Elephant Mammoth Columbia Voi Extinction time: 11,500 years ago Living area: America and Mexico Illustration. Elephant Mammoth, you probably already know. They are huge, have long fur and a pair of huge tusks. They appear in many pictures, documentaries, movies. However, here we are talking about the Columbian Mammoth elephant, which is a relative of the long-haired but larger Mammoth. A Mammoth Columbia can be from 3.7 to 4.2m tall, weighing from 5.5 to 11 tons. Their tusks average 3.7m long, the largest of the elephant family and extremely strong, used to handle any carnivores that dare to come close. Prehistoric people, of course. Lazy land Extinction time: 4200 years ago Living area: South America The sloth is a lovely, harmless creature. The Megatherium is also a sloth, but it’s not like the slow, bully sloths you’re used to seeing. Megatherium also does not live on trees, because no tree can withstand its huge body. Megatherium has several subspecies, the smallest species is as big as a rhinoceros, and the largest can weigh up to 4-5 tons when mature, equivalent to modern African elephants. They can be up to 6m tall, similar to giraffes when standing on 2 legs. In addition, they also have a set of super-large claws used to slap the mouth of any carnivore. The ground sloth finally lived peacefully on the islands of the Caribbean, until about 4200 years ago, when the “species that everyone should fear” set foot and drew an end to the sloths walking on the face. land. Orangutan Gigantopithecus Extinction time: 100,000 years ago Living area: Mainly in Southeast Asia Gigantopithecus was a close relative of modern orangutans but was much larger. They can be 3m tall, weigh up to half a ton and are the most massive primates that have ever walked the Earth. If you need a clearer picture to visualize the size of a Gigantopithecus, check out the cute giant orangutan in The Jungle Book. But that’s in the movies, who knew what such a huge beast could do to a small human? Gigantopithecus went extinct with the main cause not being human. The fact that they are large also means that they need a lot of food to survive. However, about 100,000 years before the climate changed and the forests of their homeland – Southeast Asia – became savanna, Gigantopithecus simply “flies” because there is not enough food. Cave hyena Extinction time: 11,000-13,000 years ago Living area: Europe If you often watch documentaries about wildlife in Africa, such as the Diary of the Cat Family, you are probably familiar with spotted hyenas. These guys have a lot of bad reputations. They are cunning, reckless, attack in herds, scavenge for prey of other species such as leopards and lions or even enter villages to capture children. However, spotted hyenas are still not comparable to their ancient relatives – the cave hyena. Cave hyenas were twice the size of modern spotted hyenas, weighing on average 130kg, 90cm high and 1.5m long. They have extremely strong jaws, enough to chew the bones of their prey. Calculations based on fossils show that a cave hyena can easily kill a small elephant weighing about 1 ton. But that’s not enough to say how scary they are. They still live in groups of about 30 to help hunt more effectively. However, with our ancestors, they are not easy to touch. Cave hyenas became extinct somewhere between 11,000 and 13,000 years ago. The main cause is believed by paleontologists to be that prehistoric people took the caves for shelter during the Ice Age. Sword tooth tiger Extinction time: 10,000 years ago Living area: All Americas The saber-toothed tiger sounds like that, but in fact, they don’t have a close family to the tiger. Most saber-toothed tigers became extinct before modern humans appeared. However, there are still a few that can encounter humans, such as Smilodon populator and Smilodon fatalis. In which, Smilodon fatalis is as big as an African lion, and Smilodon populator is bigger, as big as a Siberian tiger (about 350kg). According to the calculations of paleontologists, saber-toothed tigers have rather weak jaws, the bite force is only about 1/3 of that of modern lions. However, in return, they have other things. In addition to their trademark long fangs, saber-toothed tigers also have extremely muscular forelimbs, the strongest of the cat family to assist in capturing prey before slicing its throat with long scythe-like fangs. Another theory is that they can use these fangs as knives to “skewer” their prey to death. But no matter how they killed their prey, a prehistoric human would surely explode if caught by it.

Primate’s “Kingdom” Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park in Quang Binh is known the world over with the title “Kingdom of Caves” because there are hundreds of caves with fanciful beauty and hidden mysteries and surprises. is discovered. Not only that, this place is also known as “Primate Paradise” because it has the highest number of primate species and density in Vietnam. Notably, the whole Vietnam has 24 primate subspecies, here there are 10 species and subspecies living, lasting with time and is identified as the place with the highest diversity of primates in the National Parks. In which, there are 3 globally endangered primate species: the white-necked langur, the brown-shanked douc langur and the white-cheeked gibbon. When coming to any limestone mountains in Phong Nha – Ke Bang, many people are surprised because if they can’t meet monkeys, it is easy to admire the splendid beauty of the brown-shanked douc, or heard the sacred song calling the herd of siki gibbons. The forests: Hung Dang, Hung Lau, Tro Mong… are frequent spots of brown-shanked douc and white-necked langurs. While the white-necked langur often occurs in the Tro Mong area, many people have found that the brown-shanked douc is abundant in Hung Dang. Mr. Le Thuc Dinh, Director of the Center for Rescue – Conservation and Biological Development of Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, said that every day when “surveying” or patrolling, officials in the National Park easily encounter douc paws. brown with the number of about 3 herds, each group about 15 individuals. The brown-shanked douc with its brightly colored fur, is considered by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as the “queen” in the primate world. Meanwhile, in the U Bo forest area, located on the West branch of Ho Chi Minh Road, is the largest population of siki gibbons (local people call it song gibbons) in Vietnam. Here, scientists and rangers recorded about 41 herds of siki with hundreds of individuals. According to Mr. Dinh, in this National Park, there are many primate species belonging to rare goods, such as: loris family, there are large loris, small loris; monkey family, there are pig-tailed monkeys, moldy monkeys, yellow monkeys, red-faced monkeys, jet-black langurs, white-necked langurs, brown-shanked douc langurs; and the gibbon family has the white-cheeked gibbon… According to research documents with unspecified statistics, the white-necked langur alone is estimated to have about 700 individuals; brown-shanked douc, estimated at over 500 individuals. White-necked langur in the area of ​​​​Doi mountain in Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park Primates are being cared for, rescued and conserved in Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park The place to save primates With the rarity, especially there are rumors about the miraculous value of monkeys and apes, so primates in Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park always face a great threat from hunting and trafficking. The illegal sale of wild animals makes the officials and experts working here very hard in the work of protection, conservation and prevention. Center for Rescue, Conservation and Biological Development of Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, where many officials are working every day to rescue and nurture dozens of precious and rare primates in danger of extinction, like : brown-shanked douc langur, red-eyed monkey, white-cheeked gibbon… The center is located on the banks of the Son River, where it has a mild climate and an abundant food source for rescued primates. Busy preparing lunch for a red-faced monkey, Pham Kim Vuong – Head of the Wildlife Rescue Department, said that this monkey was very pitiful, previously being hunted by a group of people into the forest. Thanks to the forest ranger’s discovery, this monkey was saved. However, his spirit was panicking, his body was injured due to being entangled in an animal trap, fortunately thanks to the careful care of the brothers in the rescue department, his health is now stable and ready to return to the natural environment. Veterinarian Le Ngoc Anh, deputy director of this center, said that wildlife rescue activities have been carried out since its establishment in 2001. However, the rescue infrastructure is still very poor at this time. temporary, there is no animal rescue area, so the rescue only focuses on a few endangered species. From 2015 to now, the unit has received nearly 600 wild animals; The rescue success rate is nearly 90%. Currently, the center is continuing to nurture and rescue dozens of wild animals. “The care is not simple, it’s hard work, sometimes in the face of danger,” said veterinarian Le Ngoc Anh. Develop a conservation strategy lược Mr. Pham Hong Thai, Director of Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park Management Board, said that the unit has developed action programs on wildlife protection and conservation; endangered, precious and rare forest fauna and flora to meet the requirements of conservation according to the actual situation. From 2015 to now, people have been propagated to be more conscious and responsible in handing over wild animals for conservation, including rare primates: pig-tailed macaques, golden monkeys, monkeys Coc, small loris, border mountain turtle, Ha Tinh langur… In addition, in order to contribute to the good implementation of wildlife conservation, the National Park has also signed a regulation on coordination with the provincial border guards, forest rangers and authorities of 7 buffer zone communes to prevent the transportation of forest products. illegal; Sign a commitment not to violate regulations on forest protection, not to trade, trade or consume wild animals for households, restaurants in the buffer zone communes and mining and trading units. travel…

Recently, on a social networking group for people who like to grow clean vegetables at home, a member posted 2 pictures of “unique” roots and asked: “Has anyone eaten rubber? What out? ” Looking at the image of a tuber with brown skin, peeled white, and powdered like tapioca (tapioca) has made many netizens skeptical: “chayote have tubers?”; “Never heard of a condom”; … However, it is true that someone has made a very delicious stewed chayote soup with bone. They even shared that the rubber that was cooked up to eat had a very unique chewy taste. Latex is formed from the bulging root portion of a plant, usually planted over a year and has a new good nutrition for the tubers. Each bulb weighs 200 ounces to both pounds and is edible like any other vegetable. Perhaps it’s because people are so accustomed to how to collect fruit and rubber on a high platform without even knowing that there are edible rubber under the ground. Latex is not a surprising rare case in the online community. Before that, some other foods also made many people “eyes wide open” because they first knew the origin. County é A familiar food but perhaps few people know where “origin” gathered from, that is seed é. The é seed is a seed of the thyme family (Occimum gratissimum). This plant also has many other names such as white basil, white basil, hairy basil, hairy basil, … This is a subspecies of the familiar basil plant to us. Green basil, also known as white basil, is different from purple basil, because the stem is white and has feathers. While the basil plant is purple in color, the stem is smooth, hairless. White leaves are also an indispensable ingredient in the famous chicken hotpot in Tuy Hoa (Phu Yen), Da Lat (Lam Dong) … Potatoes Potato vines, also known as wild potatoes, are air potatoes. These potatoes do not grow into tubers underground, but bear fruit on trees. In Vietnam, there are also many families growing this plant. Potatoes with scientific name is Dioscorea bulbifera, the same family with yams and originated from Florida, USA. The tuber appearance is quite similar to the potato we often use. However, the vines have a hard outer shell, underneath the brown skin is the green skin. Peel off this blue skin and you can use it. This climbing potato has a bitter taste, but when cooked carefully removes that bitterness. They are most commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. Watermelon climbing scaffold The image of watermelon lying crawling on the ground like “little pigs” is too familiar. So you might not have expected these round watermelons, dangling from a trellis this high. In Vietnam, the model of growing trellis watermelon was first experimentally planted in Phu Tan district (An Giang), directly cultivated by farmer Nguyen Thanh Phong. This is one of the promising models, suggesting a new transformation direction to bring high economic value to farmers. Because watermelon belongs to the gourd family, it has very good clinging ability. The trellis cucumbers are of moderate size, suitable for the consumer needs of the people. Potato melon Cucumbers potato scientific name is Cucumis sativus little potato, originated from India. Despite being like a melon, but due to the shape of the fruit is like … a potato, it has been Vietnameseized as a potato cucumber. Potato cucumbers are just as easy to grow and care as a traditional cucumber. The unique fruit shape is also loved by many people to grow as an ornamental plant and as a delicious food. This exotic cucumber has a cool taste and aroma like lemon, and is a popular food used in salads, smoothies, as food decorations. Asparagus tree Asparagus is considered the nutritional emperor of vegetables, is a favorite dish of many people because it is very healthy. Asparagus trees are shrubs, soft conifers, and shoots that grow from the ground up to be used as foods of high nutritional value. However, perhaps not many people know that the willow branches, bamboo shoots, used by flower shops to attach with roses, lotus flowers, and in the old days used to arrange flowers in weddings were the leaves of asparagus this.

Now, the wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda’s Volcanoes National Park has “confessed” to the scientists secretly beating their breasts. The research has been published in the journal Scientific Reports under Nature and led by Dr. Edward Wright of the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is one of two eastern gorilla subspecies, comprising two populations. A population found in the Virunga volcano in Central Africa belongs to three national parks: Mgahinga, in southwestern Uganda; Volcanoes, in northwestern Rwanda; and Virunga in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The remainder was found in Bwindi Prohibited National Park in Uganda. Some primateists consider the Bwindi population a separate subspecies, although no complete description has been made. As of November 2012, an estimated total population of mountain gorillas was 880 individuals. From January 2014 to July 2016, researchers observed 25 wild male silver-backed gorillas overseen by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International (Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International), and recorded more. 500 chest beats. They recorded the chest pounding sounds of six of the gorillas, measured the rhythm and duration of each gorilla’s chest beat, and the frequency of the chest beating sounds. At the same time, they used the photographs to measure the shoulder widths of these gorillas to determine the sizes of different gorillas. Mountain gorilla. Mountain gorillas are descendants of monkeys and ancient apes found in Africa and Arab in the early Oligocene (34-24 million years ago). The fossil where the mountain gorilla lives is poor and its evolutionary history is unclear. About 9 million years ago, a group of primates evolved into gorillas, separated from their common ancestors with humans and chimpanzees; This is when genus Gorilla comes in. The mountain gorilla split from the eastern delta gorilla about 400,000 years ago and the two subspecies split from the eastern gorilla about 2 million years ago. There is much unresolved debate about the classification of mountain gorillas. The genus Gorilla was originally named Troglodytes in 1847, then renamed as it is today in 1852. By 1967 taxonomist Colin Groves proposed that all Gorilla genus consisted of only one species (Gorilla gorilla) with three Subspecies Gorilla gorilla gorilla (western plains gorilla), Gorilla gorilla graueri (delta gorilla found in western Virungas) and Gorilla gorilla beringei (mountain gorilla). In 2003, after review, gorillas were divided into two species (Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). After analyzing these measurement data, they found that “mountain gorillas can reliably transmit body shape information by beating their chest”. Specifically, large males will emit a lower frequency sound when they strike the chest. Researchers speculate that this may be related to their body’s large resonance cavity. Researchers also found that males beat their breasts more often during oestrus in female gorillas, so the sound of the chest beats could be an important body manifestation during flirting, a on the one hand, attracting children, and on the other hand, frightening the opponents. Interestingly, the beats and timing of these gorillas have nothing to do with body size, and not that the larger the size, the longer the beat. The chest beat of each gorilla is like a behavior showing the different personality, duration and frequency that will carry the characteristics of each individual. Researchers have analyzed that personalized beats could allow other gorillas to distinguish who was beating their chest from them. Mountain gorillas have been reported to have led to a threat of extinction due to poaching – mountain gorillas are often permanently injured by traps. hunt wild animals or take young individuals to zoos. Occupation – the rapid expansion of people’s settlements around the park’s safety corridor. Disease – mountain gorillas are regularly in contact with tour groups from all over the world, they can completely infect human infections. War, political turmoil – refugees flock to mountainous areas, cut trees and hunt gorillas for their meat for temporary life. Because of the above reasons, the World Animal Protection Organization and the host country authorities have increased patrols, using armed soldiers to remove traps, in addition to the work of determining the number of Gorillas mountain remaining. Expand the area of ​​the national park, require tour groups to stand away from monkeys, better manage this type of ecotourism. Another important part is educating local communities, spreading propaganda through materials and books and teaching students about biodiversity and protecting endangered animals. Ultimately, the scientists concluded that mountain gorillas live in dense rainforests, and sometimes they cannot see each other even when very close, but throbbing conveys personal information. it’s important for them to communicate.

Chest patting is a means of communication However, recently a new study has revealed that gorilla clapping behavior is not quite as we know it. Research published in the journal Scientific Reports concluded that gorilla clapping was in fact a means of non-verbal communication that “encoded” their competitiveness instead of boasting of strength. The gorilla clapping itself represents an interesting kind of communication unlike a human. It is not really a voice but an act of inclination to show off visible and audible physical strength. To draw conclusions, the researchers sought to record the sound of the chest beating using photometry. With this method, scientists do not need to get close to the gorilla because the extremely powerful male monkeys pose many dangers in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. However, even using photometry, scientists still need to be in the right place and at the right time to catch chest beats from gorillas. The results showed that sounds had lower frequencies in large male mountain gorillas, while younger males had higher frequency sounds. Where low-frequency sounds travel further than high-frequency sounds, which means that larger males can be more formidable competitors. This is useful for males of similar or smaller size who can use the information to decide if it is worthwhile against the competitor or to step back. In previous research conducted by the same group of researchers found that the larger male mountain gorillas not only were socially dominant, they were also more likely to reproduce successfully than the offspring. the male is smaller. With female monkeys, they will also collect information from the male monkey’s chest pounding sound to decide on a worthy mate. “The gorilla’s chest banging is one of the iconic sounds of the animal kingdom, so it’s great that we can prove that gorilla’s body size has been encoded in the displays. This spectacular performance, “said Edward Wright, author of the study from the Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology. Critically endangered species on the Red List Gorilla is a genus of primates belonging to the family of humans, herbivores living in the jungles of Africa, the largest of the extant primates. Gorillas are divided into two species (there can be 4 to 5 more subspecies). The DNA of the gorilla is the same as that of humans 98% -99%. They are very closely related to humans after only 2 species of chimpanzees. This primate has a massive body. Gorillas are 1.7–2 m tall when standing upright and weigh 180–200 kg. These animals usually walk on all fours, although they can stand on two legs. Gorilla lives in the tropical and subtropical forests of Africa. Gorillas move with their knuckles, although they can sometimes stand upright with food or on defense. Wild adult gorillas weigh 135 to 180 kg (298 to 397 lb) while females are usually half as much as 68–113 kg (150–249 lb) males. Adult males are 1.7 to 1.8 m (5.6 to 5.9 ft) tall, with an arm span of 2.3 to 2.6 m (7.5 to 8.5 ft). Females have a shorter arm span. The adult male gorilla is known as the “silver back” due to the silver hair on its back. Occasionally, a silverback greater than 1.8 meters and 230 kg is recorded in the wild. The obese gorilla in captivity 270 kg. Gorillas live in groups under the command of the strongest and most powerful male. It is the male’s duty to lead and protect the whole herd from being attacked by wild animals. The gorilla’s most dangerous enemy is the very ferocious leopard. When threatened, the male will stand upright and pound his stomach with two hands to warn him before fighting. The gorilla is known as a powerful beast with a large appearance, much stronger than a human, powerful and intelligent hands and a gorilla punch that can make everything facing a deformation. . Despite its massive and massive body, Gorilla has an average running speed of about 40 km / h. All species (and subspecies) of the gorilla are listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Now, more than 100,000 western lowland gorillas are thought to exist in the wild, with 4,000 in zoos; The eastern lowland gorilla has a population of less than 5,000 in the wild and 24 in the zoo. The mountain gorilla is the most endangered species, with an estimated population of 880 remaining in the wild and no species in the zoo.

Now, the wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda’s Volcanoes National Park has “confessed” to the scientists secretly beating their breasts.

The research has been published in the journal Scientific Reports under Nature and led by Dr. Edward Wright of the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany.

The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is one of two eastern gorilla subspecies, comprising two populations. A population found in the Virunga volcano in Central Africa belongs to three national parks: Mgahinga, in southwestern Uganda; Volcanoes, in northwestern Rwanda; and Virunga in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The remainder was found in Bwindi Prohibited National Park in Uganda. Some primateists consider the Bwindi population a separate subspecies, although no complete description has been made. As of November 2012, an estimated total population of mountain gorillas was 880 individuals.

From January 2014 to July 2016, researchers observed 25 wild male silver-backed gorillas overseen by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International (Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International), and recorded more. 500 chest beats.

They recorded the chest beating sounds of six of the gorillas, measured the rhythm and duration of each gorilla’s chest beat, and the frequency of the chest beating sounds. At the same time, they used the photographs to measure the shoulder widths of these gorillas to determine the sizes of different gorillas.

Mountain gorillas are descendants of monkeys and ancient apes found in Africa and Arab in the early Oligocene (34-24 million years ago). The fossil where the mountain gorilla lives is poor and its evolutionary history is unclear. About 9 million years ago, a group of primates evolved into gorillas, separated from their common ancestors with humans and chimpanzees; This is when genus Gorilla comes in. The mountain gorilla split from the eastern delta gorilla about 400,000 years ago and the two subspecies split from the eastern gorilla about 2 million years ago. There is much unresolved debate about the classification of mountain gorillas. The genus Gorilla was originally named Troglodytes in 1847, then renamed as it is today in 1852. By 1967 taxonomist Colin Groves proposed that all Gorilla genus consisted of only one species (Gorilla gorilla) with three Subspecies Gorilla gorilla gorilla (western plains gorilla), Gorilla gorilla graueri (delta gorilla found in western Virungas) and Gorilla gorilla beringei (mountain gorilla). In 2003, after review, gorillas were divided into two species (Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

After analyzing these measurement data, they found that “mountain gorillas can reliably transmit body shape information by beating their chest”. Specifically, large males will emit a lower frequency sound when they strike the chest. Researchers speculate that this may be related to their body’s large resonance cavity.

Researchers also found that males pound their breasts more often during oestrus in female gorillas, so the sound of the chest beats can be an important physical manifestation during flirting, a on the one hand, attracting children, and on the other hand, frightening the opponents.

Interestingly, the beats and timing of these gorillas have nothing to do with body size, and not that the larger the size, the longer the beat. The chest beat of each gorilla is like a behavior showing the different personality, duration and frequency that will carry the characteristics of each individual. Researchers have analyzed that personalized beats could allow other gorillas to distinguish who was beating their chest from them.

Mountain gorillas have been reported to have led to a threat of extinction due to poaching – mountain gorillas are often permanently injured by traps. hunt wild animals or take young individuals to zoos. Occupation – the rapid expansion of people’s settlements around the park’s safety corridor. Disease – mountain gorillas are regularly in contact with tour groups from all over the world, they can completely infect human infections. War, political turmoil – refugees flock to mountainous areas, cut trees and hunt gorillas for their meat for temporary life. Because of the above reasons, the World Animal Protection Organization and the host country government have increased patrols, using armed soldiers to remove traps, in addition to the work of determining the number of Gorillas mountain remaining. Expand the area of ​​the national park, require tour groups to stand away from monkeys, better manage this type of ecotourism. Another important part is educating the local community, spreading propaganda through materials and books and teaching students about biodiversity and protecting this endangered animal.

Ultimately, the scientists concluded that mountain gorillas live in dense rainforests, and sometimes they cannot see each other even when very close, but throbbing conveys personal information. it’s important for them to communicate.