People in Brazil are examining debris believed to have belonged to a European spacecraft in 2014. Photo: Getty. Sea of ​​Japan (also known as East Sea) The phenomenon of space debris falling to the ground and causing damage was first recorded in 1969. That year, Japanese diplomats informed the United Nations of an unidentified object from space falling from space. down and collided with a Japanese cargo ship moving off the coast of Siberia (Russia). The collision seriously injured five crew members. Not long after, a Soviet ship at that time appeared to search for the wreckage. The Japanese official said the debris was identified by experts as part of a Soviet spacecraft. However, this information was initially kept secret by Tokyo because it did not want to create a conflict with Moscow, according to AP. Northwest Territories, Canada The danger of objects from space became apparent in 1978, when Cosmos 954, the Soviet Union’s atomic-powered satellite, crashed to Earth. The incident caused radioactive debris to be scattered throughout the Northwest Territories, Alberta, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. After the incident, the Canadian government organized a large-scale “Operation Morning Light” to search for tiny pieces of radioactive material that fell on the Arctic tundra. The cost for this campaign is nearly 14 million CAD (equivalent to 11.5 million USD). A fragment of the satellite Cosmos 954. Photo: United States Department of Energy. Canada demanded compensation from the Soviet Union at that time in the amount of 6 million CAD (equivalent to 5 million USD), but Moscow ended up paying only half of that amount. State of West Australia, Australia In 1979, Skylab – the first space station of the US Space Agency (NASA) – broke up while re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere. The incident caused a lot of debris to fall across the farm town of Esperance in West Australia, Australia. The Skylab space station was photographed by the last crew before it broke up on July 11, 1979. Photo: NASA. “It’s the most beautiful fireworks display you’ll ever see,” Brendan Freeman, a retired farmer, told ABC. The debris did not cause major damage, but for fun, the town of Esperance authorities wrote a $ 400 NASA fine for littering. NASA did not pay the fine, possibly out of fear of setting an unfavorable precedent. In 2009, a DJ in the city of Barstow, California (USA) called for fundraising and brought the fine to pay the town of Esperance. Lakeport, California, USA Early one weekend in 1987, a retired aircraft mechanic living in a town near Mendocino National Forest in northern California heard what sounded like gunfire outside his bedroom window. After searching, he discovered a scorched metal piece more than 2m long lying in the alley next to the house. An analyst with the US Air Force determined that the object was most likely a piece of debris dropped from a Soviet missile. This rocket has previously been seen flying across the sky while burning up and falling to Earth. “It’s interesting because things like that don’t happen around here very often,” Maggie Pickle, the mechanic’s neighbor, told the AP. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Lottie Williams holds up a piece of debris that hit her shoulder from a US Delta II rocket in 1997. Photo: Tulsa World. One morning in 1997, Lottie Williams was walking with friends in Tulsa City Park when she saw what appeared to be a comet streaking across the sky. This object fell on Mrs. Williams’ shoulder, but the impact was very light, almost without feeling. This object was determined by scientists to be most likely a fragment of a US Delta II rocket. The fragment was kept by Mrs. Williams as a souvenir. “I had to be very lucky for the debris to be so light. It was one of the strangest things that ever happened to me,” Williams told NPR in an interview years later. East Texas and Louisiana, USA, In 2003, the US space shuttle Columbia broke up while re-entering the atmosphere, killing 7 astronauts on board. In places where the debris of the shuttle hit the ground, temporary memorials were erected for the crew. People in rural areas along the Texas-Louisiana state border reported seeing debris from the ship falling into a water storage tank or through the roof of a dental office. Someone even tried to sell a fragment on the e-commerce site eBay for $ 10,000. In the end, 84,000 pieces of wreckage from the wrecked ship were collected after an extensive search in swamps, woodlands, and grasslands. These debris were used to rebuild the ship and determine the cause of the disaster. Ivory Coast In May 2020, another Chinese Long March 5B rocket also crashed to Earth. The rocket was initially thought to have landed in the Pacific Ocean, but some people reported hearing a sonic boom and seeing metal shards falling from the sky. This shows that some parts of the Long March 5B missile fell on the village of Mahounou, in Ivory Coast. China’s Long March 5B rocket launch in late April in Hainan province. Photo: Getty. However, there were no reports of human casualties after the incident. The discovery of a piece of pipe more than 12 meters long also seems to help this area get more attention. Grant County, Washington State, USA The most recent space debris incident occurred just over a month ago, when a rocket owned by private aerospace company SpaceX exploded over the Pacific Northwest. The explosion created a “show of light,” which some initially mistook for a meteor shower, according to The Verge. A piece of equipment from the rocket fell on a farm in Washington state, leaving a mark more than 12cm deep in the ground, The Verge reported. A similar object was also discovered by fishermen off the Oregon coast a few days later, but authorities have not confirmed whether this is debris from a SpaceX rocket.

Soviet Arctic explorer at station NP-8. Photo: Sputnik Searching for a Soviet research station The research station NP-8 was only used by Soviet Arctic explorers until the time the ice sheet began to split. At that time, the scientists could have been urgently evacuated and this abandoned research station continued to float in the ocean until it was destroyed. In the early 1960s, the CIA and the Office of Naval Research under the US Department of the Navy conducted a “hunt” for abandoned Soviet research stations. It is said that the Soviet Union installed American submarine sound detectors there. Initially, the target was station NP-9, detected by a reconnaissance aircraft in May 1961. However, the operation was delayed and the research station was located too far in the waters of the Arctic Ocean. Station NP-9. Photo: Sputnik In the spring of 1962, about 970km from the Canadian Air Force base at Resolute Bay, another abandoned and floating research station – station NP-8 – was accidentally discovered. This is an opportunity America cannot afford to miss. Plan “Skyhook” Considering the fact that an icebreaker can’t make it through the dense ice in the area, a helicopter won’t be able to reach NP-8’s location and the plane’s landing on icebergs Floating is also too dangerous. So the US decided to drop the agents there by parachute. But the question then is how to bring those people back [máy bay]. In the end, the US decided to use the evacuation system that the CIA used in hostile lands, also known as the “Skyhook” – developed in the late 1950s. The plan required a balloon. Helium-inflated small, a 150-meter lift and a low-flying aircraft. When the balloon rises to the required height, agents “tethered” to the balloon by lifting ropes will wait on the ground. The approaching aircraft will use a special scraper or “horn” to pull the rope while releasing the balloon. The lifting rope is then automatically wound into the winch, lifting the agent onto the plane. What happened on the iceberg? Major James Smith, an experienced paratrooper and fluent Russian, and his colleague Captain Leonard A. LeSchack, an expert in submarine surveillance systems, had three days to review everything at the research station. . A few boxes of essential equipment were dropped onto the iceberg with the agents. American B-17 bomber. Photo: Uli Elch (CC BY-SA 4.0) As the US predicted, the Soviet scientists left NP-8 station in a hurry without having time to bring all the equipment. Agents discovered more than 80 documents, collected debris from equipment left behind by the Soviet Union, took about 100 photos. By the time the plane returned to pick them up, the weather in the research station area had turned severely bad. Visibility is reduced and wind is very strong. “I was immediately in a situation that one would imagine was flying into space,” recalls Connie W. Seigrist, the pilot of the plane that arrived to pick up the agents. The “trophies” collected by the agents were easily loaded onto the plane using the Skyhook without any problems, but getting the agents on board was a difficult task. The wind caused LeSchack to be dragged nearly 100 meters until the agent tried to cling to a block of ice. Even after the plane picked up the lifting rope, LeSchack still spent up to 10 minutes “hanging” in the air in cold weather before boarding. After seeing what happened to his colleague, Smith released his balloon and held on to a Soviet tractor left beside the research station for as long as possible. In the end, Smith was lifted without any particular difficulty. “Enjoy your time. This is the first time I’ve been able to relax in about a week,” Smith joked to the pilots after being loaded onto the plane. As a result of Operation Coldfeet, the Americans discovered that the Soviet Union had made significant advances in the field of polar meteorology and polar oceanography. In addition, the US also obtained evidence that the Soviet Union used sonar equipment of US submarines in the Arctic. “Overall, the Soviet Union’s remarkable achievements in drifting stations show that they have a long experience in this field and that these research stations themselves are also very important to the Soviet government.” , the commander of the operation, Colonel John Cadwalader said.

The view over Gutuevskaia Bay. June 5, 2021, the 110th anniversary of Uncle Ho’s departure to find a way to save the country (June 5, 1911 – June 5, 2021). On that journey, Nguyen Ai Quoc soon realized the significance of historical events in the Soviet Union (formerly) and the Russian October Revolution, in order to bring the cause of Vietnam’s national liberation struggle to life. in the footsteps of the times. Today, at St. Petersburg port, we can’t help but feel excited, moved and feel more clearly about the place where he first set foot in Russia. Saint Petersburg at the end of May it still rained a lot. Honey-colored sunlight broke through thick clouds, illuminating the golden church domes. The wind was blowing, causing the canal surface to ripple and rush against the wall. Along the banks of the Neva River, we stopped at a small pier, from here, the motorboat took us to the place where the young Nguyen Ai Quoc first arrived in the Soviet Union on June 30, 1923. According to the book “Activities of Nguyen Ai Quoc in the Soviet Union (1923-1938)” of the National Political Publishing House – Truth, when he was sent by the Central Committee of the French Communist Party to the Soviet Union to attend the Communist International Congress, Nguyen Ai Quoc had to prepare very carefully to leave Paris secretly, because at that time going from France to the Soviet Union was extremely dangerous. Nguyen Ai Quoc wrote a number of articles for the newspapers of the French Communist Party to make people think that he was still in France, and at the same time always appeared idle, not participating in any political activities. Go to work in the morning, go to the library or museum in the afternoon, go to the movies in the evening. Gradually, secret agents no longer needed to follow in the footsteps of Nguyen Ai Quoc. At that time, because of the danger, the only way from Paris to Moscow was through Germany. On the evening of June 13, 1923, as always, Nguyen Ai Quoc bought tickets for the last movie screening. Halfway through, he left the theater, quickly got off the subway to the train station in the north of Paris. Here, a French comrade gave Uncle a small suitcase that was the only luggage to secretly leave Paris. Nguyen Ai Quoc took the train from Paris to Berlin (Germany). The Soviet Government’s representative office in Berlin carried out procedures for people to enter Russia. On June 27, 1923, Nguyen Ai Quoc, with a passport bearing the name Chen Vang, was taken off the ship Cac Lipnech, leaving Hamburg. On June 30, 1923, Nguyen Ai Quoc arrived at the port of Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). Captain A. Marozov, an employee of the Port Authority of Saint Petersburg, took us near the Gulf of Gutuevskai, where Mr. Marozov commented, that Uncle Ho arrived 98 years ago. “Did Ho Chi Minh docked at Pier 7?” he asked us again. After receiving a nod, his eyes drifted to the bay: “So this is the place.” The ship carrying us drifted slowly in the middle of the Gulf of Gutuevskai. On one side, ships anchored, the other side was embanked with old rectangular brown bricks. A large board prohibiting ships from anchoring hung on the wall. At the corner of the bay revealed a sandy shore. A large warehouse with a steel roof turned brown, lying with its back to the train “standing still” on the shore. The small yellow flowers on the pile of bricks make the scene more impressive. Pointing to the sandy shore, Mr. Marozov seemed regretful that he could only help us visualize the place where Uncle Ho first set foot in the Soviet Union. “It’s all been too long. No one remembers specifically how the ship landed and where exactly Uncle Ho got off,” he said. Standing on the train, we tried to imagine the scene nearly 100 years ago, so that we could feel everything around Uncle at that time. Unfortunately, things have changed now, but Vice Chairman of the Green Foreign Affairs Committee Peter V. Canganov affirmed that the walls built more than 100 years ago are still there. something that Nguyen Ai Quoc also saw when he first set foot in Russia. Mr. Canganov added that in the coming time, the city will speed up the project of erecting a statue of President Ho Chi Minh in St. Petersburg, as well as continue to study and document these events. where Nguyen Ai Quoc used to live and work. Captain Marozov looked towards the old embankment, recalling stories about Uncle Ho that he had heard from his childhood. I don’t know how many times the man with the silver hair had crossed the bay, but this time gave him a different feeling. Today’s “pier 7″ suddenly becomes more special, imbued with history. “Two years from now, it will be the 100th anniversary of Uncle Ho’s first arrival in Russia. The people of St. Petersburg are waiting to organize big events,” said Mr. He also suggested that the Vietnamese side propose to install a sign in the bay, so that people can better understand the story of President Ho Chi Minh’s arrival at St. Petersburg in his journey to find the way to liberate the Vietnamese people. . Posts and photos: QUE ANH, THANH TH Reporter of People’s Newspaper resident in Russia

Soviet polar explorer at the NP-8 ice station. Photo: Sputnik On May 28, 1962, two Americans parachuted from the B-17 “Flying Fortress,” landing at Severny Polyus-8 (also known as North Pole-8, or NP-8), a research station destroyed abandoned Soviet Union is drifting on an iceberg in the Arctic Ocean. This was the starting point of one of the CIA’s most unusual operations, which went down in history with the codename Operation Coldfeet. Hunting for Soviet ice stations An iceberg station was only useful to Soviet polar explorers until the moment the iceberg on which it rested began to disintegrate. At that time, the scientists will be urgently evacuated and the abandoned station will continue to drift across the ocean until it is completely destroyed. In the early 1960s, the CIA and the US Department of Navy’s Office of Naval Research conducted a real manhunt for abandoned Soviet ice stations. It is believed that in those places are installed sonar detectors of US submarines. Initially, the CIA’s target was station NP-9, discovered by a reconnaissance plane in May 1961. However, this mission stalled and the ice station was pushed too far into the ocean. A tow truck rescues a car mired in snow at a Soviet observation post on an iceberg in the Arctic. Photo: Getty Images In the spring of 1962, about 970 km from Candian Air Force Base in Resolute Bay, another abandoned iceberg station, NP-8, was unexpectedly discovered. It is an opportunity not to be missed. However, American icebreakers could not make their way through the dense ice in the area, helicopters could not reach the location, and it was too dangerous for an aircraft to land on a disintegrating “buoy”. So the CIA decided to drop the agents by parachute. But the question then is how to bring them back. Ultimately, officials decided to use a system that specialized in evacuating CIA agents from hostile territory known as the ‘Skyhook’ developed by Robert E. Fulton in the late 1950s. The system required a a bread-shaped, helium-filled balloon, a 150-meter extension cord and a low-altitude aircraft. Lockheed P-2 Neptune reconnaissance aircraft. Photo: RBTH When they needed to get out of the location, CIA agents would use helium cylinders to inflate their personal balloons, tie one end of the rope to it, and wrap the other end around them. The balloon will rise into the air, and the rescue plane will use special forks to reach for the rope, then release the balloon. The rope was then wound onto a winch and lifted the agents onto the plane. The rescue Major James Smith, an experienced paratrooper who is fluent in Russian, and his colleague, Lieutenant Leonard A. LeSchack, an expert in submarine surveillance systems, spent three days researching the NP-station- 8. They parachute down to the station with some necessary equipment boxes. As expected by the Americans, the Soviet scientists rushed to leave the NP-8 station without taking all the equipment with them. CIA agents unearthed more than 80 documents, collected fragments of equipment left behind by the Soviets, and took about a hundred pictures. Soviet Arctic Station 9. Photo: Sputnik By the time it was designated to evacuate, the weather at station NP-8 had deteriorated dramatically: Visibility had plummeted and icy winds were rushing in. Connie W. Seigrist, the pilot of the plane that rescued the agents, recalls: “I was immediately thrown into a situation that could have been imagined as if I was flying through space.” The aircraft collected the “trophies” using the ‘Skyhook’ system without much difficulty, but with humans it was even more difficult. The wind dragged LeSchack nearly 100 meters above the ice as he waited for evacuation by trying to anchor himself to a block of ice. Even after the plane had picked up, LeSchack spent another 10 minutes dangling in the icy air before being hoisted onto the plane. Major Smith (water drinker) on a B-17 on June 2, 1962; Lieutenant LeShack in the lower right corner. Photo: RBTH After observing what happened to his colleague, Smith released his balloon and grabbed hold of an abandoned Soviet tractor. In the end, he was lifted without any particular difficulty. As a result of Operation Coldfeet, the Americans discovered that the Soviet Union had made significant advances in the study of polar meteorology and polar oceanography. In addition, they obtained evidence that the Russians were using sonar equipment to detect American submarines in the Arctic. “Overall, the Soviet Union’s remarkable achievements in iceberg stations reflect their long experience in this field and the great importance their government places on it,” said Operation Commander, Captain John Cadwalader noted.

On July 23, 1980, Famous pilot Pham Tuan together with Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Vassilyevich Gorbatko made a space flight on the spacecraft Union 37. He became the first Vietnamese and Asian to fly into space. General Pham Tuan and his companions during the historic space flight. Remember the past, General Pham Tuan said that on that day, to serve the flight into space, Vietnamese pilots were involved a lot, selected for 6-7 months. The selected person must meet the health criteria, understanding and awareness of the universe, in accordance with the program’s standards. After many rounds, there were 4 people in the Soviet Union, including General Pham Tuan. After nearly a month of recruitment examination at Moscow Central Military Hospital, the National Scientific Council called 4 people to announce, at that time everyone was nervous. “I was called in first and it felt like a beauty pageant. Unexpectedly, as soon as the leader of the delegation, all members of the Council shook hands and congratulated him. Then he trained at the space center for about 16 months. On July 21, 1980, Viktor Vassilyevich Gorbatko was named to fly together. Thus, he only knew that he was the main pilot 3 days before the flight time. General Pham Tuan said, about 2 hours before the flight, he had an insecure thought that he had an accident, but the probability was not great. The fleeting thought didn’t faze him, as the training had put a lot of faith in the crew. Bringing injustice for bringing mulberry flowers into space At exactly 1:33 on July 23, 1980 (Hanoi time) at Baikonur Cosmodrome (USSR) the Union 37 spacecraft piloted by Gorbatko and Pham Tuan launched into space. When the Vietnamese national flag was raised, we were officially named in the international space travel map. General Pham Tuan’s image in the historic flight He said, the ship made 142 orbits around the earth, conducted more than 30 aeronautical remote sensing experiments, dissolved mineral samples and plant experiments on mulberry flowers. He recalls: “The first time I saw the rotating earth hovering in the middle of a deep blue space, in zero gravity, it felt very special. The second interesting thing is that day and night only lasts for 90 minutes, of which 60 minutes is daytime, 30 minutes is night. “The plane flew over all the countries, looking through the window I saw the twinkling stars, much bigger and brighter because of the clean space, and then the sun and the moon. I’ve been trying to find my dear S-shaped strip of land to look at. Before that, I also flew a lot of planes, but to fly that high, maybe only once in my life, feeling too proud,” he added. He also said that during the flight, there was a problem, that is, when flying up to prepare for assembly, it should have turned 180 degrees to increase the speed to approach the mother ship, but when it turned 90 degrees, Rotary system failure. I couldn’t check forever so I had to turn off the machine and wait after nearly 90 minutes. The Bulgarian – Soviet flight crew also had a problem and failed to assemble, they had to return to Earth and could not continue their journey, so the crew was quite worried. But in the end it all worked out. General Pham Tuan said, after returning to earth, there were many rumors surrounding him and this flight, especially the story that he was carrying mulberry flowers. Many people have said, “Mr. Pham Tuan was born in the poor low-lying countryside of Thai Binh, specializing in raising ducks to feed pigs. Going to space did not bring anything good, but he brought duckweed. Now duckweed. I don’t know if it’s good or bad.” General Pham Tuan in a meeting with international friends. General Pham Tuan explained: The matter of bringing duckweed must be decided by a team of scientists, not about carrying whatever you like. Strawberry water lily is easy to proliferate, absorb carbon dioxide, and produce oxygen. There are a lot of radioactive rays in the universe, whether it has an effect on humans, on organisms that cause genetic mutations, and bringing the water lily up is for this research purpose.” General Pham Tuan affirmed that all these scandals did not affect his life much in the end, but even made him more determined and more effortful in his work. Please read and watch the video: Temporarily suspending the work of the Chairman of the commune for being negligent in fighting the epidemic in Bac Giang. Source: THTPCT.

Ekaterinburg submarine of the Russian Navy. Photo: TASS Business Insider (USA) reported that the Delta-IV class submarine Ekaterinburg has spent nearly 2 years waiting at the port in Severodvinsk. Ekaterinburg’s decommissioning also marks the “final chapter” of the Delta class that has been the mainstay of the Soviet and Russian fleets of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines for decades. It is expected that Delta-class submarines will be replaced by advanced Borei-class ships. Delta IV class submarines are part of a group of 43 ballistic missile nuclear submarines with the first being launched in the early 70s of the last century. There are seven Delta IV submarines in service with the Russian Navy. Among them is the Podmoskovye which in 2016 was converted into a Special Mission submarine dedicated to intelligence missions. It is known that Ekaterinburg is the second ship of the Delta-IV class to be produced, built in 1985. On August 6, 1989, during Operation Behemoth, the Ekaterinburg submarine tested 16 R-29RM Shtil ballistic missiles. while in diving mode. The first launch was successful, but a fuel leak in the rocket during the second launch halted the test. The Ekaterinburg was fortunately unharmed. Not stopping there, in 2011, a serious fire occurred on the Ekaterinburg ship. The ship then had to undergo a three-year repair process.

Recently, the discovery of a secret tunnel system from World War II has raised hopes of being able to find the “Amber Room” – a $500 million treasure that has been missing for many years. The Amber Room was reconstructed over the course of 24 years at Catherine Palace, St Petersburg Accordingly, five passages belonging to a secret underground bunker system from World War II of Nazi Germany have been discovered in a 200-hectare forest in Mamerki, northeastern Poland and located near the Russian territory of Kaliningrad. This discovery raises hopes that the mysterious whereabouts of the “Amber Room” will be found. Mamerki used to be the place where the High Command of the Ground Forces of the Nazi army located its bunkers during World War II. “Currently, based on the discovery of the passages, the tunnels seem to be 50 meters long, but could be longer. Some of the tunnels were filled in, apparently to hide them, so we had to removed many objects before it was possible to know what was in the tunnels,” said Bartlomiej Plebanczyk, representative of the Marmeki Bunker Complex Museum. In 2003, the restoration of this room was completed. “The tunnel is part of a hitherto unknown underground corridor system that requires careful penetration. It could be an ideal place to stash treasure,” Mr. Plebanczyk said. The “Amber Room” theory may be hiding here. Known to be made entirely of amber, gold and precious stones, the amber room is a masterpiece of baroque art, widely recognized as one of the world’s most important artistic treasures. gender. It is said that when all 565 candles in the amber room are lit, it will reflect a fiery yellow light. The King of Prussia presented this room to Russian Tsar Peter the Great in 1716. Later, Queen Catherine II (1729-1796) of Russia ordered artisans to decorate the room and move it from the Winter Palace. in the city of St. Petersburg to her summer residence in Tsarskoye Selo, outside the city. Leaders of Russia – Germany attended the opening ceremony of the room after the restoration. In July 1941, during the campaign to invade the Soviet Union, the Nazis robbed the amber room and brought it home. Its whereabouts are unknown since then. At that time, the Soviet Union tried to hide this room by covering it with wallpaper, but the plan failed. The room was later taken by the Nazis by rail to Koenigsberg castle in East Prussia – now Kaliningrad. However, the room disappeared again in January 1945 after air raids and ground attacks in this city. Before the defeat, the Nazi leader Führer Adolf Hitler ordered the transfer of precious objects from East Prussia to Germany. However, the then East Prussian leader, Erich Koch, left his post before the order was carried out. The room mysteriously disappeared for the past 76 years. To date, there are hundreds of different theories about the fate of the amber room. One of them was the leader of the Nazi party in the province of Königsberg – Erich Koch – who brought the amber room and many treasures out of the city. At the end of World War II, Erich Koch was arrested in a Polish prison and sentenced to death. However, this sentence was never carried out. Many people believe that it was the secrets of the amber room that Erich kept that saved his life. That is also the reason why many people believe because many times Erich has changed his testimony about the burial place of the amber room. Others say that the Amber Room was destroyed by war and that the Amber Room became one of the most coveted treasures in the world. In 1979, at the Tsarskoye Selo museum in the Catherine Palace, a suburb of Saint Petersburg, Russian heritage restorers built a lifelike replica of this room according to preserved photographs. All implementation costs are financed by Russia’s Gazprom and Germany’s Ruhrgas. In 2003, after decades of serious work, Russian artisans restored the new amber room and inaugurated it at the Catherine Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

A 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut sits atop the R-7 rocket – the world’s first intercontinental rocket, inside the Vostok-1 (Oriental 1) ship. His name is Yuri Gagarin. Minutes later, he changed human history forever to become the first person in the world to fly into space. Exactly 11 minutes later, Yuri Gagarin was in orbit, flying at 10 times the speed of a rifle bullet. Be the first to leave the planet. On the 60th anniversary of that legendary space voyage (1961-2021), British author and filmmaker Stephen Walker wrote a book titled “Beyond: The Incredible Story of the First Man to Leave Our Planet and Travel into Space” to tell the whole new story of Yuri Gagarin and the US-Soviet special forces. Invite readers to track. APRIL 1961: THE BEST DAYS OF THE COLD WAR America and the Soviet Union confront each other through an iron curtain. Their new battlefield is Space. 01. Mercury Seven Vs. Vanguard Six Deep in the birch grove in the Shchyolkovsky district northeast of Moscow, far from the main highway to the city and hidden from prying eyes, is a small, old-fashioned two-story building, faded in the white snow. No one expected it to be the site of one of the most secretive Soviet facilities. Its codename is Army Unit 26266, also known by its initials TsPK – or Tsentr Podgotovki Kosmonavtov: Cosmonaut Training Center. And here it is, on a special Wednesday, January 18, 1961 — two days before the inauguration of US President John F. Kennedy in Washington; the day before Alan Shepard was selected as America’s first astronaut — 6 men after rigorous tests became the first Soviet space travel candidates, they were part of the detachment Vanguard Six . If NASA (USA) has Mercury Seven (left photo), the Soviet Union also owns Vanguard Six. Photo: Stephenwalkerbeyond.com Like the astronaut squad Mercury Seven of NASA in Langley, Virginia, six Vanguard Six elites were also sitting in a classroom. But the similarities (between the US and the Soviet Union) stop there. Because the members of the Vanguard Six are younger than the American Mercury Seven, in their 20s, not 30. All of them wear military uniforms instead of the usual Banlon shirts favored by American Mercury Seven pilots. And the height and weight index of Vanguard Six members are smaller. All to meet the condition of sitting inside the spherical capsule of the Orient spacecraft, mounted on top of an R-7 rocket, which they all hope will one day fly into space soon. The building in the birch forest is the first structure in its time, a large, heavily guarded complex closed to the outside world and dedicated solely to the training of its astronauts. Soviet Union. Not only is it sheltered by the forest, this site is not far from Moscow. It is also just a few kilometers from the Chkalovsky airbase, the largest military airport in the Soviet Union. And also located near OKB-1, the secret design and production plant in Kaliningrad, where capsules of the Orient spacecraft were being built at the time. 02. Squad in the dark No one at Chkalovsky knew why the six men were there or what they were being trained for. So did their parents, their friends, or their former colleagues in the air force. Even their wives are discouraged from asking too many questions. Unlike the Mercury Seven – astronaut candidates famous throughout the US if not the whole world – The Vanguard Six squad only exists in the dark. There is one key difference between the Vanguard Six and the Mercury Seven. These six aren’t the only astronauts in training. There are 14 others left. In an even more ruthless selection process than American astronauts have gone through, these 20 were selected from an initial pool of nearly 3,500 military pilots. Vanguard Six at the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan before Yuri Gagarin’s flight. From left: Grigory Nelyubov, Valery Bykovsky, Yuri Gagarin, Andriyan Nikolayev, Gherman Titov, Pavel Popovich. Photo: Astronaut Training Center / Roskosmos The Soviet space program had ambitions to conquer space, or at least to get people out of Earth’s gravity, and they needed manpower to do so. All 20 men began training in the spring of 1960, just two months after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev urged his chief space engineers that they “should be quick to aim for space to avoid risk of being overtaken by the US”. At that time Mercury Seven had been training for almost a year. The Soviet Union needed to catch up quickly and these 20 cosmonauts were the answer. Rocket boosters, spacecraft capsules, designers, engineers, training centers, launch sites, and of course the astronauts themselves – all in the dark. By the fall of 1960, the Soviet manned space program had become a top national goal, especially since NASA was aiming to send an American into space as early as December. 1960. To speed things up and prioritize training on a single simulator, a shortlist of the top 6 was drawn up, which included, of course, Yuri Gagarin. In essence, they were the top detachment to face the Mercury Seven head-to-head, with the difference being that the Soviets knew about their American opponents, while the Americans knew nothing about the Soviets. Yuri Gagarin trains on a treadmill for her spaceflight. (RGANTD) “All 6 astronauts are wonderful people,” Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, their head of training, wrote on the day the Vanguard Six took their final test. “Which of these six people will go down in history as the first in space?” “Who will be the first of them to pay with their lives in making this daring endeavor?” – Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin wrote in his diary. Flying in space can completely die in space. That is what the Soviet Union and the Vanguard Six cosmonauts were clearly aware of. Therefore, the pioneering mission to fly into space is a suicide mission. Back in December 1960, all 20 astronauts were asked to vote on which of their colleagues should fly first. The majority voted for Yuri Gagarin. But even after the exams at Army Unit 26266 were over and the results were known, a decision on who would carry out the mission had not yet been made. In Langley, Virginia, Bob Gilruth, the head of the Space Mission Team responsible for the Mercury Seven, was able to summon his seven astronauts into a class and speak to them, simply and according to his authority. , that who will be first. In the Soviet Union – Unlike the Mercury Seven, the Vanguard Six would have to wait — and they would have to wait until the very last moment. The first candidate chosen by the Soviet government was Yuri Gagarin. Second place went to Gherman Titov. The third is Grigory Nelyubov. Finally, history has glorified Yuri Gagarin. Not defying the expectations of Soviet leaders, Yuri Gagarin made history after completing a 108-minute mission around the Earth aboard the Orient 1 spacecraft, helping the Soviet Union surpass the US as the world leader. The first country in human history to send a man into space. Yuri Gagarin beat the Americans, defeating NASA astronaut Alan Shepard – The first American to fly into space on May 5, 1961 (3 weeks behind the Soviet Union). Yuri Gagarin’s achievement is a blow to American pride. When Alan Shepard heard the news, he slammed his hand on the table so hard that NASA staff thought his arm was broken. Back in the Soviet Union, leader Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev called Yuri Gagarin “Christopher Columbus of the Soviet Union”. Until now, this feat is still mentioned by many people because Yuri Gagarin herself has opened a new cosmic era in human history! Yuri Gagarin – full name is Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin – is the son of a carpenter, born (March 9, 1934) and raised in the idyllic village of Klushino in Smolensk, Western Soviet Union. At the age of 16, Yuri Gagarin moved to the capital to study as a foundry in a metal foundry in Lyubertsy. The opportunity to spread wings in the sky came to the young man when he entered a technical school in Saratov. There, he joined a flying club and had his first exhilarating experience from above. Yuri Gagarin decided to enter the Soviet Air Force Officer School to realize her dream of flying more in the sky. In 1957, at the energetic age of 23, Yuri Gagarin graduated with honors and became a full-fledged fighter pilot. In the same year, he met and married Valentina Goryacheva (then a medical technician, just graduated from Orenburg Medical School) and had two daughters later. Refer: Air Space Magazine

Researchers wear protective gear at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. Photo: Xinhua US President Joe Biden announced last week that the US intelligence community had questioned two possible origins of the COVID-19 pandemic: “Human contact with infected animals or a laboratory incident. “. He ordered a new investigation “to bring us closer to a final conclusion”. According to Bloomberg, no matter where the investigation leads, the history of laboratory safety shows that leakage of pathogens has happened, sometimes with deadly consequences. Smallpox virus leak By the late 1970s, smallpox had been eradicated from the wild, but research on the disease continues in several laboratories around the world, including one in Birmingham (UK). where a virulent strain of smallpox virus is handled. In the summer of 1978, a medical photographer working there named Janet Parker became ill. When pustules spread on her body, the local doctor diagnosed it as a severe case of smallpox. Victim Janet Parker in the smallpox virus leak from the laboratory. It was the third leak of the smallpox virus in that decade from a UK laboratory. The British government has drastically stopped the outbreak by urgently isolating hundreds of people and vaccinating many others. Thanks to those efforts, only one other person became infected, and that was Parker’s mother. However, the female photographer experienced a painful, lonely death in quarantine, and is believed to be the last known fatal victim of smallpox. But there are other victims of the incident. At that time the press mentioned the director of the laboratory in Birmingham, a smallpox virus expert named Henry Bedson. Although there was no evidence, the media still blamed him for the incident. Quarantined at home and in despair, Bedson slit his own throat and died shortly thereafter. The British government has organized a thorough investigation into the outbreak. An investigation found Mr Bedson may not have followed adequate safety procedures and speculated that Parker contracted smallpox from a virus that leaked into the gas pipeline. Technicians at a laboratory in Rockville, Maryland (USA), where smallpox vaccine is produced. A lawsuit later dismissed this explanation, and raised the disturbing possibility that Parker herself had entered one of the workspaces without proper protection. To this day, the debate over the Parker incident remains unresolved. Anthrax spores from the lab When laboratories let pathogens leak in a secret environment, it is much harder to confirm the source of the outbreak. A case in point is the anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk, a rather isolated city in the former Soviet Union. In 1979, rumors of anthrax killing dozens, even thousands, began to spread to the West. Later that year, Soviet newspapers confirmed some reports, noting that more than 100 people had contracted anthrax after eating contaminated meat, and over 60 had died. It was a tragedy, but perhaps unavoidable because anthrax is readily apparent in local animal populations. However, US intelligence officials are not convinced by that. Satellite images show disinfecting truck-like objects around the city, with a significant focus of activity on a mysterious military facility known as Complex 19. CIA analysts have reported hypothesized that the Soviet Union leaked a weaponized form of anthrax. The Soviets reacted indignantly to this allegation. In 1980, Russia’s official news agency Itar Tass published a rebuttal titled “A Seed of Deception,” accusing the US of making false statements to gain geopolitical advantage. Sverdlovsk was once one of the military secret cities of the Soviet era. Then, under the administration of President Ronald Reagan, the CIA sought to better handle what happened. They asked Matthew Meselson, a distinguished geneticist at Harvard who worked on the bioweapons ban program, to directly assess the evidence. Mr. Meselson was not convinced by the US intelligence findings. In the 1980s, he rejected another theory that the Soviet Union used some kind of fungal weapon in Laos – and he initially held the same view on the anthrax case, endorsing the main explanation. information from the Soviet Union, with one important caveat: Without a thorough investigation in Sverdlovsk, it would be impossible to know for certain what happened. Essentially, Mr. Meselson supported the explanation that the meat was tainted, judging it to be “completely reasonable and consistent” based on what was known about anthrax. He also arranged meetings with Soviet scientists to add credence to this interpretation, with slides of pathology samples taken from the victims. The US intelligence community, however, remains skeptical. And in this case, the intelligence agencies, not the scientists, turned out to be right. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Meselson and other researchers finally had access to pathological samples taken from the victims’ lungs, which showed they had died from inhaling anthrax spores. Subsequent revelations added to the picture of what happened. Turns out Complex 19 is a biological weapons facility. Here they produce anthrax spores. According to the Laboratory Director of Complex 19 at the time, a filter connected to the spore dryer was clogged. This still happens often. The military officer in charge left a message for his replacement on the next shift but did not enter the logbook as is customary. When it came to the next shift, the replacement team looked at the notebook, saw nothing, and restarted the purifier. A series of anthrax spores quickly spread throughout the vicinity. Mr. Meselson eventually pieced together all the data and published a paper in the journal Science, which combined wind data with interviews, pathological samples and other evidence to describe the outbreak. Coal killed more than 60 people. That was in 1994, 15 years after the incident. Mysterious flu virus leak In addition, there is another incident that took place in the Soviet Union that is still a mystery. In the same decade that witnessed the leaks of smallpox in Britain and anthrax in the Soviet Union, there was also an unusual strain of flu at the time, called H1N1. Laboratory virus leaks have had deadly consequences. Photo: Atlantis In 1977, an H1N1 outbreak broke out on the border between China and the Soviet Union. The epidemic eventually spread worldwide that year, causing an unusual proportion of young patients. The mortality rate from epidemics is relatively low compared to some strains of influenza. But that’s not the problem. The worrying aspect of the epidemic is that this particular strain of H1N1 has not been present since 1950, when it was superseded by other strains of influenza. The appearance of that kind of “back in time” was confusing. Some researchers speculate that the virus may have “escaped” from a laboratory in the Soviet Union or China, but both countries deny this theory. However, the matter remains a puzzle for virologists. Many theories have been born and come to explain the so-called “frozen evolution”, among which the most prominent is the hypothesis that the virus spread to humans from a laboratory, possibly testing a vaccine to neutralize the disease. swine flu. A scientist involved in the development of a vaccine. Photo: Reuters The exact origin of COVID-19 may not be known All of the above incidents occurred in the 1970s. Laboratory safety was expected to have improved since then, but that has not always been the case. After the SARS outbreak in 2003, laboratories around the world began studying the virus. Since that time, there have been no less than 6 laboratory leaks of SARS. The first occurred at the National University of Singapore, where a student contracted the virus from a sample of the virus. This was followed by an incident in Taiwan/China, where a researcher contracted the virus, possibly during the disinfection of waste products from the laboratory. After that, several leaks happened at the National Institute of Virology of China. In one incident, a researcher infected her mother with the virus, and she died of SARS. In all cases, human negligence, mainly exacerbated by inadequate safety protocols, was the cause of the pathogen leakage. History has supported the theories being put forward that the current COVID-19 pandemic may not have a natural origin, but we are not in a position to rush into judgment. When it comes to lab leaks, the investigation and review process often takes a long time, and sometimes the answers remain unsatisfactory and incomplete. In the case of the COVID pandemic, we must prepare for the possibility that the world may never know the exact origins of a pandemic that has claimed millions of lives.

The unique design enables the Su-17/22 to fly at low altitudes at high speed or at high altitudes at supersonic speeds. Weapons are quite diverse and for a long time it is always the nightmare of any ground force confronting them. Su-17/22″ fighter Su-22M4 is the last production variant of this swing-wing fighter with significant upgrades to the avionics including: RSDN navigation system, inertial navigation system, range measurement system. laser way, radar warning system SPO-15LE, in addition on the aircraft design additional air intake slots to have more airflow to cool the engine. Su-22M4 – the most powerful variant of this fighter line After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia inherited a lot of this fighter, this is also the only single-engine supersonic fighter that Russia owns, they continue to serve effectively in the frontline air force. and it was not until 1996 that they were completely scrapped to be replaced by more modern fighter lines.

In the current payroll of the Russian Aerospace Forces, there are more than 2000 jet aircraft of all types. However, this force only uses two-engine fighters, does not own any single-engine fighters. One of the main reasons is that most of the fighters in the current Russian Aerospace Forces, most of which are fighters developed from the previous Su-27 series, use two jet engine. However, part of the reason why Russia did not use single-engine fighters in service, came from the lack of it in the final stage when the Soviet Union was about to disintegrate. Specifically with the MiG-29 fighter. This type of fighter, when developed, was aimed at a single-engine fighter design, to compete with the US-made F-16 fighter. However, this design encountered a very difficult obstacle, that is, the Soviet Union at that time did not have a jet engine strong and light enough to be applied to the design of the MiG-29 at that time. . Designer Mikoyan then had to revise the drawings of the MiG-29, forcing it to use two jet engines instead of one as originally envisioned. Basically, at the last stage when the Soviet Union was about to disintegrate, it was very difficult to spend money on research and manufacturing of new generation jet engines. The fighter designers were then forced to use all that was available to them, and the idea of ​​a single-engined Moscow fighter jet ended since. However, it can still be considered that twin-engine fighters have more advantages than single-engine fighters. The US itself at the present time has also stopped producing single-engine fighter aircraft, the F-16 version, although very popular, has only received further upgrades so far, the new production line has been closed. Doors from 2017 to 2019 are allowed to reopen, but only for export. Compared with single-engine fighters, dual-engine combat is considered to be more stable in operation. In the event of one engine failure, at least one remaining engine is enough to bring the plane to a safe landing. Two engines, which means that the aircraft will have two independent power supplies to power the computer system, and also the hydraulic systems on the plane. With single-engine fighters, once the engine stops working, the aircraft will immediately fall into a state of loss of control. Especially with today’s modern aircraft, which use fly-by-wire electronic steering, as soon as the engine is turned off, the computer will also turn off and the steering system will be useless immediately. The American F-16 fighter itself also uses special fuel, along with an electrical energy storage system, allowing the aircraft to operate for an additional 10 minutes after the engine is turned off. At the end of 10 minutes, the energy reserves will run out and the aircraft will also be uncontrollable. In the opposite direction, a single-engine fighter has the advantage of being more compact, lighter, and more fuel-efficient when compared to a twin-engine fighter with the same output thrust. Even the US F-16 fighters, capable of carrying weapons up to 7.7 tons, are only 300 kg inferior to the Russian twin-engine Su-30 aircraft. In the future, Russia is looking to replace its MiG-29 fighters with a single-engine fighter. However, up to now, the design of the new Russian single-engine fighter is likely still on paper. The first thing Moscow needed was a jet engine powerful enough to carry the fighter. Image source: Pinterest. Russia’s MiG-29 fighter is still considered the most “light” fighter that Moscow owns. Source: Mikoyan.

The birth of flying saucers It was not until 2015 that this investigation was made public. To date, some of the strangest UFO incidents have been posted online, revealing mysterious objects in the sky that have shocked those who have witnessed it. The most famous case is the “Lubbock Beam” incident that 3 professors in Texas reflected on August 30, 1951. Together, they claim to have seen 20-30 lights in the sky. The objects appear to be about the size of a saucer and have a green fluorescence. “They are smaller than the full moon on the horizon. About 15 such bright streaks, round … We all feel extremely strange “- a professor shared. However, the USAF concluded that the light appeared to be caused by a porcupine (whose breast feathers are white, possibly reflecting light from urban lights below). Of the more than 12,000 UFO cases presented for dissection in the Blue Book Project, the majority concluded “disappointment” as such. The USAF believes that most of the strange objects seen are stars, clouds, civilian aircraft or reconnaissance aircraft. However, 701 of them are still unexplained. New Zealand UFO photo titled “Winter 1951”. Many believe it to be a flying saucer, but the USAF thinks it’s just a lenticular cloud Photo: DAILY MAIL Evaluating the aforementioned massive investigation, Nigel Watson – author of the “UFO investigations Manual” (about UFO investigations from 1892 to the present) – said that in many cases, amateur investigators trying to find an explanation without having time to consider or research. In particular, a particular case that attracted Mr. Watson was the reflection of Kenneth Arnold’s strange object, an incident that can be called the beginning of the extremely popular term “flying saucer” later. Mr. Arnold saw 9 UFOs on Mount Rainier (Washington State) on June 24, 1947. The US government agencies were particularly interested in this report. A similar scene appeared in Tulsa, Oklahoma just a month later, on July 12, 1947. “These objects fly in a diagonal line stretching about 8 km, from the first object to the last object, evaporating,” said Mr. Watson. According to Arnold’s estimation, the above objects were traveling at more than 1,600 km/h from Mount Rainier to Mount Adams. It is “like a saucer if you let it slide across the water”. Soviet secret program Mr. Watson believes that the term flying saucer was born from describing the motion of a flying object rather than its appearance. From secret aircraft to simply birds flying in the sky have been proposed to try to explain the strange phenomena that are reflected, but, in fact, they are still a mystery. In the 1940s and 1950s, the events of encountering flying saucers or even alien abductions in the United States, began to fill the newspapers of this country. However, according to Soviet ufologist and author Paul Stonehill, UFO encounters on the Soviet side at that time were far more direct than those of the US and any object flying over the Soviet Union would have attracted the attention of the military. “The Soviets were shocked that so many UFOs were able to penetrate their borders and unleash themselves without the Kremlin knowing how to control,” Mr. Stonehill revealed on the Daily Star website. During the Cold War and the space race, Soviet forces frequently clashed with UFOs, once they were ordered to shoot down UFOs but failed. Mr. Stonehill – whose research articles on UFOs have been translated into 11 languages ​​- said that when reports of strange phenomena appear in the press, the Kremlin often interprets them as hoaxes. of the Western powers. However, a secret research program called SETKA (Iron Grid) was established in 1977 at the behest of then-President of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Alexei Kosygin, after the famous Petrozavodsk affair, during 48 UFOs appeared in the sky over the city in this Republic of Karelia (then in the Soviet Union). The purpose of SETKA is to identify UFOs as authorities have begun to acknowledge these flying objects may not belong to Earth. According to Mr. Stonehill, most of the files of this sensitive program remain secret. In total, more than 400 unusual mysterious cases, encounters with UFOs or aliens, were studied. The show also changed its name several times to distract the curious. Fierce encounter Through conversations with military intelligence personnel, government officials and Soviet-era scientists, Mr. Stonehill said the most intense encounter between UFOs and Soviet forces occurred in 1953, shortly after leader Joseph Stalin died. A large UFO appeared in the sky over the Taiga region in Siberia. At first, eyewitnesses thought it was a balloon. Soviet military commanders at that time sent a detachment to the scene. However, when trying to attack the foreign object, 3 of the detachment’s planes caught fire. Later, throughout the 1960s, Soviet forces had to comply with a limited order to shoot UFOs because authorities believed that the objects would fight back and destroy any unit that fired. into them. However, in some cases, the UFO side made the move first! In 1990, the legendary Soviet test pilot Marina Popovich held a press conference at the Russian Consulate in San Francisco and published images of what she called an alien plane. The female pilot with the rank of colonel claimed to have seen photos of children of human-alien hybrids. At the same time, Ms. Popovich said that Russian cosmonauts have also encountered UFOs many times.

The information indicates that the enterprise has carried out major repairs and modernization for the Akatsiya complexes, improvements focused on suppressing and destroying enemy armored vehicles, including tanks and artillery. Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper military observer, retired Colonel Viktor Baranets talked about the improvements Akatsiya received after the modernization process in an interview with PolitExpert reporter. Mr. Baranets noted that, first of all, all imported components were replaced, some of which came from NATO countries. After a few years, the Russian manufacturer has successfully installed domestic replacement parts of higher quality. Specifically, some details in the control system, aiming equipment, and communications. .. It is noteworthy that a new communication system has been installed, allowing the commander of the self-propelled artillery complex to communicate immediately with the officer of the battery. This can reduce the time it takes to prepare to shoot, which is extremely important, Mr. Baranets stressed. “After firing, quickly run away from your position, or you will get an answer in just 1 minute. Without upgrading the communication system, changing the deployment status will take time, this which generals, designers and scientists naturally understand. “We need an advanced fire control system that allows ‘fire and flight’, ensuring survival on the battlefield,” military expert Baranets explained to reporters. In the opinion of Mr. Baranets, the new Akatsiya chassis is characterized by high durability and reliability. In addition, adjustments have been made to the quality of the irradiation process. Although the caliber of the cannon remains the same as 152 mm, thanks to the improved ballistics, the range has increased to 25 km. In other words, the 2S3M self-propelled gun acquires new qualities, becoming much more powerful. Self-propelled gun 2S3 Akatsiya has been upgraded by Russia with outstanding power Colonel Baranets noted, although Akatsiya served in the Soviet Army nearly 50 years ago, it continues to be the backbone of the Russian Army. Thanks to its reliably ingenious design, it has undergone more than one modernization. It is no coincidence that today more than 30 countries use Russian self-propelled artillery. “A curious detail – after the fall of the Soviet Union, Americans walked through Russia like vacuum cleaners and bought all the interesting weapons, including the Akatsiya self-propelled howitzer, but its characteristics were low. half of our weapons,” Baranets said. According to the analyst, the Americans obtained these self-propelled guns even from the former Soviet republics and the countries of the Warsaw Pact. The United States expected to study the design features of Russian artillery, because they recognized their superior performance. Baranets believes that every Russian weapon, such as the Kalashnikov assault rifle, has endless modernization possibilities. Akatsiya will also have a similar story, as it has huge reserves for further improvement. The military observer concluded: “I think that in five years we will have a further improved self-propelled artillery, the shells of which will be more powerful and will run faster by itself.”

Soviet secret space rocket NPO Mashinostroyenia is a Russian state space development company, which grew out of a Soviet entity, known simply as OKB-52, responsible for the development of the Almaz space station, among other things. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu’s visit to NPO Mashinostroyenia in early 2021 offers the best and most complete look at the Shchit-1 system to date. The Almaz program was a covert effort to develop military space stations, primarily equipped to carry out intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions, hidden within the Saylut civilian space station project. The Almaz effort dates back to the 1960s, only to be officially declassified in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union planned to “weapon” the Almaz stations from the start, fearing attacks with US anti-satellite weapons – including small but maneuverable “killer satellites”. tall and more traditional interceptors. An example of the Shchit-1 system actually sent into space with the Almaz OPS-2 satellite. The Soviet Union also conducted a remote live-fire test with the system on January 24, 1975, the last day of the station in orbit. The results of the test remained confidential and the next Almaz space station, OPS-3, was launched without any weapons installed. OPS-4, which has never been to space, is believed to carry the Shchit-2 system. However, there is no indication that Shchit-2, although its general existence was previously known, has ever entered space and details about the system are still very limited. As for the “weapon” itself, Leonard Smirichevsky, the current head of NPO Mashinostroyenia, described it to a reporter for TV Zvezda as having four main components. The base of the system was a solid-fuel rocket engine, which was then attached to a rotary stabilization system consisting of a rotating wheel with blade-shaped radiators. There’s a hybrid warhead-propulsion section followed by a nozzle-like radar seeker at the front. By far, the engine – warhead part is the most interesting part. Outwardly, it appears to be a circular array of small, grenade-like charges, which one imagines would create a shrapnel cloud especially dangerous to other objects in the vacuum of space. . However, these projectiles are really solid and are designed to act as interceptors, destroying anything they hit through sheer force of impact. No one knows what happened to Shchit-2 after the Almaz program ended in 1978. It is also unclear why the Russians decided to consider the system at this time. The incident comes amid new discussions about anti-satellite weapons in orbit, including interceptors and guided-energy weapons, as well as killer satellites, and the development of systems this system, both in Russia and the United States, among other countries. Space weapon Shchit-2 on display at NPO Mashinostroyenia. Almaz . military space station The Almaz military space stations, which first began operating in the early 1960s, were intended to be armed from the outset. Almaz stations are expected to be versatile military platforms in space. This plan is for the first types configured primarily for a wide range of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions with cameras and many other sensor systems. The delay in the development of the sensor package affected the entire program. In 1971, the Soviet Union launched a civilian space station – Salyut – incorporating some of the design work developed under the Almaz program, along with components from the Soyuz spacecraft. The Salyut program eventually provided cover for the Almaz space station. Of the seven Salyut space stations launched between 1971 and 1991, three are actually of the military type. The first Almaz station, publicly known as Salyut-2 and also known as OPS-1, entered service in 1973. However, an accident on board shortly after launch forced the Soviet Union to abandon it. it before a real crew could be dispatched to join. OPS-2, also known as Salyut-3, followed in 1974. The station was successfully put into orbit on June 25, 1974. The crew stayed there for 15 days to test the Earth-viewing camera with the onboard Agat-1 telescope, which was said to be able to produce high-resolution images of the ground. The second crew failed to reach the station in late 1974 after their Soyuz spacecraft crashed. The third mission to OPS-2 was later aborted and it operated in unmanned mode until leaving orbit on January 24, 1975. In September 1974, personnel on the ground remotely recovered a film “pod” from the Agat-1 camera, then returned to Earth and recovered. The next Almaz space stations, called OPS-3 and Salyut-5, have no weapons on board, at least as far as we know. Plans for an OPS-4 station include a new Shchit-2 self-defense system, reportedly designed to fire interceptor missiles, but no images of that weapon have been made public. The Soviet Union also developed specialized self-defense guns for cosmonauts, such as the TP-82, but they were intended for use on Earth, not in space.

Chinese people watch the rocket that sent the Tianwen-1 probe into space. Photo: AP The China National Space Administration (CNSA) announced on May 15 that the Tianwen-1 (Tianwen-1) probe had successfully landed on the surface of the “Red Planet”. “China has left its footprints on Mars for the first time, an important step for our field of space exploration,” Xinhua news agency said. The New York Times reported that since 1976, the US has successfully landed on Mars nine times. The Soviet Union in 1971 became the first country to send a lander to the surface of the Red Planet, but the mission was unsuccessful because the probe then stopped transmitting. Recently, China has continuously recorded new space science achievements. On the morning of April 29, China launched the first module to build its own Space Station (CSS). It seems that to catch up with the US and Russia, China’s ambitions do not stop at Mars and the space station. Moon Dream In January 2019, China was the first country to land a probe on the dark side of the Moon. The dark side can be understood as the night side of the Moon while the other side is observable from Earth due to receiving sunlight and is the day side. This is China’s second successful landing on the lunar surface, the first being in 2013. China is the third country in the world to successfully explore the Moon, after the US and Russia. In December 2020, China sent another probe to the Moon, which is Chang’e-5. On December 16, 2020, the Chang’e-5 spacecraft landed in Inner Mongolia carrying samples from the lunar surface. This is the first time scientists have collected samples from the lunar surface, after the Soviet Luna-24 mission in 1976. Moon samples brought back by Chang’e-5 are on display at the National Museum of China in Beijing. Photo: Getty Images China plans to launch three more spacecraft to the Moon by 2027. Beijing’s goal is to establish a base on the Moon that can be accessed by astronauts within the next decade. In March, the Russian space agency Roscosmos said it would cooperate with China in building a research station on the Moon. However, the two countries have yet to announce the details of this coordination plan. Serious competition The fragmentation of China’s Long March 5B missile falling into the Indian Ocean in May has drawn much criticism from international public opinion. In April, this Long March 5B rocket sent the core module into space to build China’s first space station. In the near future, China plans to carry out 11 more launches to complete the space station by the end of 2022. The International Space Station (ISS) jointly developed by Russia, the US and many countries will “retire” in 2024. It is still unclear what will happen next. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) advocates keeping the ISS operational for a few more years. Russia meanwhile announced it would withdraw from 2025. In the event that the ISS is completely shut down, China will be the only country that owns the space station. Accordingly, the Chinese space station named Thien Cung is expected to be able to host three astronauts operating at the same time. China has selected a team of 18 astronauts, including only one woman. The first three astronauts are expected to spend three months in space. Mars and more Model of China’s first space station. Photo: AP China announced that it plans to make one more Mars landing by 2028 and bring samples from the planet back to Earth for study. NASA and the European Space Agency are also embarking on this work in the hope that the US Perseverance probe, which landed on Mars in February, can bring soil and rock from Mars to Earth by 2031. This is said to be more likely to lead to a race between the parties. China also plans to take 10 years to collect samples from the comet. In addition, the country also intends to set up spacecraft to orbit around Venus and Jupiter. By 2024, China plans to launch a space telescope like the US Hubble, which has been in orbit since 1990. On China Space Day (April 24), President Xi Jinping wrote a letter to senior space scientists, encouraging them to “intensify and expand space exploration and rapidly quickly turn China into a space power.

Model of China’s first space station at the 2010 exhibition in Zhuhai city. Photo: Kin Cheung / Associated Press China has now achieved what the US and the Soviet Union did before: a successful landing on Mars. After orbiting the planet since February, the Tianwen 1 rover sent a vehicle to land on the surface of Mars. The probe will join three NASA spacecraft that are surveying Mars. China’s Mars mission may seem less appealing than NASA’s latest mission, because it’s essentially repeating the feats Americans achieved decades ago. But it represents another milestone in China’s ambitions to transform itself into a “space power,” as President Xi Jinping announced in April. Many potential milestones lie ahead. Conquer the Moon In January 2019, China became the first country to land a probe on the dark side of the Moon. This is China’s second successful moon landing, after one in 2013. At that time, China sent a rover on the lunar surface and it is still operating to this day, far exceeding the initial 3 month expectation. In late April, it roamed nearly half a mile from its starting point in the Von Kármán crater near the moon’s south pole, according to Chinese television. In December 2020, China sent another spacecraft to the Moon. It shoveled nearly 2kg of rock back to Earth. This is the first lunar specimen since those collected by the Soviet Union during the Luna 24 mission in 1976. Some samples are on display in Beijing. China names its lunar probes Chang’e with serial numbers. Three more will hit the road in 2027, with more flying probes and even 3D printing trials in space. These missions aim to lay the groundwork for a Moon base and astronaut visits in the 2030s. To date, only the US Apollo program has sent people to the Moon. In March, Russia’s space agency Roscosmos said it would work with China to build a lunar research station, though it did not give details of any joint plans. Enemy space station China’s launch of the main module for its latest orbiting space station in April attracted more international attention than expected for unwarranted reasons. After reaching orbit, the main booster fell ominously back to Earth: “uncontrolled re-entry”. Debris landed in the Indian Ocean in May, nearly losing the Maldives and sparking criticism over how China carried out its heaviest rocket launch, the Long March 5B. More similar cases will continue. This is the first of 11 missions needed to build China’s third and most ambitious space station by the end of 2022. Two more Long March 5B rockets carry additional modules and new ones. Variations with smaller parts. Next June will have four missions to be carried out, sending Chinese astronauts back into space after more than four years. Watch the launch of the rocket carrying the Mars probe Tianwen 1 in Wenchang, China. Photo: AP China’s first two space stations are short-lived prototypes, but the station is intended to be operational for a decade or so. The International Space Station, jointly developed by the US, Russia and other countries, is nearing the end of its expected life cycle in 2024. What happens after that remains unclear. NASA has proposed keeping the station operational for several more years; Russia has announced it intends to withdraw its troops by 2025. If the station is shut down, China could be the only country with a space station for a while. This Thien Cung station will be able to accommodate 3 astronauts for long-term missions and 6 astronauts for shorter periods. China has chosen a team of 18 astronauts, some of them civilians (only one is a woman). The first three are expected to spend three months in space, surpassing the 33-day record set by Chinese astronauts in 2016. Hao Chun, director of China’s manned space agency, told the press that astronauts from other countries would be allowed to visit, under the docking mechanism “in line with China’s standards”. “. Some foreign astronauts are prepared to learn Mandarin. Conquer Mars The Mars mission is trying to achieve feats that NASA has achieved for many years. The Tianwen 1 spacecraft has reached orbit around the planet and has now safely brought one to the surface. The Soviet Union was the first country to send a spacecraft to Mars in 1971, but seconds after touching down, the lander stopped communicating, possibly due to a sandstorm. It transmits an incomplete or undecipherable image. Since then, several other countries’ attempts to reach the surface have failed. Only the US has succeeded in landing on Mars. China tried to send an orbiter to Mars in 2011, but the Russian rocket carrying it failed to get out of orbit and both crashed back to Earth. China’s Tianwen Orbiter has surveyed Mars and its landing site, Utopia Planitia, a large basin in the northern hemisphere where NASA’s Viking 2 landed in 1976. The Zhurong rover is named after a position. god of fire, will conduct a number of experiments studying the topography, geology and atmosphere of the planet. China says it plans to send a second lander to Mars in 2028 and eventually return samples from the planet to Earth. That’s a goal NASA and the European Space Agency are hoping to achieve by 2031. China’s mission could happen this decade, setting up a potential race. In addition to the Mars mission, China is planning a 10-year mission to collect samples from an asteroid that passed by the comet. Simultaneously in orbit for Venus and Jupiter. In 2024, they plan to launch a telescope with an orbit similar to Hubble, which was first launched in 1990. Hoang Thanh ( According to the New York Times)

The Russian army has put into service T-14 Armata tanks since 2014. This will be the main battle tank (MBT) of the new generation of Russia, which is promised to be produced in large numbers. The amount of T-14 built is still negligible, but the T-14 is still much more successful than the T-95. Russia had ambitions to design a new tank that outperformed all of the most capable Western tanks, as well as any previous Soviet tanks, but the T-95 program was unable to outdo it. from the test phase. The origin of the T-95 main tank actually dates back to the Soviet era, when Moscow attempted to find a new main battle tank to replace the aging Soviet armored fleet. Those efforts continued as the Russian military inherited the majority of Soviet tank storage, including the main T-80 tanks produced by the Omsktransmash factory and the T-72 tanks built by Uralvagonzavod. . Russia continued to produce the T-90, at which time the T-90 was considered the main battle tank of Russia before a more modern tank could be produced. And the two tank factories are racing to develop a new type of MBT. The Omsktransmash factory started with a Black Eagle tank, which was essentially born from the T-80 but had a multi-chamber design. However, the performance of the T-80 in the First Chechen War was very lackluster. The Moscow government lost faith in the Black Eagle tank program and with the lack of funding the Black Eagle tank program was canceled in 2001, after which the Omsktransmash company quickly went bankrupt. While the Black Eagle is not impressive, the Uralvagonzavod plant is still working on the MBT in the Object 195 program. First reported in 1995, it was not officially recognized by the Russian military until 2000. The goal of the T-95 program is to create a tank equipped with more powerful weapons, including a 152mm main gun that can fire conventional ammunition as well as guided missiles, while providing better protection for The crew of three people, which includes a commander, gunner and driver. The tank is designed with the concept of a remote unmanned turret, equipped with an automatic loader for the main gun. In addition, the tank also has a panoramic periscope with thermal cameras, allowing the commander to scan the targets and then assign aiming and firing to the gunner. In terms of size, the T-95 is said to be larger than previous MBTs, and is similar in size and weight to Western tanks such as the British Challenger 2, Germany’s Leopard 2A7 and America’s M1A2 Abrams. . Especially the remote control turret design and the heavy gun are features found in the T-14 Armata, so it is clear that the T-95 is ahead of its time. However, only a handful of T-95 prototypes were built, by 2011 the program was halted and Russia switched to the production of the main Armata tank. The T-95 may be an early proof of concept for the T-14 Armata with its unmanned turret and crew compartment hull. However, it is likely that the 152mm cannon is overkill as the T-14 is still equipped with the traditional 125mm cannon. The question now is whether the T-14 will actually get past the T-95, but at least look at the T-14 now through its prototype stage and that’s what the T-14 does. than the Black Eagle or T-95 tank. Photo source: BMDP. Is Russia’s T-14 Armata the model of the future for all major battleships? Source: ArmiesPower.

Sitting in a living room decorated with purple flower pots, Georgian Manana Natchkebia, 59, recalls her 30-year anniversary of low-cost Aeroflot flights. When she was 20 years old, Manana Natchkebi was a worker in a factory in Tbilisi, capital of Georgia. Her salary ranges from 300-400 rubble / month and she does not have to pay rent due to her living in the dormitory of the factory. On holidays, many people travel, Manana has another hobby, which is to fly to the Russian capital Moscow to shop. She loves buying French perfumes and fashion clothes. At that time, imports were not much in Georgia, so women like fashion like Manana often flew to the Soviet Union to satisfy their shopping needs. Fortunately, the airfare between Tbilisi and Moscow is quite cheap, only 37 rubles / way, an affordable price and not much higher than the train price. Facing the exit of the old Tbilisi airport, a mural paying homage to visitors was sculpted from the Soviet era. Photo: lemonde.fr In today’s Georgia, the former Soviet generation is now in its 50s but still remember the low-cost Aeroflot flights 30 years ago. “That day, we really liked Moscow. We often come here for a few days to visit the capital, watch movies, listen to good music to go to Mausoleum of Lenin because we are all Communist Party members. Once, we flew from Tbilisi to Moscow and vice versa within 24 hours to attend a party, watch a concert or get a haircut… ”, Manana recalls. According to the memory of former pilot Kakha Chachava, 60, during the 1970s and 1980s, many Georgians took an Aeroflot flight to Moscow for 37 rubles. “There are at least 10 flights a day between Tbilisi and Moscow, and that number goes up to 14 in the summer,” Kakha recalls. Not only Georgians but many people in the former Soviet republics are fond of Aeroflot flights of 37 rubbles. The Soviet Union invented cheap flights, symbols of modern capitalism, long before easyJet or Ryanair appeared. There are many things in common between Aeroflot flights and those on today’s low-cost airlines: Fewer business class seats, basic amenities, no side meals, and staff not always comfortable. . American historian Steven Harris, who is about to release a book about Aeroflot, observed: “Strangely, since the 1990s, Aeroflot has pioneered the provision of cheap flights. Service is reduced to a minimum so that people can buy the lowest fares “. In the Soviet Union, the number of non-commuter passengers increased significantly, from 8 million (out of 203 million in total) in 1958 to over 100 million (out of 257 million in total). 1976. The development of air traffic goes hand in hand with the development of tourism. Erik Scott, Professor of History of Soviet Studies at the University of Kansas (USA) explains: “In the post-Stalin era, the Soviet government gave people many opportunities to travel and a quality of life. better. Flights allow more people to travel ”. In 1990, Aeroflot entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the world’s largest airline, with a network of more than 1 million kilometers of domestic routes connecting 3,600 towns and cities. Convenient air traffic also promotes trade and cultural exchange. Director Lana Gogoberidze, 92, who has worked with famous Russian film director and screenwriter Andrei Tarkovsky regularly flies to Moscow. “At that time, I had to go to Moscow to attend presentations or support the crew in front of the censorship committee,” said Lana. In addition, she also took advantage of meeting friends and enjoying the cultural life in Moscow. But it all ended in 1991, the time that marked the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Flight 37 rubble is suspended after restructuring Aeroflot. Since then, the Tbilisi-Moscow route has also reflected tensions between Russia and Georgia amid the separatist conflict of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In June 2019, Moscow banned all direct flights to Georgia after a violent anti-Russian demonstration in Tbilisi. This is the most serious crisis since the 2008 war. Today, Georgian youth love to travel in Berlin (Germany), Prague (Czech) Amsterdam (Netherlands), Barcelona (Spain) or Paris (France) on flights of low-cost airlines like Wizz. Air of Hungary, Pegasus Airlines of Turkey. But for Georgian elders who adore the Soviet Union, they still remember the phrase “37 rubble”, about Aeroflot’s low-cost flights. “It is a nostalgia for our youth,” Mrs. Manana Natchkebia emphasized.

AK-130 gunboat on Russian battleships. Photo: Internet Although born in the Soviet Union, but up to now, the AK-130 gunboat system is still a fearsome weapon with any target at sea in range. Specifically, according to expert Maya Carlin on National Interest, it is the ability to complete many tasks and high stability that the Russian Navy still believes in using the AK-130 gunboat on large warships despite the weapons. This weighs up to 100 tons. Although the development time of the AK-130 has been lengthened for a variety of reasons, this weapon has proven to be a highly efficient weapon with a rate of fire of more than 60 rounds per minute. It is known that the Soviet Navy began to have plans to own large caliber automatic cannons from the years of World War II. Artillery soldiers of the Soviet Armed Forces said that the existing cannons with caliber from 100-130mm with slow firing speed limited their ability to attack aerial targets. Therefore, in the period 1952-1955, the Soviet Union developed a number of prototype automatic cannon loaded ammunition. Automatic guns were planned for development and service in the Navy as part of the shipbuilding program for the period 1956-1965, but the plan was later abandoned. Technical blueprints bearing the plant designation ZIF-92 appeared in 1969. It was a single caliber 130mm cannon. Many of the features of the ZIF-92 gun were later applied to the AK-130 gunboat. The ZIF-92 prototype featured new, but not without deficiencies. Soviet experts planned to mount ZIF-92 on the patrol boat of Project 1135 Burevestnik. However, the ZIF-92 proved too heavy for ships of this type and forced to stay on the shelf. The Soviet Navy was finally delivered with a double-barreled gunboat in 1985. The gun was named AK-130 and was installed on the Project 956 Sovremeny destroyer. The AK-130 was developed in 1976 in the Arsenal design room named MV Frunze. With the 2-barrel design was really necessary for the gunboat because 1 barrel could not guarantee a firing efficiency of 60 rounds / min. With 2 barrels, the AK-130 cannon can fire 80 rounds / minute (each barrel shoots 40 rounds). Each bullet weighs 33kg. The AK-130’s maximum range when attacking sea and ground targets is 23km.

“Job selection” is probably the most correct way of saying for literary circles. Nghiem Huyen Vu graduated from the University of General Physics in the Soviet Union (formerly) in 1973, but a future physicist has taken a turn, choosing to step on the path of poetry. That same year he entered the military life, served nine years, then moved on to publishing, journalism and journalism management – publishing until his retirement. He has printed more than 10 books, including six volumes of poetry, the rest are translated poetry, essays, dissertations, short stories … His poetry has meticulously refined observations, and words have been refined. Many seemingly normal details were blown into his poetic soul, becoming sparkling. He saw the “lotus heel” from “distant memory” in the woman carrying the water; realizing the “first little separation” when taking the child into grade 1 and seeing the girl’s “wind full of humble clothes” in the early spring …, then generalizing it into a concept, philosophy live by yourself. Reading him, we are persuaded by emotional poetic soul, loving people, “on the side of tears”. Nghiem Huyen Vu is a member of the Association of Vietnamese Writers, a native of Duc Tho (Ha Tinh), and currently lives and writes in Hanoi. Huu Viet poet chooses and introduces Autumn hair Thu seemed to have about his dry and thirsty heart early breeze West Lake dew willow invite green remote There was a time when I had long hair wind farming Grazing dreams on each microfiber I go through a brilliant autumn My hair is fading my dreams are yellow And the autumn comes back the same wind I heard my heart melt in the morning hair fall … The woman goes to get the water The woman goes to get the water shoulder blade deflection Chest is heavy shake with the footsteps the woman thinks about the fire hot water red charcoal dinner lamp rough man’s face austere Bare feet through fire through the mud lotus heel distant memory Feet go a thousand times still don’t stop searching the nearest road The woman goes to get the water Loosen the water more pain and love – the river is still flowing The woman goes to get the water all my life Can’t think in time shoulder deflection and speckled feet. Written at Ba Lat’s door It has been many years since I met the Red River Where the river blends into the great sea The place flutters the crimson horizon The waves burst up overwhelmingly before boundless The place where the fairy tale begins Alluvial seeds turn into deltas Bare children dancing in waves As if hatching from Au Co egg wrap Surprisingly golden ripe rice apricot Right by the waves in the sea ring New thatched roofs birds find Land revived in the acrid salinity of human life Where the river meets the sky Red water across the sixteenth moon Self-love stars are nine stars Golden sand glittering at night The sagging wing swaying forever Ru the great countryside into the Country Flowing through time glorious ruin Pink a sea far away Compensate to hear the past five months Between the earth and water junction My source raindrops fall Going through my life to reach the estuary …

Blue is the Arctic region of Russia, while blue is the area equivalent to the North Pole. Photo: Hellerick (CC BY-SA 3.0). The concept of the North Pole appeared in the Soviet Union in the 1930s to define remote areas with difficult living conditions. Most of these areas are located in permanently frozen areas. Here the land is not fertile and the winter is harsh, especially the difficult terrain, with no means of communication with other localities. These include Zapolyarie and the Far East. Administratively, however, the North Pole was added to more territories, not only distributed in the North of Russia. Specifically, this region includes part of the Ural and Southern Sibiri ranges, which are some areas of Tuva and Altai. In addition, there are similar regions to the North Pole (in blue on the map). Thus, the area of ​​the North Pole, including its equivalent, accounts for about 70% of the territory of Russia! 2. The North Pole is not inhabited by many people Remote village Tiksi in the Republic of Yakutia (Russian). Photo: Sergei Fomin / Global Look Press. Despite such a large area, but in the North Pole only less than 12 million Russians live, which is only 7% of the country’s population. Interestingly, in the North Pole, there are many ethnic minorities. They are the Pomor, Yakut, Tuva and many other peoples. They maintain a traditional way of life for hundreds of years. Cities in the Arctic are now becoming sparsely sparsely populated: In the Soviet era, people came here for money, because salaries for experts were 5-6 times higher than those in the central region of Russia. Many cities and villages were built next to mineral deposits that fell into decline after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. People are moving to warmer weather areas and selling their homes. Currently, in the city of Vorkuta, a 2-room apartment with repair costs about 200,000 rubles (nearly 2700 USD), equivalent to the price of a square meter of housing in the Moscow suburbs. In the villages on the outskirts of the city of Vorkuta, the cheapest price is from 30,000 rubles (400 USD). However, the population of Salekhard city in the Yamal region increases every year, as many locals do not want to leave. 3. The State guarantees the supply of essential goods Staff of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Conditions transport food to remote areas of the Yakutia Republic. Photo: Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations / Sputnik. Identification of the Arctic region is necessary to address the supply of essential goods issues. Every year before winter, Russian authorities organize the transport of goods to these areas such as fuel, medicine, food and other goods, usually by air or water. Of course, shops are still available in cities and rural areas in these areas, but private provision is very expensive. 4. Expensive cost of living in the North Pole Inside a store in the Republic of Yakutia. Photo: Barcroft Media / Getty Images. Farming in the Russian Arctic is very difficult due to the soil characteristics and infrequent weather conditions that allow the transportation of goods from other places. Only one thing here is the cheapest – an apartment. Here cheese costs 2 times more expensive than in central Russia, eggs 3 times more expensive, vegetables 4-5 times more. In fact, in the Arctic regions there are a few things that can be sold at relatively low prices are hunting animals and fish, which are quite rare in other parts of Russia. 5. Bright-colored housing to combat depression Graffiti in the city of Salekhard. Photo: Maria Plotnikova / Sputnik. In many cities in the North Pole, there is a tradition of brightly painted apartment buildings. Due to the lack of sunlight and trees, orange, yellow, and pink buildings add to the excitement. Vacation time longer, retire earlier Deer Farmers in Yamal. Photo: Maksim Blinov / Sputnik. In Soviet times, incentives for people to work in the North Pole were introduced in 1932 and revised several times. Today, people who work there get an additional 24 days off (by the standard 28 days a year), while working in the Arctic equivalent is an extra 16 days. If a person has worked in the Arctic for more than 15 years, then he or she is entitled to retire five years earlier than the average Russian (55 years old for women, 60 years old for men). In areas similar to the Arctic, it takes 20 years to retire. 7. The people of the North Pole adapt quickly to extreme conditions Photo: Ayar Varlamov / Sputnik. People who spend their whole life in the southern regions of Russia find it very difficult to get used to winter with cold winds and lack of sunlight. As for the people of the North Pole, such conditions will not cause them any special problems. A few years ago, scientists from the Republic of Yakutia explained that the body of people of northern Russian origin quickly adapted to extreme nights and extreme climates. QUOC KH Asian NH ( according to the RBTH . com )

There is nothing wrong and exaggerated about the threat posed by the Soviet Union, both military and ideological, in the contemporary American perception of Sputnik satellite. Shortly after Sputnik was successfully launched into low-Earth orbit, the US and the West fell into what became known as the “Sputnik Crisis”. The early Soviet spatial achievements were regarded by many around the globe as a testament to the superiority and effectiveness of the Soviet model of government and the social structure of the Soviet State. In the New York Times alone, “Sputnik 1” was mentioned in articles averaging 11 times a day between October 6 and October 31, 1957 – America’s fear of Lien. Bucket in space. With each subsequent victory in technology, the Soviet Union not only demonstrated what could be done through an economic and policy approach, but also demonstrated what American capitalism could not do …, or at least, it can’t be done quickly. The fear of the communists not only winning mentally but also the embracing heart and mind led directly to the establishment of the Aerospace Research Agency (NASA), which invests in the resources for missile and orbit science, strong funding for defense programs, and prestige enhancement to offset the advantages of the Soviet Union are becoming evident in many fields. N1 boosters of the Soviet Union; Source: spacethatneverwas.tumblr.com In November 1957, the Soviet Union became the first country to put a live animal, the Laika, into orbit in Sputnik 2. The following month, the United States made its first attempt to send a Vanguard TV3 satellite (Test Vehicle 3 ) of the Naval Research Laboratory into orbit, but the rocket only flew about 4 feet off the launch pad before collapsing again and exploding. However, the following month, the United States entered space with Explorer 1, and later that year, NASA replaced the National Aviation Advisory Committee (NACA) with a mission to bring the US towards supremacy in space. . In 1959, the technically faulty Soviet Luna 1 rocket flew further than the platforms before it, escaped the orbit of the Moon and eventually entered the orbit of the Sun, but later that year, the spacecraft The Soviet Union Luna 2 pillar reached the lunar surface for the first time. Soon, Luna 3 sent an image of the surface of the Moon from orbit and by 1960, the Soviet Union was the first to send animals (the dogs Belka and Strelka) and plants into space and back. and still live. And just a year later, the Soviet Union brought a real human being, the cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space. Plan your spaceship “explore” In 1959, for promotion, the Soviet Union decided to choose a number of technologies, vehicles and equipment that represented the great progress of the Soviet Union for a traveling exhibition. The opportunity to take a closer look at the exhibition’s most precious jewel – a Lunic spaceship very similar to the Luna 2, housed in a deck above the modified rocket has arrived. When they got as close as possible, a few plainclothes agents were surprised to find the spacecraft hidden behind glass cuts in real missile housings. The declassified reports said that some people gasped, raised their eyebrows, were shocked to know the incident, and believed in Langley’s ears (nicknamed the US Central Intelligence Agency – CIA). Immediately, plans and plans to “explore” the Lunic more carefully began to be mapped out. But at the display site, soldiers guarded the ship at all times, both during and after hours, when museums and galleries were closed; Access to the Lunic information gathering while it was on display was practically impossible, so the CIA turned their attention to the way the Lunic was transported from one exhibit to another. The Soviet Vostok missile; Source: djournal.com While all exhibit artifacts were transported from one city to another by train (with guards), the CIA identified several gaps in how each one was transported from the site. exhibition to train station. The artifacts are simply placed in compact crates and loaded onto a truck carrying them to the train station for loading and unloading. This transit was not closely monitored by Soviet security, with items arriving at random intervals and little coordination between transport forces; The guardians at the railway warehouses were not even given a list. It was this shortcoming of Soviet security that gave the CIA, above all, the opportunity it needed. Missile robbery from the highway When night came, in order to carry out their plans, plainclothes CIA agents followed the van carrying Lunic out of the exhibition site, not forgetting to keep an eye on Soviet security. Surprisingly, despite tight security throughout the exhibits, the vehicle carrying a container filled with Soviet national secrets made a short trip to the train station completely unaccompanied. When the truck approached, turned toward the train station, the CIA agent simply let the car pass and escorted the driver to a nearby hotel. An agent jumped into the driver’s seat and drove the truck into a nearby, chosen rescue park that has high walls obscured. This was one of the most daring agents of the Cold War, and could certainly spark a clash between the planet’s two nuclear powers … For thirty minutes, CIA agents hovered over in the dark surrounding their newly stolen truck, waiting for some indication that the Soviets noticed Lunic’s absence. When nothing seemed to be suspicious, they climbed into the 20-foot long, 11-foot-wide and 14-foot-deep crate located inside the truck. Their job is to approach the Lunic spaceship, disassemble it and take pictures of what they can, then reassemble it, stuff it back inside the tank and transfer it to the train station before morning, so that the Soviets would not know what happened. Professional work The barrel itself has been reused over and over again, making it fairly easy to open without leaving any signs of being touched. With no way to pull the rocket out of the barrel, however, the spies soon realized they had no choice but to get in and do their job inside the barrel. Agents take off their shoes and split into groups, climbing to the bottom of the box using a rope ladder they carry to access the secrets stored inside. The CIA played an important role in stealing Soviet missile technology; Source: WATM Soon, their plans went wrong – the Lunic spacecraft won’t have difficulty reaching through the missile deck it’s located in, but when attempting to penetrate, CIA agents find a small seal. in plastic with engraved Soviet logo. To reach the spacecraft, it was necessary to break the seal, but doing so would almost certainly reveal their interference to Soviet authorities. Soon, calls to CIA parts in the area, and were told that they could re-seal the seal and arrive in time for reassembling and returning rockets in the morning. Although the engine was removed, the pylons as well as the fuel and oxidant tanks remained, providing the CIA with enough information to extrapolate the engine size and the missile’s payload capacity. Once the seal is removed, the Lunic itself has been pulled out, disassembled, and photographed in great detail. The information gathered was not only valuable from a design point of view, it also provided important context with regard to the Soviet missile program. Thanks to the recorded measurements and weights for the payload, the CIA will be able to better understand the telemetry data it collects around each Soviet launch. It is an important intelligence victory for the United States and will continue to shape the plans and policies pertaining to America’s space efforts for many years to come. But getting information is only part of the job. As the moonlight faded, CIA agents working with hand tools and socks ended up reassembling the Lunic and its missile housings, adding seals, removing wire ladders, and fixing the top. of the barrel. By 5 a.m., the original driver was returned his truck and his “cargo”, and he delivered it to the train station in time to deliver the first guard to come to work at 7:00 a.m. . The information gathered from the campaign gave the US a more complete understanding of what the Soviet Union was capable of, allowing the Americans to plan their appropriate efforts. America is no longer active in the dull anxiety of the “Sputnik crisis” without the actual data it needs to substantially assess the situation. It was in that newly found knowledge that America’s future spatial dominance began to sprout. In order to defeat the enemy, it is imperative to know where they are and what they can do… and the CIA has discovered it in the back of a stolen truck. Less than ten years later, the United States came ahead in the space race when the Apollo 11 landed on the Moon just before a Soviet amphibious ship crashed on the other side. More than twenty years later, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War officially ended./.

A few weeks before astronaut Yury Gagarin made his legendary flight on April 12, 1961, a mannequin dressed in a pilot’s outfit called “Ivan Ivanovich” with a dog ” Star”. The astronaut’s chair “Vostok” (East). Photo: Aleksandr Mokletsov / Sputnik. In addition, on board there is also a tape recorder used to transmit back to Earth recordings of recipes and choral songs. This particular act is intended to confuse Americans who are watching the flight and are trying in vain to decipher the encrypted information. 2. The words “СССР” on the astronaut’s hat The words “СССР” (short for “Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic”) were inscribed on astronaut Yury Gagarin’s helmet exactly 20 minutes before flying. Yury Gagarin said goodbye to his friends before flying into space. Photo: Sputnik. In the last moment, it was decided to do it so that upon landing on Earth, astronauts would not be confused with foreign spies. Because exactly a year earlier, in the airspace of the Soviet Union people had shot down an American spy plane named Francis Gary Powers. This person also wears a similar helmet. 3. Simple phrase but famous worldwide When the spaceship was launched, Yury Gagarin should have said a formal sentence saying “Crew, let’s go!”. However, he said a simple phrase that would later become famous worldwide was “Poyekhali!” (Go!). Yury Gagarin before setting off on the “Vostok-1”. Photo: Sputnik. When taking off on a regular plane, Yury Gagarin’s instructor Mark Gallay often said that, but he really did not understand what it was for when the crew had only one person. 4. The spaceship is controlled automatically Yury Gagarin’s “Vostok-1” spacecraft is controlled by automatic mode. Because, no one can predict how people in such extreme conditions will behave. Spaceship “Vostok-1” with the world’s first astronaut Yury Gagarin at departure. Photo: Sputnik. In case of a mishap, Yury Gagarin was given an envelope with a manual drive activation code. Activation codes can be obtained by solving a simple, but complex, arithmetic problem in a panic state. 5. Farewell letter Before flying, Yury Gagarin wrote a farewell letter to his wife Valentina in case he was unable to return to Earth. This letter was not received until seven years later, when Yury Gagarin died during a training flight on March 27, 1968. Valentina Gagarina and her daughter Lena read a letter to the “Little Flame” magazine after Yury Gagarin’s death. Photo: A. Golikov / Sputnik. 6. “I’m on fire, farewell, comrades!” It was not clear at the time, what a spacecraft would look like when flying through dense layers of the atmosphere. Seeing the sparks of fire on the doorway of the ship, Gagarin said that his ship was in distress and spread the news about the Earth: “I am on fire, farewell comrades!” For good reasons, people decided to forget these words. Scientists tracked Yury Gagarin’s state in space from the Flight Control Center. Photo: Sputnik. 7. Characteristics of promotion to Major Yury Gagarin flew into space with the rank of Lieutenant, and when he flew back to Earth, he took the rank of Major. There is a theory that, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev ordered Defense Minister Rodion Malinovsky to give a special promotion to Yury Gagarin, ignore the rank of Captain and go straight to Major. Yury Gagarin and First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev. Photo: Aleksandr Sergeev / Sputnik. 8. Carry guns into space While the ship “Vostok-1” made a flight, for the first time in history humans brought guns into space. Yury Gagarin is given a Makarov pistol. The astronaut is expected to land in a remote area where he must protect himself from wild beasts. This happened to the crew of the train “Voskhod-2” (Dawn) in 1965, when they had to return fire to drive away swarms of wolves and bears in the snow-covered forest south of the Ural Mountains. The spacecraft device “Vostok-1” and Yury Gagarin landed on Earth. Photo: Sputnik. 9. Nearly died when he returned to Earth It was technically impossible for the astronaut to land on Earth at that time, so Yury Gagarin threw himself out and landed with a parachute. In his tight armor, he did not immediately open the valve to supply oxygen, so he was suffocated for a while. After completing the heavy duty, the first person to fly into space almost died when he returned to Earth. Yury Gagarin after returning to Earth. Photo: Sputnik. 10. “Don’t talk about this with anyone!” Two days after the historic flight, at a reception held inside the Kremlin, Soviet Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Shrushchev pulled Yury Gagarin aside and asked the astronaut if he could see God and get Gagarin. The joke is yes. The world’s first astronaut Yury Gagarin. Photo: Sputnik. The leader of the Soviet Union immediately said: “Please do not talk about this with anyone!”. After a while, BishopAlexy I came up to ask the same question. Yury Gagarin at that time joked awkwardly to the head of the Russian Orthodox Church and replied: “No, Father, unfortunately I can’t see it.” “Yury, please don’t bring this to anyone!”, The priest said.

This strange tank history was born in the 1960s, when the Swedish army planned to develop a new line of main battle tanks to deal with the Soviet Union. Swedish engineers propose a unique idea when not to use turrets like conventional tanks. The main gun was fixed to the body of the vehicle, but did not have a rotating turret like normal tanks. The engineers argued that the cannon fixed to the hull made it more accurate to fire than the rotating turret. In addition, the use of a turret makes the overall height of the tank significantly reduced, harder to detect on the battlefield, and the low height also makes it harder for the tank to hit the enemy’s fire. Eventually a design was born, called Stridsvagn 103. Sweden wants to develop the Stridsvagn 103 into a high-speed assault and ambush armor vehicle, taking advantage of the superiority of precision firing to destroy, disrupting the enemy tanker formation. The Stridsvagn 103 is fitted with a 105 mm main gun, with an automatic reload system. Because there is no turret, the angle of lift and lowering of the gun is adjusted through a special suspension that can be lifted and lowered when necessary. However, the angle of elevation and lowering of the cannon is quite limited, Stridsvagn 103 cannot shoot from above. The crew must rotate the entire body to adjust the line of sight. Stridsvagn 103 tanks were produced to full scale from 1967 and lasted until 1971. In total, about 290 vehicles were produced and handed over to the Swedish army. In the 60s and 70s, Stridsvagn 103 was the core of the armored Swedish force. The car chain has small hooks to increase the grip of the road. The chassis has a blade that can be used to dig a camouflage tunnel for the vehicle. The Stridsvagn 103 tank can wade in about 20 minutes after the preparation time, the wading speed is about 6 km / h. In 1967, Norway compared this tank with the Leopard-1. When the lid is closed, the Stridsvagn 103 detects the target faster than the Leopard-1, the opposite result when opening the door. In 1975, two Stridsvagn 103 were shipped to the US for performance testing with the M60A1E3 version. The results showed that Stridsvagn 103 fired more accurately, but the average time per shot was 0.5 seconds slower. Stridsvagn 103’s superiority in accuracy was not enough to compensate for design flaws. This bizarre tank was quickly replaced by the Stridsvagn 122 (version of the Leopard-2) German made in Sweden in 1997.

The K-3 was the first nuclear-powered submarine of the Soviet Union. Photo: RBTH The Leninsky Komsomol K-3 nuclear-powered submarine was one of the special cases in which the Soviet Union had to find a way to catch up with the United States. The reason the Soviet Union decided to have nuclear energy submarines In 1945, the United States showed the world the destructive power of new nuclear weapons. However, deploying a nuclear bomb by air (as it did when bombing Japan) also comes with significant risks. At the time, the United States believed that the only “safe” way to deploy nuclear weapons at that time was by means of submarines, which could secretly reach enemy coasts and unleash. the decisive blow. The first nuclear-powered submarine project of the US is implemented in secret. The decision to build the first ship was made in 1951 and on June 14, 1952, the construction of the ship called “Nautilus” officially took place. At the same time, the Soviet Union began building its own nuclear-powered submarines. Russia started the construction of the K-3 submarine in Severodvinsk on September 24, 1955. If the US Nautilus submarines still use the same body frame as diesel-electric submarines and the only difference is that there is an additional nuclear reactor, the K-3 submarine of the Soviet Union has a complete design difference in order to be able to operate under water optimally. Therefore, the nuclear power submarine K-3 of the Soviet Union has a faster speed than the Nautilus. The K-3 submarine has a maximum displacement of more than 3,000 tons when floating and 4,750 tons when diving, and can travel at speeds of more than 50 km / h even though the reactor is not operating at full capacity. The ship was originally designed to attack enemy coastal naval bases with just a massive (1.5 meter) caliber thermonuclear probe. However, this approach was ineffective and too expensive, so it was canceled. Instead, the Soviet Union switched to using torpedoes capable of carrying nuclear warheads. A special feature of the K-3 submarine To increase the stealth level of the K-3, the Soviet Union used special mechanisms to reduce the noise of the interior components, special coating for the entire ship, and low-noise propellers. Some of the special features of the K-3 are that it does not have anchors, does not carry any defense weapons, and does not have an emergency diesel reactor. The K-3 is the first submarine to break 2.5 meters of ice in the Arctic. Photo: Sputnik Later, those who were on the K-3 submarine said that the interior of the ship was like a work of art. Each room is painted a different color and uses bright tones to create a pleasant eye feel. Some of the ship’s bulkheads are made to look like a picture, while others look like a large mirror. All of the equipment on board is made of precious woods and is specially designed to be used in an emergency situation, not just for its original purpose. For example, the large hall table in the lobby can be easily converted into something under certain circumstances. In July 1962, the Soviet nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol successfully sailed to the Arctic, four years after a similar American achievement on the Nautilus submarine in 1958. Submarines K-3 also marked the first time in the history of the Soviet Union and later Russia, having a long journey under the ice in the Arctic and twice passing through the northernmost point of the Earth./.

On this commemorative milestone, Mr. Boris Volynov, Soviet cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, the last living astronaut from the first astronaut team, who made two flights into space. , shared with Sputnik about the selection of astronauts at the time, about his relationship with Gagarin and about the cause of the death of astronaut No. 1. – How was he selected in the space pilot team? – Boris Volynov: In 1955 I graduated from the training school and became a pilot of the Moscow air defense force, serving in Yaroslavl. The work is very complicated and difficult. There is practically no day off. One day, I received an order to the command of the regiment. Before entering the office, I was invited to another room, where the KGB National Security Agency representative asked me to sign a nondisclosure agreement. Entering the office, there were no regimental commanders, but strangers instead. T I was asked to do the life-risky job of flying at higher speeds and higher altitudes than our fighters, although we are still proud of the fact that we fly at high speeds and contemporary highest altitude. I agreed to accept a new assignment, then after a short time I received an order to make a business trip to Moscow. We go through a selection of pressure chambers, on centrifuges, on special swings to test the vestibular apparatus. The total challenge time is 40 days and nights. Out of the five regimental pilots who were called to the Army Hospital, only I was the one who passed the test with a “Match” result. After a while, he received orders to return to Moscow. There are 12 people, the next day to add a 13th person. In the aviation profession, this is a number that people are very afraid of. Not a single aircraft in our air force unit has the tail number 13, no apartments in the military town are numbered 13. Such details remain bold in memory. Soviet Hero Yuri Gagarin. – Do you remember your acquaintance with Gagarin? – Boris Volynov: We get to know him better through skydiving. He thought I was good at dancing and came to consult. We arrange parachutes together. Yura had made no mistake. Right after the 17th dance, at the request of the team leader, I was assigned to be a guide and help you. We communicate not just about work. We also play volleyball together. – It was not immediately clear then that Yuri Gagarin would become the first astronaut. When do you know who will fly April 12? – Boris Volynov: Until the very last moment, we still don’t know who will fly, Yuri Gagarin or the German Titov. For example, in space travel, human weight is very important. Being overweight always wastes the fuel of the boosters. German is lighter than Yura. It is only at the meeting of the State Committee for the Universe that it is decided who flies first. We weren’t there, but only knew of this choice during flight, when we heard Gagarin’s “Kedr” (Snow Pine) signal during radio communications with Earth. On the other hand, it wasn’t long before German flew into space as well. If Gagarin did a spin around the Earth and couldn’t feel all the “pleasure” of weightlessness, then German would be the first person in the world to experience everything on his own in a day long flight. Your night. At that time, no one knew and no one could explain how weightlessness would affect the vestibular apparatus, where the head was filled with blood. Astronaut Gagarin in the compartment “Vostok-1”. – How and where did he welcome on April 12, 1961? – Boris Volynov: That day I was in Khabarovsk at the radio broadcasting station. It is my duty to make sure to get in touch with Yura. As he passed us, he began to report: “I am entering the shadow of the Earth”. We all wonder, “How is that?”. At that time no one knew about this. So what’s more, in 1961. Why is the darkness of the Earth? We did not understand until later. Yura landed, our job done, it was time to return to Moscow. In the city, we saw a jubilant scene. It was a weekday working day, but a lot of people were gleefully pouring out into the street so I can only compare this event with the Victory Day celebration. – Why do you think Gagarin himself was chosen? Due to his inherent human qualities? – Boris Volynov : Yura is always willing to help others. Even in difficult times, he knows how to unravel the situation. He went through many hardships, but I have never seen him offend anyone. Yura is always ready to support and share. He has the qualifications, skills, intelligence to find a common voice with everyone. Once we went with him to a repair workshop. He understood everything, spoke the same language as the craftsmen. And after the flight, he talked to the members of the Academy of Sciences. Yura is “me” everywhere and at all times. – Were you involved in the investigation of Gagarin’s death? – Boris Volynov: Have. – Alexei Leonov has his own hypothesis about what happened to the jet that passed by Gagarin’s plane. And what do you think about this? – Boris Volynov: His assumptions are unreasonable. Once central television invited me, Alexei Leonov, Viktor Gorbatko, the test pilot Stepan Mikoyan, who said that the whole assumption was bullshit. And Leonov said that he did not give the full name of the faulty test pilot, who was 90 years old at the time, to avoid ruining his life. And Mikoyan knew all about the test pilots. There was only one 90-year-old man who could not pass near Gagarin in supersonic mode, because he specialized in testing transport planes. Mikoyan even did the test: he took the MiG-15UTI, and then asked to arrange two test pilots, flying at the same altitude and at the same speed as the modern supersonic plane flies by side. next to them in different directions, below, above, at different angles. The MiG-15UTI swung up and down, but no emergency situation occurred. That is the perspective of a professional test pilot. Soviet space pilot Yuri Gagarin and aerospace pilot Alexei Leonov after flight aboard the MIG-15 fighter plane – In your opinion, is this a tragic accidental scene? – Boris Volynov: Hard to say. I do not understand anything. There are many theories, of which what is the truth cannot be known. One of the assumptions was that a soldier launched a meteorological balloon. This is a device weighing about 1 kg. If the plane collided with it in the light of its headlights at high speed, it wouldn’t be a small deal. At the same time, it was impossible to see the ball early while flying at high speed. – His active period coincided with a period of competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. Now people talk more about cooperation. In your view, should competition or cooperation be better? – Boris Volynov: Competition is not bad either. In 1969 we and the Americans attended the international convention in Delhi. Due to his outstanding achievements in space exploration, astronaut Neil Armstrong received the highest award from the International Space Federation for the world’s first landing on the lunar surface, while also commanding spacecraft Boris Volynov and astronaut researcher Evgeny Khrunov receive the award for the first time in the world to pair two spacecraft and go from ship to ship in open space. At this international conference, Neil Armstrong and I shook hands. I talked to him, he is a normal person and has learned a lot in my life. When he was a little boy, he wanted to fly in airplanes. They also have the same Flight Clubs we have in the Soviet Union, except the Americans have to pay and we are free. To earn money to pay for school, Neil Armstrong did the cleaning. As a result, we both flew into outer space. 108 minutes to change the world In the early 60s, Yuri Gagarin was fortunate to be among the first 20 astronauts in Soviet history, selected by the government from 3,000 of the best military students, thereby training them for missions without Any country in the world thinks: Fly into space! Regardless of the government’s expectations, Yuri Gagarin has made history after completing a 108-minute mission around the Earth on the Orient 1 spacecraft (Vostok 1). This event helped the Soviet Union become the first country in human history to get people out of the Earth’s gravity, spread their wings out into large space. At that time, Gagarin was only 27 years old. His trophies brought the Soviet Union to become the number 1 power in space conquest. On March 27, 1968, Yuri Gagarin returned to the flight route with the task of training a test pilot on the first generation MiG-15 jet fighter. Minutes after taking off from Chkalovsky airbase near Moscow, Gagarin suddenly notified ground control that they would return to the base. However, shortly thereafter, all communications with Gagarin’s plane were lost. After the plane disappeared from radar screens, authorities sent a search team consisting of hard-wing aircraft and helicopters. Four hours later, the body of the crashed plane was found near the city of Kirzhach, 133km from Moscow. Seven years after his historic mission, Yuri Gagarin farewell to the world in tears, when he was still too young at the age of 34.

PAK DA designs developed by Tupolev Office of Russia. Photo: Ministry of Defense of Russia In early April, the Russian Ministry of Defense approved the final design for the sixth-generation stealth bomber, called the “Modern Long Range Aviation Complex” (identified as in Russian is PAK DA). This aircraft designed and developed by the Tupolev Office places priority on stealth and long-range weapon use. Currently, the office is building a full-size, full-scale PAK DA prototype aircraft. PAK DA is designed based on the aerodynamic principle of “flying wings”, without the tail part, the fuel tank is separated from the wing, can reach subsonic speeds of 1,190 km / h. The PAK DA is expected to replace the Tu-160 strategic bomber developed in the Soviet era. The new Russian aircraft model uses the latest stealth technology, alloys and synthetic materials. The main weapon system equipped on the PAK DA includes long-range cruise missiles and supersonic missiles using modern technology, capable of escaping enemy radar. According to a professor at the Russian Military Science Academy Vadim Kozulin, all the equipment on board is automated at the highest level. Engineers are testing operating the PAK DA in unmanned mode. In addition, this latest generation Russian bomber is said to have the control feature of other groups of unmanned aircraft (UAVs). The highlight of the PAK DA design is the priority in stealth technology, combined with the tactic of using long-range weapons. “The Russian Air Force is currently armed with long-range missiles such as the X-555 and X-101 with a range of up to 5,000 km, which is why there is no need to use traditional long-range bombers. can carry out attacks without leaving the Russian border, still within the defense of the air defense system, “said Mr. Kozulin. The PAK DA is expected to enter service in the Russian army by 2027. The minimum lifespan of this strategic bomber is not less than 12 years. After technical maintenance, can increase the operating life up to 21 years.

A temple in Kalmykia during the Buddha’s birthday. Where heaven and earth are in harmony Kalmykia is located in southern Russia, on the western coast of the Caspian Sea. In Kalmykia, there is no shortage of natural reserves, the most famous of which is the natural diversity reserve called Chornye Zemli next to Manych-Gudilo, the largest saltwater lake in Kalmykia. Every year, this lake welcomes millions of spotted cauldrons, white-necked ducks and many different types of wild geese returning from the winter migration. Another animal in the reserve that gets a lot of attention is the moose. Like birds, individual groups of elk migrate from Chornye Zemli to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in winter, and then in spring they return. The best time to see the elk falls around March and April, when their plumage changes from brown to red. Russians have long known the therapeutic uses of Manych-Gudilo and other salt-water lakes in Kalmykia. The Soviet government (former) built a number of combined healing resorts next to saltwater lakes, the most prominent of which are the two villages Berezovoe and Solenoye on the shores of Lake Yashalta. Many Kalmykian herbal remedies have been recognized worldwide, especially for skin and respiratory diseases. From Berezovoe and Solenoye, tourists can head up north to reach the Ergeni hills. Contrary to the grasslands stretching out of sight, Ergeni is the only place with forests and mountains in Kalmykia. Tourists can explore the scenery or hunt for many valuable medicines in the forests. The Sarpa Freshwater Lake area is especially famous for its fishing and hunting activities. People in the area today also offer sand bath services. Tourists who want to see the Caspian Sea with endless stretches of white sand, come to Lagan. From a small fishing village, Lagan has now become a famous homestay tourist destination. Visitors need to keep in mind only one thing: Russian naval forces regularly patrol this coast. So, remember to bring your own documents, preferably with a tour guide. Chess is everywhere in life in the capital Elista. The city of temples Located on the transport axis connecting Central Asia with Northern Europe, Kalmykia has long absorbed many different cultures. The Kalmyk ancestors, the main ethnic group in this country, migrated from Xinjiang, China, to Kalmykia. They preserve their Central Asian culture while receiving activities and art from the Mongolian, Turkish and Russian communities living next to them. By the beginning of the 5th century, Tibetan Buddhism was introduced into Kalmykia and popularized until now. Kalmykia is also known with the nickname: “The only Buddhist republic in Europe”. Elista, the country’s capital and largest city, is also known as one of the few Buddhist centers in Europe. Tibetan Buddhism plays a key role, but there are also traditional features of Chinese and Japanese Buddhism here. The largest temple in Europe is the Golden Temple, located in the center of Elista. The temple was started construction in 2004 under the witness of the Dalai Lama during his visit to Kalmykia. Today, the Golden Temple is an attraction for Buddhists to pilgrimage from all over the world, with the tallest Buddha statue in Europe (9m high). Right next to the temple is the National Museum of Kalmykia, where guests can learn more about the history of Buddhism in particular and the history of Kalmykia in general. In addition to Buddhism, the capital Elista has many other interesting things to explore. Former President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov of Kalmykia was former President of the World Chess Federation. He put a lot of effort into making chess into the national sport. Nowadays, chess is included in the curriculum in schools, so wherever you go you can see people setting up chess boards or watching chess. Kirsan Ilyumzhinov’s greatest achievement is “Chess City”. It is a sports complex associated with the athletes village built on the occasion of the 1998 Chess Olympics and is now a tourist destination. Even the architecture here is also influenced by the chessboard that creates amusing, such as the International Chess Museum. In addition to watching the international chess tournaments held regularly, the favorite activity of tourists in the chess city is to play chess on the outdoor chess boards with giant chess pieces.

1. Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, Poland This 187 meter high building (including the 270 meter spike roof) was built in the center of the Polish capital Warsaw as a “gift from the people of the Soviet Union”. Participated in the construction of the Palace of Culture and Science with more than 3,000 workers from 1952 to 1955. Initially, architect Lev Rudnev (who previously designed the main building of Moscow State University) planned to build the building. a more modest house, only 120 meters high. However, the Soviet leadership finally decided to build the massive building. At that time, the construction process was regularly reported in the press. Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, Poland. Photo: Nagy Gyula / FORTEPAN (CC BY-SA 3.0); Pannini (CC0 1.0). Today, inside this 42-story building, there is an observation area, exhibition galleries, office spaces, 4 theaters, 4 museums, Polish Academy of Sciences, movie theaters and even a swimming pool. Currently, this is still the tallest building in Poland. 2. International Hotel in Prague, Czech Republic Today, this 16-story building cannot be called a skyscraper, but in the mid-1950s it stood out in ancient Prague with its low-rise buildings. However, it is still one of the largest buildings in the capital of the Czech Republic. Inside the building was supposed to be serviced apartments, as well as government buildings, but later it was decided to build hotels. The interiors of the hall are decorated with mosaic paintings of Czech folk art and the Prague landscape. International Hotel in Prague, Czech Republic. Photo: Simon Legner (CC BY-SA 4.0). Up to now, the building still preserves a civil defense shelter that can accommodate 600 people. Currently, this basement is converted to a storage room for building staff. 3. Free press supply in Bucharest, Romania Inside this building built in the 1950s, there was the “Skynteya” Newsroom – the official mouthpiece of the Communist Party of Romania. From 1960 to 1990, on the square in front of the building there was a monument to Lenin. Before 2007, it was the tallest building in Romania – 92 meters excluding the 12-meter high antenna. The building is even pictured on Romania’s largest denomination bill of 100 Leu. Free press supply in Bucharest, Romania. Photo: Legion Media 4. The Latvian Academy of Sciences building in Riga The building for scientists was designed by Latvian architects in the style of Moscow buildings. This place is now home to the headquarters of the research institutes of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, the research centers of Latvian language and culture, and at an altitude of 65 meters is the observation area. 1960s and present-day buildings. Photo: Naum Granovsky / TASS; Sjaak Kempe (CC BY 2.0) The interior of the building underwent changes in 1991. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, people removed all the “ideological” reliefs of Lenin and Stalin, and on the sharp roof removed the star shape. . 5. The Largo Complex in Sophia, Bulgaria Three “Stalin-style” buildings in the center of the Bulgarian capital Sophia were built in the mid-1950s for the public administration. The center court is the seat of the Communist Party of Bulgaria (today the venue for the meetings of the Bulgarian Parliament). In the next building is the Council of Ministers and Department of General Department, the other is the Presidential Palace, the Ministry of Education and the “Balkany” hotel. The Largo Complex in Sophia, Bulgaria. Photo: Legion Media In 2000, the Lenin monument was replaced with the statue of “Saint Sophia”, and the star on the sharp roof was replaced by the Romanian flag. 6. Buildings in Kharkov, Ukraine An apartment building in the center of the city of Kharkov in Ukraine is a true beauty spot. After World War II, the central Kharkov area suffered heavy losses. In the 1950s, on the site of war-torn houses, this building was built for turbine factory workers. Interestingly, one side of the gable was completely different from the rest of the building. Specifically, the building was built in the 1960s under the first Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev, who opposed cumbersome architectural styles. Buildings in Kharkov, Ukraine. Documentary photos; Vladimir Korsunsky (CC BY 3.0). 7. Exhibition Center Shanghai, China In 1955, in Shanghai, inaugurated the Soviet-China Friendship House. This building was built by Soviet experts, and the decoration was by Chinese architects. Exhibition Center Shanghai, China. Photo: Fayhoo (CC BY-SA 3.0). On the surface, this building is quite similar to the main exhibition hall of the USSR’s National Economic Achievements Exhibition. The author of the project is architect Viktor Andreev, who also designed the Moscow Pavilion. Currently this building is used to organize trade shows.

A few weeks before astronaut Yury Gagarin made his legendary flight on April 12, 1961, a mannequin in the pilot’s outfit named “Ivan Ivanovich” with a dog ” Star”.

The astronaut’s chair “Vostok” (East). Photo: Aleksandr Mokletsov / Sputnik

In addition, on board there is also a tape recorder used to transmit back to Earth recordings of recipes and choral songs. This particular act is intended to confuse Americans who are watching the flight and are trying in vain to decipher the encrypted information.

2. The words “СССР” on the astronaut’s hat

The words “СССР” (short for “Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic”) were inscribed on astronaut Yury Gagarin’s helmet exactly 20 minutes before flying.

Yury Gagarin said goodbye to his friends before flying into space. Photo: Sputnik

In the last moment, it was decided to do it so that upon landing on Earth, astronauts would not be confused with foreign spies. Because exactly a year earlier, in the airspace of the Soviet Union people had shot down an American spy plane named Francis Gary Powers. This person also wears a similar helmet.

3. Simple phrase but famous worldwide

When the spacecraft was launched, Yury Gagarin should have said a formal sentence that says “Crew, let’s go!”. However, he said a simple phrase that would later become famous worldwide was “Poyekhali!” (Go!).

Yury Gagarin before setting off on the “Vostok-1”. Photo: Sputnik

When taking off on a regular plane, Yury Gagarin’s guide Mark Gallay often said that, but he really did not understand what it was for when the crew had only one person.

4. The spaceship is controlled automatically

Yury Gagarin’s “Vostok-1” spacecraft is controlled by automatic mode. Because, no one can predict how people in such extreme conditions will behave.

Spaceship “Vostok-1” with the world’s first astronaut Yury Gagarin at departure. Photo: Sputnik

In case of a mishap, Yury Gagarin was given an envelope with a manual drive activation code. Activation codes can be obtained by solving a simple, but complex, arithmetic problem in a panic state.

5. Farewell letter

Before flying, Yury Gagarin wrote a farewell letter to his wife Valentina in case he was unable to return to Earth. This letter was not received until seven years later, when Yury Gagarin died during a training flight on March 27, 1968.

Valentina Gagarina and her daughter Lena read a letter to the “Little Flame” magazine after Yury Gagarin’s death. Photo: A. Golikov / Sputnik

6. “I’m on fire, farewell comrades!”

It was not clear at the time, what a spacecraft would look like when flying through the dense layers of the atmosphere. Seeing the sparks of fire on the doorway of the ship, Gagarin said that his ship was in distress and spread the news about the Earth: “I am on fire, farewell comrades!” For good reasons, people decided to forget these words.

Scientists tracked Yury Gagarin’s state in space from the Flight Control Center. Photo: Sputnik

7. Characteristics of promotion to Major

Yury Gagarin flew into space with the rank of Lieutenant, and when he flew back to Earth, he took the rank of Major. There is a theory that, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev ordered Defense Minister Rodion Malinovsky to give a special promotion to Yury Gagarin, ignore the rank of Captain and go straight to Major.

Yury Gagarin and First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev. Photo: Aleksandr Sergeev / Sputnik

8. Carry guns into space

While the ship “Vostok-1” made a flight, for the first time in history humans brought guns into space. Yury Gagarin is given a Makarov pistol. The astronaut is expected to land in a remote area where he must protect himself from wild beasts. This happened to the crew of the train “Voskhod-2” (Dawn) in 1965, when they had to return fire to drive away swarms of wolves and bears in the snow-covered forest south of the Ural Mountains.

The spacecraft device “Vostok-1” and Yury Gagarin landed on Earth. Photo: Sputnik

9. Nearly died when he returned to Earth

It was technically impossible for the astronaut to land on Earth at that time, so Yury Gagarin threw himself out and landed with a parachute. In his tight armor, he did not immediately open the valve to supply oxygen, so he was suffocated for a while. After completing the heavy duty, the first person to fly into space almost died when he returned to Earth.

Yury Gagarin after returning to Earth. Photo: Sputnik

10. “Don’t talk about this with anyone!”

Two days after the historic flight, at a reception held inside the Kremlin, Soviet Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Shrushchev pulled Yury Gagarin aside and asked the astronaut if he could see God and get Gagarin. The joke is yes.

The world’s first astronaut Yury Gagarin. Photo: Sputnik

The leader of the Soviet Union immediately said: “Please do not talk about this with anyone!”. After a while, Bishop Alexy I came up to ask the same question. Yury Gagarin at that time joked awkwardly with the head of the Russian Orthodox Church and replied: “No, Father, unfortunately I can’t see it.” “Yury, please don’t bring this to anyone!”, The priest said.

The moment the Vostok 1 and Gagarin left the launch pad. Photo: AP

Not to be outdone, in 1958, the US also successfully put the Explorer 1 satellite into orbit. After this period, the two sides entered a fierce race to conquer space, aiming to become the first country able to bring people to space.

Finally, the Soviet Union was the country to finish earlier, with astronaut Yuri Gagarin’s orbit exactly 60 years ago, on April 12, 1961 – the flight is historic and is considered to have changed change the world.

According to RBTH, Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in an ordinary carpenter family in Smolensk. At the age of 16, he moved to Moscow and then entered an engineering school in Saratov. Gagarin has been dreaming of the sky since childhood. One of the first pictures of Gagarin that his family still has is a young man standing by the wing of an airplane, raising his hand in excitement.

Image of Gagarin sitting on the Vostok spacecraft 1. Photo: ITN

While still a student in Saratov, Gagarin volunteered to join an aviation club. Thanks to his talent and relentless efforts, in 1955, at the age of 21, Gagarin was sent to the Chkalov First Air Force Pilot School in Orenburg and graduated with excellent results after 2 years.

In November 1957, he officially became a military pilot with the rank of lieutenant in the Soviet Air Force. At the same time, the Soviet Union launched an artificial satellite to bring the dog Laica into space. In the early 1960s, he enrolled in the secret program of selecting astronauts for a flight to space and became one of the group of 20 brightest candidates.

Yuri Gagarin. Photo: ITN

After nearly a year of hard training, Gagarin has proven the qualities that show he is the best person, passing all rigorous physical and mental tests – the most important factor for an astronaut. The universe.

On April 8, 1961, major pilot Gagarin was officially selected to be the first person to fly into space. His substitute was none other than astronaut Gherman Titov, who later flew into space aboard the Vostok 2 spacecraft on August 6, 1961.

The night before the flight, April 11, 1961, Gagarin and Titov spent the night in a small bungalow in Baikonur. “I’m leaving tomorrow and I can’t even believe it will be me,” Gagarin told his colleague. At 5:00 a.m. on April 12, 1961, two astronauts were awakened and taken to Baikonur airport.

The convoy carried Gagarin when he returned to Moscow on April 14, 1961. Photo: TASS

After completing the final procedures, Gagarin boarded the Vostok 1 train, Titov remained for the next mission. At 9:07, the ship and Gagarin left the launch pad. After 10 minutes, the train enters orbit at a speed of 29,000 km / h, reaching a maximum altitude of 327 km. Gagarin became the first person to see the species’ common home from outer space.

“I see the Earth, it’s beautiful,” he said from space in his colleague’s rupture on the ground.

After completing a 108-minute round-the-Earth journey, Gagarin and his landing gear landed safely by parachuting into a field in the state of Saratov. Due to his landing a few kilometers from the proposed site, the first two people to see him were an old farmer woman and a baby girl. Gagarin once spent several minutes explaining to them he was … not a Western spy, according to WION.

Gagarin’s landing gear landed in a field in Saratov. Photo: ITN

When a colleague appeared, he was greeted with glee. He rested for a few days and was brought back to Moscow on April 14, 1961 on a jet. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens filled the streets of Moscow at that time to celebrate the country’s hero.

According to Russian media, because of the dangerous and secret nature of the flight mission, after being selected as the first astronaut, Yuri Gagarin even wrote a suicide note. If the worst happens, the letter will be sent to your family.

Also, since no one had ever been to space before Gagarin, Soviet scientists could not predict every situation that happened to astronauts. Therefore, the Vostok is controlled from the ground and Yuri Gagarin can only intervene in case of emergency.

Talking about the moment in space, Gagari said seeing the soft blue Earth, next to the dark sky, but with many bright stars. Gagarin could not see the Moon but the Sun was very bright, many times brighter than from Earth.

Gagarin visited London in 1961. Photo: Russian DSQ in London

After the legendary flight, Gagarin participated in Soviet space training and research activities. He also spends a lot of time traveling around the world to inspire his travels and met many famous people.

In 1967, after witnessing his best friend, astronaut Vladimir Komarov, died when a mission to connect two spacecraft in orbit failed, he collapsed.

On March 27, 1968, more than a year after the death of his best friend, Yuri Gagarin returned to the flight route with the task of training a test pilot on the first generation MiG-15 jet fighter. However, the MiG-15 crashed shortly after takeoff, killing him.

Gagarin before the fateful flight in 1968. Photo: ITN

At that time, the Soviet Union decided not to publish specific information about the cause of Gagarin’s death, creating many speculations. In 2011, 50 years after Gagarin’s space flight, the Russian government published more than 700 pages of documents about Gagarin, which revealed that the weather on March 27, 1968 was very complicated and the dive moves. Gagarin, or its co-pilot, put the plane in danger.

These documents and images are selected from the archival and cultural institutions of the two countries: The National Russian Academy of Archives of Political and Social History, the National Archives Center III, the Bureau of Clerical and Archives. State of Vietnam, Vietnam News Agency, Ho Chi Minh Museum. In particular, some documents and documents provided by astronaut Pham Tuan …

In the book, there are a number of documents that have just been declassified, published for the first time, introduced to readers, providing valuable information and documents not only for researchers on scientific and technical achievements. the above meaning, in terms of the history of international relations, is for all those who are interested in the history of relations between the two countries Vietnam – the Russian Federation.

The book “Historical Astronaut” contains many classified documents

The book’s content is arranged into 3 parts.

Part 1 “Collaborative space research. The pre-flight preparation and training process in 1980 ”introduces documents and photos about the preparation process of the two countries Vietnam – Soviet Union / Russian Federation and the selection of pilots for the flight, as well as the process of exercising effort.

Part 2 “Departure and Activities” introduces some documents and photos of astronauts in the outer-Earth’s cabin.

Part 3 “Return to Earth”, contains pictures of the astronauts’ activities after the end of the flight, thereby highlighting the value and meaning of flight. It opens a new era, belief, hope, pride and determination in human life, production, study, as well as conquering nature and the universe.

Mr. Dang Thanh Tung, Director of the State Records and Archives Department emphasized: “The book is also a testament to the effective cooperation of the archival agencies and cultural agencies of the two countries to contribute to the At the same time, this is also an opportunity for the two Archives agencies of Vietnam and the Russian Federation to share and promote the value of archives currently preserved in the archive of the two countries “.

On July 23, 1980, pilot Pham Tuan with Soviet astronaut Gorbatko was launched into space from Baikonur space airport aboard Soyuz-37. During 8 days in space, hero Pham Tuan performed 142 orbits around the earth, conducted many scientific experiments, and photographed Vietnam from earth orbit.

Viktor Gorbatko (left) and Pham Tuan. Photo: AFP.

In a time sharing with the students of Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, hero Pham Tuan said that it only took him one year and three months to prepare, including studying engineering and physical training, for the flight. This time is shortened compared to pilots from other countries, because before that he was a pilot of a military fighter plane.

When the ship was just launched, people lost the attraction of the earth so the blood did not circulate normally, but put more head on the head. At that time, his face was swollen from the blood rushing to his head. Three days later, the face was pressed down so a layer of skin was removed. He lost sleep for several days, his mind was always in a state of tension.

Moving and working on a spaceship is very difficult. Eating and drinking is also miserable when they only have dry food prepared like toothpaste to eat and drink two liters of water a day.

Talking about the feeling of seeing the earth from outer space, hero Pham Tuan said it was a rare and unforgettable feeling.

“At that time, it was not Vietnam, the Soviet Union or any other country, but the earth was the home of the pilots. The happiest of pilots was that after working hours, there was a few minutes of rest and thinking. about the earth, family, relatives, “he said.

Images of Yuri Gagarin present everywhere in Russia – Photo: AFP

Russian astronaut Sergei Kud-Sverchkov, who is currently working on the International Space Station (ISS), said in a video clip released by the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) on April 12 – in celebration 60 years of human astronaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to fly into space.

60 years ago, on April 12, 1961, the Vostok spacecraft carrying astronaut Gagarin was launched from Baikonour Space Airport in Kazakhstan, then part of the Soviet Union. The flight lasted just 108 minutes when the ship completed one orbit of the Earth and returned.

Since then, astronaut Gagarin has also become a legend. The historian Alexander Zheleznyakov called this a moment that gave humanity a firm conviction that discovering another world outside of the vast universe was entirely within reach.

The event has made such a deep impression that the 27-year-old astronaut’s “Poekhali” has become a symbolic catchphrase for the Russian people throughout the years to come.

After 60 years, astronaut Yuri Gagarin is still mentioned as a national hero. Every year, many Russian people still come to place flowers at his memorial sites across the country on April 12.

While Gagarin was honored, the Vostok spacecraft was also put on display at the Space Travel Foundation in Moscow. Up to now, Gagarin’s flight has always been referred to as national pride for each Russian, a symbol of the power of the Soviet Union in the field of aerospace.

Every year, Russia celebrates the first flight of astronaut Gagarin into space and April 12 becomes Russia’s Astronaut Day.

In 2011, the United Nations General Assembly declared April 12 to become the International Day of Flight to put people into space.

On this occasion, Russian President Vladimir Putin went to Engels, a city on the banks of the Volga River in the south of the country, the landing point of the spacecraft carrying the Gagarin astronaut on a historic flight.

Four years before Gagarin’s flight, on October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union was also the first country in the world to put a satellite in orbit on Earth – the Sputnik satellite. Until now, the world still considered the first two “beep-beep” signals Sputnik sent to Earth triggered a race between the Soviet Union and the United States in the space field. pillar.

In the years that followed, Russia always took the lead when Gagarin successfully flew his flight, or the fact that the astronaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to step into space and the fact that Russia was the first country to launch. The Moon probe was launched in 1966. However, three years later, the US became the first country to send a man to the Moon.

Competition is fierce

Over the past 60 years, Russia has maintained a leading position in space exploration, steadily bringing astronauts to the ISS. However, observers assess that Russia is currently competing with strong competitors such as the US and China in the race to develop space technology.

In 2020, Russia loses its monopoly on human launchers on the ISS when US tech billionaire Elon Musk’s Space X Company develops and successfully put into use reusable missile systems, bring the NASA astronauts to the ISS successfully.

Although Roscosmos Director Dmitry Rogozin insists the agency is pursuing ambitious projects such as a mission to Venus, Mars or setting up a space station on the Moon, industry insiders still consider this time to be full. difficult for Russia as rivals emerge increasingly powerful.

However, the Russian people still believe in future success when looking at the historical fact that this country always appears at memorable times in human history.