In the past, all three planets were rocky planets, the surface of which was composed of solid metals and silicates. Among them, our Earth is the largest planet, the mass and radius of Venus is only about 82% and 95% of the Earth, respectively, the mass and radius of Mars only account for about 11% and 53% when compared to our planet. Over the past few decades, humans have launched many unmanned probes to Venus and Mars, and it turns out that the environments on these two planets are very harsh. Venus is too hot, and Mars is too cold, and there is no oxygen on either planet, so life on Earth could not exist in such an environment, and astronomers could not find it. see any other traces of life there. So, how were Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago? Why are Venus and Mars now barren, and only our planet is habitable? Calculated based on the radiant power of the sun, Venus and Mars also operate in the same habitable zone as Earth, which means they can receive just the right amount of solar radiation to water. on their surface can still be in a liquid state. Astronomers speculate based on current signs on Venus and Mars and surmise that there may have been an ocean of liquid water on both Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago. For the first few hundred million years, Venus was a warm and humid planet. In the primordial oceans of Venus, life was fully qualified to evolve. They could be carbon-based life like life on Earth or could be other life forms. However, Venus’s habitable period did not last long. Because Venus is so close to the sun, and the temperature of the sun gradually increases over time, making Venus hotter and hotter, and a large amount of liquid water has also been evaporated. At the same time, the volcanic activity on Venus is also gradually becoming more active and continuously releasing carbon dioxide, causing a strong greenhouse effect. Without oceans, carbon dioxide would not be neutralized. They enter the atmosphere and cause a severe greenhouse effect, which will increase the temperature on Venus. Meanwhile, on Earth, the oceans, plants and minerals absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, so the Earth will not become too hot due to the strong greenhouse effect during that period. Eventually, Venus’ greenhouse effect was completely out of control, liquid water completely evaporated, and life could have been destroyed. According to data returned by the Venus probe, the current concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’s atmosphere is as high as 96.5%, and the surface atmospheric pressure is 91 times higher than the Earth’s surface. Under the influence of this extreme greenhouse effect, Venus has essentially reached thermal equilibrium, and the average surface temperature is as high as 464 degrees Celsius. Although it is essentially impossible to have life on the surface of Venus today, some astronomers speculate that there may be some strange life in the atmosphere of Venus. In the sky high enough above the surface of Venus, the atmospheric pressure will be moderate, and the temperature will not be high, possibly for the synthesis of organic matter and the evolution of life. On the other hand, ancient Mars was probably also a habitable planet. Currently, on Mars there is a large amount of water-washed terrain, and there are some iron ores that can only be generated in the aquatic environment, which is strong evidence for the existence of a large amount of water. liquid water on ancient Mars. So, how did Mars become such a uninhabitable planet as it is? At present-day Mars’ North Pole, there is a giant basin whose surface is equivalent to two-fifths of the surface of Mars. This huge Arctic basin was formed by a massive collision. Studies have shown that about 3.9 billion years ago, a dwarf planet (about the size of Pluto) with a diameter of about 2,000 km collided with the north pole of Mars. This massive collision completely changed the core of Mars, causing activities inside Mars to quickly stop, and the Martian magnetic field also gradually weakened and finally almost disappeared. lost. Without the protection of the magnetic field, the solar wind gradually strengthens and melts the atmosphere of Mars, liquid water continues to evaporate, causing Mars to quickly become a barren land. Currently, there is almost no atmosphere on Mars, but there is still some water ice in the polar regions. In addition, there may be a seasonal amount of liquid water in some areas of Mars, which has a high salt content and may be temporarily liquid in the low-temperature Martian environment. At the moment, the temperature on Mars is very low, the average temperature is only -63 degrees Celsius. If humans want to settle on Mars in the future, the first thing to do is to strengthen the star’s magnetic field. Mars and produces large amounts of greenhouse gases to “heat” Mars and melt the solid water that exists on Mars. Mars is much smaller than Earth, so it would have cooled from its molten state at its inception faster than Earth, so liquid water on Mars may have appeared earlier, which could This means that life on Mars may have formed and evolved earlier than our planet. Therefore, there are conspiracy theories that, when celestial bodies collided with Mars, the rocks that were thrown into space by the collisions could have carried the germ of life on Mars into space, and then some someday fall to Earth, becoming the source of life on Earth. And perhaps by coincidence, life on Earth also began to form around the same time that Mars’ North Pole collided. From the point of view of time, this is consistent. In addition, astronomers have discovered traces of suspected life in meteorites on Mars that have fallen to Earth. Life on Earth may have originated on Mars, but this has so far required more convincing evidence. In the past, the Curiosity rover has detected some carbon-containing organic substances in the rocks on Mars, which may be evidence that ancient Mars once had a few living things. Even now, it is still possible for life on Mars, they did not go extinct billions of years ago, but moved into the Martian underground and developed a unique survival mechanism to adapt to the harsh environment. harsh on this planet. Compared to Venus and Mars, our planet is very lucky. For billions of years, Earth has always been a habitable planet, so hundreds of millions of species have appeared here. Our Earth is like a “chosen planet”, a moderate distance from the sun, with a magnetic field that can resist solar radiation so that all kinds of life can continue to multiply and develop. Although it cannot be ruled out that some planets in the solar system (such as Europa) also harbor life, the environments of those planets are very different from those of Earth, and most life on Earth is not ruled out. Soil cannot exist there. In the near future, Earth will still be the only planet inhabited by humans in the universe.

The Sun’s atmosphere can be as hot as 1 million degrees Celsius. This increase in temperature, despite the increased distance from the Sun’s primary energy source, has been observed in most stars. In 1942, Swedish scientist Hannes Alfvén hypothesized that the magnetizing waves of plasma could carry large amounts of energy along the Sun’s magnetic field from the interior to the corona, passing through the photosphere. before exploding with heat in the upper atmosphere of the Sun. This hypothesis has been tentatively accepted, but there is no evidence that these waves exist. Recent research by scientists finally confirms Alfvén’s nearly 80-year-old hypothesis and brings us one step closer to harnessing this high-energy phenomenon on Earth. The sun is made up almost entirely of plasma Halo problems have been around since the late 1930s, when the Swedish spectrographer Bengt Edlén and the German astrophysicist Walter Grotrian first observed phenomena in the sun’s corona that could only be observed. present if its temperature is a few million degrees Celsius. This represents temperatures up to 1,000 times hotter than the photosphere below it, which is the surface of the Sun that we can see from Earth. Estimating the heat of the photosphere has always been relatively simple: we simply measure the light reaching us from the Sun and compare it with spectral models that predict the temperature of the light source. Through decades of research, the temperature of the photosphere has always been estimated to be around 6,000°C. Edlén and Grotrian’s discovery that the Sun’s corona is much hotter than the photosphere – albeit farther from the core. of the Sun, its supreme source of energy – has given the scientific community a headache. Scientists looked at the properties of the Sun to explain this difference. The sun is made up almost entirely of plasma, which is a highly ionized gas that carries an electrical charge. The movement of this plasma in the convection zone – the upper part of the sun – generates enormous electric currents and strong magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are then pulled up from the Sun’s interior by convection, and enter its visible surface in the form of sunspots, which are clusters of magnetic fields that can form a variety of magnetic structures. differences in the Sun’s atmosphere. Alfvén reasoned that within the Sun’s magnetized plasma, any large movement of charged particles would perturb the magnetic field, creating waves that could carry enormous amounts of energy across vast distances. (from the surface of the Sun to its atmosphere). Heat travels along what is known as a flux tube from the sun before bursting into the corona, creating its high temperature. Measure the temperature of the Sun with an imaging spectrometer These magnetic plasma waves are now known as Alfvén waves, and the explanation for the heating of the circle led to Alfvén being awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics. The Interferometric Bidimetric Urban Spectrometer (IBIS) for imaging spectroscopy, installed at the Dunn Solar Telescope in the US state of New Mexico. This instrument has allowed researchers to make more detailed observations and measurements of the Sun. Combined with good observational conditions, advanced computer simulations, and the efforts of an international team of scientists from seven research institutions, they used IBIS to confirm the existence of waves for the first time. Alfvén in flux tubes from the sun. The researchers also expect more solar discoveries soon, thanks to new, groundbreaking missions and tools. The European Space Agency’s Solar Orbiter satellite is currently in orbit around the Sun, providing images and making measurements of the star’s unexplored polar regions. The launch of the new high-performance Solar telescope is also expected to enhance our observation of the Sun from Earth.

Solutions against heat Planning solution In the past, our ancestors had a saying: “Get a gentle wife to make a house facing south”. It is a very natural and simple way of planning to avoid the direction that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The south direction is the direction to catch the cool wind, avoiding the radiation of the sun. Of course it is a folk house in the village-rural structure. Modern urban areas depend on many other factors, so it is not possible to completely choose the direction for the project. This is not to say that the direction is dependent. Where possible, the orientation of the building should be optimized. The Vietnamese standard on heat protection for houses clearly states: “For houses, try to arrange so that the west-east side of the house has the smallest surface area to limit solar radiation”. As with clusters of works or complexes of works, it is necessary to design a reasonable total ground, giving priority to good orientation for mainstream works, works with higher heat resistance requirements such as living and working places. Environmental and ecological solutions This solution is associated with the planning solution. This is also a solution that our ancestors have applied very thoroughly in traditional architecture. Trees, water surface are always indispensable elements, accompanying the architecture. Trees create shade, prevent and cover architectural surfaces from solar radiation. The water surface (pond, lake, aquarium …) and green trees regulate the climate, making the environment cooler and cleaner. Under conditions of unsaturated air humidity, the water surface always has the phenomenon of evaporation. Water evaporation is an endothermic process, so it causes the ambient temperature to drop. Trees and water surface are attached to natural land; All have low emissivity, which are effective factors for overall heat resistance, with a large range of influence. Currently, in many urban areas, the ratio of trees, water surface to construction works is at an alarming rate, plus other areas are concretized at a high level (yard, summer, parking lot). …). The surfaces of these materials have high emissivity, causing the air environment to heat up significantly. Architectural solutions This is considered the broadest and most flexible solution. The architectural solution is the combination of the ground and the building block, the design of a reasonable cover structure to limit the surface exposed to the sun – avoid radiation, or reduce the heat conduction in the material, enhance thermal convection. The basic architectural solutions are as follows: Reasonable ground layout, prioritizing main spaces to avoid contact with sun-catching surfaces; push the extra spaces such as stairs, storage, toilet to that side. Create setbacks, negative spaces such as halls, loggias, technical slots, etc. to avoid solar radiation entering the main space surface. Use side shading structures installed outside the enclosure (walls) to reduce radiation and heat conduction. In traditional folk architecture, many places have a bamboo mat on the veranda. This element has been applied a lot in modern architecture with different forms and different materials. Facade complex with “rigid structures” to block the sun; attached to the bearing structure and cover. Usually it is an umbrella, vertical and horizontal sunshades. In the 70-80s, this type of architecture was very developed – especially in the category of administrative and office buildings. Those designs are carefully studied in terms of architectural physics according to the climate and solar chart of each locality. Build thick walls, box walls (hollow), use insulation materials (hollow bricks, insulation panels, 3D panels, aerated aggregate concrete…) for the covering structure. The door design is reasonable in terms of location and materials. These solutions are all based on the principle of reducing radiation and conduction of heat from the outside. Use heat-resistant materials for roofs such as woven panels, brick holes, corrugated iron roofs (for flat and concrete roofs), use heat-insulated false ceilings (for sloping, tiled roofs). This solution must pay special attention to the problem of ventilation for the air mass between the two roof layers. Reduce the emissivity of the building surface with plants, such as growing vines on the wall, garden design – water surface on the roof. This is a pretty good aesthetic solution, but there are certain changes over time. Organize the premises, design the location and structure the door reasonably; design courtyard, skylight to enhance air convection. The goal is for the hot air to escape up and out, making room for the lower heat mass. Technical solution Air conditioners (Air conditioners): Considered modern, and easy to deploy applications. However, air conditioners also reveal certain disadvantages. First of all, this solution consumes significant energy resources, and affects the environment. According to the principle of thermal balance, to reduce the temperature in the room, it increases the outside temperature by the same amount of heat. Besides, air conditioners are difficult to meet for open spaces, too large spaces. Ventilation: In addition to natural convection, forced ventilation is considered an effective solution to combat heat when natural convection is not effective. Properly designed ventilation systems will contribute to heat resistance, and should be taken advantage of – combined with architectural solutions such as skylights. Spraying water, misting: Misting systems have recently been deployed to many applications, in public spaces such as restaurants, and even houses. Spraying water and mist creates the phenomenon of evaporating water and collecting heat, while enhancing air convection. In addition, the pressure of water spray, mist creates cool air movement (will be discussed in the next section). In addition, homeowners can also use specialized heat-resistant paint for the surface of the building, which is also an effective anti-heat solution.

Ceramic coating more or less helps to protect and prolong the life of the car’s paint – Illustration. Ceramic coating can be understood as creating a surface protection layer for the paint of a car. This protective layer has a structure that is closely linked with the paint to increase the thickness and can protect the outermost paint of the car, while also increasing the aesthetics of a vehicle. Talking about the advantages and disadvantages of car ceramic coating, Le Van Tin, a technician at Thanh Phat car care center, said that ceramic coating only helps to better protect the car’s paint. This coating does not wash off or deteriorate and does not require repainting every few months. Depending on the parts on the car, it will be suitable for different types of ceramic such as ceramic for paint, plastic coating, glass or wheel rim coating, etc. Protects from UV damage, oxidation If your car is regularly exposed to the sun, the paintwork of the car will begin to oxidize, leading to dull and discolored paint, the glass will lose its clarity and gradually fade. A ceramic coating will help protect the car’s paintwork from the sun’s ultraviolet rays, thereby reducing the amount of oxidation. A good ceramic coating can help enhance the reflective properties of the paint, adding more depth and clarity to the paint. Difference before and after Ceramic coating phủ Protects from stains and chemicals Another contributor to cars is yellow stains from naturally acidic pollutants. By creating a chemically resistant surface, ceramic coatings can prevent certain contaminants from adhering to vehicle paint. As a result, the painted surface of the vehicle will be more resistant to yellowing and corrosion. Easy to wash and clean One of the most important features of ceramic coatings is water resistance. When the car is coated with water-resistant ceramic, water will not stick to the surface, but easily drift away. This means that mud and dirt will have a hard time sticking to the car’s paint. When washing the car, the dirt can be removed without too much effort. Some disadvantages of ceramic coating The first is the use of poor quality ceramic coatings, which can make the paint surface less clear, not achieving a shiny effect. Not only that, it also makes the paint layer easy to stain, dull, and turn yellow after a period of use, so that for a long time will definitely damage the original paint. Ceramic coating technique is not simple, so make sure the service center has enough capacity and quality assurance before sending the car to perform. In addition, the price for each package of ceramic coating is usually quite high.

Film insulation was first used in the 60s of the last century. Insulation film consists of 3 layers. The surface layer has the effect of shading and insulating, anti-heat. The adhesive layer plays the role of bonding the surface layer to the glass with a special glue layer. Glue protection layer is used to protect the adhesive layer when it is not applied to the glass surface. Although there are many different technologies, basically the insulation film works by the mechanism of heat absorption and heat reflection. With the principle of heat reflection: Heat from the sun transmitted to the film surface will be reflected to the outside environment. This heat will be completely removed. Thereby the film will help reduce the amount of heat transferred from the outside to the inside. With the principle of heat absorption: Heat from the sun transmitted to the film surface will be absorbed by the film on the surface. In general, when sunlight passes through a glass with film, part of it will be reflected back to the environment, another part will be absorbed by the film onto the glass, a low-emissivity layer is arranged on the outside of the film. Heat radiated from the non-permeable glass back into the room. The use of insulating film is to reduce heat from direct sunlight (about 4 – 8 degrees Celsius) thereby cooling the interior air and reducing air conditioning power. Even, in addition to heat resistance, the product is also capable of cutting UV rays. However, experts also know, insulating film also has many disadvantages: looking from the inside out or being dazzled, sore eyes, difficult to feel the true brightness outside. The UV resistance is really not as high as advertised. Another disadvantage is that the insulation ability is easily reduced over time, prone to fading, color fading. In particular, due to exposure to high temperatures, it is very easy to peel, yellow, lose aesthetics and costly to rebuild. The way experts advise, if you choose insulation film to prevent heat for your home, you need to pay attention to indicators such as UV resistance, UV rays and the ability to penetrate light through the glass layer when choosing products. In particular, it is recommended to paste in the early morning and late afternoon when the air and surface temperatures are not too large, reducing the ability of the glue layer to contact the glass. Too high a temperature will blister, the adhesive layer will stick, but it is easy to have air bubbles and quickly peel off. In addition, standard procedures should be followed because the film is very thin and difficult to apply. Film pasting requires the paster to have ingenuity, perseverance and fully follow the instructions. Invite readers to watch the video: Desert greening movement. Source: VTV24.

Heat resistant paint is also known as insulation paint. Paint consists of a liquid paint layer, a color layer, an adhesive layer and especially a film-forming layer. This film-forming agent is bonded with a reflective additive with a pleated crystalline structure, forming a homogenous body that adheres to the surface. This structure helps the paint to withstand high temperatures without peeling and cracking, especially the ability to reflect sunlight, thereby insulating the house. Sunscreen paint is usually painted on surfaces that are directly exposed to sunlight such as corrugated iron roofs, exterior walls, terraces, etc. According to the advertisement of many anti-heat paint companies, this type of paint can reduce from 13 – 26 degrees Celsius for a project. However, many users said that the actual use is not achieved like that, with works only reducing 4-5 degrees Celsius. Explaining this, experts said, the heat reduction efficiency is high or low depending on the quality of the paint. There are good heat-resistant ones, lesser ones, and even some that are no different from ordinary paints. In addition, the actual degree of heat loss depends on many factors. The first is the thickness of the paint, the thicker the paint, the better the heat resistance, helping to reduce heat deeply. Therefore, to reduce heat well, 2-3 coats must be applied. Another factor is the nature of the building. For example, the lower the roof, the better the effect of the paint is felt. In addition, the surface of the work (smooth or blistered), painting technique also affects the ability to reduce heat. Therefore, many families buy heat-resistant paint, but in reality, it only brings aesthetic value, but the sun protection ability is nowhere to be seen. According to experts, if you want to use sunscreen paint, people need to find out how much the product is confirmed to help reduce degrees Celsius. Many products are only introduced in general to help reduce 10-20 degrees Celsius but not give specific numbers. In addition, attention should be paid to the service life of the paint. Products with a lifespan of 3-5 years are often unsatisfactory and expensive in maintenance and replacement. It is best to choose a paint with a life expectancy of more than 10 years and the warranty period must be from 3 to 5 years. Secondly, it is necessary to check the surface of the work. If the surface is blistered, peeling, using paint does not guarantee high efficiency. In addition, do not forget to plant more trees around the house, windows, balconies, terraces … to increase the efficiency of heat reduction, especially on hot summer days, when the temperature of the day rises. tallest. Invite readers to watch the video: Students rent cheap accommodation in villas. Source: VTV24.

Duy Son – Ho Chi Minh City Texas Medical Association, USA In essence, SARS-CoV-2 is still transmitted from F0 to F1 and F2 by respiratory droplets in the form of droplets and contact with objects contaminated with the virus. The virus can survive on surfaces such as chair armrests, toilet doorknobs, etc. If we touch, then lift, eyes, nose, mouth, we can be infected with the virus. In particular, new strains of the virus can spread in the air, so in crowded places and closed environments such as bars, discos, and industrial parks, the risk of nCoV infection is very high. According to the scale of the expert group on Covid-19 and the Committee on Infectious Diseases, of the Texas Medical Association, USA, daily living activities are divided into 5 risk groups. In which, going to the bar, karaoke, discotheque, massage; attending religious ceremonies and events > 500 people; to the sports stadium; Attendance at a large concert is ranked as the highest risk of infection (9/10 scale). Going to the movies, going to the amusement park, going to the gym, eating the buffet are also high risk, on a scale of 8/10. Places in the medium-high risk category include: Barbers, restaurants, weddings, funerals, airplanes, soccer fields, and hugging, kissing or shaking hands when meeting friends. The average risk group includes: Having dinner at someone else’s house, having a barbecue, going to the beach, shopping at the mall, camping, working in the office continuously for 1 week, swimming pool, visiting home relatives, friends. Low-medium risk groups include: Going to the market, grocery shopping; go for a walk, walk or bike ride with other people; play golf; two nights in a hotel; sitting in waiting room for medical examination; libraries and museums; walking in crowded places… Activities with the lowest risk of virus infection are: Opening parcels and parcels; buy takeaway food; pump; playing tennis; camp. In the face of the rapid spread of the new strain, the majority of Covid-19 patients have no symptoms, we should protect ourselves by limiting gatherings in crowded places, complying with the 5K regulations of the Ministry of Health. . Vietnameseization: Nhu Y.

An old and somewhat scary warehouse in the suburbs of Fitzroy in Melbourne (Germany) has been transformed into a fairy-tale house by EAT architects, headed by Eid Goh and Albert Mo. worker. The architect kept the outer surface of the warehouse, which was covered with vines interlaced on the walls as well as layers of dense trees in the yard so that occupants could feel one with nature. . The interior of the warehouse is redesigned in a modern style that the architect says: “The architecture is influenced by Venetian and Brazilian modernism anecdotes.” Accordingly, the main circulation space in the warehouse is divided into walkways leading to the inner courtyard, where there are dense vegetation and vines. The rust layer on the wall is also kept by the architect to create an old feeling for the warehouse. The ground floor of the warehouse is designed as a bar, where people can focus on eating and reading while the upper floor is the children’s bedroom area. “Old meets new everywhere, but the general feeling is that this is a home that has always been there. Tactile materials, natural colors and surfaces come together in a whole that feels comfortable and pleasant to the touch,” expressed the architect. A concrete core pillar in the center of the warehouse is fitted with a wooden staircase, leading to the laundry, bathroom and storage areas. The architect said that the usable details in the warehouse will be used to the fullest, combined with the interior with similar colors to create a unified whole but no less comfortable and new.

The facade of the house at 75 Thuoc Bac street. This narrow and deep house is located at 75 Thuoc Bac street, in the middle of Hanoi Old Quarter with 4 households living together. In addition to the facade, the place owned by Ms. Vu Thi Diem – 76 years old is leased as a metal shop. From the perspective of a visitor coming to visit, the address 75 Thuoc Bac seems to be an alley with many closed families, only using the alley as a common passageway. But when entering, quite a few people will be surprised because the living space is “not closed” in the literal sense of the households here. At first, everyone thought this was a common alley. Ms. Diem – a little-known person who has won the Kovalevskaya award with the coating of the 500kV power poles said: “This is just the way from house to house, the families in the alley are mostly elderly people, so most of the families in the alley are elderly. living together does not block the alley because the width is too narrow, only 2.1m, if the alley is divided, there is no room for the bed. She also explained, the lifestyle of households here from the past to now have been used to living together, there is nothing inconvenient as many people think. Ms. Vu Thi Diem explained her “non-closed” alley. In the past, the house was 2.95m wide according to the papers, but during the French period, the wall was quite thick, more than 35cm on each side, not including bricks, but later covered, so now the house is only 7 tiles wide, about 2.1m wide. Households living from eating, sleeping are not closed. This house in turn goes to another house, from the bed, the kitchen, … can pass when the other house is sleeping or eating. Ms. Diem said that she and other households here are used to sleeping or eating with family members passing by because they have lived here for many years. Previously, the house 75 Thuoc Bac had 9 households, but now there are only 4 households living on a single floor without a second floor. Mrs. Diem is the outermost household, so she keeps the key and is in charge of checking the door every morning and evening. House No. 75 Thuoc Bac was formerly the Cu Hien woolen weaving factory from the French period of Mrs. Vu Thi Diem’s ​​family. During the Revolutionary period, the house was chiseled to Hang Bo street and close to Hang Can street. Later, it was filled in, but the house is still 70m deep. Of all the households here, only Mrs. Diem’s ​​house has a second floor, keeping almost intact traces of an old house. Wooden stairs from the early twentieth century. The altar is still preserved intact from the altar, the door frame to the floor tiles. Wooden wall and Tho crossword from before 1945 of Mrs. Diem’s ​​house. “I keep almost everything from the time my father moved here before 1945, but now the second floor is just for storage and worship, but I still sleep and live on the first floor to take care of the house and lock the door” – Mrs. Good omen. Although every household has a key to the outside door, she still carefully checks the door until she goes to bed at night. “While sleeping, it is normal for people to pass by, the houses here are not related but live very well. Before, they used to eat together, but now it’s stopped because each person eats for an hour.” – she added happily. Where Mrs. Diem slept and read books. She also told a story that in the past, when she was doing research in chemistry, she knew many foreign experts and invited them to her house to play, they asked jokingly: Do you sleep in the alley? Why not enter the house, who sleeps in this aisle? The kitchen, toilet and laundry of Mrs. Diem’s ​​house have an open skylight. The Hanoi Old Quarter area has a fairly high population density with many households living in a narrow and non-closed space, but nonetheless for many people here, especially the elderly here since birth and Keeping the old house full of memories of a bygone era is really: “The land has turned into the soul!”. All difficulties in life seem to disappear and sometimes, according to Mrs. Diem: “I’m very happy!”.

Illustration. Image source: Internet All surfaces in the mouth are covered with a glycoprotein film. In the early hours, they have a protective effect on the teeth, smoothing the surface, preventing the surface organization from drying out. However, this membrane provides a substrate for bacteria to attach to. In the soft tissue area, because epithelial cells are constantly shedding, this membrane is destroyed. In the area of ​​hard tissue (teeth), this membrane does not peel off and bacteria continuously accumulate to create dental plaque. Plaque continues to grow due to the proliferation of bacteria already on the plaque and the attachment of other bacteria. After that, the bacteria can’t stick to the sterile membrane but stick to the bacteria already on the dental plaque… forming adult dental plaque. Therefore, not brushing or brushing improperly will lead to the formation of plaque on the teeth. How to clean plaque on teeth Brush your teeth thoroughly and slowly You probably already know that brushing your teeth a few times a day is the best way to prevent plaque. If you are someone who has a habit of brushing your teeth right after each meal, about half an hour after eating, you can significantly reduce the risk of tartar formation. Besides, you need to brush your teeth for 3 minutes each time. At the same time, you should choose a soft brush designed to easily crept into every corner of the oral cavity. Clean teeth with baking powder Baking soda has long been used as a cleaning agent and stain remover for teeth. Baking powder is mildly corrosive so it is used to smooth out plaque or tartar that has accumulated on the enamel surface. All you need to do is mix a tablespoon of baking powder with a pinch of salt. Then, moisten the brush and dip the brush in the above mixture and brush your teeth. Clean your teeth regularly with this method and rinse your mouth thoroughly. Use a mixture of aloe and glycerine For a long time, aloe vera has been prized for its amazing health benefits. However, did you know that aloe vera is also very effective in preventing plaque. Take a cup of water, add half a cup of baking powder and a tablespoon of aloe vera and mix well. Then, add a few drops of lemon essential oil and 4 tablespoons of vegetable glycerine. Brush your teeth with the above mixture and you will notice that this helps your teeth become whiter the next morning.

Previously, on May 10, the first 6 patients received radiation therapy during the day here. After radiation therapy is indicated, the patient is taken to the radiotherapy area for simulation. The simulation area is equipped with 2 16-slice CT machines, which can perform 3D, 3D simulation techniques with contrast and RPM breathing synchronization system for high-tech 4D radiotherapy (radiotherapy). modulated according to the patient’s breathing rate). The first patient underwent CT simulation before radiation therapy at facility 2, Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital. Photo: BVCC After simulation, the CT data is transferred to the radiotherapy planning room for optimal radiation therapy planning personalized for each patient. Once the radiotherapy plan is approved by the treating physician and engineer, the data is transferred to the radiation machine to prepare the patient for radiation therapy. According to the leader of Oncology Hospital, when the professional processes and equipment system operate stably, the hospital’s facility 2 rapidly increased to receive the number of patients to the radiation treatment area. With 6 accelerated radiotherapy systems, the serving capacity of the radiotherapy area at facility 2 can accommodate 240-400 radiotherapy sessions per day. This helps to completely solve the overload of radiation therapy at the main facility of Oncology Hospital (Binh Thanh District) for decades. According to the plan, from May 19, the main facility of Oncology Hospital will continue to bring outpatients of internal block to facility 2 for further treatment and chemotherapy during the day. With a design of 100 beds, the day chemotherapy facility 2 is capable of treating 300 patients per day, reducing the number of day chemotherapy sessions by 70-80% at the main facility. Also from this time, Oncology Hospital will start to schedule appointments for patients who are being monitored after finishing chemotherapy and radiotherapy at the main facility to switch to re-examination at facility 2. According to the threading route, patients from the provinces and Thu Duc city (accounting for about 80% of day treatment patients at the main facility) will be introduced and guided to facility 2 for treatment. Particularly, the main facility is for patients in the remaining districts of Ho Chi Minh City.

Chinese people watch the rocket that sent the Tianwen-1 probe into space. Photo: AP The China National Space Administration (CNSA) announced on May 15 that the Tianwen-1 (Tianwen-1) probe had successfully landed on the surface of the “Red Planet”. “China has left its footprints on Mars for the first time, an important step for our field of space exploration,” Xinhua news agency said. The New York Times reported that since 1976, the US has successfully landed on Mars nine times. The Soviet Union in 1971 became the first country to send a lander to the surface of the Red Planet, but the mission was unsuccessful because the probe then stopped transmitting. Recently, China has continuously recorded new space science achievements. On the morning of April 29, China launched the first module to build its own Space Station (CSS). It seems that to catch up with the US and Russia, China’s ambitions do not stop at Mars and the space station. Moon Dream In January 2019, China was the first country to land a probe on the dark side of the Moon. The dark side can be understood as the night side of the Moon while the other side is observable from Earth due to receiving sunlight and is the day side. This is China’s second successful landing on the lunar surface, the first being in 2013. China is the third country in the world to successfully explore the Moon, after the US and Russia. In December 2020, China sent another probe to the Moon, which is Chang’e-5. On December 16, 2020, the Chang’e-5 spacecraft landed in Inner Mongolia carrying samples from the lunar surface. This is the first time scientists have collected samples from the lunar surface, after the Soviet Luna-24 mission in 1976. Moon samples brought back by Chang’e-5 are on display at the National Museum of China in Beijing. Photo: Getty Images China plans to launch three more spacecraft to the Moon by 2027. Beijing’s goal is to establish a base on the Moon that can be accessed by astronauts within the next decade. In March, the Russian space agency Roscosmos said it would cooperate with China in building a research station on the Moon. However, the two countries have yet to announce the details of this coordination plan. Serious competition The fragmentation of China’s Long March 5B missile falling into the Indian Ocean in May has drawn much criticism from international public opinion. In April, this Long March 5B rocket sent the core module into space to build China’s first space station. In the near future, China plans to carry out 11 more launches to complete the space station by the end of 2022. The International Space Station (ISS) jointly developed by Russia, the US and many countries will “retire” in 2024. It is still unclear what will happen next. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) advocates keeping the ISS operational for a few more years. Russia meanwhile announced it would withdraw from 2025. In the event that the ISS is completely shut down, China will be the only country that owns the space station. Accordingly, the Chinese space station named Thien Cung is expected to be able to host three astronauts operating at the same time. China has selected a team of 18 astronauts, including only one woman. The first three astronauts are expected to spend three months in space. Mars and more Model of China’s first space station. Photo: AP China announced that it plans to make one more Mars landing by 2028 and bring samples from the planet back to Earth for study. NASA and the European Space Agency are also embarking on this work in the hope that the US Perseverance probe, which landed on Mars in February, can bring soil and rock from Mars to Earth by 2031. This is said to be more likely to lead to a race between the parties. China also plans to take 10 years to collect samples from the comet. In addition, the country also intends to set up spacecraft to orbit around Venus and Jupiter. By 2024, China plans to launch a space telescope like the US Hubble, which has been in orbit since 1990. On China Space Day (April 24), President Xi Jinping wrote a letter to senior space scientists, encouraging them to “intensify and expand space exploration and rapidly quickly turn China into a space power.

Photo: India Express It is known that on May 15, China confirmed that Tiawen-1 had successfully dropped the Zurong rover to the surface of Mars. This is a historic milestone that makes China the second country to successfully launch a probe on the Red Planet. In the past, only NASA has succeeded in landing and operating probes on the red planet. (The Soviet Mars 3 spacecraft landed on Mars in 1971 and remained in contact for only about 20 seconds.) The landing took place at Utopia Planitia, a flat land on Mars and the same area where NASA’s Viking 2 rover landed in 1976. After landing, the lander dropped the Zhurong rover – Powered six-wheeled robot named after the god of fire in ancient Chinese mythology. The spacecraft carries an integrated toolkit, including two cameras, a Mars subsurface probe radar, a Mars magnetic field detector and a Martian meteorological tracker. “This is the hardest place to land in the solar system,” said Emily Lakdawalla, author of “The Design and Engineering of Curiosity.” China’s success in its first attempt indicates that it is one of the most capable space agencies.” The European Space Agency also tried to land on Mars in 2003, but its Beagle 2 probe had problems. The ExoMars Schiaparelli spacecraft – another ESA (European Space Agency) effort also crashed in 2016 after software mis-estimated its altitude during a landing attempt. Photo: The Verge The Tianwen-1 spacecraft launched from Wenchang Launch Site in Hainan Province, China last July, embarking on a seven-month trip to Mars. China said that “Tianwen-1 has been operating normally since it entered the orbit of the Red Planet,” the China National Space Administration (CNSA) said in a statement on the morning of May 15. CNSA revealed that Tianwen-1 has collected a large amount of data and photos taken from the orbit of Mars. Andrew Jones, a journalist covering China’s activities in space, said that Tiawen-1 has been exploring the Utopia Planitia landing site for more than three months while orbiting Mars. Now, after a successful landing, the Zhurong rover will embark on a mission that will last at least three months to study Mars’ climate and geology. “The main mission of the Tiawen-1 mission is to conduct a comprehensive and extensive survey of the entire planet using orbiters and to bring the probes to surface locations of great scientific interest. focused to conduct detailed investigations with precision and high resolution,” the leading scientists wrote in Nature Astronomy last year. It is known that this expedition vehicle weighs about 240kg, nearly double the weight of China’s previous Yuto Moon. The CNSA said last month: “The Mars rover Zhurong is hoped to ignite the fire of China’s interplanetary exploration and guide humanity into the vast unknowns of outer space.” Photo: The Verge Before Tiawen-1 successfully landed on Mars, the United States also successfully landed 5 rovers on the surface of the Red Planet. More recently, on February 20, 2021, NASA’s Perseverance probe passed through the atmosphere of Mars and landed on the planet on a historic mission to recover rocks to help answer the question. whether life ever existed on Mars. Although this CNSA project is more than four decades behind NASA, this success of China shows that its space engineers are rapidly closing the gap with the US. Tiawen-1 marked a big step for China in the field of space exploration. Previously, China also became the first country to successfully land and operate a probe in the dark side of the Moon in 2019. Recently, China also successfully launched its first core module. Chinese space station. In the future, this will be inhabited by groups of astronauts in space. Earlier this year, China, in partnership with Russia, announced plans to build a space station on the surface of the Moon.

The Global Times (China) on the morning of May 15 reported on the successful landing on Mars of the Tianwen 1 mission. According to RT (Russia), the Tianwen 1 (Tianwen-1) spacecraft of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) was successfully launched from Wenchang Launch Site on July 23, 2020 and orbited Mars since February 10 this year. This interplanetary mission is China’s second attempt to reach the “Red Planet” after the 2011 Mars mission of the Huang Huo 1 (Yinghuo-1) probe. Citing CNSA sources, Chinese state media confirmed that the Tianwen 1 spacecraft successfully landed the Zhu Rong (Zurong) rover on the Martian surface on the morning of May 15. Thien Van 1, weighing 5,000kg, includes an orbiter, a lander and a golf cart-sized rover called Chuc Dung, named after an ancient fire god in the god of fire. Chinese phone. Carrying the Chuc Dung rover, the lander endured “seven minutes of horror” as it plowed through the Martian atmosphere on a parachute support lander. The spacecraft landed in Utopia Planitia, the same area where NASA’s Viking 2 mission landed in 1976. Watch a simulation video of the Chinese lander’s landing on Mars: (Source: Global Times) Earlier, in a statement on the same day, CNSA said, “The Tianwen 1 probe has been operating normally since its successful launch on July 23, 2020”. The agency added that it had collected a “massive amount” of scientific data as the Tianwen 1 rover orbited Mars. “With the assessment of the flight status, the Tianwen 1 probe is scheduled to conduct a landing operation against the Utopia Planitia area at the appropriate location from the early morning of May 15 to May 19 according to the Beijing time,” the CNSA statement said. The Utopia Basin is the largest recognized basin on Mars, with a diameter of about 3,300 km. Graphic image of China’s probe landing on Mars. Photo: Space The image of Mars was taken from afar by the Thien Van 1 spacecraft. Photo: AFP. According to The Verge, China is planning to land a pair of robots on the surface of Mars, making a daring attempt to become the second country to successfully land and operate a rover on Mars. Red Planet. China launched the unmanned Tianwen-1 spacecraft from the southern island of Hainan in July 2020, with the goal of sending a rover to the surface of Mars to collect data about the source groundwater and look for possible signs of ancient life there. So far, only the US has successfully implemented the technique to bring the rover to Mars and operate it. After a journey of nearly 7 months, the Tianwen 1 spacecraft successfully moved into Mars’ orbit on February 10 and then sent back to Earth many high-definition pictures of the Red planet’s surface. Image of the surface of Mars taken by the Tianwen 1 spacecraft from a distance of 330 to 350 km. Photo: AFP. “The main mission of Tianwen 1 is to conduct a global and extensive survey of all of Mars using orbiters and to bring the probes to surface locations of scientific interest to conduct detailed investigations with precision and high resolution,” the Tianwen 1 mission’s leading scientists wrote in the journal Nature Astronomy last year. Long March 5B rocket, the same type that launched the Tianwen 1 spacecraft to Mars, during the launch event of China’s space station module in April. Photo: AFP/Getty Images Model of the Tianwen 1 probe. Photo: AFP The Tianwen 1 mission marks the latest step in China’s rapid succession of advances in space exploration. The country became the first country in history to land and operate a probe on the far side of the Moon in 2019. Beijing also completed a lunar sampling mission last December. , with launching a robot to the Moon and quickly returning it to Earth carrying soil samples. Tianwen 1 is China’s first Mars landing mission, but it’s not the country’s first attempt to send a probe to Mars. The first is a fairy orbiter called Huynh Hoa 1, launched in 2011 with Russia’s Phobos-Grunt mission. This ship did not go beyond Earth orbit after launch, plunged into the Pacific Ocean and was destroyed. Before the successful Mars landing of the Tianwen 1 mission, the US successfully landed 5 rovers on the surface of the Red planet. Most recently, on February 20, 2021, NASA’s Perseverance probe passed through the Martian atmosphere and landed on this planet, with the historic mission of bringing back the rocks to help answer the question. whether life ever existed on Mars. On May 28, 1971, the Soviet Union also launched the Mars probe Mars 3, nine days after its “twin” spacecraft, Mars 2, was launched. Illustration of the Soviet Mars 3 probe on Mars. While making a Mars landing on November 27, 1971, the Mars 2 lander crashed to the Martian surface and disappeared in a dust storm. Then, Mars 3 landed in the Ptolemaic crater area in the southern hemisphere of Mars on December 2 of the same year. At first it seemed that Mars 3’s landing went perfectly, but just 110 seconds after landing, the device disappeared in silence. Since then, the Russians have not received any signal from the ship.

Illustration. https://tinhtexaydung.petrotimes.vn The automated drilling processing partnership will allow customers to combine Schlumberger’s well drilling and surface automation solutions with NOV’s rig automation platform to deliver superior well construction performance. This integrated offering enables manual workflow automation, improving safety, decision-making, consistency and efficiency in drilling operations. NOVOS is an open platform that automates repetitive drilling operations, benefiting contractors by allowing drillers to focus on consistent and safe process execution, while bringing benefits the operator by optimizing drilling programs. “We are delighted to partner with NOV and integrate their rig automation interface with our drilling automation solutions to deliver performance,” said Olivier Le Peuch, CEO of Schlumberger. higher for operators and drilling contractors. Leveraging surface and well automation applications, we are able to deliver operational safety and efficiency improvements, and deliver top-notch wells to our customers in a cost-effective manner. Consistency “. “This partnership will help drive customer adoption of drilling automation technologies, enabling superior well construction performance.” “Through this partnership, NOV demonstrates the commitment of an open digital automation platform that enables drilling contractors to achieve consistency,” said Clay Williams, NOV President and CEO. safer and more efficient with improved well quality”. “We continue to invest in digital solutions to deliver value to our customers. Drilling automation allows rig crews to focus on the big picture to drive performance without the need for repetitive, manual work.” The hybrid solution leverages cutting-edge AI from the on-target well distribution solution Schlumberger DrillOps*, while NOV’s NOVOS process automation platform controls all NOV rig equipment within range. The two technologies will work seamlessly together to manage compliance and achieve best-in-class performance. The DrillOps family of solutions includes open and modular technologies that leverage Schlumberger’s deep drilling knowledge and advanced machine learning applications to execute digital drilling plans consistently and automatically. drilling tasks, achieving higher levels of efficiency. https://tinhtexaydung.petrotimes.vn

Mars probe ship. Generates oxygen on other planets The Perseverance expedition ship of the US Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has just made history. It successfully experimented with converting carbon dioxide gas from the Martian atmosphere into oxygen. This is the first time that oxygen production has been performed on another planet. The Mars experiment using local oxygen resources, called MOXIE, is a device the size of an automobile battery and is placed inside the Perseverance. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is the manufacturing unit. MOXIE is made of a heat-resistant material such as a nickel alloy. It is designed to withstand extreme temperatures of up to 800 degrees Celsius. The device is coated with a thin layer of gold to prevent heat and damage to the Perseverance vessel. On the first test run, MOXIE generated 5.4 grams of oxygen – enough for an astronaut to breathe easily for 10 minutes while still performing normal activities. Engineers will conduct additional tests and find ways to increase oxygen production. By design, MOXIE can generate 10 grams of oxygen per hour. NASA expects the development of experimental instruments not only to help generate oxygen for astronauts in the future, but also to help generate large amounts of oxygen to be used as a rocket launcher for the return journey without. must be transported from Earth. The Perseverance expedition landed on Mars on February 18 to perform a mission to search for signs of microbial life on the “Red Planet”. In the coming years, the Perseverance ship aims to collect 30 soil and rock samples to send back to Earth (estimated around 2030) for analysis. Dang Vu Tuan Son, Club of Astronomy and Astronomy of Vietnam, said that oxygen-rich atmosphere should not be seen as steel evidence for life on other planets. Nowadays, to look for signs of life, scientists often use biological structures as guides. Its biological form and life-forming compounds serve as indirect evidence for its presence. On Earth, the oxygen in our atmosphere is one of the most obvious biological characteristics that an alien astronomer can notice. It is only in our atmosphere in such large quantities because plants and bacteria photosynthesize it has been creating it for billions of years. Oxygen is not synonymous with life A new study published April 13 in the journal AGU Advances suggests that terrestrial planets around stars like the Sun can develop oxygen atmospheres without help. from life. This means that detecting oxygen on a planet does not mean that the planet is capable of life. This study uses a computer model that allows scientists to experiment and observe the evolution of a planet. In the first model test, the researchers attempted to accurately reconstruct our Earth. Then they changed the initial conditions to different from what was made up of Earth, and the results they got showed that there are many cases where the planets still contain oxygen but do not require any changes. living. In fact, they have found three main ways for a rocky planet to have an oxygen-rich atmosphere without the presence of life. The first scenario is an Earth-like liquid water planet with oceans 50 times (or more) larger than on Earth. All of that water puts great pressure on the planet’s crust, shutting down the geological activity. This prevents things like the weather and the melting of rocks being two factors that cause oxygen to disappear from the atmosphere. The second scenario is the opposite: A dry desert world with 30% less water than Earth and they will solidify with a “steam atmosphere” for about a million years. This provides a large amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, as sunlight breaks down the molecules of water and hydrogen released into space. And because the planet’s solid desert surface cannot remove any oxygen, it stays in the atmosphere. The last way for a lifeless planet to have an oxygen-rich atmosphere is if the original planet had a higher ratio of carbon dioxide to water than the early Earth. In this case, the planet undergoes a greenhouse similar to what happened on Venus and becomes too hot for oceans to form in the first place. It is also too hot for volatiles to exist in the planet’s mantle, where they will isolate oxygen through chemical reactions. Instead, these volatiles are in the atmosphere, where they can no longer remove oxygen. The planets could have better life than the Earth Researchers have identified more than 20 planets outside the Solar System that have better conditions for life than Earth. Some of these planets have orbits stars that are probably even better than the Sun. A study led by Dirk Schulze-Makuch at Washington State University published in the journal Astrobiology details the features of planets with superlative potential, including is composed of planets that are older, slightly larger and warmer, and possibly more water than Earth. Life can also easily develop on planets moving around slower-changing stars that have longer lifespans than the Sun. The top 24 candidates for habitable planets are all located more than 100 light-years away from us, but Schulze-Makuch says this rescue could help future observations to focus properly, such as the James Webb space telescope, NASA’s LUVOIR space observatory and ESA’s PLATO space telescope. Researchers have selected planetary systems that are likely to have terrestrial planets moving around the parent star in the region of the habitable zone (an area that allows water to exist as a liquid on the planet’s surface) from Kepler’s archival data on transiting exoplanets. Our sun has a relatively short lifespan, less than 10 billion years, because it takes nearly 4 billion years for complex life to form on Earth, so many stars are similar to the Sun (types of G stars). ) may run out of fuel before life can develop. Along with monitoring the types of G stars, the researchers are also observing K-stellar systems, which are colder, smaller, and fainter than the Sun. Type K stars have lifespans that can last from 20 to 70 billion years. That allows the planets moving around it to grow older and allow life to have more time to have life as complex as Earth does today. However, for the planets to stay alive, the planets could not be too much as they could end geothermal activity and no longer have a protective magnetic field. Earth is about 4.5 billion years old today, but researchers think that the most ideal time for life on a planet is between the ages of 5 billion and 8 billion.

Photographs taken on Mars show many glaciers-like features in Antarctica, If these covered glaciers do, in fact, exist, they could be a reason to direct future crews to Mars towards this area. The location was inherently attractive to SpaceX and NASA because it was a wide, flat plain, ideal for landing spacecraft. If there is ice that is not too deep below the surface, the astronauts can also easily have water within reach. Lead researcher Shannon Hibbard, a graduate student at the University of Western Ontario, Canada, said the newly discovered flow-like characteristics are very strange because they appear on flat terrain. “There is a lot of evidence that this is an area with a lot of ice, but we don’t have any confidence that there could be a glacier in places with winding features,” Hibbard said. this. They exist in a fairly flat plane, so that’s weird. ” Mysterious terrain Arcadia Planitia is located in the lowlands north of Mars. In the past 3 billion years, lava flows have been active in this area, so it is much less prone to cracking with craters than in other areas on the planet. Data collected from orbit over many years show that the ground in the area is rich in hydrogen. Because water is made up of molecules of hydrogen and oxygen, this hydrogen shows the presence of ice just below the surface. For decades, scientists have found features on Mars to be related to ice. Along the low hills, there are debris that look like a glacier flow covered in a thin layer of rock. There are also patterns in gulls that look similar to glaciers that flow through valleys on Earth. Similar features occur in Arcadia Planitia, Hibbard said. Lobate features occur near a set of mountains called Montes Erebus that rise up from the plain. Orbital images, thermal data showing surface temperature during day and night, albedo data showing surface reflectivity, dust cover information and altitude data, and topographic. Glacial flow The winding features are a big mystery, Hibbard says, because they look like they were created by the flow of ice, but the topography is not steep enough to explain why the meteor was moving. “We had to try to figure out what they are, why they have thermal symbols, why they are so bright day and night, why they have flow characteristics, why Are they threaded again? ”she said. The analysis showed that these traits were in fact derived from ice. The curled shapes look similar to other features related to slow-flowing matter seen on Mars, Hibbard said, and the data shows these points actually contain a lot of ice. The most similar sinusoidal feature, Hibbard says, is the currents inside the Earth’s ice sheets, which mainly occur in Antarctica. These faster moving ice currents are not well understood on Earth, much less than Mars, but they do show an example of ice flowing in fairly flat terrain, Hibbard says. This is a controversial claim, Hibbard says, because most ice currents on Earth need at least a thin layer of liquid water at their bottom to lubricate their flow. It is unclear whether sub-ice water existed or existed on Mars, she said, and it is not clear if a wet background is needed to create ice currents on the Red Planet. One possibility might be that in the past, when Mars’ orbit was tilted differently than it is today and its climate was different, melting under ice may have occurred. This research was published in the May issue of the journal Icarus.

Artwork: Teslarati.com According to NASA’s announcement, the contract to bring astronauts to the Moon as early as 2024 was signed with a value of nearly $ 3 billion. The contract will use the prototype spacecraft Starship, designed for a large crew with the necessary equipment for space exploration missions. Starship ships can land vertically on the surface of the Earth as well as other planets in the universe. So far, test flights have not been successful, but the group is working to build new test vehicles. NASA expert Lisa Watdon-Morgan said: “We have selected a partner and are preparing to implement the next phase. “We have to make sure to run the tests because we won’t send people to the Moon until the trials are successful.” Unlike the Apollo lunar landings between 1969 and 1972, NASA is currently preparing for a permanent presence on the Moon, a stepping stone to an even more ambitious plan, that is. is to send astronauts to Mars. This decision by NASA makes the race to conquer the Moon and other planets in the universe between the US and other powers becomes hotter. In the latest move, China’s aerospace science community on April 24 affirmed that this country is a cosmic power, capable of exploring space, exploring deeper areas in the universe by unmanned vehicles. . Scientists in this country also did not hide their ambition to bring people to the Moon soon. Chinese Academy of Sciences scholar Ye Peijian, Ye Peijian, said: “We are planning to conduct asteroid probes. We will accomplish this mission in 10 years. We also hope that China will soon be able to send people to the Moon in the near future. In early December 2020, China announced that the Hang Nga 5 probe had landed successfully and placed a flag on the surface of the Moon. This is the third successful Chinese landing in the past 7 years. Once a weak country in the space race, China has continuously developed aerospace programs in recent years with the ambition to conquer new territories. In early March 2021, the Russian Space Agency Roscosmos said that the country and China signed a memorandum of understanding to build a lunar space station together. The space station will be designed as a complex of experimental research facilities that operate on the surface or orbit of the Moon. Russian officials also announced that they will try new boosters to continue their lunar exploration program this year. Besides the US, Russia, China, some other countries such as Japan, European Union, India, Korea, Israel, South Africa … also announced ambitious Moon exploration programs in the coming time. Besides the Moon, conquering Mars is also becoming a target of fierce competition among countries. Just in February, the American Perseverance self-propelled vehicle, China’s Tianan-1 spacecraft, Hope of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) visited Mars one after another. According to space experts, the polls have different objectives but all show the interest of space powers to the Red planet. Not only is it intended for military and civilian purposes, the future space race is also related to economic benefits estimated to be worth trillions of dollars./.

Many homeowners believe that the bathroom has only secondary functions, not comparable with the living room or bedroom. Therefore, during the construction process, this space was not paid attention to the design. This is the reason why family members have many inconveniences when using them later. Not a main space, but the bathroom plays an important role in the health and well-being of family members. (Artwork) Without the support of an architect or professional interior designer, you can still design your bathroom, clean it properly and avoid making the following basic mistakes: Not enough for the door Many homeowners often take advantage of the space to build a bathroom or toilet, so the area for this space is not large. Therefore, the door is the most vulnerable place to “steal space”. The door space is often not enough, often used for objects, so the door never opens the wide angle as designed by the hinge. How to overcome this drawback is to use sliding doors or sliding doors to increase the usable area inside. Not setting the right space for the bathroom is a misconception. (Illustration) The location is not reasonable Even with professionals, it is not easy to locate the toilet in the bathroom so that it is reasonable. Should put the toilet bowl in the place where the most comfortable, most spacious use. Preferably in the corner, away from the doors and near the sink. There is no ventilation system Ventilation in the bathroom is very important, because it is the only source of air exchange in a closed room with the outside environment. With bathrooms without ventilation fans, moisture and odor will have a chance to develop, negatively affecting the health of family members. Do not use anti-slip floor tiles Expensive and luxurious natural stones or marble but completely unsuitable for bathroom floor linings. For families with the elderly and young children, designing a safe bathroom is very important. Therefore, any type of tile or stone used in the bathroom floor lining must also ensure slip resistance. Currently, many families tend to choose rough materials to increase safety but should also choose a moderate roughness to limit dirt and difficult to clean. Should choose bathroom floor tiles with a moderate roughness will be less dirty and easier to clean. (Illustration) The area is too small With townhouses with a modest area, many homeowners take advantage of certain space to build bathrooms. Even, there are large houses but only spend a little part to make bathrooms, because the owner thinks it is not important. That is a misconception. Even a small bathroom should be large enough to store essential items such as towels, soap, shower gel, or cleaning chemicals. It is best to have a small shelf or a small cabinet, you can use a wall-mounted cabinet to save space. Do not use professional waterproofing A common mistake when building a bathroom is using improper waterproofing or not using waterproofing on floors and walls, surfaces exposed to water. From there, water easily condenses into the cracks in the floor, between the bricks, the adhesive materials such as lime, mortar are gradually damaged, moldy and peeling. Put gravel under the floor Spreading the gravel under the bathroom floor is both aesthetically pleasing and has a good adhesion effect. However, this form is only suitable for spas, but with a family bathroom, it requires a lot of care from the owner. In addition, spreading gravel under the bathroom floor is easy to get dirty, make water stagnant and difficult to clean. Phuong Anh (synthetic)

Oos Lions, hyenas and other predators still stalk the wildebeest, preventing them from eating too much of the plant. The variety of plants and grass supports other species, from fish birds to insects. In turn, these animals carry seeds or pollen throughout the plains, creating conditions for many types of plants to reproduce. Humans also appear there, but with relatively meager density. This is a prime example of an intact ecosystem: complex relationships that together maintain the rich diversity of the Earth. According to a survey of the ecosystems on Earth, most of the land on Earth – about 97% – no longer qualifies for ecological integrity. Researchers announced on April 15 in the journal Frontiers in Forest and Global Change: in the past 500 years, too many species have been either extinct or in decline. Specifically, scientists set the year 1500 AD, which means that only parts of the world are ecologically intact like 500 years ago with the addition of species of similar abundance. can be considered a wilderness. As a result, only 2.8% of planet Earth’s surface matches the description. These “wild plaques”, each with an area of ​​10,000 square kilometers or more, are scattered in various parts of the world. Of the few intact ecosystems, only about 11% of the land is in existing protected areas. These include Nouabale-Ndoki National Park in Congo, Serengeti-Ngorongoro in Tanzania, Alto Rio Negro indigenous territory in the Amazon forest, Great Siberian Polynya in northern Russia, and Kawésqar National Park in southern Chile. These are very rare and special places to be preserved, but only 11% of them are in protected areas. “Those are the best of the best, the last places on Earth have not lost a species as we know it,” said Oscar Venter, a conservation scientist at the University of North British Columbia. . It is important to identify such places, he said, especially for areas under development threats that need protection, such as the Amazon rainforest. Conservation scientists have long tried to map places that have not been affected by human activity. Researchers estimate that 20-40% of the Earth’s soil surface can be considered ecologically intact. But what can be detected by satellite is the ugly reality of the true extent of wildlife habitat. Beneath the seemingly intact tree canopy, the extinction of mammals and large birds from hunting, invasive species or disease has undermined the biodiversity of the areas. wild in the world. Biologist Andrew Plumptre, University of Cambridge said: “Hunting, impact of invasive species, climate change – these can harm ecosystems, but they are not easily detected. right through the satellite ”. Plumptre and his colleagues began looking for habitats that fully retain natural species, in abundance, in 1500 AD. That is the basis that the International Union for Conservation of Nature uses to evaluate the extinction of species, even though humans have changed their ecosystems by wiping out many large mammals over the past thousands of years. Overall, the amount of ecologically intact soil “is much lower than we expected,” said Plumptre. This shows how terribly man has affected nature. Some scientists question whether study authors are too strict in their definition of ecosystem integrity. Many ecosystems around the world have lost one or two species, but they remain vibrant, diverse communities. The decline of some species may not cause a catastrophe to the entire ecosystem, as other species may replace the role of lost species. The researchers calculated that while only 3% of the land is currently ecologically intact, bringing in up to five species lost could restore 20% of the land as before. This helps the ecosystem gradually return to balance.

Antonio Olmos has been in Brighton (UK) since November 2020 for many personal reasons. When the area was blocked off, he took pictures of his life during social exclusion. Instead of the usual shooting contributions, Antonio discovered an interesting thing on the beach in Brighton. According to Antonio, the lock photos provide a metaphor for a blockade during the season. “There are 459 such bungalows on the beach stretching less than 3 km, from Hove Lawns to Hove Lagoon. I took 423 and only one was left without a lock,” Antonio said. Shooting the locks is not easy at all. This should be done on an overcast day as the sun is often reflected on the lacquered surface. This causes imperfect colors in the image. Antonio made the photo set with the Canon 5D mark IV and 24-70mm lens (mainly at focal length 50 mm). “A lot of people are curious about what I am doing. Some even think I work for the government and are checking to see if people have locked the doors,” Antonio said. Besides curiosity from the locals, Antonio also had a bit of trouble. One resident accused him of taking pictures with intent to break into. A lock has rusted after a long time of use. “In a world where everything is captured, it’s great to find something of your own,” says Antonio of his unique set of photos.

The use of wallpaper increases the aesthetic and visual effect: The vertical striped patterns “pull” the height of the ceiling up, in a large space of an apartment building with low ceilings. Surface smoothness Wallpaper can be used in many spaces, many different rooms. The surface smoothness of wallpaper comes in different degrees, from rough to glossy. With papers with a smooth, glossy surface, the advantage is that it is easy to clean, clean if there is a stain and suitable for places with high humidity, areas related to water. However, in some specific cases it is necessary to pay attention to the smoothness (roughness) of the surface. On large areas of walls, or where there is a strong light source, do not use paper with a very smooth – shiny surface; because it will cause reflections, reduce the aesthetic efficiency in the interior space, and may even cause dazzling. In addition, the gloss of the wallpaper will also easily reveal the defects of the uneven plastered wall surface. Patterns match the space The big advantage of wallpaper over water paint is the pattern. It is necessary to take advantage of this advantage when using this material. There are also types of wallpaper “plain” only color, no pattern, but if used like that, then … like paint. The pattern of the wallpaper is very rich and this is also difficult because it is easy to dazzle when choosing. Choosing the color and pattern of the wallpaper needs to be based on the nature of the space, the specific function room, the size of the wall, the style of the decoration, the furniture … For example, with a space. classical interior space, you can choose sophisticated and aristocratic patterns; in a modern space, choose simple patterns and strong lines. For large walls, large patterns can be used; if the area is not large, if the area is small, use small patterns. Wallpaper should be used as a highlight, like at the head of a bed. Not too rampant Wallpaper should be used in meaningful areas as a highlight, not too rampant. The highlight can be behind the TV shelf, the bedside, the reception area … In addition to the highlight meaning, using wallpaper on too many wall areas has a negative effect: It reduces the likelihood of exchange the moisture of the wall with the environment. When the humidity in the air is high, the wall will absorb less water vapor in the air, and when the humidity in the environment decreases, the amount of water vapor in the wall inside the wall will escape, creating balance. Using wallpaper a lot, when the humidity is high, there will be the phenomenon of “sweating”, running water on the surface. In the case of using multiple wallpapers, on a large area; It is important to pay attention to choose patterns that are light, sunken, with elegant colors, to avoid confusion. Prepare a stable surface When deciding to use wallpaper for a particular surface or wall area, it is necessary to check and locate relevant objects and equipment on the wall surface, such as switch surfaces, sockets, lamp positions. walls, television, air conditioner, clothes hanger, nails – picture hangers, hangers … These positions need to be located accurately and technically. Because if it is necessary to adjust, change the location, or repair those related to these equipment and objects; will leave unattractive “scars” that are difficult to repair – especially when the used paper sample is no longer available. When pasting the wallpaper on the surface of the wall, which already has equipment and objects on it; and if the location is correct; It is best to remove the covers, the wall-to-wall base of the devices, and reattach after finishing. Then these masking surfaces will overlap the surface of the wallpaper, more aesthetically if left intact and cut – paper around the masking surface, the base – is easy to error, not beautiful smudges./.

GS Xiulin Ruan next to new paint The paint is capable of reflecting 98% of sunlight as well as ultraviolet (UV) rays through the atmosphere into the space. During the test, this paint makes the surface temperature 4.50C lower than ambient temperature, even in strong sunlight. It is expected that this paint can be available on the market in 1-2 years. Reflective white paints are now much better than dark roofing materials, but only reflect 80% -90% of sunlight and absorb UV. This means they cannot cool surfaces below ambient temperature. New coatings do this, resulting in fewer need for air conditioners and reduced air conditioning emissions. “Our paint can help fight global warming by helping to cool the earth, which is the coolest point,” said Professor Xiulin Ruan of the research group at Purdue University. According to Professor Xiulin Ruan, painting a roof with an area of ​​93 square meters will save 10kW of electricity consumption of the air conditioner. The substance playing an important role in this new paint is barium sulphate. Unlike conventional titanium dioxide pigments, it does not absorb UV rays. This super white paint uses standard acrylic solvents and can be manufactured like conventional paints, the researchers said. The new paint will cost the same as today’s paints, they added, because barium sulfate is actually cheaper than titanium dioxide. However, it is necessary to evaluate the durability of this paint for a longer time.

If skip cleaning Your skin will not optimize the use of the mask. Pollution, dirt and bacteria after a day of activity actually accumulate on the skin. Image: RyanKing . Rather than being effective, a paper mask can have the opposite effect if the facial skin is not prepared properly. Photo: Allure. If ever Wash your face after applying the mask You should quit this habit. Because the essence that needs to be absorbed will be washed away. Instead, gently pat the serum into the skin until it is fully absorbed. Image: New York Post. The mistake when using paper masks is often made use it all night . Some people even deliberately go to bed with the mask still on their skin. Image: Kousoya . There is a time-limited print on the back of the product packaging. This maximizes the effectiveness of the mask and you can avoid skin problems. Photo: AARP. After using the mask, some women choose Eliminate remaining essence in packaging. However, you can still use that nutrient as a moisturizer for maximum effect. In addition to your face, you can also apply it to your hands and feet. Image: Editors Inc. Beautynesia for that choose a paper mask that works according to your preferences is normal. However, women need to pay attention to the benefits of the ingredients in that product. Image: Allure . When choosing to buy a paper mask at random, the product may not be suitable for your skin. Everyone has different skin conditions, so different treatments are needed. One of them is to choose a mask that has the right effect. Photo: Byrdie. The final mistake is reuse the paper mask many times . The product that has been used is likely to be non-sterile. Besides being exposed to oil on the face, dirt in the air can also accumulate on the paper mask. Image: Insider . The girl is famous for her makeup video series through the decades Becky shows the typical makeup style of the 20s, 40s, 60s …

1. What is the name of the temple inlaid with 100 kg of gold in India? Icon Harmandir Sahib Icon Meenakshi Amman Icon Virupaksha The correct answer is A: Harmandir Sahi (also known as the Golden Temple) is one of the most famous temples in the world. This golden temple is located in the middle of a lake in Amritstar city, Punjab, India. People use 100 kg of gold to put on the dome of the cathedral, outside the surface. 2. What religion is this the golden temple of? Icon Buddhism Icon Islamic Icon Sikhism The correct answer is answer C: Golden Temple Harmandir Sahib is the most sacred temple of Sikhism, located in Amritstar city, Punjab, India. Construction started from December 1585 and completed in 8/1604 with 100 kg of gold used to cover the dome of the cathedral, as well as the outside of the surface. Therefore, it is not difficult for Indian tourists to come to the temple, seeing its splendor and magnificence in the sun from afar. Harmandir Sahib Temple is built of marble with a layer of gold leaf covering the outside to make everything shine, especially at night. In terms of location, this temple also has a very special layout compared to other religious works of the Sikhs, instead of being placed high, Harmandir Sahib was built in a lowland and surrounded by the lake of the gods. Besides, instead of having 2 normal entrances, Harmandir Sahib welcomes its devotees to 4 different doors expressing an open and friendly mindset. 3. In the Sikh language, what does Harmandir Sahib mean? Icon The whereabouts of the gods Icon The whereabouts of the saints Icon The residence of Sikh god The correct answer is Answer A: In the language of the Sikhs, Harmandir Sahib means “residence of the gods”. When you are about 1 km from the main entrance to the temple, you can hear the Gurbani hymns from the melodious, melodious, warm, gentle and cheerful central temple of Harmandir Sahib, mixed with a little joy in the wind. And Gurbani in Sikh means “song of the wise”, they are always played during the pilgrim’s coming. 4. What is the main material to build this temple? Icon Cement and copper Icon Copper and marble Icon Cement and marble The correct answer is answer B: Harmandir Sahib Temple is built of marble and bronze with a layer of gold leaf coating that makes everything shine, especially at night. The work has different layouts compared to many other Sikh religious works. Instead of being placed at a high position, the Harmandir Sahib Temple was built in the lowlands, surrounded by lakes. 5. Is the water in the lake around the temple called…? Icon Water of God Icon Nectar Icon Heaven pearl The correct answer is answer B: In the temple grounds, the most famous and sacred point is Hari Mandir, also known as the Darbar Sahib, an extremely beautiful structure of gold floating on the water. The building with the roof of golden leaves, the walls of marble and gemstones, the Muslim-style floral motifs is admired by the whole world. The lake surrounding Hari Mandir is considered to be the lake of the gods, also known as Amrit Sarovar which means the lake of spirit wine. The bridge connecting to the inside of Hari Mandir is called the priests’ bridge, symbolizing the journey of a spirit after death. Inside the temple is the mausoleum of the ministers and the orchestra playing hymns. When evening falls, this temple becomes more and more dazzling in the sunset sun, devotees like to sit on the steps towards Harmandir Sahib mumble and sing along hilarious hymns. 6. What is the largest building in the world by Harmandir Sahib Temple? Icon Statue Icon Cathedral Icon Community kitchen The correct answer is answer C: Harmandir Sahib Temple also owns the largest Sikh community kitchen in the world, serving up to 100,000 meals a day for free. The large and generous Guru-Ka-Langar cafeteria is a feature of Sikh thought. The temple is located in the historic center in Amritsar. From here, visitors only take 10 minutes to walk to important sights and landmarks of the city such as Katra Jaimal Singh market and Jaillanwala Bagh memorial park. Guests can use the free bus service to travel between the temple and Amritsar Junction Station. 7. Before visiting the temple, visitors must cover their heads, is this true or false? Icon It’s correct Icon Wrong The correct answer is answer A: The temple is open daily and there is no entrance fee. Required for those who want to visit the temple is to remove shoes, cover their heads and wash hands and feet before entering the temple. In addition, when walking around the lake, visitors must go clockwise. 8. Which of the following temples in India is recorded as the first granite temple in the world? Icon Brihadeeswarar Temple Icon Krishna Temple Icon Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple The correct answer is the answer A: Located in the city of Thanjavur, in the state of Tamil Nadu, the Brihadeeswarar temple was built by King Rajaraja Chola I in the 11th century. first in the world. Coming here, you will feel every breath of Hindu antiquity, including intricate carved walls, eye-catching patterns and harmonious color combinations. Especially with a height of 66 meters Brihadeeswarar is one of the tallest temples in the world. 9. What special carvings are the Khajuraho temple complexes known for? Icon Dome Icon Tower Icon Sex The correct answer is answer C: This temple complex is decorated with carvings expressing pleasure. If you have an open mind, you will find these temples beautiful. The temple complex, located in the state of Madhya Pradesh, was built between 900 and 11 AD by the Chandela dynasty. There are 85 temples in the population, but today there are only 25 temples left. These carvings are intended to promote Kama (sex) – or the pursuit of joy, are considered one of the four allowed goals in Hinduism. Result Please work harder! point

In the just-concluded #GucciAria Aria Gucci Centennial Fashion Show, the legendary Gucci and Balenciaga joint names are finally officially announced!Aristocratic temperament teamed up with street fashion brands, retro modern and black bubble hip-hop, it is really the strongest high street luxury joint name on the surface, and it will definitely become the most topical new series of the year

The picture comes from @Gucci, the copyright belongs to the original author

The picture comes from @Gucci, the copyright belongs to the original author

The picture comes from @Gucci, the copyright belongs to the original author

The picture comes from @Gucci, the copyright belongs to the original author

The picture comes from @Gucci, the copyright belongs to the original author

The picture comes from @Gucci, the copyright belongs to the original author

The picture comes from @Gucci, the copyright belongs to the original author

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Why is there a single storey tree house, if you can have three? This is said to be the tallest tree house in British Columbia, Canada. You can find it somewhere near Revelstoke.

2. Mirror House (Sweden)

Almost invisible and perfect for hiding, the mirror house is part of the Tree Hotel project in Northern Sweden. The mirror has a special box square structure. The 4 walls of the house are made of 4 large glass arrays that are impact resistant and anti-rough. The supports for the house are solid trunks.

3. Bird’s Nest Tree House (Sweden)

This tree house was built by the creators of the “Tree Hotel” project. Although it looked like a large bird’s nest from the outside, the house had a modern and high standard room built inside.

4. Tree house in Muskoka (Ontario, Canada)

Designed by Lukasz Kos, the 4Treehouse is built around 4 trees on Lake Muskoka in Ontario, Canada. The house floats in the air like a Japanese lantern.

5. The Minister’s Treehouse (Crossville, Tennessee, USA)

This monumental 30.48 meter structure is said to be the tallest tree house in the world and was built entirely by Horace Burgess in reclaimed wood in Crossville, Tennessee.

6. Yellow Treehouse restaurant

This restaurant in Auckland, New Zealand offers a great dining experience. The restaurant seems to be surrounded by trees and can accommodate up to 18 guests at a time.

7. Tree House Free Spirit Sphere (Canada)

Built with vision and engineering, these tree houses have the appearance of a round ball. This entire house is kept by a very complex system of ropes, along with a winding path around the tree trunk.

8. Treehouse by Takashi Kobayashi (Japan)

Takashi Kobayashi designed this tree house to “break the sense of separation that exists between man and nature.” The house is designed in a closed form with vertical walls attached to each other in a shape. Sunday box The two outside parts on the outside of the front of the house are fitted with a layer of transparent glass, and underneath the floor there is a rather large hollow opening to absorb air.The entrance is attached to a staircase. with safety cover, divided into two compartments.

9. Tree House (Ghent, Belgium)

This Belgian sculpture tree house was made for the TRACK: A Contemporary City Conversion art festival, and is a miniature version of the houses behind it.

10. Finca Bellavista tree house environmentally friendly (Costa Rica)

This treehouse is part of the sustainable and eco-friendly Finca Bellavista treehouse community in Costa Rica. All houses are connected by suspension bridges!

Korean experts explain that, because milk has a form of protein called casein, hot temperatures will be joined together and form a coating on the surface of the pan.

The way to refresh the non-stick pan with fresh milk is quite simple, first, you pour some fresh milk into the pan. The amount of milk is enough to cover the entire pan.

Next, you boil the milk to a full boil for 5 minutes. Be sure to keep the fire on fire so that the milk won’t spill over and contaminate the kitchen. Then, you discard the milk (can be used to fertilize the plant but not for drinking). Then you use clean water to wash the pan to remove the remaining milk on the surface of the pan.

Illustration.

Note: This method only applies to pans with moderate peeling, if all the non-stick layer is peeled off, the effect is no longer noticeable.

Note using the non-stick pan so that the pan will last as long as it is new

When frying, only use a sufficient amount of grease

Conventional pans will need a lot of grease for the food to cook evenly and not to burn. However, with the non-stick pan, you should only add a sufficient amount of oil because it prevents the food from sticking.

Using less grease is both economical and healthy, good for the longevity of the non-stick pan.

Oil should be added when the pan is not too hot

The non-stick coating that encounters high temperatures in dry conditions will easily peel off, affect the quality of the dish and not good for human health.

Do not season with salt seasoning when the pan is on high

Did you know that seasoning salty spices (such as fish sauce, salt, …) when the pan is cooking at a high temperature will make the surface of the pan pitted, the non-stick layer is easier to peel.

Use a wooden utensil to stir food in a non-stick pan

Wooden mixing objects will not scratch the surface of the pan like metal tools (aluminum, stainless steel).

Do not let the fire get too loud

At high temperatures, the non-stick coating in the basin can degrade and cause health risks. Therefore, you should keep the fire low or medium to ensure the safety of the family and ensure the durability of the pan.

Do not use the pan for baking, storage, …

Baking and storing at high temperatures can cause the non-stick coating to peel off, reducing the durability of the pan.