Analyzes show that the Colombian mammoth that inhabited North America during the last ice age was a hybrid between a woolly mammoth and a previously unknown line of mammoths. In addition, the study also provides new insights into when and how quickly mammoths adapted to cold climates. About a million years ago, there was no woolly mammoth on Earth (also known as tundra mammoth, scientific name: Mammuthus primigenius) ; or the Colombian mammoth (scientific name: Mammuthus columbi) , because they haven’t evolved yet. The ancient steppe mammoths were their ancestors. Researchers have now managed to analyze the genomes of three ancient mammoth species, using DNA recovered from mammoth teeth that had been buried for 0.7 to 1.2 million years in the permafrost layer. in Siberia. This is the first time DNA has been sequenced and authenticated from specimens that are millions of years old, and extracting DNA from these samples has been a challenge. The scientists found that only a small amount of DNA remained in the samples, and that they were broken down into very small fragments. Love Dalén, Professor of evolutionary genetics at the Center for Ancient Genetics in Stockholm, said: “This DNA is very ancient. The specimens are thousands of times older than the Viking relics, and even more predated the existence of humans and Neanderthals”. The ages of the specimens were determined using both geological data and molecular clocks. Both types of analysis show that two of the specimens are more than 1 million years old, while the third is about 700,000 years old and represents one of the earliest known woolly mammoths. come. The unexpected origin of the Colombian mammoth Genomic analysis shows that the oldest specimen, about 1.2 million years old, belongs to a previously unknown lineage of mammoth genes. The researchers call this the Krestovka mammoth, a name based on the area where it was found. The results show that the Krestovka mammoth diverged from other Siberian mammoth species more than 2 million years ago. “This came as a complete surprise to us. All previous studies have shown that there was only one species of mammoth in Siberia at that time, called the steppe mammoth. But the Our DNA analysis now shows that there are 2 different genetic lines, which we here call Mammoth Adycha and Mammoth Krestovka . We can’t say for sure yet, but we think they may represent two different species,” said Tom van der Valk, lead author of the study. Teeth of the Krestovka mammoth. Source: CPG The researchers also suggest that it was the mammoth of the Krestovka lineage that “dominated” North America about 1.5 million years ago. In addition, analyzes show that the Colombian mammoth, which lived in North America during the last ice age, was a hybrid. Nearly half of its genome comes from the Krestovka lineage and the other half from the woolly mammoth. “This is an important discovery. It seems that the Colombian mammoth, one of the most iconic species of the Ice Age in North America, evolved through a crossbreeding that took place about 420,000 years ago.” – Dong Author Patrícia Pečnerová said. Evolution and adaptation in the woolly mammoth The second million-year-old genome, from the Adycha mammoth, appears to be the ancestor of the woolly mammoth. The researchers were therefore able to compare its genome with that of one of the earliest known woolly mammoths that lived 0.7 million years ago, as well as with the genome of a mammoth. sucking only a few thousand years old. This makes it possible for scientists to investigate how mammoths adapted to life in cold environments and the extent to which this adaptation evolved during speciation. Proving how this giant animal has “risen” strongly over the past millions of years under extreme cold weather. The analyzes show that gene variants associated with life in the Arctic, such as hair growth, thermoregulation, fat accumulation, cold tolerance and circadian rhythms , appeared in the million-year-old mammoth, long before the origin of the woolly mammoth. These results indicate that most adaptations in the mammoth lineage occurred slowly and gradually over time. “Our analysis shows that most of the adaptations to cold weather were present in the ancestors of the woolly mammoth, and we found no evidence for natural selection. faster in speciation,” said co-author David Díez-del-Molino. Like their modern relatives, mammoths were quite large. The largest known species reach a height of 4 m and a weight of up to 8 tons, with some particularly large males weighing more than 12 tons. Future research The new results open the door to a host of future studies on other species. Love Dalén and co-author Patrícia Pečnerová with a mammoth tusk on Wrangel Island (Arctic Ocean). Photo: Gleb Danilov About a million years ago was a time when many species of organisms flourished across the globe. This is also a time of great changes in climate and sea levels, and the last time the Earth’s magnetic poles change positions. Therefore, the researchers think that genetic analyzes on this time scale have great potential to explore a wide range of scientific questions. “One of the big questions right now is how far back in time we can go. We haven’t reached the limit for the longest. It is expected that we can recover DNA that is two million years old, and even more so. can even go back as far as 2.6 million. Before that, there was no permafrost where ancient DNA could be preserved.” Anders Götherström, Professor of Molecular Archeology and lead researcher at the Center for Paleontology. These findings are published in the journal Nature.

Bougainvillea’s scientific name is Bougainvillea. This species is native to South America (from Brazil west to Peru and south to southern Argentina). The genus bougainvillea has from 4-18 species. The scientific name of the genus comes from Louis Antoine de Bougainville, admiral of the French Navy, one of the people who discovered it in Brazil in 1768. Species in this genus are woody vines, shrubs or thorny trees. The tree is from 1 to 12m tall, crawling on other trees with spikes with hooks. The leaves are alternate, ovate-shaped, with a pointed nose, 4 – 13 cm long and 2 – 6 cm wide. Their true flowers are small and generally white, but each cluster of three flowers is surrounded by three or six bracts with the vibrant colors associated with this group of plants, including pinks, purples, purples, and reds. , orange, white or yellow. Bougainvillea is a popular ornamental plant in most areas with warm climates. Many cultivars and hybrids have been selected, including nearly thornless shrubs. A few varieties of Bougainvillea are sterile and they are propagated by cuttings. Paper flowers are easy to grow, so they are distributed in many parts of the world. In terms of feng shui, confetti has the meaning of firmly linking family members, bringing prosperity and luck.

Chest patting is a means of communication However, recently a new study has revealed that gorilla clapping behavior is not quite as we know it. Research published in the journal Scientific Reports concluded that gorilla clapping was in fact a means of non-verbal communication that “encoded” their competitiveness instead of boasting of strength. The gorilla clapping itself represents an interesting kind of communication unlike a human. It is not really a voice but an act of inclination to show off visible and audible physical strength. To draw conclusions, the researchers sought to record the sound of the chest beating using photometry. With this method, scientists do not need to get close to the gorilla because the extremely powerful male monkeys pose many dangers in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. However, even using photometry, scientists still need to be in the right place and at the right time to catch chest beats from gorillas. The results showed that sounds had lower frequencies in large male mountain gorillas, while younger males had higher frequency sounds. Where low-frequency sounds travel further than high-frequency sounds, which means that larger males can be more formidable competitors. This is useful for males of similar or smaller size who can use the information to decide if it is worthwhile against the competitor or to step back. In previous research conducted by the same group of researchers found that the larger male mountain gorillas not only were socially dominant, they were also more likely to reproduce successfully than the offspring. the male is smaller. With female monkeys, they will also collect information from the male monkey’s chest pounding sound to decide on a worthy mate. “The gorilla’s chest banging is one of the iconic sounds of the animal kingdom, so it’s great that we can prove that gorilla’s body size has been encoded in the displays. This spectacular performance, “said Edward Wright, author of the study from the Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology. Critically endangered species on the Red List Gorilla is a genus of primates belonging to the family of humans, herbivores living in the jungles of Africa, the largest of the extant primates. Gorillas are divided into two species (there can be 4 to 5 more subspecies). The DNA of the gorilla is the same as that of humans 98% -99%. They are very closely related to humans after only 2 species of chimpanzees. This primate has a massive body. Gorillas are 1.7–2 m tall when standing upright and weigh 180–200 kg. These animals usually walk on all fours, although they can stand on two legs. Gorilla lives in the tropical and subtropical forests of Africa. Gorillas move with their knuckles, although they can sometimes stand upright with food or on defense. Wild adult gorillas weigh 135 to 180 kg (298 to 397 lb) while females are usually half as much as 68–113 kg (150–249 lb) males. Adult males are 1.7 to 1.8 m (5.6 to 5.9 ft) tall, with an arm span of 2.3 to 2.6 m (7.5 to 8.5 ft). Females have a shorter arm span. The adult male gorilla is known as the “silver back” due to the silver hair on its back. Occasionally, a silverback greater than 1.8 meters and 230 kg is recorded in the wild. The obese gorilla in captivity 270 kg. Gorillas live in groups under the command of the strongest and most powerful male. It is the male’s duty to lead and protect the whole herd from being attacked by wild animals. The gorilla’s most dangerous enemy is the very ferocious leopard. When threatened, the male will stand upright and pound his stomach with two hands to warn him before fighting. The gorilla is known as a powerful beast with a large appearance, much stronger than a human, powerful and intelligent hands and a gorilla punch that can make everything facing a deformation. . Despite its massive and massive body, Gorilla has an average running speed of about 40 km / h. All species (and subspecies) of the gorilla are listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Now, more than 100,000 western lowland gorillas are thought to exist in the wild, with 4,000 in zoos; The eastern lowland gorilla has a population of less than 5,000 in the wild and 24 in the zoo. The mountain gorilla is the most endangered species, with an estimated population of 880 remaining in the wild and no species in the zoo.