On May 26, the Biden administration directed US intelligence officials to take a closer look origin of SARS-CoV-2 , including theories such as animal-to-human transmission and lab leaks. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has so far infected more than 172 million people globally and caused more than 3 million deaths. (Photo courtesy: AFP) To date, the most comprehensive look at the origins of Covid-19 is a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) published on March 30 by an international team of researchers who traveled to China to Investigate the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, weeks later, many countries around the world have expressed concern that investigators have not had access to adequate data, while scientists say the report clearly shows how the virus develope. “The quick and obvious answer is not possible, as it normally takes years to trace the source of the virus. But in this case, I think we have enough evidence to make some hypotheses about SARS-CoV-2,” said Angela Rasmussen, a virologist at the Center for Global Health Science and Security at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Georgetown University Health, said. In the WHO report, the team found that it is possible that SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted from one animal to another before it was transmitted to humans. They also looked at evidence supporting the hypothesis that the virus was transmitted directly to humans from the original host animal, or that the virus spread through the frozen food supply chain. In addition, the research team said that the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 leaked from a laboratory in Wuhan (China) is “very unlikely”. Below are the evidences for each of the four hypotheses about the origin of SARS-CoV-2 that the WHO report makes. 1. Direct animal-to-human transmission WHO assesses direct transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from animals to humans as a “probable” possibility. The SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in an animal, possibly a bat, and then spread to humans. The WHO report provides evidence that the majority of coronaviruses that infect humans come from animals, including the virus that caused the 2003 SARS outbreak. Bats are thought to be the most likely animal to cause it. epidemics of Covid-19 because they are hosts of a virus that is genetically related to SARS- CoV-2. The WHO report acknowledges the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 spread to humans from pangolins or ferrets. However, David Robertson, a virologist at the University of Glasgow, said that the WHO team of scientists had sampled many animals other than bats for study, and the analysis showed that bats are a natural reservoir for the virus. SARS-CoV-2. 2. Transmission from animals to humans through an intermediate host According to WHO, the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals to humans through an intermediate host is very high. In the event that SARS-CoV-2 was not transmitted directly from bats to humans, the scientists believe the most likely hypothesis is that the virus first spread through another animal species, such as a ferret or ferret. pangolin. Unlike bats, these animals are in constant contact with humans, especially if they are raised on farms or during the illegal wildlife trade. If SARS-CoV-2 was initially transmitted to another animal, that could also explain how the virus adapted to harm humans, although Robertson said the virus probably won’t change much. Genome analyzes show that SARS-CoV-2 is a virus specifically adapted to humans, which explains why it can be easily transmitted between pangolins, ferrets, cats and other species. other animals. The WHO report indicates that this is the route that previous corona viruses have taken to infect humans. For example, the SARS virus is believed to have passed from bats to civets before causing an epidemic in humans in 2002. Meanwhile, the virus that causes MERS has been found in camels throughout the Middle East. Daniel Lucey, an infectious diseases specialist at Georgetown University Medical Center, said that the similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus families like SARS and MERS are a compelling argument that the strain type This virus can be transmitted in the same way. However, if this hypothesis is correct, it remains unclear what the intermediate host for the transmission of the virus from animals to humans is. The WHO team analyzed samples from thousands of domestic animals across China, all of which tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Mr. Lucey said that the WHO team did not adequately examine mink raised in China, one of the suspected intermediate hosts. 3. Transmission through frozen food WHO assesses the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 transmission through frozen food is probable. Another theory is that the virus can be transmitted to humans through the cold supply chain, the supply chain that distributes frozen food. In this case, the virus may have originated outside of China but spread into the country through the surface of the food packaging or in the food itself. This hypothesis gained interest in the summer of 2020 after several outbreaks in China. Since then, there has been some evidence that pathogens can survive longer at cold temperatures. However, while cold supply chains may play a role in new outbreaks, scientists say there is little reason to think that is the source of the pandemic. There is no direct evidence that SARS-CoV-2 causes food-borne outbreaks, while Rasmussen noted that SARS-CoV-2 is rarely spread through surfaces. . “It is not an impossibility. This possibility cannot be ruled out. But I think the current evidence is not enough to show that,” Ms. Rasmussen said. 4. Leaks from the lab According to WHO, the possibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus leaking from the laboratory is extremely unlikely. The most controversial theory about the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is that the virus leaked from a laboratory in Wuhan, where scientists studied coronaviruses in bats. WHO scientists point out that there is little evidence that the virus leaked from the laboratory. An employee works at the laboratory of the Wuhan Institute of Virology (China). Photo: AFP There are 2 possibilities of the SARS-CoV-2 lab leak hypothesis, that is, a researcher was accidentally infected in the laboratory or the researchers intentionally invented a corona virus strain to create SARS. -CoV-2. However, the researchers completely rejected the second possibility that SARS-CoV-2 was created by genetic evidence that the virus arose spontaneously. WHO focuses on the possibility that the virus accidentally escaped from a laboratory where wildlife samples are being studied. Although there have been laboratory leaks in the past, the WHO report indicates that these are very rare. According to the WHO report, there is no record of any laboratory in Wuhan working on a virus closely related to SARS-CoV-2 before the first cases of Covid-19 were diagnosed. diagnosed in December 2019, nor have any laboratory staff reported symptoms of Covid-19. An article by the Wall Street Journal on May 23 stated that three researchers from China’s Wuhan Institute of Virology became ill in November 2019 and were hospitalized with “symptoms consistent with both Covid-19. -19 and seasonal flu. However, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian on May 25 denied this information. When the WHO report was released in April, Mr. Lucey believed the hypothesis was plausible, although less likely than animal-to-human transmission due to the lack of evidence. Lucey pointed out that there was no forensic investigation of the Wuhan labs. “There really isn’t any way to prove or disprove the lab leak theory based on what is presented in this report,” Ms. Rasmussen said, noting that, to address the issue, A forensic examination of the laboratory is required to find the origin of SARS-COV-2. According to expert Robertson, supporters of the virus lab leak hypothesis argue that SARS-CoV-2 has spread too quickly and effectively in humans to become a virus of natural origin. But if SARS-CoV-2 is a “smart” virus, according to genomic studies, Robertson said, it is not surprising that it infects humans so quickly and so strongly.

Power planning 8 proposes 3 scenarios for power source development. The Institute of Energy (Ministry of Industry and Trade) has just released a report explaining the conclusions of Deputy Prime Minister Le Van Thanh on the national electricity development plan for the period 2021-2030 with a vision to 2045 (Planning for electricity development). electricity 8). In which, receiving opinions on reviewing the scale of power source development, reasonable power source structure compared to electricity demand in each period, especially in the period to 2030; In order to prevent unreasonable backup of power sources (such as the plan to develop the total installed capacity of 167GW of power sources by 2030, while the load demand is forecast at 86.3GW), the Consultant said Power planning. 8 proposed 3 scenarios for developing power sources to meet 3 scenarios of low load demand, base load and high load. The results of capacity balance of 3 selected scenarios show that renewable energy sources (wind and solar) have the proportion of 24% in 2020; 24-27% in 2030 and 38-42% in 2045 depending on the load scenario. The crude reserve ratio if including wind and solar is always high at 60-80%, but wind and solar power sources are variable renewable energy sources, contributing very little to power system redundancy, especially At the time of maximum load in the evening, there is no sun. Specifically, in the dry season, in the evening, when the national wind power occurs, it only reaches the guaranteed capacity (about 10% of the installed capacity for onshore wind and 20% of the installed capacity for offshore wind). ), at this time, the national crude reserve ratio of power supply will only reach 21% in 2020, 11%-14% in 2030 and 5%-8% in 2045 depending on the load scenario. The consultant said that in order to confirm the redundant or insufficient spare capacity, it is necessary to calculate the expected number of hours that do not meet the load demand. The calculation results show that the reserve scale as above ensures the reliability of the system’s power supply. The proportion of electricity from renewable energy sources (including hydroelectricity) in total electricity production of the selected scenarios all meet the objectives of renewable energy development in Vietnam’s Renewable Energy Development Strategy, reaching 32% in 2030 and 40.3% in 2045. According to the Institute of Energy, although the simulation of energy storage sources has been included, the minimum-cost planning model still chooses to cut a part of renewable energy to meet the flexible needs of the system instead. because investing in more storage resources, because investing in these resources will not be economically viable. The reduction rate calculated from the model is about 1.5% of renewable energy output/year (excluding cuts due to local transmission). The use of a partial reduction in renewable energy to meet flexible demand is used by countries around the world, and accepting a partial reduction in renewable energy is also one of the solutions. to develop renewable energy sources. At the request of ministries, agencies and appraisal councils, Power Master Plan 8 has included additional power source options that occur in addition to the above 3 scenarios to provide information for competent authorities to consider in determining the power supply. operating. In particular, the most difficult option to build power sources and grids is when there are risks of stacking, including high load growth and slow progress of thermal power sources (especially domestic gas exploitation sources). Accordingly, the proposal proposes to select the power source development scenario corresponding to the baseline load demand forecast, which is the selected scenario to calculate the design of the transmission grid, calculate economic and financial criteria. of Power Planning 8. At the same time, the project proposes a power source scenario corresponding to the forecast of high load demand to be considered for use in the management and development of power sources, ensuring to meet demand in the event that the national economy and electricity demand are met. load demand increased dramatically. In case of risk of stacking (high load, slow progress of coal-fired power sources, domestic gas-fired power sources), it will be necessary to add wind power, solar power, flexible power sources, etc. operate ICE to meet the demand for electricity and build more one-way lines from the South Central region to the North to transmit the capacity of power plants.

In the spring of 2021, the Gigabit Optical Network (F5G) “fires.”

The two sessions this year, the “14th Five-Year Plan” and the 2035 long-term goal outline have clearly put forward the “promotion and upgrading of gigabit optical fiber networks.” The “Gigabit Optical Network” was written into the government work report for the first time, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology also issued a specific construction action plan. For a time, the industry’s attention to the gigabit optical network reached a new height.

Recently, Huawei’s “2021 Global Analyst Conference” was held in Shenzhen. At the sub-forum “Intelligent All-Optical Network: Accelerating Gigabit Optical Network Construction”, Guangxi Telecom General Manager Ye Songhua said, “The construction of a Gigabit optical network can only be done by waiting. Cars, cars can’t wait for the road”. In his view, Gigabit optical network is the “bearing base” of communication infrastructures such as 5G, data centers, and the Internet of Things, and needs to be deployed in advance.

In addition to the “construction landing” of the gigabit optical network, exploring “application scenarios” is also a big problem. In this regard, Jin Yuzhi, president of Huawei’s transmission and access product line, revealed that Huawei plans to implement at least 100 Gigabit optical network application projects in the next five years, focusing on five areas of education, environment, health, development, and production.

Why accelerate the construction of gigabit optical network?

When it comes to 5G, everyone is no stranger; when it comes to F5G, few people know. 5G is a mobile communication network technology that focuses on wireless and mainly serves the access of mobile terminals such as mobile phones. And F5G is a fixed communication network technology, the focus is on wired, also known as “Gigabit Optical Network”, the main business is fixed network optical fiber broadband access.

Compared with the application scenarios, 5G is suitable for mobility and multi-connection scenarios, such as drones, car networking, etc.; F5G is suitable for fixedness, large bandwidth, low latency and high security scenarios, such as industrial Internet, data center Interconnection and enterprise parks, etc.

Like the fifth-generation mobile network technology represented by 5G, F5G has undergone more than 40 years of evolution, namely the F1G, F2G, F3G, and F4G eras. The corresponding era is the voice era, network era, video era, and 4K era. . In this “history of evolution”, different application scenarios have appeared in each era, and the work and life of each era have undergone tremendous changes.

Under the “Broadband China” strategy in the past, my country implemented the first “optical reform” characterized by “optical advancement in copper retreat”. In this cycle, our FTTH (Fiber to the Home Capability) penetration rate has reached 93%. Today, the “second optical reform” kicks off, and the past 100M optical network is being upgraded to a gigabit optical network.

Why upgrade to a gigabit optical network? According to iiMedia Consulting’s data, the number of online education users in China will exceed 300 million in 2020, and the symmetrical upstream and downstream bandwidth requirements for online courses are not less than 100Mbps, which needs to match the operator’s 500Mbps broadband package; remote office in China The scale of enterprises currently exceeds 18 million, and the smooth HD conference experience requires that the network packet loss rate is at least less than 1%.

Online education concept map image source: phototu.com

With the explosion of the cloud economy and thousands of industries shouting for digital transformation, it is imminent to upgrade the existing fixed network with a large bandwidth, low latency, high reliability, and simple deployment of all-optical networks.

In the “Dual Gigabit Network Coordinated Development Action Plan (2021-2023)” issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology a few days ago, it was proposed that by the end of 2023, the Gigabit optical fiber network will have the capacity to cover 400 million households. Broadband users exceeded 30 million, and 100 gigabit cities were built.

The government work report was written for the first time, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a specific construction action plan. The “Gigabit Optical Network” has now entered the fast lane of development. Zhang Haiyi, deputy director of the Institute of Technology and Standards of the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, said at the forum that my country’s gigabit optical network construction is in a “climbing period” and the principle of “moderate advancement” needs to be considered, and 10G PON, OTN and other digital bases should be accelerated. Network capacity building.

In this context, Guangxi, Shandong, Shenzhen and other places have begun to increase the construction of gigabit optical networks, and some of them have put forward clear construction goals. Ye Songhua said that in the next three years, Guangxi Telecom plans to build 14 cities into “Gigabit Cities” to strengthen the coordinated development of Gigabit optical networks and 5G; Li Zhuangzhi, technical director of Shandong Unicom’s Network Department, also revealed that Shandong Unicom will be Fully open the integration of cloud and light to explore, and combine the needs and characteristics of government affairs, finance, medical, manufacturing and other industries to provide industry solutions.

Construction and landing require the efforts of all parties

In fact, it is not simple to promote the construction of gigabit optical networks in an all-round way.

Jin Yuzhi said that the “secondary reform” put forward two new requirements. First, it is necessary to realize Gigabit home access on the home side, including further upgrading from FTTH to FTTR (Fiber into the room), home Wi-Fi speed to realize Gigabit and so on. Second, on the industry application side, Gigabit optical networks should be used to collaborate with 5G to promote the digital transformation of thousands of industries.

The first is FTTR, which connects optical fibers to every room. Huang Zhiyong, vice president of Huawei’s transmission and access product line, told reporters that neither the twisted pair technology nor the power line technology can carry gigabit bandwidth. “The carrier of the power line is hundreds of megabytes and the bandwidth is limited, so fiber optics must be deployed. In the future, gigabit, two gigabit or more bandwidths may be needed. The advantage of fiber optics is that the bandwidth is unlimited and it has a life span of 30 years after deployment. ”

However, Huang Zhiyong mentioned that in the past, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development did not have a clear standard for putting optical fiber into the room. Therefore, Huawei is now cooperating with the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, hoping to bury optical fibers directly in the rooms in commercial office buildings and residential communities. “The FTTR road requires not only policy support, but also the cooperation of upstream and downstream companies including home improvement companies, operators, Huawei, and real estate developers.”

According to the data, from the perspective of the development of gigabit broadband access services, as of 2020, 70 provincial telecom operators in China have launched gigabit broadband commercial packages; the number of gigabit subscribers in my country has reached 6.43 million, which is higher than that. At the end of the year, there was a net increase of 5.53 million households.

However, “speeding up and reducing fees” is also the focus that the government has always mentioned. Last year’s government work report clearly put forward the requirement of “a 15% reduction in average rates for broadband and dedicated lines”, and this year’s government work report also clearly required that SMEs’ average broadband and dedicated line tariffs be reduced by another 10%.

Under the trend of “speed up and cost reduction”, how can operators and equipment manufacturers make profits? Huang Zhiyong told reporters, “Huawei’s idea is to reduce the transmission cost per bit through a large number of technological innovations on the one hand. On the other hand, to make network construction more efficient through a large number of scenario-based and architectural innovations. One point of view is to’improve quality and speed’, and ultimately transform the previously mentioned demographic dividend into an experience dividend by satisfying the differentiated experience of customers.”

While major operators are investing heavily in the construction of 5G, they must also promote the upgrade of gigabit optical networks. Therefore, in addition to the implementation of gigabit optical network construction and tariff issues, the investment cost of F5G construction is also the focus of attention from the outside world.

Huang Zhiyong said that the investment in the F5G era from F4G, GPON to 10GPON did not increase much, because the most difficult money to spend in the “optical in and copper retreat 1.0” was to unplug the copper wires and deploy optical fibers in the GPON era. The 100M F4G era 80% of the cost has been invested. Therefore, when upgrading from 100M to Gigabit, 80% of the investment does not need to be moved. Only the OLT board and Gigabit optical modem of the central office are upgraded. The F5G Gigabit access investment may be 1/10 or even less than that of 5G.

Exploring “application scenarios” is the key

The wave of 5G is rolling forward, and the current 5G-oriented application exploration for the B-side is also a hot spot. Industry convergence applications are accelerating, while the application exploration of Gigabit optical networks is relatively small compared to 5G. In the development of gigabit optical network, the foundation is under construction and the key is in use. How to promote the innovative application of gigabit optical network is the focus of attention of all parties at present.

Wei Leping, executive deputy director of the Communication Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, once said that Gigabit optical network access is not only a supplement to Gigabit 5G access, but even better than 5G in many performance parameters. 5G applicable business scenarios include outdoor mobile scenarios and scenarios where optical fiber is difficult to deploy. The advantages of optical fiber are the coverage of fixed scenarios such as homes, offices, workshops, medical care, and video surveillance, as well as scenarios with high-bandwidth and high-quality networks.

Fixed scene is the dominant area of ​​optical fiber. Source: Photograph.com

However, the current level of my country’s optical fiber network and 5G network has led the world, and it has entered a “no man’s land” in terms of “dual gigabit” network applications, and is in the stage of concentrated exploration and research.

Jin Yuzhi said that scenarios such as education informatization, medical digitization, and industrial Internet are all application scenarios for Gigabit optical networks: in universities, teaching and life scenarios are responsible, and the number of users is huge; hospitals also face problems such as large amounts of data and high transmission pressure, and In telemedicine, low latency and so on are required.

At the forum, Zhu Suishong, director of the Network Technology Department of Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, shared the innovative application of “all-optical network” in smart medical care. Zhu Suisong said that after the hospital adopted the “All Optical Park” solution, the network was stable and reliable, and the access time of the medical imaging system was increased from nearly 20 seconds to less than 1 second. At the same time, based on this network, the medical record sharing referral of 89 social health clinics and 5 general hospitals of Xiehe Shenzhen Hospital has been realized.

According to him, an ordinary CT light film is very difficult to understand for most patients, but a complete set of three-dimensional medical images can effectively make patients aware of their condition, but such three-dimensional images require three hundred Only one CT light film can be composed. The blessing of the gigabit optical network has greatly increased the speed of the hospital’s access to the medical imaging system, making it possible to construct more three-dimensional medical images.

In fact, Huawei has been exploring the application scenarios of gigabit optical networks. Huang Zhiyong told reporters, “In to B scenarios, such as mines, in fact, F5G is particularly needed. Because there are many tree-shaped roadways in the mines, it is very difficult to transmit wireless signals in the roadways, and there are flammable and explosive scenes under the coal mine. F5G has a large bandwidth and time The extension is low, and technology based on industrial PON or optical is not possible, which can greatly reduce the number of explosion-proof boxes.”

Huang Zhiyong also mentioned that in some strong electric manufacturing scenes, such as automobile processing and some welding igniting scenes, the charged ones are not as good as the anti-interference effect of optical fiber, which is also suitable for F5G scenes. It is understood that in order to explore more application scenarios, Huawei will launch the “Light Chaser 100” action plan, focusing on education, environment, health, development, production and other 5 areas in the next 5 years, and implement at least 100 gigabit optical networks. Application project.

Daily economic news

In the spring of 2021, the Gigabit Optical Network (F5G) “fires.”

The two sessions this year, the “14th Five-Year Plan” and the 2035 long-term goal outline have clearly put forward the “promotion and upgrading of gigabit optical fiber networks.” The “Gigabit Optical Network” was written into the government work report for the first time, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology also issued a specific construction action plan. For a time, the industry’s attention to the gigabit optical network reached a new height.

Recently, Huawei’s “2021 Global Analyst Conference” was held in Shenzhen. At the sub-forum “Intelligent All-Optical Network: Accelerating Gigabit Optical Network Construction”, Guangxi Telecom General Manager Ye Songhua said, “The construction of a Gigabit optical network can only be done by waiting. Cars, cars can’t wait for the road”. In his view, Gigabit optical network is the “bearing base” of communication infrastructures such as 5G, data centers, and the Internet of Things, and needs to be deployed in advance.

In addition to the “construction landing” of the gigabit optical network, exploring “application scenarios” is also a big problem. In this regard, Jin Yuzhi, president of Huawei’s transmission and access product line, revealed that Huawei plans to implement at least 100 Gigabit optical network application projects in the next five years, focusing on five areas of education, environment, health, development, and production.

Why accelerate the construction of gigabit optical network?

When it comes to 5G, everyone is no stranger; when it comes to F5G, few people know. 5G is a mobile communication network technology that focuses on wireless and mainly serves the access of mobile terminals such as mobile phones. And F5G is a fixed communication network technology, the focus is on wired, also known as “Gigabit Optical Network”, the main business is fixed network optical fiber broadband access.

Compared with the application scenarios, 5G is suitable for mobility and multi-connection scenarios, such as drones, car networking, etc.; F5G is suitable for fixedness, large bandwidth, low latency and high security scenarios, such as industrial Internet, data center Interconnection and enterprise parks, etc.

Like the fifth-generation mobile network technology represented by 5G, F5G has undergone more than 40 years of evolution, namely the F1G, F2G, F3G, and F4G eras. The corresponding era is the voice era, network era, video era, and 4K era. . In this “history of evolution”, different application scenarios have appeared in each era, and the work and life of each era have undergone tremendous changes.

Under the “Broadband China” strategy in the past, my country implemented the first “optical reform” characterized by “optical advancement in copper retreat”. In this cycle, our FTTH (Fiber to the Home Capability) penetration rate has reached 93%. Today, the “second optical reform” kicks off, and the past 100M optical network is being upgraded to a gigabit optical network.

Why upgrade to a gigabit optical network? According to iiMedia Consulting’s data, the number of online education users in China will exceed 300 million in 2020, and the symmetrical upstream and downstream bandwidth requirements for online courses are not less than 100Mbps, which needs to match the operator’s 500Mbps broadband package; remote office in China The scale of enterprises currently exceeds 18 million, and the smooth HD conference experience requires that the network packet loss rate is at least less than 1%.

Online education concept map image source: phototu.com

With the explosion of the cloud economy and thousands of industries shouting for digital transformation, it is imminent to upgrade the existing fixed network with a large bandwidth, low latency, high reliability, and simple deployment of all-optical networks.

In the “Dual Gigabit Network Coordinated Development Action Plan (2021-2023)” issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology a few days ago, it was proposed that by the end of 2023, the Gigabit optical fiber network will have the capacity to cover 400 million households. Broadband users exceeded 30 million, and 100 gigabit cities were built.

The government work report was written for the first time, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a specific construction action plan. The “Gigabit Optical Network” has now entered the fast lane of development. Zhang Haiyi, deputy director of the Institute of Technology and Standards of the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, said at the forum that my country’s gigabit optical network construction is in a “climbing period” and the principle of “moderate advancement” needs to be considered, and 10G PON, OTN and other digital bases should be accelerated. Network capacity building.

In this context, Guangxi, Shandong, Shenzhen and other places have begun to increase the construction of gigabit optical networks, and some of them have put forward clear construction goals. Ye Songhua said that in the next three years, Guangxi Telecom plans to build 14 cities into “Gigabit Cities” to strengthen the coordinated development of Gigabit optical networks and 5G; Li Zhuangzhi, technical director of Shandong Unicom’s Network Department, also revealed that Shandong Unicom will be Fully open the integration of cloud and light to explore, and combine the needs and characteristics of government affairs, finance, medical, manufacturing and other industries to provide industry solutions.

Construction and landing require the efforts of all parties

In fact, it is not simple to promote the construction of gigabit optical networks in an all-round way.

Jin Yuzhi said that the “secondary reform” put forward two new requirements. First, it is necessary to realize Gigabit home access on the home side, including further upgrading from FTTH to FTTR (Fiber into the room), home Wi-Fi speed to realize Gigabit and so on. Second, on the industry application side, Gigabit optical networks should be used to collaborate with 5G to promote the digital transformation of thousands of industries.

The first is FTTR, which connects optical fibers to every room. Huang Zhiyong, vice president of Huawei’s transmission and access product line, told reporters that neither the twisted pair technology nor the power line technology can carry gigabit bandwidth. “The carrier of the power line is hundreds of megabytes and the bandwidth is limited, so fiber optics must be deployed. In the future, gigabit, two gigabit or more bandwidths may be needed. The advantage of fiber optics is that the bandwidth is unlimited and it has a life span of 30 years after deployment. ”

However, Huang Zhiyong mentioned that in the past, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development did not have a clear standard for putting optical fiber into the room. Therefore, Huawei is now cooperating with the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, hoping to bury optical fibers directly in the rooms in commercial office buildings and residential communities. “The FTTR road requires not only policy support, but also the cooperation of upstream and downstream companies including home improvement companies, operators, Huawei, and real estate developers.”

According to the data, from the perspective of the development of gigabit broadband access services, as of 2020, 70 provincial telecom operators in China have launched gigabit broadband commercial packages; the number of gigabit subscribers in my country has reached 6.43 million, which is higher than that. At the end of the year, there was a net increase of 5.53 million households.

However, “speeding up and reducing fees” is also the focus that the government has always mentioned. Last year’s government work report clearly put forward the requirement of “a 15% reduction in average rates for broadband and dedicated lines”, and this year’s government work report also clearly required that SMEs’ average broadband and dedicated line tariffs be reduced by another 10%.

Under the trend of “speed up and cost reduction”, how can operators and equipment manufacturers make profits? Huang Zhiyong told reporters, “Huawei’s idea is to reduce the transmission cost per bit through a large number of technological innovations on the one hand. On the other hand, to make network construction more efficient through a large number of scenario-based and architectural innovations. One point of view is to’improve quality and speed’, and ultimately transform the previously mentioned demographic dividend into an experience dividend by satisfying the differentiated experience of customers.”

While major operators are investing heavily in the construction of 5G, they must also promote the upgrade of gigabit optical networks. Therefore, in addition to the implementation of gigabit optical network construction and tariff issues, the investment cost of F5G construction is also the focus of attention from the outside world.

Huang Zhiyong said that the investment in the F5G era from F4G, GPON to 10GPON did not increase much, because the most difficult money to spend in the “optical in and copper retreat 1.0” was to unplug the copper wires and deploy optical fibers in the GPON era. The 100M F4G era 80% of the cost has been invested. Therefore, when upgrading from 100M to Gigabit, 80% of the investment does not need to be moved. Only the OLT board and Gigabit optical modem of the central office are upgraded. The F5G Gigabit access investment may be 1/10 or even less than that of 5G.

Exploring “application scenarios” is the key

The wave of 5G is rolling forward, and the current 5G-oriented application exploration for the B-side is also a hot spot. Industry convergence applications are accelerating, while the application exploration of Gigabit optical networks is relatively small compared to 5G. In the development of gigabit optical network, the foundation is under construction and the key is in use. How to promote the innovative application of gigabit optical network is the focus of attention of all parties at present.

Wei Leping, executive deputy director of the Communication Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, once said that Gigabit optical network access is not only a supplement to Gigabit 5G access, but even better than 5G in many performance parameters. 5G applicable business scenarios include outdoor mobile scenarios and scenarios where optical fiber is difficult to deploy. The advantages of optical fiber are the coverage of fixed scenarios such as homes, offices, workshops, medical care, and video surveillance, as well as scenarios with high-bandwidth and high-quality networks.

Fixed scene is the dominant area of ​​optical fiber. Source: Photograph.com

However, the current level of my country’s optical fiber network and 5G network has led the world, and it has entered a “no man’s land” in terms of “dual gigabit” network applications, and is in the stage of concentrated exploration and research.

Jin Yuzhi said that scenarios such as education informatization, medical digitization, and industrial Internet are all application scenarios for Gigabit optical networks: in universities, teaching and life scenarios are responsible, and the number of users is huge; hospitals also face problems such as large amounts of data and high transmission pressure, and In telemedicine, low latency and so on are required.

At the forum, Zhu Suishong, director of the Network Technology Department of Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital, shared the innovative application of “all-optical network” in smart medical care. Zhu Suisong said that after the hospital adopted the “All Optical Park” solution, the network was stable and reliable, and the access time of the medical imaging system was increased from nearly 20 seconds to less than 1 second. At the same time, based on this network, the medical record sharing referral of 89 social health clinics and 5 general hospitals of Xiehe Shenzhen Hospital has been realized.

According to him, an ordinary CT light film is very difficult to understand for most patients, but a complete set of three-dimensional medical images can effectively make patients aware of their condition, but such three-dimensional images require three hundred Only one CT light film can be composed. The blessing of the gigabit optical network has greatly increased the speed of the hospital’s access to the medical imaging system, making it possible to construct more three-dimensional medical images.

In fact, Huawei has been exploring the application scenarios of gigabit optical networks. Huang Zhiyong told reporters, “In to B scenarios, such as mines, in fact, F5G is particularly needed. Because there are many tree-shaped roadways in the mines, it is very difficult to transmit wireless signals in the roadways, and there are flammable and explosive scenes under the coal mine. F5G has a large bandwidth and time The extension is low, and technology based on industrial PON or optical is not possible, which can greatly reduce the number of explosion-proof boxes.”

Huang Zhiyong also mentioned that in some strong electric manufacturing scenes, such as automobile processing and some welding igniting scenes, the charged ones are not as good as the anti-interference effect of optical fiber, which is also suitable for F5G scenes. It is understood that in order to explore more application scenarios, Huawei will launch the “Light Chaser 100” action plan, focusing on education, environment, health, development, production and other 5 areas in the next 5 years, and implement at least 100 gigabit optical networks. Application project.

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President Volodymyr Zelensky during his latest visit to the frontline area in eastern Ukraine. Photo: Getty

Speaking to CNN reporters during a visit to the frontline area in the East on April 12, President Volodymyr Zelensky said that “an invasion” from Russia was highly likely and that Ukraine was ready to face the challenge when it was a story related to the country’s territory.

The West has also officially voiced concerns about Russian military movement in the region bordering Ukriane. European Council spokesman Peter Stano said on April 12 that the European Union hoped there would be no escalation of tensions or conflict in eastern Ukraine, urging Russia to avoid steps that could increase tensions in the region. He also said the Ukraine issue would be on the agenda at the meeting of EU foreign ministers, scheduled to open next April 19.

For its part, Moscow insists that the movement of soldiers and weapons within Russian territory is normal, in order to ensure the security and territorial defense of Russia, not a threat to anyone. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov on April 12 also reiterated the view that Russia needs to pay attention to the Russian-speaking ethnic community around the world in general and that need is increasingly urgent for communities in the two self-proclaimed donbass countries, who are also rejected by the Kiev authorities.

The war 10 sides expected: However, a large-scale clash in Eastern Ukraine is less likely, especially between Russia and Ukraine.

The Ukraine issue was a prominent factor in Mr Biden’s proposal to meet with President Putin at a phone call between the two leaders on April 13. Photo: CNN

On the Ukrainian side, the key issue lies in the that President Zelensky is losing credibility, political position. Many of the initiatives he outlined when he came to power were deadlocked. He also lost support within the ruling People’s People’s Party.

Many members of the party see, with recent steps – such as passing language laws, shuting down anti-Russian broadcasters, Mr. Zelensky is following the agenda of his predecessor Poroshenko. This means losing personal status, entering the next election with many unfavorable factors.

U.S. and Western backing is also a factor kiev must take into account. To date, the U.S. has expressed great support for Ukraine, but is in favor of claiming to be the main one. President Joe Biden pledged “backing first as one” to kiev authorities, including military aid. The White House also urged European allies, especially France and Germany, to stand side by side with Ukraine.

But the most desirable thing is that modern weapons and the prospect of NATO membership remain out of Kiev’s reach. Without both of these factors, Ukraine would not dare risk opening a war in Donbass, because it would be an act of suicide.

Ukrainian President Andriy Yermak made a blunt offer to the West, saying: “Ukraine is the anti-Russian frontline of the West. But look, where does the U.S. deploy the Patriot missile defense system? The closest point is Poland. Such systems need to appear in Ukraine”. Ukraine has so far not received missiles, modern weapons capable of repelling enemy air attacks.

Mr Zelensky in a phone call with NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg on April 6 again asked the military alliance to give a clear roadmap for Ukraine to join NATO. He insisted full membership would be the decisive factor in ending the war in Donbass. In response, NATO argued that Kiev must first focus on domestic reforms and develop its defense potential in a way that is in close proximity to the bloc’s standards, which in the end will be considered.

For Russia, the move to close ukraine’s borders is a way for Moscow to move its message to the West, which is not necessarily a warm-up for a new conflict with Kiev. According to Michael Kofman, Director of the Research Division on Russia at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), Russia deliberately publicly moved its troops, in order for Ukraine and the West to recognize it. Russia’s primary purpose is to pressure Kiev and some Western allies as progress on implementing the Minsk II ceasefire agreement is intended and in line with its interests.ch of Moscow.

The Ukrainian leadership is also in the ting of this evaluation trend. President Zelensky sees Russia’s actions as a test against the West. What Moscow wants is to “escalate tensions” to the threshold enough for the U.S. and NATO to step down in favor of Kiev, hesitating to recognize Ukraine as a real partner.

Military pressure is a step for Moscow to establish its influence in Ukraine as it wishes. Russia did so after noticing that hopes for current construction in Ukraine through political measures were gone, with decisions by Mr Zelensky’s administration on sanctioning elements, the anti-Russian political force, shut down Russian-language broadcast TV channels. It means that the scenario of a leader, the russian party is unlikely to be in power in Kiev in the near future – something that lies in Moscow’s long-term calculations.

President Zelensky’s administration did not want to risk escalating the war in Donbass, because the consequences were too great. Mr Putin may still decide to launch a total force offensive, which is that Ukraine is almost incapable of resisting and that it is “really scary,” as the Kiev leader himself admits. But on the public side, Mr. Zelensky is not allowed to reveal it.

As the purpose of the parties gradually reveals, statements or military moves can be just a cover, a way to create pressure and public opinion to be able to reach the negotiating table with the greatest advantage.