16 Psyche is believed to be the core of a dead planet. NASA plans to explore asteroid 16 Psyche – long thought to be the core of a dead planet – in 2022 to determine if it actually contains the precious metal. worth 10 trillion USD, which means making everyone on Earth a billionaire or not. Before that time, however, a new study suggests that 16 Psyche is more than likely just a pile of debris. Research published in the journal Planetary Science shows that 16 Psyche is composed of 82.5% metal, 7% iron content pyroxene and 10.5% carbon chondrite. It can also have a bulk density – i.e. the degree of free space inside – of 35%. These numbers are much lower than previous estimates that said it could contain up to 95% metals, mainly iron, nickel and gold. NASA has planned to probe the asteroid 16 Psyche, which is said to be filled with iron, gold, nickel and platinum, in 2022. The study’s lead author, David Cantillo, a senior at UA Arizona University, said in a statement: “The drop in metal content and bulk density is interesting because it shows that 16 Psyche is very strong. different than previously thought”. “It would come as a surprise to see Psyche as a pile of debris, but our data continue to show low bulk density estimates despite its high metal content,” Cantillo said. If the “gold-filled” asteroid was more like a wreck and had less metal inside, as Cantillo and other researchers believe, it wouldn’t be that different from other asteroids in the Solar System, for example. like the asteroid Bennu. Now, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission recently embarked on a 2.2 billion-kilometer journey back to Earth after collecting nearly 1kg of rock and dust from Bennu, which could help shed light on how the Solar System formed. . To arrive at their new discovery, the researchers reconstructed the surface of 16 Psyche in the lab, mixing the different ingredients until the patterns of visible light matched those of the asteroid. “Having a lower metal content than previously thought means the asteroid may have collided with asteroids containing more common carbon chondrites, depositing a surface layer,” Cantillo said. that we are observing”. However, NASA notes 16 Psyche remains a major concern for scientists. It is the 16th asteroid discovered on March 17, 1852 by the Italian astronomer, Annibale de Gasparis. 16 Psyche takes about 5 years to orbit the Sun once, but only 4 hours to rotate on its axis, making the day on this asteroid only 1/6th of the day on Earth. According to EarthSky.org, 16 Psyche has a diameter of 182 km, containing 1% of all metals in the asteroid belt. Watch a simulation video of asteroid 16 Psyche (Source Daily Mail) Even if 16 Psyche is worth less than the $10 trillion figure, it’s still valuable to researchers hoping to learn more about what they believe to be the remains of a long-dead planet. . Study author Cantillo said: “The opportunity to study the exposed core of a planet is extremely rare, which is why they sent spacecraft missions there, but our work shows that 16 Psyche is much more interesting than anticipated.” The researchers also believe that there is water on 16 Psyche’s surface, so they will look to merge their data with other missions to asteroids to determine how much water is present. The $117 million spacecraft — which NASA began building in July 2020 — will go into space aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. It is expected to reach asteroid 16 Psyche in the asteroid belt in early 2026. The spacecraft will travel for 21 months in asteroid orbit, mapping and studying the properties of the giant meteorite, with the goal of determining if it is indeed the core of a planet. Asteroid 16 Psyche has long been thought to contain large amounts of iron, nickel, gold and platinum. The Metal World of 16 Psyche 16 Psyche is located in the large asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, and may have started as a planet, before it was partially destroyed during the formation of the Solar System. It is now a 200km-wide block of metal, made up of iron, nickel and several other rare metals, including gold, platinum and copper. Thus, it could provide a unique view of the violent collisions that created the Earth and the planets. NASA’s mission will seek to determine whether Psyche was the core of an early planet, how old it is, whether it formed in ways similar to Earth’s core and its surface. how. NASA will send an unmanned spacecraft mission to 16 Psyche, scheduled to launch in August 2022. 16 Psyche, which could be 370 million kilometers away from Earth, is one of the most mysterious objects in our Solar System, and scientists may soon get a close-up look thanks to a newly identified NASA mission take. If the asteroid could be transported back to Earth, the iron alone would be worth $10 trillion. Its value would be large enough to destroy commodity prices and cause the world economy – worth $73.7 trillion – to collapse. Assuming the market for material from asteroid 16 Psyche is returned to Earth, this could cause the value of precious metals to plummet, completely devaluing all holdings including those of governments and all companies engaged in the exploitation, distribution and sale of such commodities.

16 Psyche is believed to be the core of a dead planet. NASA plans to explore asteroid 16 Psyche – long thought to be the core of a dead planet – in 2022 to determine if it actually contains the precious metal. worth 10 trillion USD, which means making everyone on Earth a billionaire or not. Before that time, however, a new study suggests that 16 Psyche is more than likely just a pile of debris. Research published in the journal Planetary Science shows that 16 Psyche is composed of 82.5% metal, 7% iron content pyroxene and 10.5% carbon chondrite. It can also have a bulk density – i.e. the degree of free space inside – of 35%. These numbers are much lower than previous estimates that said it could contain up to 95% metals, mainly iron, nickel and gold. NASA has planned to probe the asteroid 16 Psyche, which is said to be filled with iron, gold, nickel and platinum, in 2022. The study’s lead author, David Cantillo, a senior at UA Arizona University, said in a statement: “The drop in metal content and bulk density is interesting because it shows that 16 Psyche is very strong. different than previously thought”. “It would come as a surprise to see Psyche as a pile of debris, but our data continue to show low bulk density estimates despite its high metal content,” Cantillo said. If the “gold-filled” asteroid was more like a wreck and had less metal inside, as Cantillo and other researchers believe, it wouldn’t be that different from other asteroids in the Solar System, for example. like the asteroid Bennu. Now, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission recently embarked on a 2.2 billion-kilometer journey back to Earth after collecting nearly 1kg of rock and dust from Bennu, which could help shed light on how the Solar System formed. . To arrive at their new discovery, the researchers reconstructed the surface of 16 Psyche in the lab, mixing the different ingredients until the patterns of visible light matched those of the asteroid. “Having a lower metal content than previously thought means the asteroid may have collided with asteroids containing more common carbon chondrites, depositing a surface layer,” Cantillo said. that we are observing”. However, NASA notes 16 Psyche remains a major concern for scientists. It is the 16th asteroid discovered on March 17, 1852 by the Italian astronomer, Annibale de Gasparis. 16 Psyche takes about 5 years to orbit the Sun once, but only 4 hours to rotate on its axis, making the day on this asteroid only 1/6th of the day on Earth. According to EarthSky.org, 16 Psyche has a diameter of 182 km, containing 1% of all metals in the asteroid belt. Watch a simulation video of asteroid 16 Psyche (Source Daily Mail) Even if 16 Psyche is worth less than the $10 trillion figure, it’s still valuable to researchers hoping to learn more about what they believe to be the remains of a long-dead planet. . Study author Cantillo said: “The opportunity to study the exposed core of a planet is extremely rare, which is why they sent spacecraft missions there, but our work shows that 16 Psyche is much more interesting than anticipated.” The researchers also believe that there is water on 16 Psyche’s surface, so they will look to merge their data with other missions to asteroids to determine how much water is present. The $117 million spacecraft — which NASA began building in July 2020 — will go into space aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. It is expected to reach asteroid 16 Psyche in the asteroid belt in early 2026. The spacecraft will travel for 21 months in asteroid orbit, mapping and studying the properties of the giant meteorite, with the goal of determining if it is indeed the core of a planet. Asteroid 16 Psyche has long been thought to contain large amounts of iron, nickel, gold and platinum. The Metal World of 16 Psyche 16 Psyche is located in the large asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, and may have started as a planet, before it was partially destroyed during the formation of the Solar System. It is now a 200km-wide block of metal, made up of iron, nickel and several other rare metals, including gold, platinum and copper. Thus, it could provide a unique view of the violent collisions that created the Earth and the planets. NASA’s mission will seek to determine whether Psyche was the core of an early planet, how old it is, whether it formed in ways similar to Earth’s core and its surface. how. NASA will send an unmanned spacecraft mission to 16 Psyche, scheduled to launch in August 2022. 16 Psyche, which could be 370 million kilometers away from Earth, is one of the most mysterious objects in our Solar System, and scientists may soon get a close-up look thanks to a newly identified NASA mission take. If the asteroid could be transported back to Earth, the iron alone would be worth $10 trillion. Its value would be large enough to destroy commodity prices and cause the world economy – worth $73.7 trillion – to collapse. Assuming the market for material from asteroid 16 Psyche is returned to Earth, this could cause the value of precious metals to plummet, completely devaluing all holdings including those of governments and all companies engaged in the exploitation, distribution and sale of such commodities.

In the past, all three planets were rocky planets, the surface of which was composed of solid metals and silicates. Among them, our Earth is the largest planet, the mass and radius of Venus is only about 82% and 95% of the Earth, respectively, the mass and radius of Mars only account for about 11% and 53% when compared to our planet. Over the past few decades, humans have launched many unmanned probes to Venus and Mars, and it turns out that the environments on these two planets are very harsh. Venus is too hot, and Mars is too cold, and there is no oxygen on either planet, so life on Earth could not exist in such an environment, and astronomers could not find it. see any other traces of life there. So, how were Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago? Why are Venus and Mars now barren, and only our planet is habitable? Calculated based on the radiant power of the sun, Venus and Mars also operate in the same habitable zone as Earth, which means they can receive just the right amount of solar radiation to water. on their surface can still be in a liquid state. Astronomers speculate based on current signs on Venus and Mars and surmise that there may have been an ocean of liquid water on both Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago. For the first few hundred million years, Venus was a warm and humid planet. In the primordial oceans of Venus, life was fully qualified to evolve. They could be carbon-based life like life on Earth or could be other life forms. However, Venus’s habitable period did not last long. Because Venus is so close to the sun, and the temperature of the sun gradually increases over time, making Venus hotter and hotter, and a large amount of liquid water has also been evaporated. At the same time, the volcanic activity on Venus is also gradually becoming more active and continuously releasing carbon dioxide, causing a strong greenhouse effect. Without oceans, carbon dioxide would not be neutralized. They enter the atmosphere and cause a severe greenhouse effect, which will increase the temperature on Venus. Meanwhile, on Earth, the oceans, plants and minerals absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, so the Earth will not become too hot due to the strong greenhouse effect during that period. Eventually, Venus’ greenhouse effect was completely out of control, liquid water completely evaporated, and life could have been destroyed. According to data returned by the Venus probe, the current concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’s atmosphere is as high as 96.5%, and the surface atmospheric pressure is 91 times higher than the Earth’s surface. Under the influence of this extreme greenhouse effect, Venus has essentially reached thermal equilibrium, and the average surface temperature is as high as 464 degrees Celsius. Although it is essentially impossible to have life on the surface of Venus today, some astronomers speculate that there may be some strange life in the atmosphere of Venus. In the sky high enough above the surface of Venus, the atmospheric pressure will be moderate, and the temperature will not be high, possibly for the synthesis of organic matter and the evolution of life. On the other hand, ancient Mars was probably also a habitable planet. Currently, on Mars there is a large amount of water-washed terrain, and there are some iron ores that can only be generated in the aquatic environment, which is strong evidence for the existence of a large amount of water. liquid water on ancient Mars. So, how did Mars become such a uninhabitable planet as it is? At present-day Mars’ North Pole, there is a giant basin whose surface is equivalent to two-fifths of the surface of Mars. This huge Arctic basin was formed by a massive collision. Studies have shown that about 3.9 billion years ago, a dwarf planet (about the size of Pluto) with a diameter of about 2,000 km collided with the north pole of Mars. This massive collision completely changed the core of Mars, causing activities inside Mars to quickly stop, and the Martian magnetic field also gradually weakened and finally almost disappeared. lost. Without the protection of the magnetic field, the solar wind gradually strengthens and melts the atmosphere of Mars, liquid water continues to evaporate, causing Mars to quickly become a barren land. Currently, there is almost no atmosphere on Mars, but there is still some water ice in the polar regions. In addition, there may be a seasonal amount of liquid water in some areas of Mars, which has a high salt content and may be temporarily liquid in the low-temperature Martian environment. At the moment, the temperature on Mars is very low, the average temperature is only -63 degrees Celsius. If humans want to settle on Mars in the future, the first thing to do is to strengthen the star’s magnetic field. Mars and produces large amounts of greenhouse gases to “heat” Mars and melt the solid water that exists on Mars. Mars is much smaller than Earth, so it would have cooled from its molten state at its inception faster than Earth, so liquid water on Mars may have appeared earlier, which could This means that life on Mars may have formed and evolved earlier than our planet. Therefore, there are conspiracy theories that, when celestial bodies collided with Mars, the rocks that were thrown into space by the collisions could have carried the germ of life on Mars into space, and then some someday fall to Earth, becoming the source of life on Earth. And perhaps by coincidence, life on Earth also began to form around the same time that Mars’ North Pole collided. From the point of view of time, this is consistent. In addition, astronomers have discovered traces of suspected life in meteorites on Mars that have fallen to Earth. Life on Earth may have originated on Mars, but this has so far required more convincing evidence. In the past, the Curiosity rover has detected some carbon-containing organic substances in the rocks on Mars, which may be evidence that ancient Mars once had a few living things. Even now, it is still possible for life on Mars, they did not go extinct billions of years ago, but moved into the Martian underground and developed a unique survival mechanism to adapt to the harsh environment. harsh on this planet. Compared to Venus and Mars, our planet is very lucky. For billions of years, Earth has always been a habitable planet, so hundreds of millions of species have appeared here. Our Earth is like a “chosen planet”, a moderate distance from the sun, with a magnetic field that can resist solar radiation so that all kinds of life can continue to multiply and develop. Although it cannot be ruled out that some planets in the solar system (such as Europa) also harbor life, the environments of those planets are very different from those of Earth, and most life on Earth is not ruled out. Soil cannot exist there. In the near future, Earth will still be the only planet inhabited by humans in the universe.

For the past four billion years, life on Earth has been endless. But now on Earth there are only nearly 10 million species of creatures, this number is only 1% of the total number of species that have ever lived on Earth, the remaining 99% has disappeared in the long river of the Earth. Although our planet is a vibrant planet, it is very difficult for any living species to survive long on Earth. Over time, the Earth’s climate will continue to change and some ancient species have been unable to adapt to this change, leading to extinction. In addition, life on Earth could also be threatened by deadly threats from space. For example, a gamma-ray burst from a supernova could destroy Earth’s atmosphere and cause deadly cosmic radiation to reach our planet’s surface. Most life on Earth wouldn’t be able to withstand this. 450 million years ago a supernova caused the first mass extinction of the space threat on Earth. On the other hand, the impact of a giant asteroid falling to Earth will also cause drastic changes in climate, disrupt the food chain and cause mass death for life on Earth. The fifth mass extinction 65 million years ago was probably also caused by an asteroid collision. In addition to the threat from space, on Earth there may be superbugs that humans can’t fight off. Humanity also possesses nuclear weapons capable of destroying all life on Earth. Although humanity has enough intelligence to create such a powerful weapon, it is not known if humanity is intelligent enough to not use nuclear bombs on a large scale. And also for various reasons, Hawking believes that in order to continue to exist, humanity must expand its habitat into space in the future. Only by taking precautions and leaving Earth before disaster strikes and colonizing other planets can humans better cope with unknown disasters. So which planets should humans migrate to? Is there a “Second Earth” in the universe? Proxima b’s host star is Proxima Centauri – part of a trio of strange stars that scientists are still studying. The other two stars are binary – meaning they orbit the same center of gravity and are collectively known as Alpha Centauri. Although this “Second Earth” has similar properties to the Earth – where we live, Proxima b is still a mysterious and alien world. In the solar system, although life can exist on some satellites, but apart from Earth, there are no planets suitable for human existence. To achieve the goal of space colonization, we can only look beyond the extent of the familiar solar system. Current statistics show that almost every solar system has planets, and there are hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way, so there should be multiple targets to choose from. People need to choose rocky planets that are in the habitable zone, because only when the distance between the planet and the sun is neither too close nor too far can liquid water exist on its surface. Proxima b exists right in the middle of the habitable zone of stars, where water could theoretically exist in liquid form. Compared to our sun, Proxima Centauri’s habitable zone is very close to its host star. Scientists once believed that red dwarf stars like Proxima could not exist on habitable planets that were orbiting so close. But now, scientists think red dwarfs might be the best place to look for other habitable planets. And recently, astronomers discovered that Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our solar system, has a planet called Proxima Centauri b. This planet is a rocky planet the size of Earth and it is also in a habitable zone. Although Proxima b is the closest exoplanet to the solar system at a distance of only 4.2 light-years, humans are currently not capable of flying to this planet. Even with today’s fastest spacecraft, if we want to set foot there, it will take us tens of thousands of years to fly to Proxima b. However, humanity has never backed down from difficulties, we have been able to cross the ocean, as well as cross the distant interstellar space to reach the strange world, so it is very possible in the future , people will set foot here.

This bag is also quite similar to hobo bags (also known as wandering bags), so the material is usually very soft and the inside is spacious, to hold a lot of things, convenient to carry anywhere. Because of the hobo handle, you can wear it on your shoulder very neatly and in fashion, carrying it or wearing it at the elbow is also extremely comfortable, especially without fatigue because it is very soft and smooth. Because of the hobo handle, you can wear it neatly and fashionably on the shoulder. Carrying or wearing on the elbow is also extremely comfortable. With vibrant colors like this, it will make any outfit stand out. Recently, this bag has exploded into a big trend and is famous all over the world thanks to the Bottega Veneta fashion house, STAUD and limited editions by BY FAR. And because it was advertised so successfully, now you can buy them anywhere, any brand has a teardrop bag design. Can’t stand this design of Bottega Veneta, ask why it’s not hot. Not exaggerating, people are really crazy about this bag! If you are looking to invest in a medium bag trendy It’s both practical and can be carried anywhere. Black is the favorite color of many people, beautiful beyond words, This most trendy bag in the solar system will make you get a lot of likes on social media.

Use a telescope to track the stars. Illustration: IT. Stay away from lights when observing the sky When using a telescope to observe the sky, determine for yourself reasonable objects and choose the right time and place to observe them. Strong light is the enemy of the astronomical observer. Therefore, stay away from city lights. If you are in the city, you can go to the quiet suburbs if possible. Otherwise, you should choose high positions and have a wide viewing angle to limit the effects of light pollution. Which objects are best for you to observe with amateur telescopes? Many young people after completing the telescope with their own hands feel disappointed. Because you have too much hope for a dream glasses without taking into account the reality factor. Remember, even the glasses that cost thousands of dollars that you order from the world’s leading manufacturers cannot allow you to see the colors shown in the photos taken on Google. Also, pay attention only to the brightest and most observable subjects. Which objects are the brightest? Except for the Moon, readers with basic knowledge of astronomy will think of Venus, Jupiter, Mars or Sirius – the brightest star after the planets in the system. However, Venus is not a good object to observe even though it is very bright. All you see is a yellow halo due to its thick and toxic atmosphere. Stars like Sirius, Canopus, although many times brighter than that, they are just distant balloons. It is not a reasonable target for observation through amateur optical telescopes. The best observed objects are the Moon first, followed by Jupiter, Saturn, Mars and a few galaxies, remarkable nebula. Don’t Observe When The Moon Is Full To observe the Moon, adjust the position of the eyepiece accordingly and aim at the vicinity of the semi-dark area during the nights between the 6th, 7th and 11th of the 12th lunar month. The full moon is a bad subject because it is so bright that it will obscure the craters and valleys you can see. You can solve this with a thin layer of glass called a moon filter, which will reduce the light of the Moon as it reaches your face. With industrial-grade telescopes, most have this. As for the homemade glasses, you can also design it yourself using a glass or a piece of blue plastic but still clear enough to see through it. Even so, the Moon should not be observed on full moon nights. Because in addition to it covering itself, it also obscures other attractive objects of observation, except, of course, on full moon days when the lunar eclipse occurs. You should have a map of the visible part of the Moon to compare when observing. These maps are now easy to find on the Internet and simply print out with any black and white printer. To observe the planets, it is best to choose the right time for good results. Planets have a different period than Earth, so they do not have a stable position like the distant star background. The easiest way is to use computer software to check the positions of the planets, or you can use free software downloaded at www.stellarium.org. Do not forget to set the exact location of the user and when you want to observe. It is advisable to choose days that are not full moons because the planets are in relatively high positions. Jupiter is the most observable object through amateur telescopes. Push your eyepiece a little deeper than when looking at the Moon and try to orient the lens because it will disappear instantly if you don’t keep your gaze exactly. Although it is not possible to see the colors as clearly as in the photos online that have been taken with exposure techniques, and through equipment thousands of times more modern than the amateur glasses you own, the colors Basic with brown lines, dark yellow is what you will see, and moreover the 4 Galilean satellites of this planet. Saturn is like Jupiter, just determine the right direction and fix the glass and you will easily observe it. The most interesting thing to look at this planet is its ring. However, it won’t be as colorful as you’re used to seeing in the photos, both the planet and the ring appear pale yellow. Next in the Solar System is Mars. But observing this planet is not very interesting because all you see is a faint red and maybe some black patches with faint ice caps at the poles if the telescope is relatively good. Anyway, this is the only planet in the Solar System that we can see some of its surface through amateur telescopes. One type of object that is very interesting to observe with amateur telescopes or, more neatly, tubes are bright galaxies and nebulae. Remember to push your eyepiece even further towards the objective so that you can observe the celestial bodies at infinity. The first notable is the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), a spiral galaxy. At a distance of nearly 3 million light-years, it emits light strong enough to be seen with the naked eye. Even with a small binocular you can see a band of light that seems to be a combination of countless small bright dots when directed towards it. What you see is billions and billions of suns like our own. Next is the Pleiades star cluster (M45), also known as the stellar group. It is also easy to recognize with the naked eye, it is a small group of 7 brightest stars located right in the constellation Taurus. Through binoculars or small telescopes, it can be clearly seen that it is a blue star cluster with many stars, including 7 brightest stars visible to the naked eye, so it is called the Seven Stars. This is an open cluster in the milky Way located 400 light-years from Earth. Another member you should look out for is the Orion Nebula (M42), an emission nebula with the same galaxy about 1,350 light-years from Earth. The Orion Nebula, although visible to the naked eye, is quite faint.

In what form could life on earth end in the end? Photo: Astronomy Some scientists point out that the earliest life on Earth was born about 4 billion years ago. At that time, the Earth was continuously bombarded by space meteors, but life continued strongly. Earth’s history has seen many catastrophes, and each one is like the end of the world. Supernova explosions, asteroid collisions, large-scale volcanic eruptions, sudden climate changes … these events have claimed countless lives. During a number of mass extinction events, most of the species at that time had been wiped out. In the end, however, life still goes on. There will always be new species on Earth, and a new cycle will begin again. Although human life may be unimaginably fragile, turning the entire Earth into a barren land is not so easy. Here are some events that have the potential to wip out all life on Earth (very low probability and not happening in the near future). The impact of asteroids When an asteroid hits Earth, it releases incredible energy. 66 million years ago, an asteroid the size of a city crashed into the Gulf of Mexico and led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. At that time, all other creatures on Earth were almost wiped out. Although human ancestors were not born at that time, it may be the most important event in human history. Without the asteroid impact, dinosaurs could always be the lord of Earth, and other mammals could only exist in their shadow. According to geological records assessment, the frequency of Earth being collided by large asteroids is about 100 million years. However, smaller asteroid effects occur more often. There is even evidence that some people have died from the effects of asteroids over the past few thousand years. In 1888, in Sulaymaniyah, now in Iraq, a meteor strike killed one person and injured another. This is the earliest recorded asteroid accident. But what is the probability that Earth will be hit by a large asteroid? A 2017 study published in Nature has shown that to cause this asteroid must be large enough. Only the largest asteroids in the solar system (like Pallas and Vesta) can do this. Richard Binzel, a professor of planetary science at MIT, said even though an asteroid might one day come and destroy us, the likelihood is very low. Oxygen depletion Fossil of trilobite, one of the earliest arthropods on Earth. Photo: Shutterstock The chances of the latter being slightly higher than the previous. First, let’s go back to long history. Nearly 2.5 billion years ago, Earth went through a period known as the “Great Oxidation Event” – creating oxygen on a global scale. The increase in cyanobacteria causes a huge increase in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Without this event, no oxygen-breathing animals would exist and the biological world would not have been diverse, from low-order monocytes to higher multicellular flora and fauna, including humans. However, about 450 million years ago, one of the most serious extinction events on the planet – the Ordovic -Silur mass extinction occurred. It could be due to the sudden drop in oxygen levels at that time, which lasted for millions of years. But why is this happening? During the Ordovic period, all the continents on Earth were connected to form the supercontinent Gondwana. At that time, most life on Earth existed in the ocean, but plants began to appear on land. At the end of the Ordovic period, the Earth’s climate suddenly changed, causing this supercontinent to be covered with glaciers. The sudden drop in global temperature alone is enough to cause the disappearance of many species. Then, when global oxygen levels plummeted, life on Earth experienced a second wave of extinction. Scientists can find evidence of this drastic change in sediment samples on the seabed. Some researchers believe that glaciers at that time caused a fundamental change in ocean stratification, and that the temperature and oxygen concentration of each layer of seawater differ. However, the exact cause of this significant reduction in oxygen is still being debated. Whatever the reason, more than 80% of the species on Earth disappeared during the Ordovic mass extinction. Such events happened in the past, will history repeat in the future? In fact, a recent study published in Nature Communications has shown that climate change reduces oxygen levels in the ocean, which can cause the extinction of some marine life. Gamma-ray bursts Gamma-ray bursts can originate in binary star systems. Photo: University of Warwick Gamma-ray bursts occur when a giant star dies, explodes like a supernova, and collapses into a black hole. It spits out stream of rays at the speed of light in the universe. Any planet in the path of this stream would lose its atmosphere immediately and be burned. When the gamma rays in the explosion hit the blue planet’s atmosphere, they will cause oxygen and free nitrogen atoms to collide, and some will recombine into N2O compounds, the destroyer. ozone layer. N2O is long-lived in the atmosphere, and they continue to destroy ozone until it falls to the ground through rainfall. If there was a gamma-ray explosion in the Milky Way, it could potentially cause the extinction of a large number of species on Earth. If the gamma-ray burst was aimed in the direction of the Earth, even if it lasted only 10 seconds, it would destroy at least half of the Earth’s ozone layer. Scientific research in recent decades has shown that even a small fraction of the ozone layer is destroyed enough to weaken Earth’s “natural protective layer” and cause serious problems. And if the ozone layer is depleted to a certain extent, the Earth’s food chain will be severely damaged, leading to the extinction of a large number of species. Death of the Sun. As the sun continues to age, more and more energy is released, which could eventually wipe out the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Photo: Nasa A study published in the journal Nature Geoscience in March this year showed that regardless of whether or not a gamma-ray explosion occurs, in about a billion years, most life on Earth will die from lack of oxygen. A team of scientists working with NASA believes that this oxygen-rich atmosphere will not last forever. In a billion years, the activity of the Sun will cause the Earth’s oxygen levels to drop back to the levels they were before the “Great Oxidation Event”. The team describes the last moment before the Earth’s inability to support life as follows: “We find that the deoxygenation of the future is an inevitable consequence of increased heat radiation from the Sun. The exact timing of this process will be governed by the redox flow that changes between the geological mantle and the ocean-atmosphere system and the Earth’s crust. ” Conclusions are made after modeling and running simulation based on the algorithm hundreds of thousands of times. The start time and duration of this process will depend on a variety of factors, and can be as short as 10,000 years. But researchers point out that for Earth, in the end, this fate is inevitable. Fortunately, humanity still has 1 billion years left to find another way out.

Illustration. That could improve your chances of discovering organisms in distant worlds. How to find exoplanets Since 1999, a process of detecting exoplanets called the transit method has found thousands of other worlds by measuring the brightness of the stars that these planets orbit around. No one knows if these planets have any life, but if scientists observe the Earth using this method, they will probably detect signs of life. Once those signs are identified from Earth observations, experts can then find similar clues in the exoplanets. Scientists have recently described this approach as a mission called the Earth Transit Observer (ETO). This year, they presented this at the 52nd Moon and Planetary Science Conference. Most of the exoplanets we know of are found by transit, according to the US NASA Space Agency. Modern telescopes such as the Kepler Space Telescope and the Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) can detect exoplanets when the path of a planet dims a star’s light overnight. slice. This is true even for stars thousands of light-years away. Scientists can estimate the magnitude of a planet based on the amount of light it is blocking and calculate the size of its orbit. The size and temperature of a host star as well as the distance between the planet and the star will provide additional clues as to whether exoplanets have life or not. The measure of transit can also hint at an exoplanet’s atmosphere. During a transit, a star’s light is filtered through atmospheric molecules. This could help researchers identify elements like oxygen and methane there. Such signs are often so small that astronomers need more transit observations to confirm the existence of these elements – according to a statement by the scientists. However, other factors on exoplanets and stars can affect the reading of molecules in the atmosphere. For example, planets change with the seasons, weather patterns and ocean currents. In addition, the activity of the Sun, such as the rise and fall of the solar wind, and the formation of solar storms also change. Any of these conditions can shape the behavior of the atmosphere, thus potentially affecting the proportion of molecules and elements in their atmosphere. Illustration. Finding “New Earth” Lead author Laura Mayorga of the planet-finding mission article in the Journal of Planetary Science says that, to understand those variables, “you need to know your stars as well as predict your planets. what do you look like ”. This can be a challenge when both the stars and the exoplanets are alien. “This is a very difficult problem,” says exoplanet astronomer at Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel Maryland (USA). Luckily, scientists already have all of those answers for a pair of inhabited planets and stars. That is our Earth and the Sun. For the ETO mission, a small satellite with a device capable of imaging near-violet to near-infrared light spectrum will observe the Earth as it passes in front of the Sun. The spectrophotometer will check for water and carbon dioxide markers as well as biological markers – oxygen and methane, ozone and methane. Besides, it is to point out the favorable conditions for life (of course, also to see if the signs are unique to Earth or not). The transit technique used in such an investigation would be similar to the technique used by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to study some of the thousands of exoplanets, scientists say. know moving through their host stars ”. Since we all know the climate change on Earth and the patterns of the Sun’s activity, scientists can observe how they affect the reading of atmospheric molecules and then apply them to our observations. close to the “new Earth”. “The Solar System is the only place where we know all the answers. We can test our technique, point out limitations and make a connection between the results, ”said Mayorga in the statement -“ Then we can connect that with Unanswered observations from exoplanets ”. Scientists plan to submit the ETO proposal to NASA’s Astrophysical Pioneer Program in the fall of 2021.

Most planets in the universe are not suitable for us to live in. With the current environment in the planets, imagine how, if we humans lived there, the body would change. Mars Gravity is lower on Mars than on Earth and it is further away from the Sun, so if we live on Mars, we will see less sunlight. Mars also lacks a protective magnetic field due to its thin atmosphere, everything there, including humans, is exposed to radiation. Occasionally, strong winds create dust storms that fly across the planet, and dust continues to settle for months to come. So if you go to live on Mars, you may be taller, stronger body to compensate for the poor gravity. You will have big eyes for better visibility when the Sun is too far away. In addition, the main pigment in your body changes from melanin to carotenoids (carrots, tomatoes and oranges). So your skin is likely to be orange. Jupiter Living on the surface of Jupiter is challenging because the planet has no real surface. It is purely air. However, this does not mean it is just a giant cloud suspended in space. If you travel through its atmosphere to deeper parts, the gas will become dense until it turns into a liquid. In a nutshell, Jupiter is an ocean layer made up of hydrogen instead of water. With such high pressure, extreme temperatures and liquid environments, humans would have to mimic creatures that live in deep water. We would be like animals with small legs and hard shells to protect the body from Jupiter’s radiation. Saturn Saturn is also a giant cloud of hydrogen and helium, with no soil or no wind. However, inside it is much denser and much smaller than Jupiter. Its iconic belts are made of countless ice particles, so nothing can live on this planet. The Saturn rings are innumerable ice particles. Saturn’s weight is too small, so it can float in a bath if there is a tub large enough to hold. The only way to get around in the dense mist of Saturn is to hover around like a jellyfish. Your body will not have a skeleton so that it cannot be crushed by the pressure. Mercury Life on Mercury is extremely difficult. This tiny planet is closest to the Sun, so the sunlight here is seven times bigger than Earth, no sunscreen can resist. Mercury’s temperature is extremely extreme, around 430 ° C during the day and -180 ° C at night. The planet is also prone to meteor shower and earthquakes. There is no atmosphere here to breathe. How must we change to accommodate Mercury? Meat and bones can never withstand the harsh conditions here. So to live in Mercury, our bodies must be made of something similar to the refractory metal, for example, titanium. There’s no need for a respiratory system, so your pretty metal face won’t have a nose. And your eyes will be like a thick sunglasses to protect them from the sun’s light. Venus If there’s a place that’s harder to live than Mercury, it’s definitely Venus. The temperature here is a whopping 471 ° C. The atmosphere is extremely thick, creating a greenhouse effect. The planet’s surface is very dry, there are many natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, hurricane winds and lightning. The pressure here is like you are 1 mile underwater, giving you constant headaches. Unfortunately, the only thing that can exist on Venus is bacteria. Venus corrode everything, even metal, making it impossible for human spacecraft to stop here. Venus’s atmosphere contains phosphine, which is toxic to any organism that breathes oxygen, but is very beneficial for bacterial growth. Uranus, Neptune Frozen, dark and plagued by strong winds, Uranus and Neptune are mostly made up of cold liquids – methane, water and ammonia. They do not have a solid surface, and their atmospheres slowly mix with the water around the cores of other planets. Gravity is stronger here than on Earth and puts more pressure on everything. With such a strong gravity, the human body living here would have to be shorter and muscular, muscular, and thicker in skin to resist the cold. And for the liquid environment here, the best form to live in is a cosmic dolphin or manatee, making it easier to navigate around the planet. The Pluto Pluto is the planet farthest from the Sun, covered with ice and snow. Gravity is extremely weak and the atmosphere is fragile. The sun seen from Pluto is just a dot on the horizon, like the Moon to Earth, so there won’t be much light. However, scientists believe that there may be ocean water below Pluto’s surface. If you live on Pluto, your body needs antifreeze, like some insects and fish. Low gravity causes muscles and bones to shrink, the space between the vertebrae expands and makes us taller. Human posture will also change as the spine is not doing too much. So you can be tall, thin, and somewhat spiderman with flexible limbs and a curved spine.

According to the developers, the tugboat weighs 80 kg, carrying 16 kg of liquid fuel. The tugboat is designed to pull a number of satellites into different orbits. That is seen as a competitive advantage over missiles without tugs. Russia is ambitious in future tugboat development projects. Russia is popularizing the use of the accelerator decks, in fact the tugboats put satellites in different orbits. On March 22, the Fregat stage used in the Soyuz rocket carried 38 foreign satellites to different orbits. By the end of 2020, Russian media reported that Roskosmos State Space Group would spend 4.2 billion rubles on the development of nuclear space tugs for flights to other planets of the solar system. Accordingly, the state corporation plans to develop a preliminary project on creating a space complex with an energy-transport module based on a nuclear electric motor. Expressing confidence in this program, Mr. Alexander Bloshenko – chief executive officer “Roskosmos” said the nuclear space tugboat will be launched to one of the satellites of Jupiter by 2030.

Elon Musk left barefoot while sharing with Peter Diamandis about his plans to return to the moon. “Exploring Mars is not an outlet for the rich. The adventurer will probably face death so there are only volunteers and absolutely no coercion ”. Last week, SpaceX won a major order from NASA and became the only supplier designated for lunar landings. Before that, SpaceX plans to send humans to Mars by 2024 and establish a human colony by 2050. SpaceX has also completed the mission of sending four astronauts into space using a Falcon rocket. 9 “used”. The International Space Station (ISS), where NASA and the Global Space Administration have technology that sustains life. But this is different from NASA’s Enhanced Life Support (ALS) program. In other words, although the International Space Station has many different functions, such as water recycling, in Musk’s Mars plan, humans need support in long life instead of taking turns. from earth every few months and frequent short trips. If the Mars colonization program can go on and take root, it would mean providing food, shelter, medical services and ensuring the spiritual well-being of the entire population. Humanity to land on the moon in 2024 is possible It’s been 51 years since Armstrong first landed on the moon in 1969. On April 17, NASA confirmed Elon Musk’s SpaceX selection as a service provider for the moon return plan under contract. monopoly worth 2.7 billion USD. For Elon Musk, that would be another great achievement for SpaceX. As for NASA, this is an important step in pushing the plan to land on the moon repeatedly delayed. Musk believes SpaceX can help NASA achieve this ambitious goal by 2024. At 18:49:02 on April 23, Hanoi time, SpaceX successfully launched the old Crew Dragon spacecraft with the Falcon 9 rocket bringing 4 astronauts into space and they will arrive at the space station after 23 hours. . This is SpaceX’s second commercial launch and the Crew Dragon spacecraft’s fourth launch mission. So far, SpaceX has carried out a total of three manned ship launch missions, including the manned spacecraft DM-2 on May 30, 2020, Crew-1 on November 16, 2020, and Crew- 2 on April 23, 2021. A total of 10 astronauts were sent into space in three launches. Shortly after SpaceX successfully launched the Crew-2 onto the International Space Station, Musk said, “I think a return to the moon can be done.” “It has been almost half a century since man last set foot on the moon. This period is too long. We need to go back there and build a permanent base on the moon. Then build a city on Mars, become an aerospace civilization, a species of multiple planets, “this billionaire confirmed. “Martian” Elon Musk: Dreaming of the galaxy, spreading money into space Elon Musk not only has a large brain, but also has a “big mouth”. In an interview with Business Insider, when asked when humans appeared on Mars, Musk’s answer was, “Maybe six years later, or four years later. As for me, it will be about 2 or 3 years later ”. In fact, the owner of SpaceX has a special passion for Mars and founded Life to Mars to encourage activities to explore the planet. “If you were buried somewhere, born on Earth, and died on Mars is a wonderful thing,” Musk said. Elon Musk has a special passion for Mars “Eventually, life will spread across the entire solar system, and then cross our solar system into other star systems. If not, we will stay on Earth forever until extinction occurs. One of Elon Musk’s most important goals is to help humanity become an interplanetary species and be able to leap from earth civilization to space civilization, so SpaceX is so important. Also on Friday’s live broadcast, Musk announced he would give inventors a $ 100 million bounty for figuring out how to combat global warming by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. book or ocean. This is “the greatest prize in history” and lasted for four years. “The sun will get bigger and bigger, evaporating the ocean. So, to some extent, we should do something better. Mars is a real planet, so we can create a civilization there, ”hopes Elon Musk.

Some recent literary fiction has been loved by readers.

However, it is not difficult to see that most of these literary works in Vietnam are foreign, such as Twenty thousand miles below the sea floor by Jules Verne writer; Ghost ship island, Fishman by Aleksander Romanovich Belyaev; People from Mars by Andy Weir; The Three Bodies by Luu Tu Han; Red rose by Pierce Brown … Vietnamese readers are therefore “thirsty” for literary fiction works composed by their own writers.

Not leaving behind as well as satisfying the expectations of the readers, in the past few years and now, Vietnamese literature has attracted the attention of fiction works. Writer Le Math has a book To the strange solar system, Through each page of the book, you can read with 5 teenagers in 5 continents with superior intelligence traveling to the end of the immense and deep space in the solar systems. From the earth, the stork spaceship brings 5 ​​teenagers soaring to meet many strange human species. There is a planet where humans have only one eye, one nostril, one ear growing on top of the head and can hear in four directions. They did not walk on both feet on the ground, but flew with a small cloud under their feet. 90 days of traveling through space, 5 teenagers return to their beloved earth. Amazingly, time on earth has passed 90 years.

Writer Nguyen Nhat Anh has a set of books The story of Lang Biang. The book series is a story about the interesting adventures of two main characters Nguyen and Kăply getting lost in the wizarding land of Lang Biang, coincidentally becoming two “Temple Warrior” with the task of destroying the Darkness faction. The series attracts readers because of its fast pace like an action movie, plus inherent witty and humorous details, especially the end is always beautiful and kind. Meanwhile, writer Truong Thanh Thuy has 2030 – fiction book is a special bond between vampires and wolves that have never been exploited in literature. In this book, by the method of metaphor, the author refers to the group of people who “sell their souls to the devil” to remind us of their greed, selfishness, and a deluded self. will bring unpredictable consequences.

Not long ago, volume 1 works of fiction Forest Devil Ruins by Nam Thanh and painter Nguyen Thanh Phong (drawing) were “out of stock” right after debut. Forest Devil Ruins describes the world in the 23rd century. There, the ruins of the second Chernobyl phastnoori nuclear power plant, leading to serious consequences for the earth. A masked assassin also appears with bear-deer crossbreeds creating chaos. According to the story line, the reader gradually approaches a world with Temno County, the life-manipulating matter of all things and the mind-manipulating technology called Aftermath and the wild species gradually gain intelligence. intelligence like human. From here on, a vast world full of tense upheaval opens up, revealing the plot to dominate the world of an “immortal” villain …

Many people expect that, along with the development of science, fiction will be an open sky, prompting writers to assert themselves and bring readers more unique works.

Earth has been 4 billion years old since its birth in the universe. In the long history of the Earth, the stars, planets, satellites, asteroids in the universe along with the Earth have all had a fixed or uncertain mode of action. The formation of the Solar System, the Moon, asteroids crashing into the Earth, comets … prove that claim.

As the development of human civilization took shape on Earth, we began to explore the mysteries of the universe and our own planet.

Humans have discovered countless impact craters on Earth formed by the “falling stars” that once crashed into the Earth. These “falling stars” are then referred to as “meteorites / asteroids”, and the traces they leave on Earth are known as “meteorite craters” or impact craters.

It can be said that the crater is a symbol and evidence of the intersection of cosmic objects and the Earth. Not only that, some scientists who support the “exogenous” theory even believe that the water and energy necessary for life on Earth today are due to the impact of meteorites and comets.

Although this is not supported by strong evidence, the craters are still very valuable to scientists studying celestial celestial bodies. It is of great significance for the study of the formation and evolution of the Earth, the change in climate, the environment and animals in ancient times, the role of biological processes and mineralization.

Today, many meteorite holes have been discovered, through studying them, people have discovered many unknown secrets from ancient times as well as unique minerals created when Huge asteroid collided with the Earth.

THE LARGEST THIEN THIEN THE PLANET

According to the report of the Earth Impact Database released in 2016, worldwide there are about 190 impact craters detected so far. And the planet’s largest, oldest and most severely eroded asteroid crater is Vredefort Crater in South Africa.

The Vredefort asteroid crater is a crater that has existed on Earth for 2 billion years – it is the result of a meteor’s shock impact with the Earth at speeds right between 40,000 and 250,000 km / h. The diameter of the Vredefort Crater exceeds 300 km, making it the largest and oldest meteorite crater in the world (second after the Yarrabubba crater in Australia (2,229 billion years old), NASA updates for 2020.

The Vredefort meteorite hole in South Africa.

This huge meteorite hole is located in the Free State province, South Africa. Because the crater is so large, local people do not realize it is the “legacy” from the “meeting” of the Earth and meteorites. However, its enormous size has attracted scientists and geologists from all over the world.

In 2005, the United Nations decided to include the Vredefort impact pit on the list of World Heritage Sites in need of protection.

LOOK AT THE PAST – FORWARD TO THE FUTURE

Talking about the crater / meteorite hole, many people do not know the Chicxulub (Yucatán peninsula in Mexico), 150 km in diameter, occurred about 65 million years ago.

Many scientists believe that perhaps the extinction of a generation of dinosaurs on Earth at that time was related to the climate change due to the impact of this meteorite.

Likewise, as the world’s largest crater, the formation of the Vredefort Crater should have had a serious impact on Earth’s climate and biological evolution. We just haven’t figured out exactly what it has affected and how it affects it.

Before that, the United Nations formed a scientific research group, based in South Africa, and conducted scientific research in the Vredefort crater for seven years. In the end it was asserted that the meteorite’s destructive power plunged into Vredefort enough to change the climate and the structure of the African plate. Scientists are continuing to study the long-term effects from Vredefort’s earlier.

What is different from Vredefort’s other meteorite craters in the world is that it has grown from what should have been abandoned into a city complete with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, and generations of people have been in This huge crater is like a peaceful paradise.

Scientists said, meteorites that plunged into the Earth may leave large “scars” for Earth on the bottom of the deep sea. Because the asteroid craters we’ve found so far are all above ground.

Due to the very large and deep seabed area, scientists currently do not have enough technology to conduct detailed investigations. Therefore, the impact crater on the sea floor remains an unsolved mystery in the scientific world. If you want to research, you must go through a long process of discovery by scientists, and this will also be the direction that scientists need to strive for in the future.

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