According to VQGBTL rangers, by doing well in forest protection, on the other hand, the lives of people in neighboring areas have improved in terms of material, but also in terms of the sense of protecting nature, in recent years. It no longer happens that people enter the forest areas managed by VQGBTL for illegal hunting. So, wild animals have a chance to multiply, especially wild boars. In the summer, wild boars dig holes and lie down to fight the heat. Many tree stumps, land banks were plowed by them. The brothers on duty on the island sometimes wanted to plant a few dozen cassava clusters, but only a few days the pigs were thrown up. A forest patrol by forest rangers on Ba Mun island. When detecting traces of wild animals, they all recorded images to send for analysis. There are many animals that once did not exist, or only discovered traces, now they are present before everyone’s eyes. Most recently, on April 10, 2021, at VQGBTL appeared an individual python. This is a large healthy python species classified by the Vietnam Red Book at CRA1c, d (very endangered). In the wild, they have decreased by up to 80% because they are no longer resident or hunted by humans. In the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), this species is also included in the group of animals banned from exploitation and use. According to Mr. Hoang Manh Hung, Deputy Head of Lach Che Forest Protection Station, VQGBTL Forest Protection Department, where the python was discovered, the python is about 5 meters long and weighs more than 60 kg. The deer that Ba Mun Island rangers spotted when it went to the beach. Earlier on January 8, 2021, Ba Mun island also discovered deer (Cervus unicolor, 1792), which is in danger of going extinct in the wild due to poaching. This deer is classified as VU A1c, d B1 + 2a, and is in need of protection. Deer love to eat by the coast, they swim well and enjoy playing in the water. The deer that the brothers on Ba Mun island discovered while wandering the coast. The deer is about 1.2m tall and weighs about 100kg, when it was discovered that there were people taking pictures, the deer panicked into the sea, so the forest rangers on the island were forced to use motor boats to drive the deer. ashore. The deer swam very well, seeing his body rushed into the sea, but was sent back to the forest. That day the deer went alone, but according to the Ba Mun Island rangers, there was a population of deer on the island, the number of people living is unknown, but they discovered many footprints, traces of soil. crushed by their play or rubbing themselves against the trees of the forest. Life on Ba Mun Island Among the islands of VQGBTL, wild animals are most abundant on Ba Mun island – an island with an area of ​​more than 200 hectares and a length of nearly 20 km in the North-South direction. Previously, Ba Mun was also known as Beast Island, because there were many wild animals on the island. Once (when the VQGBTL was not established) many subjects went there to hunt indiscriminately, making the quantity of animals much less. In 2001, VQGBTL was established, forest protection was strictly implemented, wild animals started to gradually revive, especially wild boars. Wild boars occupy a part of the island. Since ancient times, there were many wild boars here, they dug into the hills to live and this area is called the Pig’s Nest area. The waters here are called Pork Nest. So the life between humans and animals has happened many things, people protect forests and animals, but they don’t know. In the breeding season, many animals are very aggressive. It happened more than a year ago, forest rangers Hoang Manh Ha was attacked by a wild boar while on patrol on Ba Mun island. A wild boar weighing about 1 kg suddenly came out of the bush, causing Mr. Ha to fall. Due to the sudden attack, Mr. Ha instinctively reached out his hand to support him, so he was hit by a pig’s canine, and was severely injured, and had to be taken to the central hospital for treatment. The lizards on Ba Mun island. And it is normal to meet poisonous snakes with rangers on Ba Mun island. In 2009, a concrete road was formed around the island, creating favorable conditions for forest patrol and protection by the forest rangers on the island. So the road becomes a common line between humans and wildlife. Many animals see the road as a place to rest at night. But with poisonous snakes, they stay there night and day. Especially on sunny days, snakes often crawl out in the sun, many snakes look like rotten wood when they first discover them and then get slim and startled. Le Van Luyen, a forest ranger on Ba Mun island recounted, once on the patrol, he came across a large snake estimated to weigh more than a dozen pounds. Mr. Luyen guessed this was a tiger cobra who had lived in the forest for a long time. The snake lay across, but only it was on the 2.5m wide road and could not see the snake’s head and tail. This snake is extremely poisonous, and if bitten by them it is very dangerous to die, because the island is far from the mainland, it is very complicated to go to the emergency room. Mr. Nguyen Huu Manh (Ba Mun island) once slept with a cobra. People slept in bed, snakes slept underneath, only recently discovered. Because Mr. Manh heard a puffing sound under the bed, looking down, there was a cobra nearly 2m long lying down there, extending its neck, puffing out, looking frightened. It takes you hard work to chase the snake into the forest. One day, Manh was walking in the forest and raised his head and saw a very poisonous snake right on top of his head, just taking more steps to make it possible to be bitten to death by the snake. In order to keep the daily life safe, forest rangers have to keep a lot of dogs, both for them to take care of leftovers, and to watch over the house, to watch out for snakes or other animals when they enter the house. sleeping. Every time the brothers went into the forest to patrol, the dogs ran ahead, they discovered the snakes are very clever and alerted them to know beforehand. Conservation work In addition to the animals that exist and live naturally on the island, many years ago, every year, VQGBTL coordinated with a number of departments in the province and Van Don district to release hundreds of macaques with turtles, ba ba , lizards, salamanders to Ba Mun island. These are the wild animals Quang Ninh Customs has collected from loggers, assigned VQGBTL to take care of them healthy and then release them to live on the island. A turtle release session to the natural environment on Ba Mun Island. The rich flora and fauna system, the protection of the NR is even more strengthened, to avoid greedy people, just for self-interest, but despite the destruction of the environment, ecological imbalance … There is a lot of marine forests, the forest rangers are thin, the cost of fuel for each patrol is high, if only relying on the forest rangers is not enough. Therefore, the park staff have proposed community-based measures to protect forests. The VQGBTL Management Board has collaborated with local authorities to replicate environmentally friendly sustainable livelihood models such as aquaculture, tourism development in Minh Chau and Quan Lan communes, in cooperation. with IUCN completing project VCF completing a marine turtle conservation program. From the government’s source, VQGBTL has selected 22 villages of 5 communes located in the core and buffer zones of the Park, thereby investing in helping people to develop production such as providing money for seedlings and seedlings. After receiving the support, people must sign a commitment not to destroy the forest or sea and participate in preventing destructive activities affecting the Park. This work has brought high efficiency, the people have become eyes and ears to help forest rangers stop activities of loggers and pirates. From May 2014, when “The plan for benefit sharing in management, exploitation and sustainable development of natural mollusk resources on wetland of Bai Tu Long National Park” was approved by the Provincial People’s Committee. People were selected to join the benefit-sharing group, and they were handed over snail farming areas. After harvesting, they re-distribute 6% of the products to VQGBTL for conservation purposes, the rest enjoy snail catchers. However, they have to be in charge of continuous monitoring at the scene, to detect strange objects entering the area, to stop and report to the park rangers to settle. With many solutions to protect forests, sea, animals and plants in BTL NP, wild animals grow every year. Along with the diversity of flora and fauna, VQGBTL deserves the title recognized by the ASEAN Heritage Garden in 2016.

The venom helps the snakes defend themselves and hunts. Explaining the venom in the snake The research was carried out by experts at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (Japan) with the Australian National University (Australia) and published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). . Research indicates a link between mammalian salivary glands and snake venom glands. Agneesh Barua, lead author of the paper and a graduate student in evolutionary genetics at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan, said: “In the past, we had the basic foundations. to find out about this. “Now, thanks to evolution, we can dig deeper and more accurately into the relationship between mammalian salivary glands and snake venom glands.” Previously, scientists believed that the venom gland evolved from the salivary gland because the venom is composed of proteins that are transformed from saliva. The oral venom system is assumed to evolve through evolution, but how it evolved and the molecular structure in the venom system remains unknown. Research by the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology and the Australian National University are the first scientific evidence to find an answer to this fake snow. To produce toxins, snakes have evolved in the direction of converting many different substances in the body into venom. Initially, scientists suspected the gene was behind the poison formation in snake venom and a number of different species such as spiders and coolie – the only primate to have venom. However, the study did not find out what causes the venom to develop in the mouths of the animals. The research does not focus on toxins because they grow quickly, they are complex mixtures of many compounds, the Baride scientist explains. From there, the scientists decided to switch not to check the genes that produce the toxin, but to study the genes that help change the salivary system into the venom gland in the mouth. These are genes that are involved in the venom but are not responsible for the toxin production. Contact toxins in the human body Human saliva contains toxins that produce toxins. Through testing the genome of Taiwan habu snake, the researchers found the gene that supports the change, named “metavenom network”. This gene is responsible for protecting cells from the stress caused by the production of large amounts of protein. Similar genes are found in the salivary glands of some mammals such as chimpanzees, mice, even humans or terrestrial egg-laying animals such as birds and reptiles. These two genes have quite similar modes of action. Both produce large amounts of protein in saliva. With snakes, this gene helps to create large toxic saliva, suitable for their hunting and defense purposes. While in mammals such as humans, genes also make large amounts of protein in saliva but does not contain toxins. The common thing that these genes have in common is their ability to produce toxins, but snakes combine many different toxins, while mammals produce simpler venom, which has a similarity with saliva, Baride says. In fact, under certain environmental conditions, rats can make many toxic proteins in their saliva. Or in human saliva contains Kallikrein, an enzyme that helps digest proteins and they are also components in the “metavenom network”. If mutated, Kallikrein will convert saliva into venom that causes pain and death for infected objects. If so, according to evolution, in the next ten thousand years rats may have venom in their mouths, and so can humans. Mechanism of venom production However, Barua said, Kallikreins in human saliva can hardly evolve into toxins in snake venom. The “metavenom web” is a method of defense or elimination of prey and it evolves according to the animal’s way of life. The same species of snake, but living in different terrains and environments, the toxin is also different. For example, snakes live in the desert, mainly hunt rats on flat terrain, their venom slowly seeps into their prey. But snakes that live in the rocky mountains have a stronger toxin, instantly killing the lizard-like agility. Meanwhile, humans have invented tools, weapons and social structures to increase labor productivity and to process food, so there is no need to use venom. In addition, the creation of the venom is difficult. If not used regularly, the venom is lost. For example, sea snakes used to possess venom but are now harmless because they switch from eating fish to eating fish eggs, which do not require the use of toxins. New research may not raise hope for human “superpowers” but scientists have found a way for species to control venom in the body, which may be the key of medicine. . Find out how genes that control external protein expression can recognize diseases like cancer. Because most deaths from cancer are due to cancer cells growing out of control.

According to the Sohu , the only snake species recorded in China is the coral snake (scientific name: Bungarus multicinctus). This species can kill people with venom less than 1 milligram, even the king cobra when confronted with them also have to “turn off the power”. Small body Coral snakes live in southern China, they mainly live near the water’s surface and eat fish, frogs, snakes, and rats. The average body length of an adult coral snake is from 1m to 1.8m. In appearance, the coral snake has a simple black and white color, the back has hexagonal scales, the alternating black and white rings stretching throughout the body, the black part is longer and more than the white. Unlike conventional snakes with a triangular head, the coral snake’s head is oval in shape and small. Coral snakes possess an easily recognizable appearance. Photo: Sohu Although coral snakes are venomous snakes, they are very shy and often active at night. They will run away quickly when disturbed, or hide their heads under their bodies if they feel bothered. Unless intimidated, coral snakes will not actively attack people. In addition, the two fangs of coral snakes are relatively small, the other teeth are not pointed, so they cannot bite through the human skin too deeply. Therefore, when a person is bitten, the pain will be relatively mild, even some people cannot feel it. But if the anti-poison serum is not injected in time, the person who is bitten will definitely not be cured. The venom is deadly To measure the toxicity of snake venom, LD50 (a lethal dose of 50%, a dose required to kill half of the individuals used as an experiment over a given experimental period) is used as a parameter indicator. Projection for toxicity measurement. According to the experimental data of coral snake venom, LD50 of coral snake venom to mice is 0.09-0.108 mg / kg (subcutaneous injection), 0.113 mg / kg (intravenous injection) and 0.08 mg / kg (intraperitoneal injection). LD50 of the mountain wind snake has a famous large venom at about 0.35mg / kg, but only equivalent to a quarter of the toxicity of coral snakes. Therefore, after comparing the LD50 values ​​of the known poisonous snakes, it was concluded that the coral snakes are the most poisonous snakes in China as well as in Asia, in addition they are ranked 8th on the rankings. rank of poisonous snakes in the world. This is the most poisonous snake species in China as well as in Asia, in addition, they are ranked 8th on the ranking of poisonous snakes in the world. Photo: Sohu In the early stage of being bitten by a coral snake, the small molecular weight α neurotoxin first binds to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junctions, preventing the transmission of neurotransmitters, causing Injured person shows drowsiness, body stiffness, drooling, muscle spasm and other reactions, the nerve mass at this time is reversible. Several hours later, a large amount of β-neurotoxin acts directly on the motor nerve’s pre-synaptic membrane, inhibiting the release of acetylcholine, causing skeletal muscle to lose its function of contracting and transform into constant paralysis, eventually leading to to respiratory failure. This process happened very quickly and violently. What to do if bitten by a coral snake? First, what needs to be explained here is that it is completely wrong to suck venom by mouth like in a drama, then the poison will go straight through the mouth and take the life of the smoker. Therefore, the best way is to take a picture of that snake or bring it to the hospital for identification and injection of anti-venom serum as soon as possible. Although the coral snakebite is not as deep as other species, when the toxicity develops, the patient will suffer extremely severe pain with death always imminent. Photo: Medihub If you have been bitten by a coral snake in the wild and cannot get help, you can burn the wound with fire. Theoretically, proteins and enzyme peptides (the main ingredient in coral snake venom) are inactivated in the presence of acids, alkalis, electrolytes and high temperatures. The main reason is that the coral snakes have short fangs and small amount of venom that can only bite into the shallow layers of the skin. Therefore, in an emergency, burn the wound skin into blisters. However, this method only works miraculously for the wound from coral snakes, not suitable for other poisonous snakes. In fact, poisonous snakes are not as scary as we often think. Except for the king cobra, most poisonous snakes are afraid of humans. So when you see snakes, take the initiative to stay away from them at least a stride, do not blindly raise snakes if you do not have the knowledge to avoid “drawing on the body”.