I am at home almost 24/7. Writing, teaching online, reading, watching movies, cooking, exercising and sleeping. And most importantly, always keep yourself as calm as possible. Being used to the lifestyle of a freelancer and mostly working from home, social distancing doesn’t affect me too much mentally, but physically it certainly does. Work is delayed, project contracts are delayed or canceled. However, the pandemic has also taught us all a great lesson that, just having a roof to live in, enough food to eat, healthy yourself and loved ones, is already a great blessing. As in the article “Slave of possessions” drawn from “Nietzsche’s words to young people” by Shiratori Haruhiko, a famous Japanese author specializing in philosophy, religion, and literature, I sympathize with this passage. , not just for the time being: “Human life requires money, a comfortable place to live, and a lot of food to ensure health. Thanks to those things, people can live independently and freely. However, if that level of ownership is surpassed, a person will completely change, potentially becoming a slave of the desire to possess. In order to possess, people spend time, bind themselves in social relationships so that there is no time to rest, are controlled by the organization and, finally, are bound by the state. Human life is a time given not to ceaselessly compete for possessions.” Journalist Le Hong Lam The war between humans and this deadly virus will only end when the world produces and distributes vaccines to billions of people in record time. How long the record short time is, we don’t know. In Vietnam, with a population of 97 million people, to achieve herd immunity, we need about 60 million people to be vaccinated, which means we need about 120 million doses of vaccine if each person needs two doses to be immune. Translate. How many people and vaccines have been given so far, we all know for sure. Even if there is enough money for the vaccine fund, there will certainly be a long way to go before the vaccine is distributed to Vietnam to meet demand. And this epidemic crisis, which will certainly continue, forces us to adapt and have a long-term attitude to live with the epidemic. Le Hong Lam’s favorite corner Look no further, look to Malaysia to see. This country of about 25 million people has a per capita income many times higher than ours, is on the brink of a pandemic when nearly 10,000 people are positive for the virus every day. They certainly don’t lack money for vaccines. But in this vaccine race where “nationalism” takes the throne, it is unlikely that there is money to have a vaccine. Vietnam, remains one of the best COVID-controlled countries in the world. However, this 4th wave of epidemics is really threatening us with the number of cases of disease in the community spreading rapidly. And I don’t know, even if this 4th wave is suppressed, how many next “waves” will fall on us, before Vietnam has enough vaccines to achieve herd immunity. So while you wait for a vaccine, learn to deal with it as safely and calmly as possible. In the “How to cope” episode of the “Coronavirus Explained” series, health experts say that the epidemic has left hundreds of millions of people around the world in a state of fear, stress and depression. And these negative mental states will continue for a long time even after the pandemic is over, they warn. Fear, during an epidemic, has an important advantage in helping us survive and comply with the rules of community isolation. But in the long run, it causes consequences that affect the nervous system and brain, causing long-term mental and physical effects. In a recent article, I cited information from an article on CNN about the “suicide epidemic” in Japan during the COVID epidemic. Accordingly, the number of people who have died from COVID in a year since the outbreak, is less than the number of people who commit suicide in Japan in a month. Of course, Japan is inherently a country with a high suicide rate. But the negative effects of the COVID pandemic have led to a sudden increase in the number of people committing suicide, due to stress, depression and fear. Therefore, some psychologists believe that we should control our emotions to restore balance to the brain. Balancing emotions, practicing meditation, breathing deeply and limiting reading news that cause fear, confusion and nervous tension are the best ways to help us avoid anxiety or stress. As a psychologist put it: “As the world becomes increasingly unpredictable, we must create a predictable world for ourselves. Even the little things are self-helpful, like maintaining a schedule, which gives us a sense of purpose and helps us not see things too hazy.” The common people interviewed in this episode each have their own way of dealing with the epidemic. Increasing physical and mental activity, at home, is also an effective way to help us achieve the necessary balances. Right now, if we are safe at home and have enough food to eat and our spirits are stable, we are luckier than the thousands and thousands of people out there who are struggling with the epidemic or worrying about their health. safety or food for their families. Therefore, let’s cheer and express gratitude and gratitude to the doctors, nurses, and volunteers on the front lines who are working under the crazy heat of summer (especially in the North of Vietnam). and the Central region) in the meantime. Please encourage and share, do not discriminate against the positive person or the F1, F2, F3 who are involved. And please donate a little material, in your ability to charities or the Government’s COVID-19 vaccine-prevention FUND. In the episode above, a psychologist says, “The power of giving is not only positive, it is actually good for us. Together through this pandemic, we can make the world more welcoming.” The ending of this episode says: “During the 2003 SARS epidemic, Hong Kong was the city that suffered the most. And when conducting a survey of the population after the epidemic ended, the results showed that Hong Kong people care about the feelings of their loved ones more than before. They also care more about their mental health than before.” This is the time when we should “get together” mentally, while observing social distancing! And the last paragraph, taken from an article called What do we do when we can’t do anything? posted on facebook for quite some time and am recruiting for a draft of a magazine I am planning to print later this year: “In the face of big problems like natural disasters that fall from the sky, we realize how small human life is. And because he was small, he didn’t try to resist or panic. Anyone anywhere just sitting there, at ease, watching the sun rise every morning and sunset every afternoon is happy already. Happiness is always inside of us, rarely outside of us. Ozu said the same thing.”

The reaction comes after the New York Times revealed about the special relationship between Apple and China. Accordingly, Apple is accused of being a tool to help the Chinese government “monitor and censor user data”. Telegram “father” believes that Apple is selling outdated hardware devices at too high a price. In addition, the billionaire also criticized Apple’s business model and said that the company is “selling outdated hardware devices at too high a price to customers and locking them in the ecosystem of Apple. the firm”. “Every time I have to use the app on my iPhone, I feel like I have to go back to the Middle Ages. The 60 Hz screen of the iPhone offers an experience that is not as good as the 120 Hz screens on many Android smartphones today,” Durov shared. Not stopping there, the billionaire also added that outdated hardware is not the real problem of iPhones. The worst thing Apple is doing is not allowing users to install apps from sources other than the App Store. At the same time, users cannot use services other than iCloud to back up the device. In the past, the “father” of Telegram and Apple had many conflicts. In 2018, Apple removed the Telegram app from the App Store due to concerns about child pornography on the platform. In July 2020, Telegram accused Apple of monopolizing the European Commission. Most recently, in mid-January, Apple was sued by a non-profit organization called “Coalition for a Safer Web” for not removing Telegram, accusing it of being used by hate groups and extremists. use. According to VTV

Recently, the shocking investigation of New York Times shows that Apple has tacit agreements and about data sharing in China. Taking the opportunity, Durov commented on his Telegram channel that Apple was operating under the direction of China. Telegram was once blocked in Russia because the government believed that terrorists used the app to plan and coordinate terrorist attacks. Photo: Caspiannews. Durov also said that Apple’s business model is based on “selling outdated, expensive hardware to customers in this company’s ecosystem”. He added that the 60 Hz screen of the iPhone cannot compete with the 120 Hz products of Android phones and iOS is an outdated software. According to Durov, the worst part is that iPhone users are seen as the company’s “digital slaves”. Specifically, they are only allowed to install apps from the App Store and back up data on iCloud. “It’s no surprise that Apple’s authoritarian approach is appreciated by China, allowing the country to have full control over the apps and data of all its citizens,” Durov said. Ironically, Apple was sued earlier this year for allowing Telegram to work on the App Store. According to the Coalition for a Safer Web (CSW), the app is used by opposition groups and extremists as a communication channel to spread misinformation and racial divisions in the US and Europe. .

The Egyptian pyramids are a giant structure in the middle of the desert and can be seen from extraterrestrial satellites. Building these pyramids was certainly a huge task, so who did it? The pyramids could not have been built by Jewish slaves, as no archaeological remains that can be directly related to the Jews have been found in Egypt dating to 4,500 years ago, when the needles Giza pyramids were built, archaeological research has revealed. Also, the story told in the Hebrew Bible about the slavery of the Jews in Egypt refers to a city called “Ramesses.” A city called pi-Ramesses was founded during the 19th dynasty (circa 1295-1186 BC) and named after Ramesses II, who ruled 1279-1213 BC. This city was built after the pyramid construction period ended in Egypt. Furthermore, no archaeological evidence has been found of the lost city of Atlantis for any length of time, and many scholars believe the story to be fictitious. For aliens, this idea is said to be impossible. In fact, Egyptologists say, all the evidence suggests that the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. However, how the pyramid builders lived, how they were rewarded and how they were treated is still a mystery that researchers are still investigating. The pyramids and the people who built them Egypt has over 100 ancient pyramids, but the most famous include the first-order pyramid, built during the reign of pharaoh Djoser (circa 2630-2611 BC) and the first real pyramid. was built during the rule of pharaoh Snefru (circa 2575-2551 BC). The Great Pyramid was built at Giza during the reigns of pharaoh Khufu (circa 2551-2528 BC), and two of his successors, Khafre (circa 2520-2494 BC) and Menkaure (c. 2490-2472 BC), there are also pyramids built at Giza. The pharaohs gradually stopped building pyramids during the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC), choosing instead to be buried in the Valley of the Kings, about 483 km south of Giza. Over the past few decades, archaeologists have found new evidence that provides clues as to who the pyramid builders were and how they lived. Surviving records, including papyri manuscripts discovered in 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf on Egypt’s Red Sea coast, suggest that large groups of workers helped bring the materials to Giza. The papyri found at Wadi al-Jarf tells of a group of 200 men led by an inspector named Merer. This group of workers moved the stones by boat along the banks of the Nile, 18km from the Great Pyramid at Tura, where the stones were used to build the pyramid’s outer layer. Egyptologists have previously theorized that the pyramid builders were largely done by seasonal farmers, times of the year when there was little agricultural work to do. The papyri detailing the pyramid’s history is still in the process of being deciphered and analyzed, but the results indicate that the group led by Merer did more than help build the pyramid. These workers appear to have traveled through much of Egypt, possibly as far as the Sinai desert, carrying out many of the construction projects and tasks assigned to them. This raises the question of whether they are part of a permanent professional force, rather than a group of seasonal agricultural workers who will return to their fields. Pyramid builder treatment? According to Pierre Tallet, a professor of Egyptology at the University of Paris-Sorbonne in France, who is deciphering papyri manuscripts and co-leader of the team that found them, the workers were given a diet that included scrubs. is, vegetables, poultry and meat. In addition to a healthy diet, the papyri manuscript describes members of the working group regularly receiving textiles, which could have been seen as a reward at the time. In addition, officials in senior positions involved in the construction of the pyramids may have received land grants, said Mark Lehner, director of the Association for Ancient Egyptian Studies (AERA), a Massachusetts-based research institute. Historical records show that there were times in Egyptian history when officials were granted land. However, it is not known whether the land-granted officials were involved in the construction of the pyramid. Lehner’s team was excavating a town in Giza that was inhabited and frequented by several workers who were building the Menkaure pyramids. So far, archaeologists have found evidence that the ancient inhabitants of this town once baked large quantities of bread, slaughtered thousands of animals and brewed large quantities of beer. Based on animal bones found at the site, and considering the nutritional needs of workers, archaeologists estimate that about 1,800 kilograms of animals, including cattle, sheep and goats, were slaughtered on average. average daily, to provide food for workers. The remains of the workers were buried in the tombs near the pyramid, showing that the workers had healed their bones. This shows that they have access to medical care that is available at the time. The rich diet of the pyramid builders, combined with evidence of medical care and receiving textiles… has led Egyptologists to generally agree that workers did not must be slaves. However, this does not mean that all workers have equal accommodation. AERA excavations show that some of the more senior officials lived in large houses and had the best cuts of meat. In contrast, Lehner suspects, lower-level workers may have slept in simple houses or “rested” at the pyramids themselves.

In the slums more than 10 kilometers from Bucharest, Roman families specialize in making a living by burning rubbish for metal. The ingredients for burning are varied, from broken computers to electric cables. “I will sell them (after burning product) to metal buyers. We have to work one to two weeks to get a kilo of metal, ”said Mihai Bratu, a Roma person in the village of Sintesti, a suburb of Bucharest. Like many Roman communities across Romania, the slums of Sintesti have long been neglected by the authorities. This place now consists of temporary houses, spontaneous wire grids and trash. Octavian Berceanu, head of the Romanian Environmental Protection Agency, the pollution from the relentless burning scrap sites is becoming excessively serious. He began frequent raids in Roman living areas. He said that residents here can be considered “modern slaves” are under pressure of a mafia-style system. “This is a kind of slavery, because people here don’t have the opportunity to go to school, find jobs in the city, don’t have the basic infrastructure conditions like the official electricity network, clean water or roads. Sipunculus. This ruined their lives, ”said Octavian Berceanu. Mr. Berceanu repeatedly raided the Roman slums to stop burning rubbish for metal. It is illegal to burn garbage in spontaneous landfills. It has also resulted in heavy air pollution for the Bucharest metropolitan area. Police officers prevented a woman from entering an area where people used to burn trash. Romanian riot police are deployed in these raids to support environmental forces. A piece of computer components was seized by Romanian environmental forces in the raid. The doll’s head lies on the ground after a mid-April raid by Romanian environmental forces in Vidra. Romans, also known as Digans, are scattered in many European countries, especially in Eastern and Southern Europe. The poverty rate in this community is much higher than the general average. According to the Borgen Project, 90% of Romans in Romania live at or below the poverty line. Only one in five Roma children attend school. A Roma child playing with scrap copper pieces. “Everywhere in the world, the extremely poor have to rely on meager resources for their livelihoods. This has negative consequences: They have little education, poor facilities and development level is low, “Gelu Duminica, director of a non-governmental organization dedicated to helping the Romans, said. Duminica argues that the government’s targeting of Romans, rather than the large industries or more than a million cars in the capital, Bucharest, shows them as “sacrifices” as part of their marketing campaign Politicians.

Episode 12.

Just like in Greece, the process of birth, development and completion of the republic was associated with a long and fierce class struggle. Until the 3rd century BC, the state reached a complete level. The aristocratic Republic of Rome consisted of the following bodies:

1.Garitan Congress: The Congress of Military Units and also the Congress of the People, the highest authority of the Roman State, consists of 193 military units. The Franciscan congress is held twice a year, in Mac-fiber Square (Mars the god of war). This congress has the powers and duties of electing generals annually, electing high-ranking state officials, deciding domestic and foreign affairs of the country, issues of war and peace.

2. Consul: Is the head of state, is a high-ranking official in the ranks of Roman officials. In Rome there were usually two consuls. This position was elected by the Congress of Zion, selected from among the great nobles, for a one-year term. The two consuls had great military and civil power, the commander-in-chief of the army, and the power to convene the Senate Congress and the Scottish Congress.

3. Senate: Inherent from the monarchy, including powerful aristocrats. It was an office of the gentile clan, had between 300 and 600 people, and by the end of the republic had up to 900 people. It was a quasi-permanent organ of the Franciscan Congress, great power at times overwhelming that of the Xenturi Congress. The Senate has the power to approve the appointment of high-ranking officials of the Warsaw Congress, to pass congress resolutions, to administer state property, to interpret laws, to recommend building new rule. The Senate also has the power to formulate and direct domestic and foreign policy, the right to appoint a court, and order preliminary investigations of cases. The Senate also oversees the Roman religious affairs.

4. Consular Council: An executive body, elected annually by the Geneva Congress, consisting of high-ranking officials in the ranks of mandarins. This agency has the power to manage all state affairs, oversee law enforcement, has the power to fire subordinate bureaucrats, and to command the military.

5. Council of Judges: A council of seven people, elected by the annual Congress of Zion. This is the jury of the Roman court, specializing in criminal and civil cases. In addition, when the Consular Council is absent, the Council of Judges performs the duties of the Consular Council.

6. Supervisory Institute: Also known as the important people, is an important agency in the Roman state apparatus. This House has the right to suspend the implementation of all decisions of the Senate and of the Franciscan Congress if those decisions harm the interests of the people. The Institute also has the power to arrest public officials suspected of crimes.

In addition, there were many different high-ranking officials in Rome. All are responsible for their actions, if they commit crimes, they will be prosecuted before the law.

The clergy plays an important role in the political life and in the state apparatus. From the founding of the country until before 313 BC, Rome followed polytheism due to the religious influence of the Greeks. Accordingly, the god Jupiter (Jupiter) is considered the supreme god, creator and ruler of the universe. Juno) in charge of marriage, family, Venus (Venus), goddess of beauty and love, Mac-fiber (Mars): in charge of war, and so on.

But in 63 BC, Rome conquered the Palestinian region. So Judaism and later Christianity entered Rome. By AD 314, the Roman slave owner officially adopted Christianity as the state religion.

In short, the Roman State was a slave-headed aristocratic republic, in which the power of the gentile clan was still very strong. So in the class struggle, the popular posture and the industrial and commercial aristocracy were not capable of a complete victory over the gentile nobility, leading to in the 1st century BC, the generals, the gentlemen. the clan overthrew the republic again, established a dictatorship and monarchy.

In 82 BC, Xila established a dictatorship and declared dictatorship for life. In 46 BC, after defeating two political opponents, Crassals, Pom-pe (Pompey), Judi-ut Caesar (Julius Caesar) established a military dictatorship. But in 44 BC, Caesar was stabbed to death by an enemy while presiding over the Senate meeting. Shortly thereafter, all authority in Rome was in the hands of Ogre-via-buttons (Octavinus). In the year 27 B.C., Oc-ta-via-knot received the title Ogut, meaning the one of dignity, that is, Snail-ta-node, became Emperor. The republic collapsed and Rome entered a monarchy.

The change in Roman state institutions was also in the force correlation of the class struggle. At that time, due to the invasion, the Roman land expanded, the economic power of the land slave owner was strong, the Roman colony existed to popularize the form of large estate, a great estate to use. thousand of labor slaves. The strong economic power made the agricultural aristocrats to win the political struggle, to establish a dictatorship and monarchy.

Slaves in the 1st century BC together rose up to fight against the brutal exploitation of the slave master, such as the Nazi-cut revolt (Spartacus 73-71 BC). Although the rebellion was fiercely suppressed by the Roman slave owner, thousands of slaves were killed and their heads were piled on the great road from Rome to the periphery. However, slavery and the Roman state after that great uprising also collapsed. Besides the enslaved insurrection, there is also the struggle movement of peoples invaded and enslaved for self-liberation. To have the power to suppress slaves and the colonial people, Rome needed a strong government: dictatorship and monarchy.

Following Snail-node, Rome underwent emperors such as Ciligua – the insane king, Co-Diuu-fiber (Claudius) – the weak king, Nero– the greatest tyrant in the ancient history of the world. He slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians, killed wives and children, killed his brother, murdered the famous idealist and philosopher Sehemiah (Seneca) and eventually killed the Queen Queen. , the mother of y.

In 476, the Roman Empire perished. Europe ended slavery and entered a new socio-economic form: Feudalism was born during the dissolution and collapse of the giant Roman empire.

II.The Law

1. Roman law of the republic: The law of 12 pounds

Due to the struggle movement of the common people and the master of slaves and the mercenaries against the arbitrary manipulation of the judiciary in the judiciary, in 450 BC, a committee of 5 common people and 5 nobles was formed to write draft a written law. By 449 BC, this commission had finished drafting the law. The code is engraved on 12 bronze planks (the number 12 is the lucky number from the European point of view) and is placed in a public place for all to see, so the code is called the “Rule of 12”.

The 12-pound law clearly reflects the economic and social relations of early Rome in the republic. The main content of this law is to protect the property rights of wealthy slave owners. The law stipulates that anyone who trespasses on other people’s property such as theft, crop damage, home trespassing (burning a house) will be executed. If a thief enters a house, if he is killed, it is legal to kill the person.

The law sets out the cruel penalties for debtor. If the debtor fails to pay the debt on time, the court allows the creditor to arrest the debtor. During the 60 days of detention, the debtor was taken to the square three times on the day of the fair for the court to judge. After 60 days of detention, still unable to pay the debt, the creditor took the debtor out of the way. If you’re unlucky and still can’t pay the debt, the debtor can either be killed or sold overseas. Where the debtor owes many creditors and cannot repay, the creditors have the right to hash the debtor into pieces.

In terms of marriage and family, a man’s power is absolute. The husband manages the property. When a daughter gets married, it depends on her husband and father-in-law. The father has the right to sell his child as a slave. If sold for the third time, the son will be free from the bonds of the father. The law allows fathers to strip children of inheritance. The dying person is left with property for anyone. In order to protect the rights of an heir under the will, Zionariah has the authority to oversee the distribution of that property.

The 12-table law has a number of provisions on civil proceedings, but these provisions are cumbersome, cause difficulties and troubles in the process of adjudication and do not create favorable conditions for commodity economy. develope.

2. Late Roman republican law

The last period of the republic started from the 3rd century BC until the destruction of the republic (1st century BC). That was the peak period of the Roman empire. The territory covered from the West to the East, the commodity economy was thrived, the agriculture of a large estate was strong. All of them are the basis for the development of the law and vice versa, the economy and social relations themselves also need a comprehensive legal system to serve that infrastructure itself.

In the late republic, the sources of Roman law included:

– The decisions of the consuls. The consular documents were later codified by the famous jurists in the East Roman imperial advisory council and submitted to the emperors for application.

– Decisions of a powerful agency like the Senate.

– The court decisions: sometimes the judgment is just using customary law and it becomes the source of law.

– The decisions of the governor of the provinces.

– Legal practices: Ethnic customs in localities are raised into legal norm by the state.

– The works and works of Roman jurists while summarizing, summarizing and codifying the law.

On the basis of a rich source of law, Roman law includes the following contents:

– Institution on civil law

In Roman law, the civil institution was the most developed, the widest scope of regulation. These are the institutions of property rights, contractual relationships, and inheritance of property. The content of the institutions is rich and detailed.

+ About ownership: Roman law introduces the concept of ownership. It is the absolute right of use and disposition over that property. But the owner is still restricted by law, or by coercion by the state. For example the state wants to let a canal carry water through the land of the owner, who is forced to accept, etc.

+ Ownership: It is the ownership and the will to exercise that right over the property of others to serve its own benefit. The most common form of tenure at that time was land possession. The person entitled to possession may use the benefits brought about by the land and must pay the land rent to the owner. More specifically, possession means the right to rent the property of others for use (renting land, renting shops, etc.).

(There’s more)

CVL