vietnam Space Center (VNSC) said that the NanoDragon satellite researched, designed and manufactured by Vietnamese engineers has passed the last “test”, becoming one of 15 satellites. selected by the Japan Aerospace Research Agency (JAXA) to be launched into orbit by the Epsilon missile, as scheduled for Japan’s fiscal year 2021. One of the applications of this satellite by Dr. Le Xuan Huy, Head of the NanoDragon satellite research team, for example, is that it is difficult for ships operating far offshore to obtain positioning signals. If there are satellites in operation, we can receive positioning signals, helping the authorities to monitor the cruise of the ship. In general, Associate Professor, Dr. Pham Anh Tuan, General Director of VNSC said that space technology is a high-tech industry integrated from many different science and technology disciplines to manufacture and adapt. using means such as satellites, spacecraft, boosters, earth stations … to explore, conquer and use space, for the benefit of humans. The race to rise to the sky is where countries show their technological strength and national potential. Therefore, the development of space technology, first of all, the mastery of satellite design and manufacturing technology is very important. “Each country has a different approach to space technology, be it focusing on buying satellite data images of another country, or gradually mastering space technology. Vietnam approaches the second direction. Although this is a direction that requires time, investment and many challenges “, Associate Professor, Dr. Pham Anh Tuan emphasized. Regarding this issue, Associate Professor, Dr. Dao Ngoc Chien, Deputy Director of the Department of High Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology) said that, in the coming time, space technology research activities will step into a new stage with a new approach, which is the development of Vietnam’s space industry. An important premise for the space industry “Strategy for the development and application of space science and technology to 2030” signed by the Prime Minister on February 4, 2021 (in Decision No. 169 / QD-TTg) with the main goal of promoting to push the wide application of new achievements of space science and technology to serve the development of all aspects of socio-economic life, contribute to ensuring independence, sovereignty, territorial unity, territorial integrity and relevant national interests. The strategy sets out many tasks and solutions for the development and application of space science and technology to 2030, including: Improving the national institutions and legal framework; scientific research and technology development; investment in construction of technical infrastructure; human resource development; market development; international cooperation and awareness raising on space science and technology. In particular, the investment in the construction of technical infrastructure is an essential and fundamental task for the development of space science and technology. The strategy also sets out a goal that by 2030 will master the technology of designing, manufacturing, integrating optical sensors, radar for earth observation satellites; assembling, integrating, and inspecting the high-resolution, super-high satellite in the country; to master the technology of designing and manufacturing terminals, ground stations for controlling and receiving satellite data, and transponders for telecommunications satellites; to form Vietnam’s navigational capabilities, and reduce dependence on existing global satellite navigation systems. According to Associate Professor, Dr. Dao Ngoc Chien, to develop space science and technology potentials, in the coming time, Vietnam must train a team of about 300 experts and 3,000 engineers in the field of science. and space technology; invest in upgrading about 10 specialized laboratories. At the same time, there should be a mechanism to encourage the formation of strong research groups on space science, space technology, application of space science and technology … And Dr. Bui Trong Tuyen, Director of the Institute of Space Technology (Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology) said that although Vietnam has begun to have research groups to manufacture satellites, the capital is still It is limited, so it has not been focused on investment. In the coming period, it is hoped that investment in space technology will be more concentrated, along with diversifying resources, will build large research centers specializing in space technology. It is an essential requirement to pave the way for the next stage of forming the space industry.

Break boundaries in Internet access Elon Musk’s project of covering the Internet around the Earth has begun for users to sign up for testing. You can be one of the first to use this service even while living in Vietnam. Starlink’s ambition is to use 12,000 low-end satellites to cover the Internet to every corner of the globe. So far, this project has been successful in covering all over the Americas with a total of 1,261 satellites in orbit. The billionaire Elon Musk’s satellite Internet project also targets Vietnamese users. Currently, Starlink started allowing users to pre-order to use the service. Accordingly, when accessing the website of Starlink, users can easily choose familiar cities of Vietnam such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hue, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Can Tho … to register for history. use this service. Startlink will start providing satellite Internet services to users in Vietnam in 2022. However, to be one of the first users, users have to pay a fee of 99 USD (about 2.3 million VND) to “book”. Payment will be made via international cards such as VISA, Master Card. The kit offered will include a Starlink satellite pan, WiFi router, power supply, cable, and rack. In case of change of mind, Starlink will refund the deposit to the user. Assoc.Prof.Dr Pham Anh Tuan, Director of the Vietnam Space Center, said that Starlink is a satellite constellation project, in which thousands of small satellites are launched into low Earth orbit (abbreviated as LEO – Low Earth Orbit), located 550km from the ground. Internet signals will be shot from satellites straight down to receivers on the ground, then these devices will broadcast the signal through the local system or directly via wires connected to the customer’s Starlink router. The strength of satellite Internet is breaking down distance limits. Hilly areas, islands, complicated difficult terrain … still have simple internet access Satellite Internet works similarly to cable Internet, except that the system has more moving elements. When the customer accesses, the data request will be transferred from the computer to a satellite internet pan. This pan will broadcast a data request to a satellite orbiting the Earth. At this point, the satellite will send the received request to the ISP. The data is transmitted from the carrier to the satellite, then from the satellite to the satellite Internet pan, down to your router and into the computer. The more satellites, the more stable the signal. These satellites act like base stations, except that they are not obstructed by topographic space. Competition between suppliers According to Assoc.Prof. Dr. Pham Anh Tuan, the appearance of the SpaceX provider will create fierce competition from today’s telecom businesses. However, the bigger problem is that we do not have legal bases to manage cybersecurity for foreign suppliers. Therefore, in the coming time, there will be a need to consider legal frameworks to manage network information security, avoid bad and negative information, affecting socio-economic security. Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Huu Thanh, Director of the Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications, Hanoi University of Technology, this technology will create a big competition with network operators. Currently, Vietnam’s Internet is also relatively good, has coverage in remote areas, islands, but not as flexible as satellite Internet. Starlink is faster than optical fiber depending on the provider, but it is known that the bandwidth of the satellite Internet is very large, so it will compete greatly with current providers. The important point to compete here is the fee charged by the satellite internet provider, if it is too high, it will also be difficult to attract users. According to Assoc.Prof. Dr. Nguyen Huu Thanh, when the entire Starlink satellite system is put into orbit, this service will provide almost global coverage to populated areas. Users using the service only need to buy a pan to catch the waves, like a pan to watch TV. As for cybersecurity, if we talk about hacker intrusions and users, each person must be equipped with tools to protect themselves. Therefore, this problem is the same as with Vietnamese carriers only. The most important thing is to have fair competition policies, otherwise this market will be lost to foreign hands According to experts, Starlink can have coverage to the country or not depending on the country’s regulations. Currently, many countries have allowed Starlink to operate, but China and Russia will require the service to comply with special rules if they allow Starlink to broadcast on their own frequencies. Some countries prohibit the purchase, sale and use of ground-mounted Starlink receivers. In Vietnam, to manage satellite Internet, it is necessary to soon have appropriate regulations. In terms of feasibility, the cost of Internet services from the orbital satellite cluster is as low as that of Starlink is still 7-8 times higher than the price of fixed broadband Internet service in Vietnam. In the case of being deployed in Vietnam, satellite Internet service will be the solution to the problem of Internet coverage in areas with divided terrain such as hills, islands … In addition, the provision of satellite Internet services using low-orbit satellite beam technology promotes the development of the maritime and aviation industries.

The technology giants like Amazon, SpaceX, OneWeb continuously pour money to invest in satellite Internet. Photo: TechCrunch In recent years, satellite broadband is becoming an increasingly popular way to connect to the Internet. Major space companies are also in the race to build ultra-high-speed Internet services through orbiting satellites. Now, the field is forming a model similar to the “Seven Warring Heroes”. The companies are all moving towards a common goal: competing to be the biggest brand in broadband satellite and SpaceX’s position with Starlink dominance is being challenged. SpaceX’s Starlink project SpaceX boss – Elon Musk Of all the companies, SpaceX is the one involved with the most satellite launches. Its Starlink project has more than 1,350 satellites in orbit and plans to launch 42,000 satellites by mid-2027. Eventually, SpaceX hopes to have thousands of satellites around the Earth to establish a global network. Starlink’s Beta “Better than Nothing” was launched last October and attracted more than 10,000 users in six different countries. Starlink’s business model connects customers directly with satellites without the intervention of telecom companies between the two parties. Users register for Starlink service through the website. Once the order is accepted, Starlink will send the hardware set to the customer, which includes a tripod, WiFi router and satellite antenna. Monthly subscription fee is $ 99, and maximum download speed can reach 210 Mbps. Starlink is expanding rapidly and plans to install antennas on vehicles and connect them to satellite networks. According to the test of Internet analytics service developer Ookla, the download speed when using SpaceX’s satellite Internet is 95% faster than the normal Internet in the United States. Project Kuiper from Amazon The Amazon project is named Kuiper In 2018, Amazon’s Kuiper Project was revealed. At that time, government documents showed that the tech giant was working to build global space-based Internet services. The goal of the project is to launch 3236 satellites into a 630 km long orbit, very close to the 550 km altitude of the Starlink satellite. In January of this year, the US Federal Communications Commission approved the Kuiper Project to launch Amazon satellites into space before July 2029, and connect them to antennas on Earth to provide translation. Internet service. As of July 30, 2026, 50% of the project’s satellites will operate. Like Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, the boss of Amazon, also owns a private rocket and space service company called Blue Orgin. Although no specific plans have been announced, the company is believed to be in charge of bringing the Kuiper satellite into orbit. OneWeb The Soyuz-2.1b carrier missile carries 36 OneWeb satellites that take off from the launch pad of the Vostocini launch pad. OneWeb is a UK owned broadband satellite provider. It currently has 146 satellites in orbit, 1,200 km from the ground and plans to launch a total of 648 satellites to provide global Internet service. In November last year, the company got out of bankruptcy thanks to the British government and India’s Bharti Group. OneWeb hopes to provide Internet services to the entire UK by June. Its latest service will cover the highest latitudes in the world, including Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Russia and Nordic countries. This British company provides a B2B model, provides satellite Internet to telecom companies, then the telecom companies deliver services to customers. Both SpaceX and OneWeb launched satellites into space on March 25, clearly showing a race between the world’s two leading powers in space technology. Hughes Net Satellite team Hughes Jupiter 2 Hughes Net is the largest satellite Internet provider in the United States. It relies on geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites 36,210 km away to transmit the Internet back to earth. The main difference between a satellite operating in low Earth Orbit (LEO) and a geostationary satellite is that GEO satellites can cause delays in video calls and public calls. other technology. However, the GEO satellites are in a fixed position, so unlike LEO satellites, they will not travel in orbit but target a specific area. The Hughes Network has more than 1.5 million users and six satellites in orbit, covering different areas of North America, South America and Canada, including Mexico, Brazil and Chile. The last satellite that Hughes launched was in June 2018 and its goal is to put another satellite, called Jupiter 3, into orbit by the second half of 2022. It is said that this will be a commercial satellite. the biggest ever. Hughes’ satellite service costs range from $ 59.99 to $ 149.99 per month and download speeds of 25Mbps. The kit is priced at $ 249.99, and the installation costs $ 199. The company also offers public WiFi hotspots for rural Latin America for people who cannot afford subscription fees. Telesat Daniel Goldberg, CEO and President of Telesat, Canada’s satellite operator Telesat has 15 GEO satellites at an altitude of 35,000 km above Earth. The company also plans to build an LEO Internet called “LightSpeed”. The first 298 satellites built by Thales Alenia Space are scheduled to launch in early 2023 and provide global services by 2024. According to reports, Goldberg confirmed at the 2021 LEO Satellite Digital Forum on April 6 that the LightSpeed ​​project would cost $ 5 billion. This is much cheaper than the projects of SpaceX and Amazon, which are more than $ 10 billion. Goldberg recently stated that Telesat has the best pricing in the market. In 2019, Telesat signed a launch agreement with Blue Origin to use New Glenn rockets to send LEO satellites into orbit. David Wendling, Telesat’s chief technology officer, revealed that the company has three other startups underway. ViaSat ViaSat application on smartphone ViaSat is headquartered in California, USA, operates five GEO satellites at an altitude of about 35,000 km from the Earth’s surface. The company will put three extremely powerful GEO satellites into orbit by the beginning of 2022 and achieve globalization goals until 2023. ViaSat also plans to put 288 satellites into orbit LEO by 2026. ViaSat executive chairman and co-founder Mark Dankberg said the GEO and LEO satellites would complement each other. ViaSat is working hard to create a “multi-orbit satellite Internet where users can seamlessly use GEO satellites and LEO satellites.” In December 2020, Viasat asked the FCC to study Starlink’s potential environmental impact. In response, Musk wrote on Twitter: “Obviously, Starlink is a ‘threat’ to Viasat’s profits.” Eutelsat Eutelsat is Europe’s satellite operator with 39 GEO satellites at an altitude of 46,000 km. The company now provides Internet services to the regions of Europe, Africa and the Middle East, and plans to launch another satellite called Konnect VHTS to cover the rest of Europe. Michel Azibert, Executive Vice President of Eutelsat, said: “Konnect VHTS will change the rules of the game and allow Eutelsat to seamlessly deliver powerful Internet services to users at prices comparable to the above operators. ground.” Azibert says Eutelsat’s satellite service “is much lower than Starlink, very well suited to the rural markets we’re targeting in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.” Eutelsat was founded in 1977 and launched its first satellite in 1983.

The International Space Station (ISS). Photo: Wiki

Russian President Vladimir Putin has signed a plan to start building manned orbital satellites to replace the International Space Station (ISS), which appears to be nearing its end of life.

In recent years, the ISS has started to degrade, astronauts are now regularly detecting cracks, according to RT. Last week, it was revealed that Russian astronauts are still working to seal the leak that was first discovered in 2019. The ongoing problems with the International Space Station have prompted Russia began creating an alternative device.

Called ROSS, the Russian orbital satellite will consist of three to seven modules and can carry up to four people. Although only approved by President Putin on April 12, on the 60th anniversary of the landmark first flight into space by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the project has been underway for some time.

Last November, the first deputy design general of space contractor RSC Energia expressed confidence that Russia needs to start building a new station, saying that the ISS has collapsed.

“Until 2025, Russia has an obligation to participate in the ISS program” – Mr. Vladimir Solovyov told the Russian Academy of Sciences. “There were some parts that were severely damaged and no longer working. Many parts are irreplaceable. After 2025, we predict a series of failures on the ISS ”.

Russia has a long history of building its own satellites, with Sputnik 1 being the first satellite launched into low earth orbit in 1957. In 1986, the Soviet Union launched a manufactured space station. in the country called Mir – was the largest artificial satellite in orbit at the time.

Last May, the Russian Space Agency Roscomos revealed, ROSS could be ready for deployment after 2024.

Despite Russia’s willingness to do it alone, Roscosmos has reaffirmed its commitment to international cooperation in recent months. Earlier this month, Russia signed a plan to continue cooperation with the US in space and the two countries would use each other’s rockets to enter space.

Roscosmos also signed a moon exploration agreement with China in March, and agreed to share a moon station with Beijing.

While space is often a place for international competition, both Washington and Moscow often help each other when needed. For example, earlier this year, American astronauts donated food to their Russian partners when supplies from the earth were delayed.

The International Space Station is the only laboratory in the world that allows researchers to perform long-term experiments in microgravity. The ISS has been in the presence of humans continuously since November 2000. The ISS is 109 meters long, 75 meters wide – the equivalent of a football field – and weighs 420 tons. The ISS flies at an altitude of about 400km above earth. The ISS moves at a speed of about 8km / sec, or around the earth about 90 minutes / round. The travel from the launch site in Baikonur, Kazakhstan to ISS by Russian Soyuz can take anywhere from 6 to 48 hours, depending on the launch procedure and the station’s position in orbit.