Aerospace is actually a costly and very cumbersome project. Therefore, VR technology is also mostly used in the aerospace field. For example, the use of VR technology computer statistical simulation to reproduce the space shuttle and flight environment in VR, so that the pilots are in virtual Flight training and experimental operations in space have greatly reduced the experimental expenses and the risk factor of the experiment.

Whenever Mr. P sees news about aerospace and aviation, we are very excited. As ordinary people, we often look up at the stars and desire to travel in space. It is precisely this way that mankind has never stopped exploring the universe. With the continuous maturity and popularization of VR-related technologies, today’s VR technology is more and more widely used in the aerospace field. In this article, Mr. P and a wave of hotspots recommend 6 VR games about space simulation, interstellar battle, etc. Let’s enjoy the charm of the vast universe together. “Apollo 11” Developer: Immersive VR Education Ltd. platform : Steam, Oculus Quest supporting device : Oculus Quest/Rift, HTC Vive, Valve Index, WMR Price: $72 “Apollo 11” is VR experience game with Apollo landing on the moon as the background . It is not so much a game as it is a documentary. The game starts with the moon landing plan, allowing players to play as one of the moon landing astronauts, starting from the earth and finally landing on the moon. Interspersed with several recordings of historical facts, as well as interviews with old astronauts who participated in the project. If you score it solely on the quality of the documentary, this is definitely an excellent film. Players can feel the atmosphere of excitement and worry among the astronauts before boarding the plane, and players can also experience the wonder of the spaceship flying out of the atmosphere and the darkening outside the window. All this thanks to VR, let people experience a “real” space travel like never before. There will be no exaggerated special effects, no thrilling plot changes, everything is just like what happened at the beginning, the player, as an astronaut, landed on the moon surrounded by rigorous and sophisticated scientific instruments. “ADR1FT” Developer: Three One Zero platform: Oculus Quest, Steam supporting device: Oculus Quest/Rift, HTC Vive, Valve Index, PSVR Selling price :￥68 “ADR1FFT” is a Space Survival Sandbox Game In the game, the player plays an astronaut. A nightmare experience leads to damage to the space shuttle. The protagonist has to fight a life and death contest in the vast outer space. The protagonist must survive and accept his fate. The game restores an endless vast space. Players must build their own facilities and conduct dangerous explorations to survive. Players feel that a strong threat is nearby. Game adoption First-person perspective , The player must explore the wreckage of the ship in the weightless space, look for scarce resources, and overcome the challenges of the difficult environment to repair the damaged emergency escape vehicle and return to the earth safely. In addition to survival, players must also find the cause of this tragedy. The scenes in the game are restored to reality, and the visual effects are amazing, allowing people to experience the charm of the vast universe. The game has rich and interesting game settings, giving players a strong sense of experience. “Universe Sandbox 2 VR” Developer: Giant Army platform: Steam supporting device : Oculus Quest/Rift, HTC Vive, Valve Index, WMR Price: $90 “Universe Sandbox 2 VR” is a Space simulation game. The player becomes the master of the universe, creating or destroying various planets and even galaxies in the universe. The game can simulate gravity in real time, allowing players to change the climate of a certain planet, and even simulate planetary collisions such as Mars hitting the earth. Players can also try to turn a planet into a supernova and create their own planet with rocks, water, iron and other materials. Even the difficult phenomenon of Jiuxing Lianzhu can be easily created. This game allows players to become the creators of the world, as long as they can think of it, they can arrange the planets into various shapes according to their wishes. Some players even transform Mars into a blue planet suitable for human habitation through atmospheric control and ground modification. . The game screen is very realistic and stunning, comparable to science fiction blockbusters. “Elite: Dangerous” Developer: Frontier Developments platform: Steam supporting device: Oculus Quest/Rift, HTC Vive, Valve Index, WMR Price: $191 “Elite: Dangerous” is based on 1:1 real-scale real Milky Way as the background , With the help of process generation technology, almost infinitely generated star systems (about 400 billion). At the beginning of the game, players will have a free initial spaceship: Sidewinder and an initial capital. The goal of the game is to do your best to gain more wealth, fame, and power above the “elite” players. Whether it’s hunting through ordinary trade, bounty, or becoming a pirate, or even getting rewards through assassination work, you can. In addition, the game has added a multiplayer wingman formation mode. Players can either cooperate or become competitors or even mortal enemies. In the game, the player will not be fixed on a specific role like a traditional role-playing game, and there is no skill point that directly affects the behavior of the role. On the contrary, the player will always control his character, and the player’s own skills will determine the outcome of the interaction. The reputation system will affect the attitude of NPCs and other players towards the player, and even affect the ownership of rights in the galaxy. The entire universe will be affected and changed by the player’s every move. “Star Wars: Droid Repair Bay” Developer: ILMxLAB platform: Steam supporting device: HTC Vive, Valve Index Price: free “Star Wars: Droid Repair Bay”, literally translated as “Star Wars: Robot Repair Station” , Is a VR game related to Star Wars. The background of the game is the era after “Star Wars: The Jedi Strikes Back”. We can see many new types of robots, including the BB-8, which has countless fans in Star Wars 7. In the experience, the user will be teleported to the “General Leia” spacecraft. Players will play the role of a repairman on the spaceship General Leah Skywalker. In the case of tight warfare, all robots on the battleship must be repaired. Including the well-known BB-8 and robots that belong to the BB series, and even many new models that have never been seen before. The Star Wars universe has always been the future world that everyone has been looking forward to. “Star Wars: Fighter Squadron” Developer : MOTIVE platform : Steam supporting device: Oculus Quest/Rift, HTC Vive, Valve Index, WMR Price: $198 “Star Wars: Fighter Squadron” is a Star Wars series of flying shooting games made by EA , In “Star Wars: Fighter Squadron”, you can feel the realistic flying experience and master the combat art of star fighters. Fasten your seat belts and enjoy first-person multiplayer space melee with the squadron members. Players experience the thrilling single-player story after “Star Wars: Return of the Jedi” from the perspective of a pilot. Experience the two factions from alternate perspectives. The iconic and emerging leaders of both sides are fighting desperately in the galaxy. In the game, players can engage in 5V5 space battles, modify their own Star Wars fighters, and adjust the members of their squadrons to adapt to different game styles and destroy opponents. The above are the 6 aerospace and aviation VR games that Mr. P brings to you. The charm of the universe is unstoppable! Although it is not yet possible to experience the vastness of the universe in person, it is good to experience it in a realistic and very realistic game. Interested friends must try it! What does the universe galaxy look like? Let us wait and see! This article is an original manuscript of VRPinea, please contact: brand@vrpinea.com

People in Brazil are examining debris believed to have belonged to a European spacecraft in 2014. Photo: Getty. Sea of ​​Japan (also known as East Sea) The phenomenon of space debris falling to the ground and causing damage was first recorded in 1969. That year, Japanese diplomats informed the United Nations of an unidentified object from space falling from space. down and collided with a Japanese cargo ship moving off the coast of Siberia (Russia). The collision seriously injured five crew members. Not long after, a Soviet ship at that time appeared to search for the wreckage. The Japanese official said the debris was identified by experts as part of a Soviet spacecraft. However, this information was initially kept secret by Tokyo because it did not want to create a conflict with Moscow, according to AP. Northwest Territories, Canada The danger of objects from space became apparent in 1978, when Cosmos 954, the Soviet Union’s atomic-powered satellite, crashed to Earth. The incident caused radioactive debris to be scattered throughout the Northwest Territories, Alberta, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. After the incident, the Canadian government organized a large-scale “Operation Morning Light” to search for tiny pieces of radioactive material that fell on the Arctic tundra. The cost for this campaign is nearly 14 million CAD (equivalent to 11.5 million USD). A fragment of the satellite Cosmos 954. Photo: United States Department of Energy. Canada demanded compensation from the Soviet Union at that time in the amount of 6 million CAD (equivalent to 5 million USD), but Moscow ended up paying only half of that amount. State of West Australia, Australia In 1979, Skylab – the first space station of the US Space Agency (NASA) – broke up while re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere. The incident caused a lot of debris to fall across the farm town of Esperance in West Australia, Australia. The Skylab space station was photographed by the last crew before it broke up on July 11, 1979. Photo: NASA. “It’s the most beautiful fireworks display you’ll ever see,” Brendan Freeman, a retired farmer, told ABC. The debris did not cause major damage, but for fun, the town of Esperance authorities wrote a $ 400 NASA fine for littering. NASA did not pay the fine, possibly out of fear of setting an unfavorable precedent. In 2009, a DJ in the city of Barstow, California (USA) called for fundraising and brought the fine to pay the town of Esperance. Lakeport, California, USA Early one weekend in 1987, a retired aircraft mechanic living in a town near Mendocino National Forest in northern California heard what sounded like gunfire outside his bedroom window. After searching, he discovered a scorched metal piece more than 2m long lying in the alley next to the house. An analyst with the US Air Force determined that the object was most likely a piece of debris dropped from a Soviet missile. This rocket has previously been seen flying across the sky while burning up and falling to Earth. “It’s interesting because things like that don’t happen around here very often,” Maggie Pickle, the mechanic’s neighbor, told the AP. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Lottie Williams holds up a piece of debris that hit her shoulder from a US Delta II rocket in 1997. Photo: Tulsa World. One morning in 1997, Lottie Williams was walking with friends in Tulsa City Park when she saw what appeared to be a comet streaking across the sky. This object fell on Mrs. Williams’ shoulder, but the impact was very light, almost without feeling. This object was determined by scientists to be most likely a fragment of a US Delta II rocket. The fragment was kept by Mrs. Williams as a souvenir. “I had to be very lucky for the debris to be so light. It was one of the strangest things that ever happened to me,” Williams told NPR in an interview years later. East Texas and Louisiana, USA, In 2003, the US space shuttle Columbia broke up while re-entering the atmosphere, killing 7 astronauts on board. In places where the debris of the shuttle hit the ground, temporary memorials were erected for the crew. People in rural areas along the Texas-Louisiana state border reported seeing debris from the ship falling into a water storage tank or through the roof of a dental office. Someone even tried to sell a fragment on the e-commerce site eBay for $ 10,000. In the end, 84,000 pieces of wreckage from the wrecked ship were collected after an extensive search in swamps, woodlands, and grasslands. These debris were used to rebuild the ship and determine the cause of the disaster. Ivory Coast In May 2020, another Chinese Long March 5B rocket also crashed to Earth. The rocket was initially thought to have landed in the Pacific Ocean, but some people reported hearing a sonic boom and seeing metal shards falling from the sky. This shows that some parts of the Long March 5B missile fell on the village of Mahounou, in Ivory Coast. China’s Long March 5B rocket launch in late April in Hainan province. Photo: Getty. However, there were no reports of human casualties after the incident. The discovery of a piece of pipe more than 12 meters long also seems to help this area get more attention. Grant County, Washington State, USA The most recent space debris incident occurred just over a month ago, when a rocket owned by private aerospace company SpaceX exploded over the Pacific Northwest. The explosion created a “show of light,” which some initially mistook for a meteor shower, according to The Verge. A piece of equipment from the rocket fell on a farm in Washington state, leaving a mark more than 12cm deep in the ground, The Verge reported. A similar object was also discovered by fishermen off the Oregon coast a few days later, but authorities have not confirmed whether this is debris from a SpaceX rocket.

Blue Origin founder Jeff Bezos inspects the New Shepard launch facility in West Texas. A spot on his upcoming flight is up for auction. Photo: EPA This will be the first manned flight conducted by Bezos’ space company, Blue Origin. The flight is scheduled to take place on July 20, the 52nd anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing on the Moon. Bezos and his brother Mark, a former advertising executive and volunteer firefighter, will join the flight with the winner of the ship’s airfare auction, with the lowest bid of $2.8 million. USD. In an Instagram post, billionaire Bezos said he had dreamed of traveling into space since he was 5 years old. “I will go on that journey with my brother. The best adventure, with my best friend,” declared the Amazon founder. With an estimated personal fortune of $186.2 billion, Jeff Bezos is one of several billionaire entrepreneurs driving a “new space race,” each pumping billions of dollars into private startups. Their aim is to develop low-cost, commercialized space travel. But while Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson is expected to make a suborbital flight later this year, and SpaceX’s Elon Musk has vowed to “die on Mars,” it’s Bezos who’s the one. Win the race to be the first of this hit trio of billionaires to reach the edge of space. Watch Blue Origin successfully launch and land a reusable New Shepard space rocket (Source: CNBC) Mr Musk has yet to comment on Bezos’ latest statement, while Branson congratulated his rival, saying their two companies are “opening up to space”. “Congratulations to Jeff Bezos and his brother Mark for announcing their plans to go into space. Jeff started Blue Origin in 2000, we started Virgin Galactic in 2004 and now both are opening up access to space – incredible!” Branson tweeted. personal. Musk and Bezos are said to have been head-to-head on several projects over the past decade. Elon Musk sees his tech giant as an “imitation” in some of Amazon’s business ventures, while Bezos mocks the SpaceX CEO’s plans to send people to Mars. Bezos’ company Blue Origin was founded in 2000, touting itself as a means of providing cheaper access to space through the use of reusable rockets – namely the New Shepard that flew 15 times. Jeff Bezos’ space tourism project with Blue Origin is competing with a similar program being developed by Space X, the rocket company founded and run by Tesla CEO Elon Musk, and the company. Virgin Galactic is backed by Richard Branson. In April 2017, Bezos revealed that he invests about $1 billion in Amazon stock in Blue Origin every year. Blue Origin’s spaceship system consists of a pressurized crew capsule mounted on top of a reusable New Shepard booster. During the first manned flight into space, the crew aboard the New Shepard will spend at least 10 minutes hovering in zero gravity inside the capsule. Bezos founded Blue Origin in 2000. The upcoming space flight is the culmination of more than two decades of forays into space for Jeff Bezos, who announced plans to step down as Amazon’s CEO just now. 15 days before flight date. Instead, he will become Executive Chairman of the company he founded in his garage in 1994 – allowing him “time and energy” to focus on other business ventures. Blue Origin named its space rocket program New Shepard after astronaut Alan Shepard, the first American to fly into space exactly 60 years ago. The upcoming flight will mark a major milestone in the mission to take paying customers beyond space. However, for now, Elon Musk’s SpaceX seems to be leading in the space billionaire race with multiple launches of NASA equipment to the ISS and a partnership to send tourists to space by 2021. On February 6, 2018, SpaceX launched a rocket to orbit Mars, more than 220 million km from Earth, and NASA selected two astronauts to join the first manned Dragon mission performed by SpaceX. . Watch the video of SpaceX’s Starship rocket being launched and successfully landed for the first time on May 5, 2021 (Source: SpaceX): SpaceX has also begun sending a series of 60 satellites into space to help form its Starlink network. Mr. Musk hopes the program will build a network of interconnected satellites around the Earth, thereby providing free Internet to everyone around the world. Meanwhile, billionaire Richard Branson and Virgin Galactic are taking a different approach to conquering space. Virgin Galactic has repeatedly performed successful test flights of the Unity spacecraft. The first time took place in December 2018 and the last time took place on February 22 this year. More than 600 wealthy clients to date, including celebrities like Brad Pitt and Katy Perry, have booked $250,000 for one of Virgin’s spacewalks. Richard Branson introduces SpaceShipTwo, a spaceship with room for six passengers and two pilots. Photo: Reuters Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo can carry six passengers and two pilots. Each passenger has a seat with two large windows – one on the side and one above. Passengers will become “astronauts” when they reach the Karman line, the boundary of Earth’s atmosphere. The spacecraft will then make a sub-orbital journey with about six minutes of weightlessness. The whole flight took about 1.5 hours.

Apollo 11 astronauts in spacesuits set foot on the Moon for the first time. Photo: NASA Hollywood films often draw attention with the iconic spacesuit, the design of which makes the public believe that it is a costume that can be taken off within minutes. But in fact, the spacesuit is a “spaceship” with its own full function, requiring the wearer to take off or take off with the help of colleagues. Cathleen Lewis, curator of international space programs and spacesuits at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, said: “The purpose of the spacesuit essentially exists as a humanoid spacecraft, allowing astronauts to autonomously explore and do meaningful work outside of spacecraft or space stations.” Ms. Lewis said it can take up to four hours for an astronaut to get dressed, from start to finish. Before going to space, astronauts must check each piece of equipment and make sure they have enough essential supplies, such as oxygen and water. During the spacewalk, they will be supported by a team from Earth. Watch Apollo astronauts in spacesuits fall up and down in zero gravity on the Moon (source: NASA) Sarah Korona, extraterrestrial flight control specialist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston (Texas), said: Flight controllers must adhere to a plan of procedures about 30 pages long, but still have other plans if problems arise. The “anatomy” of a space suit According to NASA, a spacesuit is made up of 6 different components and can have up to 16 layers.
Astronauts on the Artemis missions, NASA’s next program to send the first woman and first black man to the Moon, will wear the latest spacesuit, called the Visitor Mover. alien probe, abbreviated as xEMU. Before the spacesuits reach the Moon, their components will be tested on the International Space Station (ISS). NASA unveiled a prototype of the xEMU suit in 2019 at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. Photo: NASA One of the key components of the new spacesuit is the cooling fiber, said Richard Rhodes, vice president of xEMU pressurized garment development at NASA. The suit is made of tubes that help circulate water around the astronauts, regulating their body temperature and removing excess heat as they complete their work. According to NASA, each spacesuit has a portable life support system, which includes a water tank to cool the clothes, a carbon dioxide removal system, and other components, including a two-way radio for astronauts to communicate. Previous spacesuits used in the Apollo missions were less flexible than those used today. “When the Apollo astronauts walked on the Moon, they couldn’t bend down and pick up a rock,” said NASA astronaut Mike Fincke. They had to have a particularly compact tool with a handle mounted on it.” The space suit of astronaut Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Photo: NASA But the spacesuit has come a long way since then and has a more flexible construction, with active support gloves. According to Ms. Lewis, gloves are one of the most complicated parts of a spacesuit, and they are often the source of most complaints from astronauts about their suits. “Gloves are difficult to design to both protect and allow astronauts to demonstrate manual dexterity to get the job done,” the expert notes. Pressure gloves can also contract, especially after long hours in space. The astronaut’s fingers are also cold, so heating elements need to be built into the glove. Gloves are an important part of the spacesuit that NASA designed for the mission back to the Moon. Photo: NASA When astronauts train for space flight, one of their training exercises includes picking up a coin in a spacesuit while underwater, Ms. Lewis said. These explorers need extreme dexterity when working in space, and gloves are a big challenge. Much of astronaut spacesuit training is conducted in a swimming pool at NASA’s Laboratory in Houston. Water simulates the feeling of weightlessness, similar to the feeling in space. To develop the spacesuit, scientists have experimented with a variety of materials and with varying degrees of success over the years. At one point, researchers experimented with Kevlar fingertips (a fiber five times stronger than steel) on gloves. “The Kevlar material is very useful in blocking bullets but not very good at stopping knives – it is very easy to cut,” Ms. Lewis said. Astronauts currently use synthetic plastic gloves, but scientists are always looking for better options. In addition, the outside of the spacesuit has color stripes specific to each suit. Here’s how astronauts can tell who’s wearing which suit while in space. Crafting the Artemis . space suit The first step in designing a spacesuit is “understanding who you’re designing the suit for, what you want them to be able to do, and where you want them to be able to,” says Rhodes. For the Artemis program, NASA needed their astronauts to be able to safely explore the Moon’s surface. Prototype of new spacesuit, xEMU, by NASA. Photo: NASA Over the past four years, NASA has invested more than $300 million in the development of the xEMU suit. Richard Rhodes’ team tested dozens of ingredients and weighed the pros and cons of each. He said the biggest challenge for the Artemis suits was making sure they were optimized for exploration of the Moon. The suits needed to be “light enough to support a mission to the Moon and sturdy enough to protect astronauts when working in very dangerous environments”. According to Rhodes, there are thousands of parts produced to make the Artemis spacesuit, and they are sourced from all over the United States. Some parts can take up to a year to build, but NASA is working to shorten the time. Space suits will also be upgraded for the latest Moon mission. Current and past NASA spacesuits allow only minimal movement of the waist, hips, or ankles. Artemis astronauts need to have extra mobility. to be able to explore the rough terrain of the Moon, so Mr. Rhodes’ team is working on a suit that allows for more movement while still being sturdy enough to protect the wearer.

In the past, all three planets were rocky planets, the surface of which was composed of solid metals and silicates. Among them, our Earth is the largest planet, the mass and radius of Venus is only about 82% and 95% of the Earth, respectively, the mass and radius of Mars only account for about 11% and 53% when compared to our planet. Over the past few decades, humans have launched many unmanned probes to Venus and Mars, and it turns out that the environments on these two planets are very harsh. Venus is too hot, and Mars is too cold, and there is no oxygen on either planet, so life on Earth could not exist in such an environment, and astronomers could not find it. see any other traces of life there. So, how were Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago? Why are Venus and Mars now barren, and only our planet is habitable? Calculated based on the radiant power of the sun, Venus and Mars also operate in the same habitable zone as Earth, which means they can receive just the right amount of solar radiation to water. on their surface can still be in a liquid state. Astronomers speculate based on current signs on Venus and Mars and surmise that there may have been an ocean of liquid water on both Venus and Mars 4 billion years ago. For the first few hundred million years, Venus was a warm and humid planet. In the primordial oceans of Venus, life was fully qualified to evolve. They could be carbon-based life like life on Earth or could be other life forms. However, Venus’s habitable period did not last long. Because Venus is so close to the sun, and the temperature of the sun gradually increases over time, making Venus hotter and hotter, and a large amount of liquid water has also been evaporated. At the same time, the volcanic activity on Venus is also gradually becoming more active and continuously releasing carbon dioxide, causing a strong greenhouse effect. Without oceans, carbon dioxide would not be neutralized. They enter the atmosphere and cause a severe greenhouse effect, which will increase the temperature on Venus. Meanwhile, on Earth, the oceans, plants and minerals absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, so the Earth will not become too hot due to the strong greenhouse effect during that period. Eventually, Venus’ greenhouse effect was completely out of control, liquid water completely evaporated, and life could have been destroyed. According to data returned by the Venus probe, the current concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’s atmosphere is as high as 96.5%, and the surface atmospheric pressure is 91 times higher than the Earth’s surface. Under the influence of this extreme greenhouse effect, Venus has essentially reached thermal equilibrium, and the average surface temperature is as high as 464 degrees Celsius. Although it is essentially impossible to have life on the surface of Venus today, some astronomers speculate that there may be some strange life in the atmosphere of Venus. In the sky high enough above the surface of Venus, the atmospheric pressure will be moderate, and the temperature will not be high, possibly for the synthesis of organic matter and the evolution of life. On the other hand, ancient Mars was probably also a habitable planet. Currently, on Mars there is a large amount of water-washed terrain, and there are some iron ores that can only be generated in the aquatic environment, which is strong evidence for the existence of a large amount of water. liquid water on ancient Mars. So, how did Mars become such a uninhabitable planet as it is? At present-day Mars’ North Pole, there is a giant basin whose surface is equivalent to two-fifths of the surface of Mars. This huge Arctic basin was formed by a massive collision. Studies have shown that about 3.9 billion years ago, a dwarf planet (about the size of Pluto) with a diameter of about 2,000 km collided with the north pole of Mars. This massive collision completely changed the core of Mars, causing activities inside Mars to quickly stop, and the Martian magnetic field also gradually weakened and finally almost disappeared. lost. Without the protection of the magnetic field, the solar wind gradually strengthens and melts the atmosphere of Mars, liquid water continues to evaporate, causing Mars to quickly become a barren land. Currently, there is almost no atmosphere on Mars, but there is still some water ice in the polar regions. In addition, there may be a seasonal amount of liquid water in some areas of Mars, which has a high salt content and may be temporarily liquid in the low-temperature Martian environment. At the moment, the temperature on Mars is very low, the average temperature is only -63 degrees Celsius. If humans want to settle on Mars in the future, the first thing to do is to strengthen the star’s magnetic field. Mars and produces large amounts of greenhouse gases to “heat” Mars and melt the solid water that exists on Mars. Mars is much smaller than Earth, so it would have cooled from its molten state at its inception faster than Earth, so liquid water on Mars may have appeared earlier, which could This means that life on Mars may have formed and evolved earlier than our planet. Therefore, there are conspiracy theories that, when celestial bodies collided with Mars, the rocks that were thrown into space by the collisions could have carried the germ of life on Mars into space, and then some someday fall to Earth, becoming the source of life on Earth. And perhaps by coincidence, life on Earth also began to form around the same time that Mars’ North Pole collided. From the point of view of time, this is consistent. In addition, astronomers have discovered traces of suspected life in meteorites on Mars that have fallen to Earth. Life on Earth may have originated on Mars, but this has so far required more convincing evidence. In the past, the Curiosity rover has detected some carbon-containing organic substances in the rocks on Mars, which may be evidence that ancient Mars once had a few living things. Even now, it is still possible for life on Mars, they did not go extinct billions of years ago, but moved into the Martian underground and developed a unique survival mechanism to adapt to the harsh environment. harsh on this planet. Compared to Venus and Mars, our planet is very lucky. For billions of years, Earth has always been a habitable planet, so hundreds of millions of species have appeared here. Our Earth is like a “chosen planet”, a moderate distance from the sun, with a magnetic field that can resist solar radiation so that all kinds of life can continue to multiply and develop. Although it cannot be ruled out that some planets in the solar system (such as Europa) also harbor life, the environments of those planets are very different from those of Earth, and most life on Earth is not ruled out. Soil cannot exist there. In the near future, Earth will still be the only planet inhabited by humans in the universe.

The speed of light (more generally, the speed of propagation of electromagnetic radiation) in a vacuum, denoted c, is an important fundamental physical constant in many areas of physics. It has an exact value of 299,792,458 meters per second, because the meter length unit is redefined based on this constant and the standard second. According to special relativity, c is the maximum speed that all energy, matter, and information in the universe can reach. It is the speed at which every massless particle bound to physical fields (including electromagnetic radiation such as light photons) propagates in a vacuum. It is also the propagation speed of gravity (such as gravitational waves) predicted by current theories. Particles and waves travel with velocity c regardless of the motion of the source or of the observer’s inertial frame of reference. After Einstein founded relativity, it became known that the speed of light is indeed very fast, because this is the upper limit of the local speed in the universe, and no other speed can be exceeded. through it. Moreover, regardless of the medium in the frame of reference, the measured speed of light is exactly the same. Based on the principle of the constant speed of light in relativity and the highly accurate measurement of the speed of light, physicists have also determined the speed of light to be 299,792,458 meters/second without affecting the speed of light. affect the current physical quantity. In this way, people no longer have to worry about accurately measuring the speed of light, and can also solve the problem of errors in the equipment used to determine the clock. The speed of light propagating in a vacuum is independent of both the motion of the light source as well as of the observer’s inertial frame of reference. The constancy of the speed of light was postulated by Einstein in his 1905 paper on special relativity. Physicists can now only experimentally confirm the speed of light by methods above two Two-way speed of light is frame-independent, because the speed of light cannot be measured in one-way speed of light, ignoring some conventions of uniformity. synchronization between the clock at the source and the clock at the receiver. Whether it’s electron transition, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, or the annihilation of yin and yang matter, these processes produce light. Once light is created, their speed will immediately reach the speed of light, and they will always travel at this speed. If light were not absorbed by matter, they would not be dissipated in the universe, and the speed would always remain at the speed of light. For example, the first photons created in the universe 13.8 billion years ago are still present today, and they travel through the universe at the speed of light. So, how did light reach the speed of light? How does light maintain the speed of light? What is the driving force that drives the light forward? If it is explained from the point of view of the particle nature of light, then light is composed of photons with no rest mass. According to special relativity, since the static mass of photons is zero, their speed can only be the speed of light. According to the Higgs mechanism of the Standard Model of Particle Physics, when photons without static mass pass through the Higgs field throughout the universe, the photons will not be coupled, so they will not gain static mass, and their speed will not decrease. Once the photons are generated, their speed will directly reach the speed of light, and there is no acceleration from zero to the speed of light. Propagation of photons does not require energy to propagate, if they were not absorbed by matter or a black hole, they would always travel aimlessly through a vacuum at the speed of light. On the other hand, if explained from the evaporation of light, the nature of light is electromagnetic wave. Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism show that electricity and magnetic fields are essentially unified, that a changing electric field excites a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field excites a repeated electric field, creating out electromagnetic waves. Since electromagnetic fields are formed at the speed of light, electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. The generation and existence of electromagnetic fields are independent of the medium, so light can travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. Although the spatial structure continues to expand, light propagating through space will appear redshift, but they will not completely disappear in the universe.

Born with the blood of a magical creature (Frost Giant) and trained by Frigga himself, Loki is truly a talented magician. Although he proved to be inferior to subjects like Doctor Strange or Scarlet Witch, his skills were still good enough to impress mighty men like Odin. He himself had admitted that if Frigga were alive, she would be proud of him. So what kind of magic does Loki possess? Create Illusion Loki can create multiple illusions of himself at once, aiming to throw enemies into chaos. This skill was so perfect that he didn’t need to say a spell or do any movement to perform it. However, because they are only illusions, they cannot affect the environment. When someone tries to interact with the illusion, they will pass through it and will emit green light around wherever it is touched. In return, each of these illusions is so real that Loki can fake his own death, or physical condition in front of others. They can also be used to “communicate” with a remote object, even if the owner is standing in a different location. Concealing Presence Loki can make himself invisible to others, and not to hear anything he says. Basically, this is not really “stealth”, but a move that affects the mind of the target. Even Heimdall’s superior senses of the universe’s number one couldn’t detect Loki’s whereabouts while he was in Jotunheim. In addition, Loki can also apply this spell to many other objects. Thanks to that, he was able to easily send the Frost Giants into Asgard. Psychic Loki can influence the mind of the target to a certain extent. With this move, he can control anyone’s mind and force them to follow his orders unconsciously. The spell is so powerful that it can affect Odin, leaving him in Midgard while Loki usurps his throne as king of Asgard for four years. However, this spell does not last forever and Odin was able to break it before Ragnarok took place. In addition, this ability also allows Loki to read the subject’s memories, and the affected subject must also “experience” that memory. Transfiguration Transfiguration is one of Loki’s forte. Transformation spells can be cast on the entire body or parts (of the owner and others), allowing Loki to change his clothes, voice, and appearance to resemble a human or other animal. . Loki’s transformation is so proficient that from an early age, he was able to transform himself into a snake to trick Thor, with a disguise convincing enough for Thor to pick up and hold without a doubt. which. Of course, this spell is also powerful enough for Loki to create objects like daggers and other equipment. It can be said that this is magic without limits. Thanks to it, Loki was able to disguise himself as Odin for a long time without being detected by any of the Asgardians. Summon This spell allows Loki to summon any object from nowhere, such as summoning Han Dong Bao He, and then returning it to its original position when it is no longer needed. This can be said to be quite a convenient spell, as Loki can take whatever he needs without having to bring it with him. Telekinesis Loki can act on objects and move them with just his will, similar to creating an enormous shock force. During the skirmish between Loki, Thor, Sif, the Three Warriors, and the Frost Giants, Loki used his telekinesis to amplify the damage of each knife he threw from a distance. Upon hearing the news of Frigga’s death, Loki in a fit of rage clenched his fists and blew everything around the cell against the wall, creating an impact that caused the cell to shake violently and generate electromagnetic pulses in it.

On July 23, 1980, Famous pilot Pham Tuan together with Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Vassilyevich Gorbatko made a space flight on the spacecraft Union 37. He became the first Vietnamese and Asian to fly into space. General Pham Tuan and his companions during the historic space flight. Remember the past, General Pham Tuan said that on that day, to serve the flight into space, Vietnamese pilots were involved a lot, selected for 6-7 months. The selected person must meet the health criteria, understanding and awareness of the universe, in accordance with the program’s standards. After many rounds, there were 4 people in the Soviet Union, including General Pham Tuan. After nearly a month of recruitment examination at Moscow Central Military Hospital, the National Scientific Council called 4 people to announce, at that time everyone was nervous. “I was called in first and it felt like a beauty pageant. Unexpectedly, as soon as the leader of the delegation, all members of the Council shook hands and congratulated him. Then he trained at the space center for about 16 months. On July 21, 1980, Viktor Vassilyevich Gorbatko was named to fly together. Thus, he only knew that he was the main pilot 3 days before the flight time. General Pham Tuan said, about 2 hours before the flight, he had an insecure thought that he had an accident, but the probability was not great. The fleeting thought didn’t faze him, as the training had put a lot of faith in the crew. Bringing injustice for bringing mulberry flowers into space At exactly 1:33 on July 23, 1980 (Hanoi time) at Baikonur Cosmodrome (USSR) the Union 37 spacecraft piloted by Gorbatko and Pham Tuan launched into space. When the Vietnamese national flag was raised, we were officially named in the international space travel map. General Pham Tuan’s image in the historic flight He said, the ship made 142 orbits around the earth, conducted more than 30 aeronautical remote sensing experiments, dissolved mineral samples and plant experiments on mulberry flowers. He recalls: “The first time I saw the rotating earth hovering in the middle of a deep blue space, in zero gravity, it felt very special. The second interesting thing is that day and night only lasts for 90 minutes, of which 60 minutes is daytime, 30 minutes is night. “The plane flew over all the countries, looking through the window I saw the twinkling stars, much bigger and brighter because of the clean space, and then the sun and the moon. I’ve been trying to find my dear S-shaped strip of land to look at. Before that, I also flew a lot of planes, but to fly that high, maybe only once in my life, feeling too proud,” he added. He also said that during the flight, there was a problem, that is, when flying up to prepare for assembly, it should have turned 180 degrees to increase the speed to approach the mother ship, but when it turned 90 degrees, Rotary system failure. I couldn’t check forever so I had to turn off the machine and wait after nearly 90 minutes. The Bulgarian – Soviet flight crew also had a problem and failed to assemble, they had to return to Earth and could not continue their journey, so the crew was quite worried. But in the end it all worked out. General Pham Tuan said, after returning to earth, there were many rumors surrounding him and this flight, especially the story that he was carrying mulberry flowers. Many people have said, “Mr. Pham Tuan was born in the poor low-lying countryside of Thai Binh, specializing in raising ducks to feed pigs. Going to space did not bring anything good, but he brought duckweed. Now duckweed. I don’t know if it’s good or bad.” General Pham Tuan in a meeting with international friends. General Pham Tuan explained: The matter of bringing duckweed must be decided by a team of scientists, not about carrying whatever you like. Strawberry water lily is easy to proliferate, absorb carbon dioxide, and produce oxygen. There are a lot of radioactive rays in the universe, whether it has an effect on humans, on organisms that cause genetic mutations, and bringing the water lily up is for this research purpose.” General Pham Tuan affirmed that all these scandals did not affect his life much in the end, but even made him more determined and more effortful in his work. Please read and watch the video: Temporarily suspending the work of the Chairman of the commune for being negligent in fighting the epidemic in Bac Giang. Source: THTPCT.

These word-of-mouth statements are almost consistent with information from the US Senate hearing on a request to fund NASA with a figure of $ 585 million to invest in nuclear-powered propulsion technology in the fiscal year 2022. and other American efforts in this area. This means that Russia’s space nuclear energy program is not only for technical purposes, but also for geopolitical purposes. Russia’s current program has its roots in the Soviet era. The Soviet Union launched a total of 33 military satellites with the function of spying and targeting targets equipped with nuclear reactors into low orbit around the Earth from 1969 to 1988. Most of these satellites used reactors. Buk type nuclear power generation reactor, only 2 of them using advanced thermal electron furnace NPP Topaz with generating capacity from 4.5 to 5.5 kW, however, this project was suspended in 1986 . In the early 1990s, a Russian-American cooperation project aimed at continuing the development of the Topaz furnace, but this project was suspended in 1995. In the period 2000-2007, Russia also tried to find ways to cooperate with China. Nation in this field. Despite the economic decline for a long time, Moscow has been trying to continue its independent efforts in the field of the use of nuclear energy in space since 1998, and during the time of President Dmitry Medvedev in power, the This effort has been identified as a key priority for the Kremlin. The budget for this program of Russia for the period 2010-2018 is 17 billion rubles, divided between Roscosmos 9.8 billion rubles and Rosatom 7.2 billion rubles, equivalent to $560 million in 2010 exchange rates. However, the actual disbursement figure is much smaller. In 2010, only 500 million rubles ($16.5 million) were allocated for this purpose. Over the next decade, total disbursements reached nearly 10 billion rubles ($213 million), according to public information from Roscosmos and Rosatom. The results of these efforts have not been as successful as they initially suggested. For example, the technical requirements of the proposed product are an outer space nuclear reactor with a capacity of 1 MW of electricity and an ion thruster with a capacity of 50 kW. However, the reality shows that Russia is currently only developing nuclear power generation systems YaEU-25M, YaEU-25 and YaEU-50 with a generating capacity of 10-40 kW and propulsion using ionic force. 25 kW. At present, perhaps Russia is just stopping at the computational model run for more powerful reactors and engines. For comparison, NASA is still trying to design a 10 kW outer space nuclear reactor with a Stirling engine for the purpose of increasing efficiency, currently Russia is still revolving around the thermal electron model, and the problem of using Using engines or turbines in combination with reactors is still only a theory. It is hard to believe that Russia will design a nuclear reactor in space with a generating capacity of 1 MW or ion propulsion engines with a larger capacity in the near future. Anyway, Moscow is still trying to turn the results achieved into advanced applications in long-distance space travel or foreign politics. Due to a decline in space research activities in other sub-sectors, coupled with economic weakness, these problems have prompted the Kremlin to look for another trump card. While the development of nuclear reactors for space exploration is far from complete, the Russian government as well as industry is currently looking for the application of nuclear reactors to satellites. military. These satellites can be used for radar reconnaissance or electronic warfare (for example jamming) when they are deployed in low, mid or geostationary orbits. However, no tests of such satellites have yet been conducted, meaning Moscow is not ready to field such satellites in the near future. In addition, the promotion of nuclear-powered spacecraft could be used by Russian space and nuclear industry units as a tool to apply for funding, to promote a slow and risky research program. this. For its part, the Kremlin is still trying to blur its true purpose. They came up with the “Strategy for the development of nuclear energy in space by 2030 in 2019, and issued relevant policies for the first time in 1998. Even if Russian military satellites are used by Russian military satellites. Nuclear power appeared in 2030, it also did not bring about significant changes in the technical and military fields. However, Moscow is still trying to polish it as a tool to help shift political supremacy. First, Russia has consistently supported the ban on placing weapons in outer space. Second, Russia will not be able to stand in the forefront of space technology without cooperating with other countries in the field, so Russian leaders see nuclear technology in space as a way to develop. cooperation, even in times of growing hostility in the West. The Russian SPT-100 series Ion Thruster has been used on satellites since 1994.

Ziwei City, the main palace, political center and national symbol of the Sui, Tang, and Wu Zhou empires, was Luoyang City and Palace City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, also known as Ziwei Palace. Founded in the first year of the Sui Dynasty, it was used successively in the Tang, Five Dynasties, and Song Dynasties. After seven dynasties, it has survived for more than 530 years. It is the palace with the most dynasties and the longest history in Chinese history. It was here that Wu Zetian was enthroned. The prosperity of Ziwei City at that time is no longer visible, but the millennium relics have reappeared in the sky, and its magnificent style can be traced, such as the south gate of Ziwei City-Yingtian Gate, Mingtang and Heaven in Ziwei City. With the archaeology and discovery of the ruins, Yingtianmen and Mingtang Tiantang have been rebuilt one after another. Among them, Yingtianmen is magnificent and magnificent, and it was the place where all nations came to the dynasty. On this tower, Emperor Yang of Sui initiated the dynasty of all nations, Li Shimin issued an order to burn the city, Tang Gaozong interrogated “Korea political affairs”, Wu Zetian delivered an enthroned speech, and Tang Xuanzong met with the Japanese envoy to the Tang dynasty… its historical significance and majesty it goes without saying. When today we stand under the tower, walk under the tower, and stroll among the towers, our nostalgia and long-distance thinking about history are so “nearly late”. Especially when facing the ruins, it seems that you have come to Luoyang, the god capital more than 1,300 years ago. In the autumn of 1960, archaeologists found the Yingtianmen site; in the autumn of 1980, the Xique and Xifei corridors of the Yingtianmen site were discovered; in 1990, the Yingtianmen Dongque site reappeared. This huge building complex in the shape of “door”, which is composed of gate towers, duo towers, fault towers and the corridors between them, finally reveals its true colors. It is magnificent and magnificent. It is the first archeological excavation in the two capitals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Palace ruins. The scope of the lower platform base of the entire site is 137 meters from east to west, 60 meters from north to south, and the gate is 25 meters deep. A 120-foot (35 meters) city gate is built on such a platform. You can imagine it. Majestic. Its pier is 51 meters long from east to west, 26.5 meters wide from north to south, and the Sanmen Road is 5 meters wide. The middle is the royal road, and the left enters and the right exits. The Sanmendao is the requirement of the feudal political etiquette system, and it is the inheritance and development of the Sanmendao system formed since the Qin and Han dynasties. In front of the gate, there are two-way three-outlets that symbolize royal majesty. There are a total of twelve faults on the east and west sides. It is the highest level of the ancient city gate system and the highest courtesy system enjoyed by the emperor. Que is one of the highest-level architectural forms in ancient China. The highest-level in the Que system is the three-out que, which is dedicated to the emperor and has a respectable status. It is a unique landmark building in the world. It can be seen that Yingtian Gate is one of the highest gates in ancient China. Yingtianmen site is mainly divided into early and late phases. The early gate site may be rebuilt in the prime of Tang Dynasty, and the late gate site may be rebuilt in the late Tang and Northern Song dynasties. With the continuous archaeology and discovery of the Yingtianmen site, as archaeologists based on the site layout, existing objects, historical documents, etc., the majestic palaces of the year are now reappearing, and today people have a glimpse of the style in the form of a ruins museum. Although we cannot be sure that today’s Yingtian Gate looks like the architectural form more than 1300 years ago, it is at least certain that today’s Yingtian Gate illustrates the grandeur and grandeur of the Ziwei city thousands of years ago. When we walked inside again, descended into the ruins, and watched the historic buildings that had long been buried by the Long River revealing a little trace, the heart of awe became particularly heavy. When the Chinese Cultural Heritage Institute and the School of Architecture of Tsinghua University kept the proportions, scales and colors of historical buildings to the utmost extent, I couldn’t help but be amazed, and I couldn’t help but sigh: Awe of history is the awe of our future. The currently open Yingtianmen site is divided into two parts: The first part is a protective cover built on the site. The base is a square base 120 meters long, 60 meters wide and 9.2 meters high. The second part is an imaginary model based on documentary records and excavation of the site. It is 50.3 meters high and consists of a gate tower in the middle, two towers on both sides and a que building extending to the south, with east-west corridors and left and right flying corridors in the middle. Connected, the whole is a huge building group in the shape of “door”. But in the face of the reconstruction of such an old site, a building complex of great significance, some netizens always complain about it as “reinforced concrete”, “is the cement dry”, and even more ironically “the first door in the universe” and “the first door in concrete”. “…Why is this? What is the meaning?

Healthy mice were created from freeze-dried sperm stored for 6 years in space. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. A new study shows that rat sperm that was freeze-dried and stored on the International Space Station (ISS) for nearly six years didn’t suffer any DNA damage and went on to produce “mice pups” healthy”. The study was published June 11 in the journal Science Advances . According to the scientists, this discovery sheds more light on whether mammals, including humans, can reproduce in space. Combined with ground-based experiments exposing mouse sperm to X-rays, the study found that mammalian sperm cells can be preserved on the International Space Station for up to 200 years. Researchers have long thought that exposure to space radiation can damage the DNA in cells and lead to the possibility of passing mutations on to offspring. The lack of freezers on the ISS has prevented long-term research into living cells. To overcome these limitations, the researchers frozen dried sperm samples from 12 mice and sealed them in small, lightweight tubes and transported to the ISS by rocket without the need for a freezer. Mouse sperm were freeze-dried in glass tubes and stored on the ISS . Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. Because of the complex mix of different types of radiation in space, scientists say, only simulation experiments to assess DNA damage on Earth cannot capture the reality of conditions. outside our atmosphere. Dr. Sayaka Wakayama, Yamanashi University, Japan, lead author of the study told The Independent : “There are different types of radiation flying around in space, unlike on the ground. For example, there are heavy ions, protons and electromagnetic waves from the rays of the sun.” “It’s very difficult to irradiate and reproduce all these types of radiation at once on the ground, so I think DNA damage in biological samples can only be measured in space,” he explains. . Scientists periodically test small portions of the sample. The samples returned to Earth after 9 months, 2 years 9 months, and 5 years and 10 months, respectively. Mouse embryos developed normally in the laboratory after fertilization with freeze-dried sperm and stored in space. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. When the researchers examined the samples using instruments that measured how much radiation they had absorbed and performed tests to assess DNA damage in the cell nuclei, they found a long stay. Long duration on the ISS did not result in DNA damage to freeze-dried sperm. Dr Wakayama said: “The total amount of space radiation absorbed by the ISS, as measured by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is 0.41 milli Gray (mGy) per day. Meanwhile, typical radiation doses used to treat cancers such as solid epithelial tumors range from 60 to 80Gy. “The results of the ground X-ray experiment show that freeze-dried sperm can withstand up to 30 Gy and still be able to produce the next generation,” added Dr Wakayama. The freeze-drying process used in the study is “similar to instant coffee, or freeze-dried fruit,” explains Dr. Wakayama. With food, just adding water can be used “instantly”. The freeze-drying process kills sperm, but when rehydrated and injected into a mouse egg, the sperm can still fertilize the egg, then develop normally. The rehydrated sperm cells, when injected into fresh ovarian cells and transferred to female mice, resulted in the birth of “healthy pups”. Mouse sperm that has been preserved in space for years is injected into egg cells. Photo: Teruhiko Wakayama. Although there is a difference between DNA damage caused by X-rays and space radiation, it can be roughly predicted that freeze-dried sperm can be preserved on the surface of the body, the scientists wrote in the study. ISS for over 200 years”. According to the scientists, a total of 168 mice were born from sperm kept in space for six years, all of which were normal in appearance and had no abnormalities in their gene activity patterns. compared with control mice born from sperm preserved on Earth. Some of these mice were raised to adulthood and were able to produce healthy offspring. Scientists believe that more studies from similar experiments could shed more light on radiation effects and the tolerance of life forms for long periods of time in space. Scientists are also conducting research to find out whether mammalian embryos can develop in zero-gravity conditions. Proposals for this experiment were approved by NASA and JAXA in 2015. In August, frozen mouse embryos will be launched to the ISS, where astronauts will thaw and culture in zero gravity.

Miller will take on the main character along with Ben Affleck and Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman , Sasha Calle in as Supergirl, Kiersey Clemons in Iris West, Maribel Verdú as Nora Allen and Ron Livingston as Henry Allen. Flash indie film development has been in the making for a long time, even before the movie kicks off the DCEU universe on the big screen. In the late ’80s, Jeph Loeb tried to work on this project, followed by David S Goyer in 2004, 2007 by Shawn Levy and David Dobkin and Greg Berlanti, Michael Green and Marc Guggenheim in 2011. Following the beginning as well as the beginning of the appearance of many characters in the universe DC , many writers and directors keep coming and going to make a Flash movie. And finally we have Muschietti in the director’s chair with Chirstina Hodson as the screenwriter. In the near future, the director will also announce side images and information for fans of the DC universe to be satisfied for so long. As production was continuing to the final stages, Muschietti posted on his IG details about the new logo image of the film. With the inner rings engraved on a white background and topped by a yellow lightning bolt in the center, this image is certainly a far cry from the logo we saw in Miller’s first appearance in the world. both versions of Justice League. Take a look at the image below: Surely this isn’t the first time Muschietti has used social media to share something about the movie, either before he cast Calle in the role of Supergirl or the look of Keaton’s Batman costume covered in blood was also discussed. he revealed on this platform. But the full reveal of Flash’s new costume is sure to create excitement for those who have been waiting more than 30 years to see the character come to the big screen in an indie film. Fortunately, Miller’s new outfit in the movie is quite eye-catching, unlike the poorly crafted-looking outfit he wore in the movie. Justice League . A round of applause for the Flash post art team! With Wonder Woman and Shazam is having a large fan base all over the world, the fact that DC continues to develop its potential and powerful superhero force is undisputed, if not it should do this right away. from the beginning. The Flash Production is nearing completion and more information will be available in 10.2021. Hopefully we will see a epic trailer of this DC superhero.

It creates an infinitely curved region of space-time, from which nothing can escape, not even light. Do black holes rotate? This is an interesting but not so simple question that I received in one of my recent lectures. To answer it completely and accurately, we need a clear understanding of the very verifiable properties of black holes as well as about the nature of rotation. To date, the concept of rotating black holes is not new. In fact, every object in the universe, once having a mass large enough to be spherical, will also have a rotation. Since mass exerts gravity, every object tends to compress itself – because its parts attract each other. For small masses, this gravitational compressive force – commonly known as centripetal gravity – is so small that it cannot exert any effect on the object, because it is simply an intermolecular force of cohesion. substance – especially solids – is much larger than it is. But with very large masses, on the other hand, the force of gravity is so great that matter will rearrange until it becomes spherical. That is, the state in which the force of gravity directed at the center of the object from all directions is equal to each other. That’s how every object as large as a planet or a star gets its spherical shape. At the same time, when there is such a large mass, another problem arises, and also related to gravity. Since no single star or planet is perfectly uniform, in fact the gravitational forces in their different regions are unequal. This difference is the main reason they oscillate, and hence the rotation. Thus, all large objects in the universe rotate because of their own gravity. What about black holes? The most common types of black holes known to scientists today are stellar-mass black holes. It is formed from the late-life contraction of the cores of massive stars. These stars are usually at least 8 to 10 times the mass of the Sun. Towards the end of their lives, their cores shrink very rapidly because the fusion reaction no longer produces enough energy to resist the contraction of that enormous mass. This sudden contraction causes an explosion that is considered one of the most violent events in the universe” supernova explosion. This explosion tore apart the stellar shell that was previously in the state of a red supergiant. The remaining core of the star shrinks and collapses to become a black hole. All stars rotate on their own axis (our Sun, for example, has a rotation period of more than 25 days). It is not difficult to speculate that something formed from a rotating stellar core would also have to rotate, because that momentum is simply still there. The same is probably true of supermassive black holes – black holes with masses ranging from hundreds of thousands to billions of times the Sun, located at the center of most galaxies ever observed. In fact, when the first image of a black hole was released in 2019, scientists were able to see the spirals of the accretion disk surrounding the black hole. It shows that the giant accretion disk is rotating, not fixed. Just like the fact that all the stars in each galaxy are constantly moving around the center of the galaxy (for example, our Sun takes about 230 million years to complete one full circle around the center of the Milky Way). Two things need to be clarified before concluding that the black hole rotates on its own The entire initial mass of the black hole – in theory – is packed into an extremely small singularity. It is so small that it can mathematically be considered sizeless. That singularity has a certain radius (Schwarzchild radius) known as the black hole’s event horizon, but it is just a region of pure space-time, not an object like it has a surface. like a star or a planet. As such, it is difficult to consider something with no dimensions, or a boundary without a surface, to be rotating, since there is simply no alternate motion of points to a particular surface. No radiation comes out from within the event horizon, which also means that all information inside a black hole is unknown. If matter were indeed crushed and completely collapsed into a single point, the space within the event horizon could itself be a place of absolute uniformity, i.e. no rotation would occur due to the difference. interesting. With these two points in mind, don’t forget that what we see spinning is itself just the accretion disk surrounding the black hole. Of course, one can also calculate the rotational speed of an accretion disk based on its mass when taking into account as well as when not taking into account the presence of a black hole at the center, from which to compare and predict. It looks like the black holes in those places are spinning very fast. Even so, given that we don’t know anything about what lies within the event horizon, or even something specific happening at its very edge, concluding that black holes are indeed rotate or not and how fast they rotate is still too early. Likewise, the charge of a black hole is also a purely theoretical concept and is calculated from solving Einstein’s equations. There is no way for us to verify if an electric charge really exists after being swept inside the black hole’s event horizon. In the future, to know more about this information, we will need to look forward to new generations of telescopes and new methods to image and track more black holes with much greater detail. compared to what there are today.

Conquer the universe. Photo: Space News. The Korean Ministry of Science, Information Technology and Communication hopes that by becoming the 10th member country of the Agreement, Seoul will further expand cooperation in the field of space with Washington, participating in various fields. the Artemis space exploration program. Accordingly, about 10 years later, Korea will have development steps in space technology on par with the previous potential country. The impetus for Korea to accelerate in the space race Compared to the space powers, Korea has a late start, but the development has positive and rapid results. After the launch of Naro rocket weighing 140 tons and failed in 2013, in 2016 South Korea carried out a Project to develop a spacecraft to explore the Moon worth more than 197.8 billion won (more than 166 million USD). ). As planned, this probe will be equipped with a series of cameras, sensors and spectrometers to collect data on the Moon as well as conduct space connectivity tests. At the beginning of this year, South Korea decided to invest 615 billion won (about 549 million USD) in space projects this year, including plans to launch the first rocket built and developed by the country. new satellites. Accordingly, South Korea also plans to launch a new 200-ton Nuri rocket later this year while a second launch, carrying a satellite, is scheduled for May 2022. In addition, the country will invest 322.6 billion won in projects to develop technology and services for new satellites, and plan to launch a new generation of medium-sized observation satellites next March in Kazakhstan. and is developing a new geostationary communication satellite to put into Earth orbit. Along with participating in the common playing field, Korea’s first lunar orbiter (KPLO – Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter) scheduled to launch in August 2022 has also been developed in cooperation with NASA. In addition, ShadowCam, a device that can overcome visibility limitations to record images in dark areas on the Moon will be installed on this orbiter. ShadowCam is expected to return to the moon’s unlit areas to find potential landing points for the Artemis program. With this event, Korea has gradually developed domestic space technology, combined with the cooperation of other space powers in the world, will gradually occupy an important position in the field of space development. Generally speaking. With this participation, South Korea looks forward to setting a goal of sending its own spacecraft to the Moon by 2030. Accordingly, the country actively promotes challenging space exploration projects, by develop its own launch vehicle and by 2030 can achieve its dream of landing on the Moon. This first step will provide a solid foundation for Korea to conquer space. Korea wants to strengthen national security through this race? Over the centuries, we have witnessed many wars on land and at sea, and those wars have proved the strength of the victors and as well as the lesson of ensuring the safety of the nation, nation. And recently, we have heard and seen the so-called “ocean wars”, meaning the wars in the sea have also begun. As for outer space, decades ago, great powers in this field such as Russia and the United States developed it. And this same nation has also had competition in the conquest of space. The fact that Washington is conducting a manned lunar exploration program, a program to send astronauts to the Moon 50 years after the Apollo project in the 1970s is a sign that the US clearly has a great advantage in this field. race presence on Mars. However, experts say, so far, no country has been confident that it can send people to this planet located 225 million km from Earth. In the context of the race that has shown signs of heating in recent years, and with many worries that the Earth is becoming more and more crowded with humans, Russia and the US are both showing their ambition to soon bring humans to live. on the Red Planet and marks its sovereignty over space entities, including the Moon. From that perspective, the US wants to take action so that space activities can be transparent, preventing disputes over space activities. South Korea cannot stay out of this competition as an ally of the United States. South Korea has begun a feasibility study for a mission to discover the near-Earth asteroid – Apophis. This ensures competitiveness, but is also a first step to position the country on another planet with life in the future.

According to the Daily Mail, the world’s deepest swimming pool will be built in Cornwall (UK) with a total investment of more than 200 million USD. Its name is Blue Abyss (roughly translated: Blue Abyss). The depth of the pool is about 50 m. The swimming pool can hold more than 42,000 cubic meters of water, equivalent to 17 Olympic standard swimming pools or… 168 million cups of tea. With these numbers, Blue Abyss will become the largest and deepest indoor swimming pool in the world. However, it is not open to serve ordinary people. The swimming pool is used for research, testing and training in a number of fields such as energy, marine, defense and space. The construction is expected to be completed after 18 months from the time the planning permit is granted. It is likely that in the second quarter of 2023, Blue Abyss will be officially put into use. It is expected that Blue Abyss will create 160 jobs for workers and earn 11 million pounds a year for the local economy. In addition, the swimming pool can also be rented as a movie set. This will attract famous actors looking to the Cornwall area. Project Blue Abyss features Tim Peake, the legendary British astronaut. He said: “Cornwall is the perfect location for the Blue Abyss. This is an area rich in potential for ambitions to conquer space, space and renewable energy.” Sketches show the pool will be housed in a unique teardrop-shaped building designed by British architect Robin Partington. Currently, the deepest swimming pool in the world is DeepSpot, located in Poland. It was officially opened on November 21, 2020 with a depth of 45 m, a total volume of water equivalent to 27 Olympic standard tanks. The swimming pool is open to the public and is used as a diver training center.

Kelly performed a spacewalk outside the space station on November 6, 2015. Time – an important “link” When humans have the opportunity to explore Mars, the crew members will carry out the mission and travel to places millions of miles away from our planet. Scientists want to understand as much as possible about the potential effects of microgravity and radiation on the human body. A big step towards this goal is the One-Year Mission, when NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko spent 340 days aboard the International Space Station from March 2015 to 2020. 2016. Space explorers have spent nearly a year living in zero gravity. The data collected before, during and after their flight made a big contribution. This will help researchers better understand what happens to the human body in space. One concern has arisen regarding astronauts, when their eyes change over long periods of time in space. This change is thought to occur when astronauts are in space for six months or more. Time spent in space also has potential impacts on their vision health. According to researchers, crew members typically spend four to six months on the space station. However, future planned missions lasting a year or longer should be considered. The effect on astronauts’ visual health as a result of long-term flight was previously known as visual impairment and intracranial pressure, or VIIP syndrome. The researchers are now referring to ophthalmic and neurological findings in astronauts after long-duration spaceflight, such as spaceflight-associated optic nerve syndrome, also known as SANS. A new study focusing on eye changes and problems astronauts Kelly and Kornienko experienced has been published in the journal JAMA Opthalmology. “About six months after astronauts began their space missions, we started to observe changes in the eyes of some people. Those changes didn’t show up during their roughly two-week mission aboard the space shuttle,” said study author Brandon R. Macias, director of the Cardiology and Vision Laboratory at NASA Johnson Space Center. in Houston said. According to Macias, the team’s preliminary findings suggest that the duration of the space mission could be responsible for changes in eye structure for the worse, such as swelling of nerve ending tissues. vision. This change has been noticed in some astronauts who have been on missions longer than a year in space. The premise for the future American astronaut Scott Kelly (left) and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko (right) spent a year on the space station. The changes in astronauts Kelly and Kornienko were compared with crew members who spent about six months on the station. Both of these astronauts experienced many changes in eye structure. One of them developed mild optic disc edema. “Disc edema can occur when the nerve fibers at the back of the eye swell or when CSF (spinal fluid) builds up around the nerve fibers. If the swelling is severe and persists for a long time, visual function can be affected,” explains Macias. Meanwhile, the other astronaut suffered from optic disc edema and the growing growth of choroidal folds. Both of them used to not realize the changes they were going through. “The retina at the back of the eye is a smooth layer,” says Macias. Folds develop when this tissue becomes wrinkled and uneven. These folds can have different patterns depending on their location and severity. This condition has the potential to impair visual function.” Two astronauts recovered from optic disc edema after returning from space. However, the choroidal folds do not always fully recover. These structural changes did not result in any significant functional changes to the eye. “There is a concern, however, that longer space missions could contribute to more structural changes to the eye. The longer these structural changes take place, the more likely they are that they can cause damage to the retina,” warns Macias. The researchers believe the new findings are a reliable measurement for monitoring the crew members’ eye structures, as well as their long-term health upon their return to Earth. At the same time, the scientists also wanted to understand why some crew members had more eye changes than others. That information could help the team figure out how to prevent neuro-eye syndrome associated with space flight. The team will measure eye activity before, during and after the task by electromechanical methods. Simultaneously, the electrical response of the light-sensitive cones and rods of the eye is measured. Scientists will also look at changes in blood flow in the retina. This may provide more insight into why some crew members undergo more changes than others.

Up to now, the theory of relativity has become a classic theory. Many people think that Einstein’s brain development has reached the highest level, so he came up with these great theories. The famous theory of relativity The theory of relativity includes general relativity and special relativity. Special relativity has been applied by mankind with the famous formula E=mc2. Meanwhile, general relativity is related to the theory of the curvature of space and time, leading to the idea of ​​a hyperspace, time, connection between locations in the universe, or between two parallel universes – that is the way for people of the future to return to the past that readers are very familiar with in the “magic door” of Doraemon (popular fantasy comic book series). Description of gravitational waves created by a pair of stars (Image: Internet) With the continuous development of science and technology, many of Einstein’s theories have been confirmed. In 2016, scientists found gravitational waves proposed by Einstein. The finding of gravitational waves is believed to be the key to solving a series of questions about how the universe works. Einstein believed that the hyperspace tunnel was a medium based on two space-time. As long as we find the hyperspace tunnel (also known as the “wormhole”), we can complete the time travel shuttle. Traveling from one time and space to another can break the limits of distance and travel to distant planets. Simulation of hyperspace tunnel (Image: Internet) Unfortunately, scientists have yet to find the so-called hyperspace tunnel. We have discovered many habitable planets in the universe, but they are all too far away and the nearest ones are hundreds of light-years away. Time travel – advantages and disadvantages However, some scientists believe that time travel goes against the laws of the universe. Time travel seems to be a very practical tool that can realize human desires. And if we have the technology to travel through time and space, then we can make up for the mistakes we’ve made. But in fact, this advantage can also become a disadvantage, because knowing that the mistakes of the past can be corrected by people in the future, people in the present stage often do not work carefully. , which is harmful to the entire human civilization. (“Grandfather’s paradox” is said to be the theoretical basis for proving that it is impossible to travel to the past. If a person goes back to the past and kills his grandfather, that person will not be born, and there will be nobody back in time to kill the grandfather). Another point to consider is that if a time-traveling space shuttle does indeed exist, it could also be used by other “extraterrestrial life”. By then, if our technology is not as advanced as the other, then human civilization is likely to be destroyed. Simulating a super space tunnel from Earth to another planet (Image: Internet) Moreover, if humans abuse the hyperspace tunnel, it will lead to chaos in time and space. Time and space are like a tunnel, if thousands of people enter the tunnel, some will want to go forward and some will want to go back. Different paths will cause bottlenecks and each outcome will affect future growth. Therefore, it can be said that, whether the space tunnel or Doraemon’s “miracle door” really exists or not, we should still try to cherish the present and live well in the present. Future generations will certainly benefit as well.

Design of a space tug to carry Russia’s 500kW Zeus nuclear reactor. Russia’s federal space agency Roscosmo announced that a “space tug” – a term used to refer to a spacecraft that transports astronauts or equipment from one orbit to another – is expected to carry out an interplanetary mission. planet by 2030. Accordingly, the spacecraft’s power module called “Zeus” is designed to generate enough power to propel heavy cargo into deep space. It is essentially a mobile nuclear power plant. Several countries have been eyeing similar technology as a way to shorten trips in space. Currently, spacecraft still rely on solar energy or gravity to accelerate. But that means it could take more than three years for astronauts to make a trip around Mars. Meanwhile, NASA estimates a nuclear-powered spacecraft could shorten that timeline by a year. NASA’s Juno unmanned spacecraft uses solar batteries to make a journey to explore Jupiter. Photo: NASA The US hopes to put a nuclear power plant – a 10-kilowatt reactor integrated with a lander to be exact – on the Moon as early as 2027. However, NASA has only sent one so far. nuclear reactor into space, on a satellite in 1965. Other spacecraft, such as the Mars rovers Curiosity and Perseverance, also run on nuclear power, but they do not use a reactor. Meanwhile, Russia has sent more than 30 reactors into space. Those efforts will be further pushed as the “Zeus” module uses a 500 kilowatt nuclear reactor to propel itself from planet to planet. Watch a video of a Russian space tug model announced in 2020 (Source: ETF News): According to the plan announced on the Russian state news agency Sputnik, the Zeus spacecraft will approach the Moon first, then move towards Venus. From here it can use the planet’s gravity to redirect toward its final destination, Jupiter. That will help save propellant fuel. According to Alexander Bloshenko, Roscosmos Science and Long-Term Programs Executive Director, the entire mission will last 50 months (more than four years). During a presentation in Moscow on May 22, Bloshenko said that Roscosmos and the Russian Academy of Sciences are still working to calculate the trajectory of the flight, as well as the mass it can carry. Going further, this mission could be the precursor to a new frontier of Russian space. Sputnik reported that Russia is designing a space station using similar nuclear-powered technology. The Soyuz rocket launches the spacecraft to the International Orbital Station (ISS) from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. Photo: Getty Images Nuclear power has advantages over solar energy Most spacecraft get their energy from some source: the sun, batteries, or unstable atoms called radioisotopes. For example, NASA’s Juno unmanned spacecraft at Jupiter uses solar panels to generate electricity. Solar energy can also be used to charge batteries in spacecraft, but this energy source becomes less efficient as the spacecraft gets further and further away from the Sun. In addition, lithium batteries can power shorter missions. For example, the Huygens probe used batteries to briefly land on Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005. Design of a NASA spacecraft using nuclear thermal propulsion. Photo: NASA NASA’s Voyager spacecraft uses radioactive isotopes (also known as “nuclear batteries”) to survive in the harsh environments outside the Solar System and interstellar space, but that’s not the same thing. bring a nuclear reactor on board. Putting nuclear reactors on spacecraft offers several advantages: They can survive in the dark, cold regions of the Solar System without sunlight. They are also stable, reliable in the long run. The Zeus nuclear reactor, for example, is designed to last 10 to 12 years. Plus, with their powerful energy, they can propel spacecraft to other planets in less time. But nuclear power also has its own set of challenges. Only certain fuels, like highly enriched uranium, can withstand the extreme heat of a reactor – and they may not be safe to use. In December 2020, the US banned the use of highly enriched uranium to propel objects into space if that mission was possible with other sources of nuclear fuel or non-nuclear energy. Russia prepares to build a nuclear-powered space station Russian cosmonaut Sergey Kud-Sverchkov returning from the ISS landed in a remote area in Kazakhstan on April 17, 2021. Photo: Reuters Russian engineers began developing the Zeus module in 2010 with the goal of getting it into Earth orbit within two decades. And they’re on track to get there. This technology could help Russia develop a new space station by 2025. In April, the BBC reported that Russia plans to stop cooperating with the International Space Station (ISS), which it currently shares with the International Space Station (ISS). America, Japan, Europe and Canada – in that year. Russia cooperated with the United States to launch the ISS in 1998. However, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Yury Borisov told Russia 1 state television last month that the status of the ISS “a lot of things are not yet achieved”. . Even recently, this orbiting station has experienced air leaks and oxygen supply system failures. NASA has announced that the ISS will operate until at least 2028, however, the agency will probably maintain the station for the next 10-15 years.

Humans used to believe that the Earth was the center of the solar system until Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, proved that our Earth is just a planet revolving around the Sun. Later, Newton proved the principle behind the planets orbiting the Sun with the law of universal gravitation. He said the larger the objects, the greater the force of attraction between them, but the further apart they are, the weaker the attraction. Next came Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, which suggested that all objects in the universe lie on “a cloth”, which is a four-dimensional continuum known as space-time and causes distortion. Massive objects like the Sun warp space-time around them, so Earth’s orbit is simply the result of our planet obeying this curvature, similar to gravity. Newton. Does quantum theory contradict the concept of space-time? Besides, we also have another concept that is quantum theory. In the quantum world, a physical system always has overlapping states. Specifically, a particle can exist in many places or have many velocities at the same time. In the 1930s, physicist Erwin Schrödinger devised a thought experiment that is still known today as “Schrödinger’s cat” to discuss this quantum theory. Suppose there is a sealed box, inside is a living cat with a vial of poison and a radioactive substance that will decay after about an hour (but also probably not). If decay occurs, it will be recorded by the quantum state meter and activate the counter causing the hammer to be dropped to break the vial of poison, which will kill the cat. If the potion hadn’t been broken, the cat was still alive. The problem here is that until the measurement is taken, the cat will be in two superpositions of life and death. Massive objects warp the structure of space and time around them, resulting in neighboring objects following a curve. Photo: Space. This cannot be reconciled with the space-time continuum. “The gravitational field cannot be in two places at once,” said Sabine Hossenfelder, a theoretical physicist at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Study. According to Einstein, space-time is warped by matter and energy, but according to quantum physics, matter and energy exist in many states simultaneously. “So where is the gravitational field?” Hossenfelder asked. However, no one has an answer to that question. Looking for a solution To be able to reconcile the two theories, physicists have tried to find a common theory that solves both quantum physics and space-time theory. Perhaps the most famous theory is the string theory of physicist Andrew Strominger. It’s the idea that subatomic particles like electrons and quarks are created from the continuous oscillations of microscopic filaments, not from collections of particles. However, the strings must vibrate in 11 dimensions, while Einstein’s fabric of space-time has only four. “String theory is interesting math, but whether it describes the space-time we live in, we need an experiment to prove it,” said Professor Jorma Louko from the University of Nottingham. know. String theory, a way to reconcile relativity and quantum theory, says that reality is made of vibrating strings. Photo: Spice. Evolving from the limitations of string theory, other physicists have turned to an alternative called Ring Quantum Gravity (LQG). They argue that space-time is made up of a series of interwoven loops structured on the smallest size scales, like a cloth. However, it is made of a network of stitches, or like a computer photo, made of individual pixels. According to physicists studying the LQG, these loops are so small that the number of rings in a cubic centimeter of space is more than the volume of the entire observable universe in cubic centimeters. “If space-time differs only on the Planck scale, this would be difficult to test in any particle accelerator,” says Louko. You’ll need an atom smasher 1,000 trillion times more powerful than the large particle accelerator (LHC) at CERN. To find the answer, scientists must use light from Gamma rays at a distance to look for evidence for LQG. The signals we receive from the universe may have traveled billions of light years, experiencing the influence of space-time. Cosmic flashes are emitted as stars reach the end of their lives, scientists are still trying to understand the meaning of these explosions in space. “Their spectral ranges have systematic distortion,” commented Hossenfelder. However, the problem now is to find the answer to the cause of this distortion. An alternate picture shows that space and time are not smooth, but are instead created by a series of small loops. Photo: Space. Quantum entanglement According to Einstein, space-time always exists even if there are no stars or planets around it. However, physicists Laurent Freidel, Robert Leigh and Djordje Minic argue that space-time does not exist independently of the objects in it. According to them, space-time is defined by the interactions between objects. “This may sound confusing, but it’s the best way to approach the problem,” Mr. Minic said. The theory mentioned above is called the modulus of space-time, which can explain a well-known phenomenon called “quantum entanglement”. Quantum entanglement is when two atomic particles are brought together and linked their quantum properties. Then, when the scientists separated them from each other, they found that the particles retained their property bonds. When the properties of a particle are changed, the particle at the other end will sense this change immediately, faster than the speed of light. Einstein was so confused by this phenomenon that he called it the ‘spooky effect at a distance’, because the speed of light is the fastest, according to him. Modularity of space-time theory can modify the properties of a particle by looking at the “separation” from a different perspective. If space-time emerges from the quantum world, it would be simpler to be closer in the quantum sense than in the physical sense. “Each person will have a different concept depending on the context,” says Minic. It’s like a person-to-person relationship. We can feel closer to our loved ones far away than to strangers around us,” added Hossenfelder. Albert Einstein presented a Newtonian picture of gravity as a force, replacing it with space-time. Photo: Science Photo Library. Freidel, Leigh and Minic have been working on their concept for the past five years and believe they are taking steps towards perfecting it. According to Minic, this would be a novel approach to bring the concept of gravity into the quantum world, instead of quantizing gravity as with the LQG theory. However, any scientific theory needs to be tested. For now, the trio is looking for a way to incorporate time into their model. This new discovery could have a more profound effect on our daily lives. “All of our current devices work solely on quantum theory. If we better understand the quantum structure of space-time, that will have an impact on future technologies – maybe in 200 years,” said Hossenfelder.

The animals will head to the International Space Station (ISS) next week as part of SpaceX’s 22nd cargo resupply mission. SpaceX is set to launch microscopic creatures aboard its Falcon 9 rocket on June 3, 1:29 p.m. EDT from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Tardigrades are tiny, measuring just 0.04 inches (1 millimeter) long and are popularly nicknamed “water bears” due to their bear-like appearance when viewed through a microscope. – they are able to survive intense radiation; a pressure six times that found in the deepest parts of the ocean; and the vacuum of space, these microscopic animals are tougher much more than their cute name. In fact, the Israeli Beresheet spacecraft carrying thousands of Tardigrades was dried on board when it crashed to the moon during a failed landing attempt on April 11, 2019. If any life form can survive the crash, it is probably these creatures, especially since they are in a dehydrated state called “tun”, from which they can be resuscitated. . It is these abilities that have made the tardigrade a useful research organism on the ISS, where astronauts hope to identify the specific genes responsible for its remarkable feats of adaptation. with harsh environments. This should give us some important insights into the health effects of long-term space travel. “Some of the conditions in which water bears can survive include being dry, freezing and being heated beyond the boiling point of water. They can survive with thousands of times more radiation than we do, and they can can survive for days or weeks with little or no oxygen,” Thomas Boothby, assistant professor of molecular biology at the University of Wyoming and principal investigator of the experiment, said in a press conference. “They have been shown to be able to survive and reproduce during spaceflight, and can even survive long periods of exposure to the vacuum of outer space.” For Boothby’s study, astronauts will examine the molecular biology of the water bears to look for signs of any immediate and long-term adaptations to life in low Earth orbit. – objects that expose astronauts to the rigors of zero gravity and increased radiation exposure. He hopes that the information gathered from the organisms, prepared to arrive at the ISS in a semi-frozen state before being thawed, will provide important insights into future therapies that could protect health of astronauts during extended space missions. A separate and parallel experiment also carried out by the resupply mission will bring 128 baby bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) to the station. The 0.12-inch (3 mm) long squid have a special light-producing organ inside their body, where bioluminescent bacteria provide the squid with light. The researchers of this experiment hope to investigate the symbiotic relationship between bacteria and squid to see how beneficial bacteria interact with animal tissue in space. “Animals, including humans, rely on our bacteria to maintain a healthy digestive and immune system.” Jamie Foster, a microbiologist at the University of Florida and principal investigator of the Microgravity Understanding for Microbial Interactions (UMAMI) experiment. “We don’t fully understand how space changes these beneficial interactions.” The squids are born without bacteria, which they then get from the surrounding ocean, so the researchers are planning to add bacteria to the squid as soon as they are defrosted at the ISS. This way, the researchers could observe the squid as they established a symbiosis with the bacteria. By studying the molecules produced in this process, the researchers will be able to determine which genes the squid used to achieve the feat in space. Knowing this could help people better take care of the microorganisms in their immune systems and guts during long space voyages. Although the journey into space has been a stressful one, the tardigrades have suffered worse at least, having recently survived being shot from a high-speed gun. In that study, the researchers found that the tardigrade can survive tremors generated at speeds of about 3,000 feet per second (900 meters per second).

A 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut sits atop the R-7 rocket – the world’s first intercontinental rocket, inside the Vostok-1 (Oriental 1) ship. His name is Yuri Gagarin. Minutes later, he changed human history forever to become the first person in the world to fly into space. Exactly 11 minutes later, Yuri Gagarin was in orbit, flying at 10 times the speed of a rifle bullet. Be the first to leave the planet. On the 60th anniversary of that legendary space voyage (1961-2021), British author and filmmaker Stephen Walker wrote a book titled “Beyond: The Incredible Story of the First Man to Leave Our Planet and Travel into Space” to tell the whole new story of Yuri Gagarin and the US-Soviet special forces. Invite readers to track. APRIL 1961: THE BEST DAYS OF THE COLD WAR America and the Soviet Union confront each other through an iron curtain. Their new battlefield is Space. 01. Mercury Seven Vs. Vanguard Six Deep in the birch grove in the Shchyolkovsky district northeast of Moscow, far from the main highway to the city and hidden from prying eyes, is a small, old-fashioned two-story building, faded in the white snow. No one expected it to be the site of one of the most secretive Soviet facilities. Its codename is Army Unit 26266, also known by its initials TsPK – or Tsentr Podgotovki Kosmonavtov: Cosmonaut Training Center. And here it is, on a special Wednesday, January 18, 1961 — two days before the inauguration of US President John F. Kennedy in Washington; the day before Alan Shepard was selected as America’s first astronaut — 6 men after rigorous tests became the first Soviet space travel candidates, they were part of the detachment Vanguard Six . If NASA (USA) has Mercury Seven (left photo), the Soviet Union also owns Vanguard Six. Photo: Stephenwalkerbeyond.com Like the astronaut squad Mercury Seven of NASA in Langley, Virginia, six Vanguard Six elites were also sitting in a classroom. But the similarities (between the US and the Soviet Union) stop there. Because the members of the Vanguard Six are younger than the American Mercury Seven, in their 20s, not 30. All of them wear military uniforms instead of the usual Banlon shirts favored by American Mercury Seven pilots. And the height and weight index of Vanguard Six members are smaller. All to meet the condition of sitting inside the spherical capsule of the Orient spacecraft, mounted on top of an R-7 rocket, which they all hope will one day fly into space soon. The building in the birch forest is the first structure in its time, a large, heavily guarded complex closed to the outside world and dedicated solely to the training of its astronauts. Soviet Union. Not only is it sheltered by the forest, this site is not far from Moscow. It is also just a few kilometers from the Chkalovsky airbase, the largest military airport in the Soviet Union. And also located near OKB-1, the secret design and production plant in Kaliningrad, where capsules of the Orient spacecraft were being built at the time. 02. Squad in the dark No one at Chkalovsky knew why the six men were there or what they were being trained for. So did their parents, their friends, or their former colleagues in the air force. Even their wives are discouraged from asking too many questions. Unlike the Mercury Seven – astronaut candidates famous throughout the US if not the whole world – The Vanguard Six squad only exists in the dark. There is one key difference between the Vanguard Six and the Mercury Seven. These six aren’t the only astronauts in training. There are 14 others left. In an even more ruthless selection process than American astronauts have gone through, these 20 were selected from an initial pool of nearly 3,500 military pilots. Vanguard Six at the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan before Yuri Gagarin’s flight. From left: Grigory Nelyubov, Valery Bykovsky, Yuri Gagarin, Andriyan Nikolayev, Gherman Titov, Pavel Popovich. Photo: Astronaut Training Center / Roskosmos The Soviet space program had ambitions to conquer space, or at least to get people out of Earth’s gravity, and they needed manpower to do so. All 20 men began training in the spring of 1960, just two months after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev urged his chief space engineers that they “should be quick to aim for space to avoid risk of being overtaken by the US”. At that time Mercury Seven had been training for almost a year. The Soviet Union needed to catch up quickly and these 20 cosmonauts were the answer. Rocket boosters, spacecraft capsules, designers, engineers, training centers, launch sites, and of course the astronauts themselves – all in the dark. By the fall of 1960, the Soviet manned space program had become a top national goal, especially since NASA was aiming to send an American into space as early as December. 1960. To speed things up and prioritize training on a single simulator, a shortlist of the top 6 was drawn up, which included, of course, Yuri Gagarin. In essence, they were the top detachment to face the Mercury Seven head-to-head, with the difference being that the Soviets knew about their American opponents, while the Americans knew nothing about the Soviets. Yuri Gagarin trains on a treadmill for her spaceflight. (RGANTD) “All 6 astronauts are wonderful people,” Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, their head of training, wrote on the day the Vanguard Six took their final test. “Which of these six people will go down in history as the first in space?” “Who will be the first of them to pay with their lives in making this daring endeavor?” – Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin wrote in his diary. Flying in space can completely die in space. That is what the Soviet Union and the Vanguard Six cosmonauts were clearly aware of. Therefore, the pioneering mission to fly into space is a suicide mission. Back in December 1960, all 20 astronauts were asked to vote on which of their colleagues should fly first. The majority voted for Yuri Gagarin. But even after the exams at Army Unit 26266 were over and the results were known, a decision on who would carry out the mission had not yet been made. In Langley, Virginia, Bob Gilruth, the head of the Space Mission Team responsible for the Mercury Seven, was able to summon his seven astronauts into a class and speak to them, simply and according to his authority. , that who will be first. In the Soviet Union – Unlike the Mercury Seven, the Vanguard Six would have to wait — and they would have to wait until the very last moment. The first candidate chosen by the Soviet government was Yuri Gagarin. Second place went to Gherman Titov. The third is Grigory Nelyubov. Finally, history has glorified Yuri Gagarin. Not defying the expectations of Soviet leaders, Yuri Gagarin made history after completing a 108-minute mission around the Earth aboard the Orient 1 spacecraft, helping the Soviet Union surpass the US as the world leader. The first country in human history to send a man into space. Yuri Gagarin beat the Americans, defeating NASA astronaut Alan Shepard – The first American to fly into space on May 5, 1961 (3 weeks behind the Soviet Union). Yuri Gagarin’s achievement is a blow to American pride. When Alan Shepard heard the news, he slammed his hand on the table so hard that NASA staff thought his arm was broken. Back in the Soviet Union, leader Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev called Yuri Gagarin “Christopher Columbus of the Soviet Union”. Until now, this feat is still mentioned by many people because Yuri Gagarin herself has opened a new cosmic era in human history! Yuri Gagarin – full name is Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin – is the son of a carpenter, born (March 9, 1934) and raised in the idyllic village of Klushino in Smolensk, Western Soviet Union. At the age of 16, Yuri Gagarin moved to the capital to study as a foundry in a metal foundry in Lyubertsy. The opportunity to spread wings in the sky came to the young man when he entered a technical school in Saratov. There, he joined a flying club and had his first exhilarating experience from above. Yuri Gagarin decided to enter the Soviet Air Force Officer School to realize her dream of flying more in the sky. In 1957, at the energetic age of 23, Yuri Gagarin graduated with honors and became a full-fledged fighter pilot. In the same year, he met and married Valentina Goryacheva (then a medical technician, just graduated from Orenburg Medical School) and had two daughters later. Refer: Air Space Magazine

A model of the BeiDou Satellite Navigation System is displayed at the 12th China International Aviation and Space Exhibition in Zhuhai city, Guangdong province. (Photo: AP) Citing Yang Jun, deputy director of the China Satellite Navigation Office at a conference, Xinhua News Agency said that the country’s satellite navigation industry is worth more than 400 billion yuan in 2020, growing at a steady rate 20% year. China officially commissioned the Beidou 3 (BDS) system last July at a commemorative event attended by President Xi Jinping. As Beijing continues to invest in becoming a space power, Beidou is expected to be able to rival the GPS of the US and the Galileo of Europe. Launched in 1994, China’s Beidou project arose from the military’s need for its own satellite navigation system, replacing the US Department of Defense’s GPS. In particular, in 1996, a serious incident occurred when the Chinese military lost track of two missiles in the Taiwan Strait, possibly due to sudden GPS interruption. Since then, Beijing has invested heavily in Beidou to ensure an independent and stable satellite navigation system to guide missiles and bombs. The first BeiDou satellites were launched in 2000 and are now in their third generation, and are also commercially available. China actively promotes the use of BDS in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as in the Belt and Road Initiative countries. Beidou-related products are exported to more than 120 countries and regions, serving about 100 million users globally, according to Xinhua. BeiDou features are integrated in many popular smartphones. As a two-way communication system, Bac Dau allows compatible devices to send data to satellites, exchange text messages between two users, and track location in case of emergencies. Domestically, more than 7 million personal vehicles, 36,300 delivery and postal vehicles, 1,400 state-owned ships and 350 aircraft are using BDS. However, BDS also has its shortcomings. Last month, a truck driver in Hubei committed suicide after he was fined 2,000 yuan (US$305) because the vehicle’s BDS system was found to be disconnected during a routine inspection. Other drivers also filed complaints on the Hubei government website for similar disconnection problems. Du Lam (According to SCMP)

The human brain is a complex multi-scale structure in which molecules, cells and neurons coexist. It can be modeled as a multi-layered network, called a brain connection pool. Neighboring neurons are connected to form local structures, and different local structures form connections to perform cognitive functions. The human brain is estimated to have about 86 billion neurons. To decipher where consciousness comes from, the researchers used a Swiss supercomputer and used algebraic topology to build a detailed model of the cerebral cortex. Through testing the response of the mathematical model to virtual stimuli and examining the reality of the mouse brain, the researchers were able to determine the details of the neural network on a single neuron. and the entire brain structure. At the same time it was discovered that there are different types of high-powered activity in the brain consisting of a three-dimensional geometric structure – tightly connected clusters of neurons and existing regions. space (cavity) between them. These empty regions appear to be important for brain function. When the researchers applied the stimuli to their virtual brain tissue, they found that the neurons responded to the stimulus in a highly organized manner. This means that as we think about problems, clusters of neurons will gradually coalesce into higher-dimensional structures, forming holes or voids of height. The more neurons in the clusters, the higher the size of the gap, and the highest limit that can be achieved is 11 dimensions. The whole process always follows the order from low to high, the structure will become more and more complicated and eventually collapse. It’s like building a castle on the beach, the castle gets taller and taller and eventually it will collapse on its own. This is exactly like the large-scale filamentous structure of the universe, where galaxies and galaxy clusters form a giant filamentous structure with a giant hole in the middle. In a recent study, it was discovered that our Milky Way galaxy lies within a giant hole one billion light-years across. This study provides new discoveries about how the brain processes information. Scientists speculate that high-dimensional gaps in neuronal structures may be where the brain stores memories, but it’s unclear how these blocks and gaps are formed. How it works, so further studies are needed to determine the connection between the multidimensional structure of neurons and complex consciousness. The interaction between the human brain and the universe is completely different, but there have been many observations and conjectures about the similarity between the neural network and the cosmic network under observation from a microscope and telescope. The researchers quantitatively analyzed the similarity between the two factors based on optical microscopy observations of brain tissue and high-resolution cosmic-matter network imaging, with the help of the method. network analysis. First, there is a huge difference in scale between the brain network and the cosmic network, which is similar only on a specific scale. Brain neural networks are now thought to consist of tens of billions of neurons. The number of galaxies currently observed in the cosmic lattice exceeds 100 billion. In addition, in the neural network of the brain and the network of the universe, only a small amount of matter constitutes the network. There are a large number of holes between giant galaxies, and about 70% of the mass is made up of dark matter. In the human brain too, which is a biological organ, the most important component is water, in the human brain, nerve cells are only 25% and about 75% water. Up to this point, “having water in your head” has a certain scientific basis. In the universe, dense clusters of galaxies predominate, while in the human brain, specifically in neural networks, nerve fibers create uniform small patterns. However, when the researchers increased the magnification of the microscope, they were able to see some similarities to the cosmic web in brain slices.

The song featured in the teaser, “The End of the World” in 1962 by Skeeter Davis, offers a deeper look at the disaster the Eternals will face. “The End of the World” encapsulates the devastation after a broken love. Unfortunately, it looks like the apocalypse in “Eternals” will be a little closer to the literal meaning. Thanos’ disaster did not affect the Eternals, but with the arrival of the Deviants, the race was forced to come out. 2. Weird Aircraft A strange rectangular ship that has stealth mode turned off or somehow appears at the beginning of the trailer. This design and scientific advancement make it like a spaceship. The Eternals are inside the ship, admiring the simple planet, and this raises many questions about the origin of the Eternals established by the MCU. According to the comics, the Eternals are of Earth origin, created by the Celestials and the Deviant race and humanity. A more terrible plot is that the Eternals have traveled back in time to the era of primitive humans like the Marvel wiki on Fandom. 3. Iconic dagger The camera points to the hand of the Eternals handing the dagger to the anxious human to accept. Ajak’s footage and voiceover suggest the idea that the Eternals have provided humans with technology to accelerate social evolution. Perhaps the dagger taught people how to use more advanced weapons, a step from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. It’s a similar idea of ​​alien interference stimulating human evolution as 2001: A Space Odyssey. 4. The characters of Eternals Intricately patterned, golden energy threads are seen in multiple locations each time the Eternals unleash their powers. This may be the characteristic power of immortals when using cosmic energy, is a sign of the arrival of the Fantastic Four when according to the original, the strongest family on earth gets its power through radiation. The universe. 5. Volcano At 1:30 of the trailer, a volcano erupts, and Marvel Comics of course owns outstanding “Eternals” storylines with this development. “Hulk Vol. 2” issue 49 in 2012, Ikakris fought Red Hulk on an erupting volcano and back in 1960 in “Tales of Suspense Vol. 1” issue 7, Eternal Makkari faced Molten Man-Thing emerges from an erupting volcano. 6. Makkari .’s Collection Chloe Zhao is the director, so Eternals will be made with the ambition to win the Oscar and in the scene where Makkari reads a book, you can see many global cultural icons from each era being planted. However, many theories see the hint of Moon Knight, a future character of the MCU when Marc Spector possesses a close connection with ancient items. 7. Black Knight Dane Whitman is seen in the trailer standing next to Sersi in somewhat shabby clothes and is not seen in his familiar Black Knight identity. Judging from the amazed expression on his face, it looks like Dane is being set up to represent the audience’s perspective of exploring the world of Eternals before becoming a superhero. 8. Love triangle? The trailer briefly but effectively sets up the romance between two of the Eternals, Sersi and Ikaris. In the comics, the two characters never actually had a romantic relationship, but instead Sersi was associated with love with Dane Whitman. It seems that the main drama and conflict of the first film will come from Sersi as this Eternal proves to be more attached to humanity. 9. Avengers Leader ? Sprite asked who would lead the superhero team in the absence of Captain Rogers and Iron Man. The use of Steve Rogers’ real name in place of Captain America seems to place the Eternals taking place after the events of The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, where Sam Wilson takes over the shield. It also shows that the Eternals have been keeping a close eye on the MCU’s superheroes, although it has not been mentioned whether or not that is linked to any future relationship.

Russia’s federal space agency Roscosmos has said that a “space tug” – a term used to refer to a spacecraft that transports astronauts or equipment from one orbit to another, is expected to be launched into space. to perform an interplanetary mission in 2030. This spacecraft is powered by a power module called Zeus. Basically, Zeus is like a mobile nuclear power plant, able to generate enough energy to operate spacecraft, transport equipment and goods in space. Currently, several countries are interested in similar technology as a way to shorten journeys in space. Design of the space tug. Photo: Roscosmos. Traditionally, spacecraft have relied on solar power or gravity to accelerate. This means that it takes astronauts more than 3 years to make the trip around Mars. NASA estimates that a nuclear-powered spacecraft could make that journey in a year. The US hopes to put a 10-kilowatt nuclear reactor integrated with the lunar lander, on the Moon as early as 2027. However, so far, NASA has only put one nuclear reactor. launched into space for the SNAP-10A satellite in 1965. Other spacecraft such as the Mars Curiosity and Perseverance probes are also nuclear-powered, but they do not use a reactor. Meanwhile, Russia has sent more than 30 nuclear reactors into space. The Zeus module is expected to further Russia’s space efforts by using a 500 kilowatt nuclear reactor to power spacecraft to travel from planet to planet. other planets, Sputnik quoted information from Roscosmos said. According to the Russian plan, the nuclear spacecraft will approach the Moon first, then head towards Venus, where it can use the planet’s gravity to move to its final destination, Jupiter. This will help save propellant. The entire mission will take 50 months (more than four years), said Alexander Bloshenko, executive director of development programs and advanced science at Roscosmos. According to the official, Roscosmos and the Russian Academy of Sciences are still working to calculate the trajectory of the flight, as well as the payload the spacecraft can carry. Ultimately, this mission could lay the groundwork for a new strategy for the Russian aerospace industry. Sputnik reported that Moscow is designing a space station using similar nuclear energy technology. The advantage of nuclear energy in the universe Most spacecraft get their energy from some source: the sun, batteries, or radioactive atoms (also called radioisotopes). For example, NASA’s Juno spacecraft at Jupiter uses solar panels to generate electricity. Solar energy can also be used to charge spacecraft batteries, however, it becomes less efficient if the spacecraft is far from the Sun. In other cases, lithium batteries could help power spacecraft for short journeys. Earlier in 2005, the Huygens probe used batteries to make a lightning landing on Saturn’s moon Titan. NASA’s Voyager spacecraft uses radioactive isotope (sometimes called a nuclear battery) to survive in the harsh environments of the solar system and interstellar space, but this is not the same thing. integrate a nuclear reactor into the spacecraft. Nuclear reactors offer several advantages as they can survive in dark and cold areas of the solar system without sunlight. They are also quite useful and quite reliable for long-term activities. The Zeus nuclear reactor is designed to last 10 to 12 years. In addition, they can propel spacecraft to other planets in less time. But nuclear power also presents some challenges of its own. Only certain fuels, such as highly enriched uranium, can withstand the extreme heat of the reactor. Furthermore, they may not be safe to use. In December 2020, the United States banned the use of highly enriched uranium to send objects into space if the operation could be made possible by other alternative sources of nuclear or non-nuclear fuel. Russia is about to build a space station in space Russian engineers began developing the “Zeus” module in 2010 with the goal of putting it into orbit within two decades, and they are on track to accomplish this goal. Production and testing commenced in 2018. By 2020, Roscosmos has signed a contract worth 4.2 billion rubles ($57.5 million) with St. Petersburg for the preliminary design of the space station. This will help Russia accelerate its efforts to develop a new space station by 2025. Earlier in April 2021, the BBC said that Russia plans to withdraw from the International Space Station (ISS) by 2025 and is ready to build its own space station. The International Space Station was established in 1998. This is an international cooperation project of 16 countries including the US and Russia, Japan, Canada, European Space Agency member states and Brazil. with a total investment capital of more than 100 billion USD.

Water Bear – Tiny tardigrada that lives in the water. Photo: Earth Life According to CNN (USA), the SpaceX ship will carry necessities, scientific research experiments and even solar panels to the ISS station. In particular, 5,000 water bears and 128 small squids will also be sent to space this time. Both animals will participate in the experiments here. The scientists wanted to find out how water bears can tolerate the environment on the space station and whether microgravity affects the symbiotic relationship between squid and probiotics. Water bear in space Water bears look like little bears under a microscope. Photo: CNN According to Thomas Boothby, Assistant Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Wyoming, water bears are known to be able to survive and thrive in the most extreme environments. They are a group of microorganisms that can survive under extreme pressure. “Water bears have the ability to survive drying, freezing and heating past boiling point. They can withstand radiation levels thousands of times higher than humans and can survive days or weeks without oxygen,” said Boothby. He said this is not the first time water bears have been sent into space. They have been shown to survive and reproduce in spaceflight, and can even survive long periods of exposure to the vacuum of space. “Scientists were able to sequence the genome of the water bear, thereby testing how the microorganism is affected by different environmental conditions based on their gene expression,” he said. more. Boothby’s experiment is also aimed at understanding how water bears are adapted to life in low Earth orbit. This could help to better understand the stressors humans face in the universe. The water bear will arrive at the ISS in a frozen state, then be defrosted, revived and grown in a special system. The results of the study will allow scientists to track which genes help water bears survive. For example, if researchers determine that water bears are making lots of antioxidants to help cope with high radiation levels, that means astronauts need to eat a diet rich in these nutrients. more anti-oxidant. “Our hope is that this knowledge will pave the way to the development of countermeasures or therapies to help protect astronauts during extended space missions,” said Boothby. Glowing squid ink Young long-tailed squid are swimming in sea water. Photo: CNN In addition, the researchers will also conduct the UMAMI experiment – a study that investigates microgravity on interactions between animals and microorganisms. Jamie Foster, a professor in the Department of Microbiology and Cell Science at the University of Florida and the lead researcher on the experiment, said the study aimed to understand how healthy bacteria interact with animal tissue in space. . “Animals, including humans, rely on the microbiome to maintain a healthy gut and immune system,” Ms Foster said. “But we still don’t fully understand how the universe changes those beneficial interactions. The UMAMI experiment using glow-in-the-dark dumpling squid will shed light on these important issues in human health. “. The stomach squid is only about 3mm long, making it the perfect model to study for two reasons. They have special luminous organs in their bodies, which may contain a species of luminescent bacteria. The squid then uses the bacteria to glow in the dark. Since there’s only one species of bacteria and one type of host tissue, it’s easy for researchers to track how that happens. “Squid has a similar immune system to humans. We can see a lot of similarities in how the immune system responds to these beneficial bacteria in the space environment,” she added. The baby squid are born without bacteria, so they must be collected from the environment. The team of experts conducting the experiment will promote a symbiotic relationship by introducing bacteria into the squid and observing what happens in the first few hours. In the experiment, the squids will be placed in an automatic container. The pump will pump water or bacteria as they need it. After that, the squid tissue will be frozen on the ISS station and brought back to Earth. In addition, the scientists also carried out other experiments including mobile ultrasound, remote control of the robotic arm with virtual reality technology, analysis of how kidney stones form in space, studying the microbiome of the kidney. organisms in the mouth and produce more resistant cotton. Hundreds of scientific experiments are conducted every day on the ISS station, which is likened to a space laboratory. Astronauts will monitor this experiment and report their observations to researchers on Earth. These studies will help us better understand zero-gravity life and explore possible benefits on Earth.

GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan Born in 1948 in Hanoi, at the age of 6, he moved with his family to Saigon to live. As a child, he attended Jean-Jacques Rousseau High School (now Le Quy Don School, Saigon). GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan Graduating from high school in 1966, Prof. Trinh Xuan Thuan went to Switzerland to study engineering. He then decided to study astrophysics at the California Institute of Technology, then at Princeton University, New Jersey, USA. For the first time in his life, at the observatory on top of Mount Palomar, California, young Trinh Xuan Thuan observed the magic of the galaxy, moon and light from billions of stars through the telescope. The largest telescope in the world at that time with a diameter of 5.1 m. His life has been associated with cosmic astronomy since then. After completing his doctoral thesis at Princeton, GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan teaches at the University of Virginia since 1976, and has become a world-renowned expert on extragalactic astronomy. In which, the most prominent event is the GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan is the youngest known co-discoverer of the galaxy in the universe today, thanks to the study of observations made by the Hubble space telescope. That is galaxy I Zwicky 18. Called I Zwicky 18, this galaxy appeared just 500 million years ago. This discovery is shocking because the word I Zwicky 18 allows people to understand the first small galaxies in the early universe. Writing about the universe in a special way In addition to research, Prof. Trinh Xuan Thuan writes a book. From the research results, extremely attractive and interesting findings of astronomy, Prof. Trinh Xuan Thuan wishes to share with everyone about the beauty, harmony of the universe and the creation of nature. GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan is highly appreciated for his ability to popularize science. He began to write his first book ‘Mysterious Melodies – La Mélodie secrète, published in 1988′. Currently, there are about 20 books of GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan was translated and published in Vietnam as Origin, nostalgia for the early days; The Paths of Light, The Fullness of Nothingness, One Night… GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan writes three times more popular science books than specialized research books. He confided: “Because I want to meet more readers. If I write a book on a complex subject, only a few hundred people can understand it. I want the knowledge of science and astrophysics to spread in many readers. So I write books for the masses. If I’m lucky, my books will be read by hundreds or thousands of people.” When writing the book, Prof. Trinh Xuan Thuan wants to explain to the general public about the stars, the universe, about what astronomers have discovered; phenomena of the sun dying into a dwarf star, or stars ten times more massive than the sun, the sun becoming a black hole… In particular, when writing books, he did not use science but wrote about the universe in a literary way. GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan explains: The voice of the universe is math. Scientists all use math equations to understand the universe. But when I write the book, I do not use it, but use images in everyday life, to let the public understand the ideas that scientists find in the universe. Therefore, although writing about distant planets, cold galaxies, mysterious black holes… GS. Trinh Xuan Thuan always tries to use a simple but clear language. He refrains from using overly technical terms. For difficult concepts, he often refers to images in everyday life as an example. For example, in the latest book titled “One Night” (Pham Van Thieu, translated by Pham Viet Hung, Youth Publishing House, 2020), Prof. Trinh Xuan Thuan brings readers into a vast world, explores the night sky with easy-to-understand explanations. As a lover of poetry, he also quoted many verses and poems of famous poets. For example, when writing about the Moon, Professor Trinh Xuan Thuan quotes John Keats’ “Song of the Nightingale”: “The night is gentle/ And maybe Hang Nga is on the throne/ Among the stars of fairies/ But in Here, nowhere is it clear / Except for the breezes / On the dark and mossy leaves of the winding roads. He even quoted W. Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliette”: “Come, night, come here/ Romeo me, come back to me!/ I’m the sun in the dark/ Because I’ll lie under the night darkness of the night…”. In the spring of 2007, the famous work “Paths of Light” (Les Voies de la lumière) was awarded the Moron Prize by the French Academy. Two years later, Prof. Trinh Xuan Thuan also became the first Vietnamese in history to be awarded the prestigious Kalinga Prize by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Soon after, the Institut de France awarded the Prix mondial Cino del Duca, recognizing the persuasive transmissions of complex knowledge of arid space science, yet blended under a contemplative, rich gaze. literature in his outstanding works. GS review. Trinh Xuan Thuan, Mr. François Delattre, French Ambassador to the US, respectfully called the Vietnamese-born astronomer a “world asset” when he devoted his life to the goal of “popularizing science”. Invite readers to watch the video:Fish at the fried statue. Source: VTV24.

Dark matter is thought to be six times more abundant than normal matter. What is dark matter? First and perhaps most confusingly, researchers are still unsure what exactly dark matter is. Initially, some scientists surmised, the missing mass in the universe was made up of faint small stars and black holes. However, detailed observations have not shown enough evidence to explain the effects of dark matter. The current leading hypothesis is a hypothetical particle known as the weakly interacting mass particle, or WIMP. This particle would behave like a neutron and be 10-100 times heavier than a proton. However, this conjecture has opened a series of other unanswered questions. Is it possible to detect dark matter? In the 1930s, Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky discovered that galaxies in a distant cluster were orbiting each other much faster than they should have been visible. At the time, he suggested, an invisible substance, dark matter, could be pulling gravity on these galaxies. Since then, researchers have confirmed, this mysterious matter can be found throughout the universe. They are six times more abundant than ordinary matter. If dark matter were produced from WIMPs, they would be all around us, invisible and virtually undetectable. While they won’t interact much with normal matter, there’s always some small chance that a dark matter particle could bump into an ordinary particle like a proton or electron as it travels through space. So the researchers carried out a series of experiments to study the huge numbers of ordinary particles deep underground, where they are shielded from interfering radiation. These particles can behave like a collision between dark matter particles. After decades of searching, none of these detectors have made a reliable discovery. Earlier this year, China’s PandaX experiment reported failing to detect WIMP. According to physicist Hai-Bo Yu at the University of California, Riverside, it seems that dark matter particles are much smaller than WIMP, or lack properties that make them easy to study. Does it include more than one particle? Ordinary matter is made up of particles like protons and electrons, as well as more exotic particles like neutrinos, muons, and pions. So some researchers have wondered, could dark matter, which makes up 85 percent of the matter in the universe, be just as complex? “There is no good reason to assume that all dark matter in the universe is made up of one type of particle,” said Harvard physicist Andrey Katz. According to Katz, dark protons can combine with dark electrons to form dark matter. From there, create configurations as varied and interesting as those found in the physical world. However, this problem has not been elucidated so far by scientists. Does the dark force exist? Some researchers have been looking for “dark photons,” analogous to photons exchanged between ordinary particles that generate the electromagnetic force. However, dark photons will only be sensed by dark matter particles. Physicists in Italy are preparing to break a beam of electrons and their antiparticles, called positrons, into a diamond. If dark photons exist, electron-positron pairs could annihilate and create one of the strange force carriers. From there, it is possible to open up a whole new realm of the universe. Is it made up of axions? As physicists pay more and more attention to understanding WIMPs, other dark matter particles are starting to gain favor. One of the top substitutes is the axion. This hypothetical particle is very light, smaller than a proton. Axion is currently being searched for in a few trials. Recent computer simulations have raised the possibility that these axions can form star-like objects. At the same time, they can produce radiation that is easily detected, similar to the mysterious phenomenon known as fast radio bursts. What are the properties of dark matter? Astronomers have discovered dark matter through its gravitational interaction with ordinary matter. This is also an indication that it is the main way that the presence of dark matter is known in the universe. According to some theories, dark matter particles must be their own antiparticles. This means that the two dark matter particles will annihilate each other when they meet. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) experiment aboard the International Space Station has been looking for amazing signs of this destruction since 2011. As a result, AMS detected hundreds of thousands of events. Scientists are still unsure if these come from dark matter, and have yet to determine exactly what dark matter is. Does it exist in every galaxy? Because of its greater mass than normal matter, dark matter is often thought to be the driving force that organizes large structures such as galaxies and galaxy clusters. So it was strange that earlier this year, astronomers announced that they had found a galaxy called NGC 1052-DF2. Surprisingly, this galaxy barely contains any dark matter. At the time, Pieter van Dokkum of Yale University said: “Dark matter does not seem to be a necessary element to form a galaxy.” However, another team of researchers analyzed and showed that van Dokkum and colleagues miscalculated the distance to the galaxy. This means that visible matter is much fainter and lighter than first detected.

Mr. David Parker – Director of ESA shared with the press: “We are entering a new phase – a stage where humans are likely to explore the “eighth continent”. The Moon is a repository of archives. With the Moonlight project our mission is to take an important step towards uncovering the wonders of the Solar System, which stores 4.5 billion years of history, yet we barely understand its secrets. mystery of the universe”. Moon with “satellite constellation” that Moonlight will build, in order to turn this place into “8th continent” – Photo: ESA. The space agency did not disclose the specific cost to carry out this mission, but according to information, a number of companies from the UK, EU and Canada have offered to work with ESA to develop the Moonlight project. They will provide telecommunications and navigation services for crews and robots. The ESA said: “The combination of many agencies and organizations will facilitate the exploration of more space on the Moon. This is one of the goals of the NASA Artemis mission to return humans to the Moon in 2024.” Upon learning of this project, dozens of international, institutional and commercial groups have offered to support ESA. Many of these initiatives come from major space organizations in China, India, Japan, and Russia, along with other astronaut nations and private companies. Outline the primitive base that ESA intends to build, which will start a large city in the future – Photo: ESA. These helpers saw benefits from being involved in the project as: Radio astronomers could set up observatories on the far side of the Moon, with the understanding that the signal would move relay information back to Earth easily and quickly. Commercial agencies could develop supporting new services and products, such as virtual reality games in which players control Moon robots. It is possible to name a number of agencies and organizations that propose to participate in the Moonlight project such as: British company Surrey Satellite Technology (SST) will participate in Moonlight and act as a service provider and producer. satellite output. “Our partnership with ESA will provide the world’s first lunar data relay service,” said SST CEO Phil Brownnett. Or London-based Inmarsat and MDA Space and Robotics Ltd (MDA UK), based at the Harwell Science and Innovation Facility in Oxfordshire, both leading the exploration of ideas. They will work on the development of the Lunar Navigation and Communication Service (LCNS) to support future scientific, exploration and commercial activities on the lunar surface. Yasrine Ibnyahya, Senior Director at Inmarsat said: “I am confident that the expertise and assets from Inmarsat can solve problems in the most efficient and cost-effective way. The Moonlight project is the first step to open up future opportunities, it can facilitate human exploration of space, develop technology and can be the basis for access to new resources. “.

Although there is not enough evidence to conclude whether these flying objects are from another planet, some videos and images of UFOs have been confirmed by the US military to be real. This information not only interests the community interested in extraterrestrial life, but also raises questions about the information the Pentagon holds about UFOs. The US has repeatedly recorded reports of mysterious flying objects appearing in military airspace. (Photo: CNN) Next June, the office of the director of the National Intelligence Service and other agencies are expected to submit previously unpublished UFO reports to the US Congress. According to CNN’s source, the US will soon announce how the Pentagon handles information about unidentified flying object encounters. What are UFOs? UFO is a flying object whose shape and movement are completely different from all types of aircraft that man-made. Many theories suggest that they are technological products from extraterrestrials, but so far the true nature of UFOs remains a mystery. Last month, the Pentagon officially confirmed that some images and videos recorded by the US Navy were genuine. In 2017, a former US Navy pilot claimed to have seen an unidentified flying object in 2004. This person said the object believed to be a UFO had a very strange way of moving. “ When I got close, it quickly accelerated south and disappeared in less than 2 seconds “, said retired pilot David Fravor. Video taken by US Navy soldiers in 2019 shows flashing triangular objects moving through clouds. Several other images also provided by the Navy show three spherical metal-like objects flying in the sky. In April 2020, the Pentagon released three videos from infrared cameras showing flying objects moving at very fast speeds in the air. According to Pentagon spokesman Sue Gough, the Navy acknowledged the veracity of the videos released in 2019 months before they were released “to clear up public doubt as to whether the videos were released in 2019. Is it real or not?” UFO is a flying object whose shape and movement are completely different from all types of aircraft that man-made. (Photo: The New Yorker) Are aliens real? The US government’s recognition of UFOs as real leads to the question: Are aliens real? Luis Elizondo, former director of the Department of Defense (DoD) research program, once said: “ There is compelling evidence that we may not be alone (in the universe). “. “ These planes – we call them airplanes for now – have features that cannot be found in American equipment or in any foreign technology that we know of. “, said Mr. Elizondo. But whether UFOs are alien vehicles or a human product, they are still of interest to the US government. Because the problem of handling unidentified flying object information is also related to ensuring that all potential risks to the national security of the United States are taken seriously. Whether that threat comes from space or not. “ Whether it’s weather balloons, green aliens or something else – we can’t ask our pilots to put their lives unnecessarily at risk. “. Rachel Cohen, spokeswoman for Democratic Senator of Virginia Mark Warner, speaking about UFOs in 2019. UFOs have features that cannot be found in American equipment or in any foreign technology. (Photo: CBS News) What’s in the new UFO report? While UFO experts applaud the recent moves by the US government, many remain skeptical of the content of the upcoming unidentified flying object reports. This suspicion stems from the Pentagon’s indifference to previous UFO reports. Many times, the community interested in this issue received only the vague answer that the appearance of flying objects was “unexplainable”. Therefore, they believe that the new report will not provide complete and comprehensive information about UFOs. Last month, Mr. Elizondo said that the “best case scenario” is that the new report only outlines the issue and offers the promise of “another, more detailed report” in the future. “ Unfortunately, what we don’t know outweighs what we do know. But the good news is that we’re finally getting serious about it “, said Mr. Elizondo. The Pentagon has set up a panel to explore the “nature and origin of unidentified flying objects”. (Image: Getty Images) The Pentagon says it has conducted research on audio recordings of unidentified flying object encounters as part of a secret program deployed at the request of a former Democratic senator. owner Harry Reid in Nevada. The program began in 2007 and ended in 2012 as the US Department of Defense assessed that funding for more important projects should be prioritized. Following the program, the Pentagon established a topic to explore “the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects” by 2020, according to the US Department of Defense. Topics include videos of UFOs recognized last month. Up to now, the truth about UFOs, or the question of whether or not aliens exist, remains a secret from the public.

If to choose one of the weirdest and most humorous martial arts in the world, perhaps Yellow Bamboo (Yellow Bamboo) on the beautiful island of Bali, Indonesia. According to the website Skepdic.com, Yellow Bamboo was once considered an art of self-development, health protection and healing. In fact, it is a martial art whose creators have made extravagant claims that Yellow Bamboo can use “universal energy” (in Yellow Bamboo called “Chi”) to scare away and neutralize the attackers. Until now, the question of who founded Yellow Bamboo is still a mystery. But many Indonesians consider Yellow Bamboo to be a martial art or a mystical cult with supernatural powers. They believe that in order to use “the energy of the universe”, the most important thing is to have the power of faith. On the Yellow Bamboo website it is stated that this martial art has more than 30,000 followers worldwide. In addition to curing many diseases, Yellow Bamboo can help the practitioner knock down opponents without having to touch them. Even those who practice Yellow Bamboo also claim that they can… fly into the air like in the martial arts movie. According to the Skepdic.com website, many practitioners of the martial art Yellow Bamboo have been spamming internet forums to attract more new students to join their organizations. Although it completely lacks scientific basis and carries only spiritual meaning, Yellow Bamboo can spread to a very distant country, Australia. Previously, a martial artist named Peter Dellys, who studied the Brazilian martial art Jiu Jitsu, also practiced Yellow Bamboo. The character was controversial after a “mysterious martial arts” performance with Fraser Johnston, another Jiu Jitsu practitioner, on a beach in Perth, Australia. This is the same technique as “electrical martial arts” in China or Japan, Vietnam… that is, knocking down the opponent without physical contact. Of course, many people think that this is a “fake martial artist” and a product of theatrical trick, not completely real. Two masters of the Yellow Bamboo martial art in Bali, Indonesia. Those who practice Yellow Bamboo say that in order to practice this martial art, practitioners will first have to perform an initiation ceremony called “pasupati”. Every time a new level is reached, this ritual is repeated. Every time they practice, the trainees have to…” imagine and practice feeling the power of the light of the universe entering your body “. The followers of Yellow Bamboo also think that the best way is that they should practice on the full moon nights of every month to be able to gather the most energy of the universe! THE FUCKING LUCK CLEARED CREATING SUCCESSFULLY In February 2004, followers of the Yellow Bamboo sect released a press release, claiming that the masters of this martial art can demonstrate the ability to knock opponents down without physical contact and can win the “$1 Million Mystery Challenge” prize (award established by the James Randi Education Foundation in the US). After that, a martial artist who is considered a “master” of Yellow Bamboo performed the challenge under the verification of the organizers, and was assessed through a number of quite modern machines and equipment. However, the “masters” of Yellow Bamboo completely failed and even this challenge turned into a very rare “trick” for the world martial arts village. According to the website Skepdic.com, a martial artist named Serengen performed the challenge. A representative of the James Randi Education Foundation named Joko Tri stood to verify Serengen’s abilities. Some foreigners also practice Yellow Bamboo. However, instead of performing the challenge in good lighting conditions, Serengen chose the time after dark. To perform this challenge, Joko Tri will run threateningly and then Serengen will use “supernatural powers” to defeat Joko Tri from afar. Instead of Joko Tri running alone, 3 or 4 other members of Yellow Bamboo followed. Then, in the dark, when the camera equipment could not shoot clearly, the members of Yellow Bamboo used a… gun to attack, making Joko Tri stunned and fell down. After that, Serengen and the members of Yellow Bamboo confirmed that they had successfully completed the challenge, but later on, this group’s trick was exposed and this became the most tragic “joke” in the village. martial. Contrary to a part of the Indonesian people and a few in the world who still believe in the “super powers” of Yellow Bamboo martial arts, so far, most people think that this is just a “fake martial arts” thing. , completely not real but just taking advantage of the blind faith of the disciples in this martial art.

Illustration. If the universe is filled with matter but there is no force of interaction between them, there would be no formation of nuclei, atoms, molecules… and galaxies, stars and planets. Basic interactions of nature Electromagnetic interaction or electromagnetic force is the interaction between charged particles, for example protons with the same positive charge repel each other, but attract electrons because electrons have a negative charge. This interaction is not only a matter of attraction or repulsion of the magnet poles due to the excess or lack of electrons, but the most important thing is that it is the attractive properties of this proton and electron that the electron can keep its orbit around the atomic nucleus. , and thus the atoms, molecules and, more generally, all the matter we see every day, that make us up. Electromagnetic interactions are transmitted by bosons or photons, or as we know them as light-transmitting particles. Light is precisely an electromagnetic wave of the right wavelength to produce images on the retina of the human eye. The photon itself has neither mass nor charge, it only plays the role of transmitting electromagnetic interactions through its oscillation frequency. The frictional force generated when one object slides over another is due to the electromagnetic interaction of the atomic particles of the contact surface, the elastic force of a spring or the tension of a string is also an electromagnetic interaction due to the change in the surface area. changing the distances of the atoms from each other leads to a change in the magnitude of the interaction from the initial steady state, the force produced by muscles when you lift a heavy object or any other movement that is elastic muscle bundles, so of course there’s also an electromagnetic interaction… Strong interaction (also known as strong nuclear force). The interaction is caused by bosons called gluons – a type of particle with no mass and no charge. This is the bonding interaction between quarks, the main components of the two types of baryons, protons and neutrons, which as we know are the particles that make up the nucleus of an atom. It is thanks to this type of interaction that new baryons are formed and also bind the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus together (protons carry the same charge, so they generate an electromagnetic force that repels each other, thanks to the presence of electrons). neutrons, so the nucleus of an atom can exist). The strong interaction is the strongest of the basic interactions of nature, but it also has the shortest range of effects. Simulation of forces in the universe. Outside the radius of the atomic nucleus, the strong interaction does not work and of course that is also the reason why matter can exist today because with the magnitude of this interaction it can act. As far as the electromagnetic interaction goes, there will be no existence of atoms with electron shells because they will be crushed by the attraction between the nuclei themselves (because this force is much stronger than the electromagnetic repulsion). between nuclei). The weak interaction (or weak nuclear force) plays a role in causing beta decay of neutrons, thereby causing nuclear decay such as radiation and fission. The neutrons themselves are unstable in isolation, they are stable only when bound to protons. Stand-alone, neutrons can absorb or emit W or Z bosons and undergo beta decay to form a proton, an electron, and a neutron fraction. The nuclei of heavy elements have many protons and, respectively, require many neutrons to keep the protons from repelling each other. But at the same time when there are many neutrons, there will be neutrons isolated from the proton, out of the range of the strong interaction. Then the weak interaction causes them to decay and make the nucleus unstable. Elements whose nuclei have this phenomenon are called radioactive elements. The heavier the nucleus, the more unstable it is, and so the weak interaction is what keeps the number of elements in the universe finite, not infinite. Standard model of particle physics These three types of interactions are now uniformly described in the standard model of particle physics. According to the standard model, at sufficiently high energies, these interactions are consistent, although as already stated they appear to be very different in mechanism. In the cosmological model based on the Big Bang theory, the first stage of the universe from the age of the universe is 10–43s to the time of 20-36s the universe undergoes a period known as the great unification epoch. , in which the three types of interactions mentioned above have not been separated from each other. Immediately after the great unification era is the electroweak era, when the strong interaction has separated but the remaining two interactions are still united, called the electroweak interaction. It wasn’t until the quark era, when the age of the universe was 10-12s, that the universe cooled down enough for the electromagnetic and weak interactions to separate. Illustration. Gravitational interaction (or gravity) Interactions tend to pull objects and particles of mass toward each other. This is the weakest of the four basic interactions of nature on a certain object, but it is the one with the furthest range of effects. It plays a major role in forming the great structures of the universe, from stars, planets, asteroids, satellites to galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies. The Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun also due to the effect of this type of interaction. Despite being the weakest force, gravity has not only the longest range, but also an unstoppable force, every man-made weightless environment or gravitation-isolating material in sci-fi movies. thought is unscientific. It cannot happen not because of technology but because of the general principle of the universe. For the same reason, gravity is also the force that causes the most violent phenomena in the universe, typically the collapse of matter to form neutron stars or black holes and supermassive black holes. In this phenomenon, thanks to the large amount of matter, the gravitational force is enough to overcome the electromagnetic force and the strong interaction causes the structure of matter to be destroyed. Gravity is very common to everyday life as we can stand on the ground and objects that are thrown high fall because of gravity. Some so-called forces, such as the resistance of the ground when you are standing on it or the Archimedes earth force in a liquid, are just indirect manifestations of gravity. The reason this universal force is mentioned last in the article is because it is the only one of the four fundamental interactions of nature that is not included in the standard model. Is there a fifth fundamental interaction? The existence of a fifth interaction of nature is still believed by many scientists, especially since the presence of dark matter has been confirmed. To date, there have been a number of experiments showing the involvement of a strange variation that was thought to be such a small interaction that has never been known. But so far, the fifth interaction has not been described in any way. Thus, the number of fundamental interactions of nature is still only four, with three unified in the standard model and gravitational interactions standing independently of them.

Theoretically, the limit of low temperature in the universe is called “absolute zero”, the value is 0 K, converted to the commonly used temperature unit of -273.15 degrees Celsius. And to prove the existence of absolute zero, mankind has had to conduct a lot of experiments over a very long time and the story of this limit value is also quite interesting from a scientific perspective. because when the concept was introduced, no one could conduct experiments near that temperature. But the specific concept of absolute zero was not formed overnight, instead it was studied, observed and concluded by generations of scientists. As early as 1702, the French physicist Guillaume Amonton questioned whether there was a limit to cold. He improved a thermometer that used air and mercury. The volume of air changes with temperature, causing some of the mercury to move to show the scale. The minimum value of the thermometer has a limit, which is the point 0 (according to today’s calculations, it is about -240 degrees Celsius). Until the end of the 18th century, many physicists tried to discover this low temperature limit. In 1785, Jacques Charles, a French physicist discovered the relationship between the temperature and the volume of a gas at constant pressure. In his experiments, he found that in the case of constant volume, for every 1 degree Celsius decrease, the pressure of the gas will decrease by 1/273 of its pressure at 0 degrees Celsius. According to this rule, when the gas temperature drops to -273 degrees Celsius, the pressure becomes zero – vacuum environment. Later, the English physicist William Thomson (ie 1st Baron Kelvin) gave the first formal form based on the summation and speculation of his predecessors about the concept of absolute zero – understood as a state in which the interior of the object can be reduced to zero and completely stop the motion of the molecules. Accordingly, one of the ultimate goals in the field of thermodynamics is a great battle to challenge absolute zero. And of course, this goal cannot be achieved overnight. Michael Faraday. The first major figure in this race was Michael Faraday. By 1845, he had obtained various forms of liquid gases through primary compression. With his technology at the time, he was able to achieve temperatures as low as -130 degrees Celsius. However, during that time he was still unable to liquefy some gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. This was due to theoretical limitations at the time, so Faraday believed that these gases were “permanent gases” and could not be compressed into a liquid state. In the late 1870s, French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet pioneered the production of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen, which could be obtained at low temperatures of -183 degrees Celsius and -196 degrees Celsius, respectively. To achieve this, Louis Paul Cailletet applied the Joule-Thomson effect. James Dewar. The next important person was a Scottish chemist and physicist – James Dewar, who would challenge hydrogen, the last “eternal gas” at the time. Scientists at the time expected to be able to produce liquid hydrogen at as little as -250 degrees Celsius. This temperature was an impossible challenge with the technology and equipment at the time, so Dewar had to invented new devices to be able to conduct this research. His plan was to use a gas that could be compressed and liquefied at room temperature, then allowed it to expand and return to a low temperature and then continue to use this temperature to liquefy other gases that are more difficult to liquefy . In this way, after a series of stages, it is possible to reach a temperature low enough to liquefy the hydrogen. But to do that, Dewar was forced to create new equipment and tools for research, which required a lot of money. So Dewar demonstrated some of the unique properties of liquefied petroleum gas to guests in the Royal Society’s laboratory, and used experiments to attract investors’ attention. But the experiment didn’t go well, in 1886, a terrible explosion occurred in a London laboratory, Dewar accidentally mixed liquid oxygen with liquid ethylene and caused an explosion, which subsequently caused the His scientific career was almost over. Soon, however, Dewar produced 20 cubic centimeters of liquid hydrogen through a multistage cascade of methyl chloride-ethylene-oxygen-hydrogen. At that time, the tank had a pressure of 180 atm (atmosphere) and the temperature reached -205 degrees Celsius. Dewar then put liquid hydrogen into the expansion tube and watched the temperature of the thermometer gradually decrease, eventually, he achieved a new record of -252 degrees Celsius, considered to have completed the impossible challenge for the predecessors. Faraday duty. However, shortly after the experiment was successful, a new gas was born – the inert helium gas. Next, Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes went on to undertake this research and built a factory to produce magnetic liquid hydrogen using Dewar’s equipment and miraculously produced liquid helium, reaching temperatures lows of -269°C (4.2 K). At this near absolute zero temperature, many substances will exhibit unprecedented states, including fluid mechanics, electromagnetism and other related properties, which also earned Onnes the Nobel Prize in Physics in in 1913. But so far, no one has been able to conduct an experiment to achieve theoretical absolute zero – the value is 0 K, converted to the commonly used temperature unit of -273. ,15 degrees C.

Soviet secret space rocket NPO Mashinostroyenia is a Russian state space development company, which grew out of a Soviet entity, known simply as OKB-52, responsible for the development of the Almaz space station, among other things. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu’s visit to NPO Mashinostroyenia in early 2021 offers the best and most complete look at the Shchit-1 system to date. The Almaz program was a covert effort to develop military space stations, primarily equipped to carry out intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions, hidden within the Saylut civilian space station project. The Almaz effort dates back to the 1960s, only to be officially declassified in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union planned to “weapon” the Almaz stations from the start, fearing attacks with US anti-satellite weapons – including small but maneuverable “killer satellites”. tall and more traditional interceptors. An example of the Shchit-1 system actually sent into space with the Almaz OPS-2 satellite. The Soviet Union also conducted a remote live-fire test with the system on January 24, 1975, the last day of the station in orbit. The results of the test remained confidential and the next Almaz space station, OPS-3, was launched without any weapons installed. OPS-4, which has never been to space, is believed to carry the Shchit-2 system. However, there is no indication that Shchit-2, although its general existence was previously known, has ever entered space and details about the system are still very limited. As for the “weapon” itself, Leonard Smirichevsky, the current head of NPO Mashinostroyenia, described it to a reporter for TV Zvezda as having four main components. The base of the system was a solid-fuel rocket engine, which was then attached to a rotary stabilization system consisting of a rotating wheel with blade-shaped radiators. There’s a hybrid warhead-propulsion section followed by a nozzle-like radar seeker at the front. By far, the engine – warhead part is the most interesting part. Outwardly, it appears to be a circular array of small, grenade-like charges, which one imagines would create a shrapnel cloud especially dangerous to other objects in the vacuum of space. . However, these projectiles are really solid and are designed to act as interceptors, destroying anything they hit through sheer force of impact. No one knows what happened to Shchit-2 after the Almaz program ended in 1978. It is also unclear why the Russians decided to consider the system at this time. The incident comes amid new discussions about anti-satellite weapons in orbit, including interceptors and guided-energy weapons, as well as killer satellites, and the development of systems this system, both in Russia and the United States, among other countries. Space weapon Shchit-2 on display at NPO Mashinostroyenia. Almaz . military space station The Almaz military space stations, which first began operating in the early 1960s, were intended to be armed from the outset. Almaz stations are expected to be versatile military platforms in space. This plan is for the first types configured primarily for a wide range of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions with cameras and many other sensor systems. The delay in the development of the sensor package affected the entire program. In 1971, the Soviet Union launched a civilian space station – Salyut – incorporating some of the design work developed under the Almaz program, along with components from the Soyuz spacecraft. The Salyut program eventually provided cover for the Almaz space station. Of the seven Salyut space stations launched between 1971 and 1991, three are actually of the military type. The first Almaz station, publicly known as Salyut-2 and also known as OPS-1, entered service in 1973. However, an accident on board shortly after launch forced the Soviet Union to abandon it. it before a real crew could be dispatched to join. OPS-2, also known as Salyut-3, followed in 1974. The station was successfully put into orbit on June 25, 1974. The crew stayed there for 15 days to test the Earth-viewing camera with the onboard Agat-1 telescope, which was said to be able to produce high-resolution images of the ground. The second crew failed to reach the station in late 1974 after their Soyuz spacecraft crashed. The third mission to OPS-2 was later aborted and it operated in unmanned mode until leaving orbit on January 24, 1975. In September 1974, personnel on the ground remotely recovered a film “pod” from the Agat-1 camera, then returned to Earth and recovered. The next Almaz space stations, called OPS-3 and Salyut-5, have no weapons on board, at least as far as we know. Plans for an OPS-4 station include a new Shchit-2 self-defense system, reportedly designed to fire interceptor missiles, but no images of that weapon have been made public. The Soviet Union also developed specialized self-defense guns for cosmonauts, such as the TP-82, but they were intended for use on Earth, not in space.

According to the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper, the project to build Russia’s own domestic space station was approved by President Vladimir Putin during a closed-door meeting on the development of the space industry. Work on creating a national orbital station is scheduled to launch in the near future. Experts are faced with the task of building the space object as soon as possible, in order to prevent the long-term absence of Russian cosmonauts in orbit. The publication Moskovsky Komsomolets reminds that the estimated service life of the Russian segment on the International Space Station will end in 2025. After that, the module will be destroyed. The proposal to abandon the ISS was previously announced by the Russian National Space Corporation – Roscosmos. The experts of the above enterprise believe that serious system problems of the orbiting station in operation may begin soon, as its useful life is about to end. According to preliminary estimates, maintaining the Russian segment on the ISS in the coming years will cost 10-15 billion rubles, which is very expensive compared to building a completely new one. The International Space Station has been in use since 1998, its life will end in 2024. Currently, the countries participating in the project are considering options to prolong the existence of the multi-space space research complex. capacity until 2030. In the meantime, it is known that some components for the International Space Station ISS will be utilized by Russia. The first basic module for the future Russian national orbital station could be a component previously designed for the ISS. Experts from RSC Energia are currently working on the Science and Energy module (NEM) and it will be ready for launch in 2025. The head of the Roscosmos Group – Mr. Dmitry Rogozin wrote about this on the Telegram channel of the company. myself. Mr. Rogozin also reiterated that Russia intends to withdraw from the ISS after 2025. By that time, Moscow plans to build its own orbiting station for scientific research purposes. Earlier, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov said that the situation related to the “aging” of the ISS structure could lead to dire consequences. So Moscow should create an alternative as soon as possible and not put the astronauts at risk. In addition, Borisov also revealed that the future national orbiting station could become “high-orbit” (located above the ISS), which would not only be used for scientific research, but also serve as a “transshipment base” in the mission to conquer the Moon. As for the NEM module, work on its creation began in 2012. According to the plan, by 2015 the device should have ensured energy independence for the Russian subdivision on the ISS. However, at that time only the preliminary design was completed. NEM’s ground tests only really started in 2018. While its launch date has been repeatedly postponed. In the coming time, Russian scientists will certainly have to be more active, because progress is increasingly urgent. In addition to the NEM that will become the main module, according to Dmitry Rogozin, two permanent working modules named Nauca and Prichal may also become part of the Russian space station in the future, both modules will be sent to the ISS in the future. this year.

DOGE-1 will send a 40 kg Geometric Energy Corporation satellite to the Moon. This satellite will collect information about the planet Earth. Representatives of the two companies have not announced the contract value paid in Dogecoin. The DOGE-1 program will send a satellite to the Moon on a Falcon 9 rocket. Fees are paid in Dogecoin. Photo: SpaceX. SpaceX vice president Tom Ochinero said the DOGE-1 program “will demonstrate the application of extraterrestrial cryptocurrencies and lay the groundwork for transplanetary commerce.” Earlier, Elon Musk said that SpaceX will “actually put a Dogecoin on the Moon”. However, he made his statement on April 1, so no one is sure if he was joking or telling the truth. SpaceX is not the first company run by Elon Musk to accept cryptocurrency payments. In February, Tesla announced it was buying $1.5 billion in Bitcoin and accepting payments for cars in the currency. The move caused Bitcoin price to surge. In the crypto world, the term “to the moon” is often used to refer to a coin’s value skyrocketing. According to Coinmarketcap, on the morning of May 10 (Vietnam time) Dogecoin is priced at about 0.55 USD, with a market capitalization of 72 billion USD, ranking 4th after Bitcoin, Ethereum and Binance coin. Before that, Dogecoin had 2 strong volatile weekends. On May 8, the news that Elon Musk hosted Saturday Night Live caused the price of Dogecoin to increase sharply. According to Coinmarketcap data, the value of each Dogecoin coin has increased from $0.34 on May 1 to $0.69 as of the morning of May 8. Many fans of Musk and Dogecoin even plan to invite friends over to watch and celebrate if the coin’s price skyrockets. On the morning of May 8, Elon Musk posted on his personal Twitter a picture of him and two other guests of Saturday Night Live. Musk also inserted a picture of the dog Shiba, the symbol of Dogecoin, into the frame. Soon after, the Dogecoin price increased rapidly and reached an all-time high of $0.72 before cooling off. The price of Dogecoin dropped dramatically on the morning of May 9, before Elon Musk hosted Saturday Night Live. Photo: Coindesk. However, before the time of Elon Musk’s broadcast, the price of Dogecoin dropped dramatically. According to the data of Coinmarketcap , from nearly 0.7 USD, Dogecoin dropped to more than 0.5 USD after more than 30 minutes of the program. The market capitalization of this coin dropped from $90 billion to just $68 billion after 1 hour, more than $150 million of leveraged investors was blown away. As expected by many, Elon Musk mentioned Dogecoin in the middle of the show. “Recently, the prices of many cryptocurrencies have increased, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and especially Dogecoin,” replied Elon Musk when asked “what is cryptocurrency”.

Humans have only found about 5% of the composition of the universe. So what is the remaining 95%? Although we know of its existence, we cannot see or study it specifically, directly because these components are invisible. Science fiction still frequently mentions the existence of other universes. In fact, in recent years, the scientific community is gradually accepting this hypothesis. A typical example is the multiverse theory, which comes from William James’s term of the same name in 1895. Accordingly, it is said that there are many parallel universes along with the one in which we live. The origin of cosmic rays has puzzled astronomers for a long time, who have spent a century studying the origin of these charged particles. However, the origin of this mysterious phenomenon remains an unanswered question. Since the birth and development of space science, a question that has always bothered the whole human society is whether there is anyone outside of Earth? Humans have launched spacecraft, explored many planets in search of other life, but so far, the above question has not been answered. Life likely existed on Mars and may even exist today. Mars used to have vast oceans. Scientists have found evidence that liquid water is still periodically flowing on the surface of Mars. Many countries are planning to send explorers to Mars to find the answer tree to this problem. Solar physicists have been baffled by the mystery of the Sun’s ability as it reheats its corona, the fragile crown surrounded by light that emerges brightly during a total eclipse. Crystal rain is a mysterious phenomenon that can only be seen in the universe. The star HOPS-68 is a star that closely resembles the Sun at its inception. Around this star exists a cloud of dust and gas, of which the main component is green olivine crystals. Due to the rather cold temperature of these dust clouds (about -170 degrees Celsius), the olivine crystals condense into small particles and fall like a magically beautiful blue crystal rain. Black holes are one of the great mysteries of the universe. This entity is one where the density of matter is greater than any other entity in the universe. With its huge weight, the black hole can bend time and space and nothing can escape if it accidentally falls into its gravitational field. Astronomers estimate that the Sun will destroy the Earth in about 6 billion years. Several theories about the end of the universe have been put forward. The universe can perish when all matter in the universe has the same temperature. That means all stars will perish and all matter will perish. Another opinion is that an event contrary to the Big Bang, the Big Crunch, will occur. If the universe continues to expand, eventually gravity will become too great, causing everything to contract. The entire universe will become a solid mass and the universe will come to an end. There is a mystery about the moon that has puzzled astronomers for a long time. That’s why only certain parts of the moon’s surface appear to have magnetic fields. But after conducting many tests and analyzing the moon’s surface, scientists believe that the moon once had a magnetic field – about 450 million years ago. Femi bubbles are giant and mysterious structures that arise from the center of the Milky Way and span about 20,000 light-years, accompanied by intense gamma rays and X-rays. Since it was first discovered until now, the Fermi Bubble has caused astronomers around the world a headache because it has not been able to find the origin of this giant gamma-ray structure. Please watch the video: NASA astronauts drop a mirror in space. Source: VTV

Chinese people watch the rocket that sent the Tianwen-1 probe into space. Photo: AP The China National Space Administration (CNSA) announced on May 15 that the Tianwen-1 (Tianwen-1) probe had successfully landed on the surface of the “Red Planet”. “China has left its footprints on Mars for the first time, an important step for our field of space exploration,” Xinhua news agency said. The New York Times reported that since 1976, the US has successfully landed on Mars nine times. The Soviet Union in 1971 became the first country to send a lander to the surface of the Red Planet, but the mission was unsuccessful because the probe then stopped transmitting. Recently, China has continuously recorded new space science achievements. On the morning of April 29, China launched the first module to build its own Space Station (CSS). It seems that to catch up with the US and Russia, China’s ambitions do not stop at Mars and the space station. Moon Dream In January 2019, China was the first country to land a probe on the dark side of the Moon. The dark side can be understood as the night side of the Moon while the other side is observable from Earth due to receiving sunlight and is the day side. This is China’s second successful landing on the lunar surface, the first being in 2013. China is the third country in the world to successfully explore the Moon, after the US and Russia. In December 2020, China sent another probe to the Moon, which is Chang’e-5. On December 16, 2020, the Chang’e-5 spacecraft landed in Inner Mongolia carrying samples from the lunar surface. This is the first time scientists have collected samples from the lunar surface, after the Soviet Luna-24 mission in 1976. Moon samples brought back by Chang’e-5 are on display at the National Museum of China in Beijing. Photo: Getty Images China plans to launch three more spacecraft to the Moon by 2027. Beijing’s goal is to establish a base on the Moon that can be accessed by astronauts within the next decade. In March, the Russian space agency Roscosmos said it would cooperate with China in building a research station on the Moon. However, the two countries have yet to announce the details of this coordination plan. Serious competition The fragmentation of China’s Long March 5B missile falling into the Indian Ocean in May has drawn much criticism from international public opinion. In April, this Long March 5B rocket sent the core module into space to build China’s first space station. In the near future, China plans to carry out 11 more launches to complete the space station by the end of 2022. The International Space Station (ISS) jointly developed by Russia, the US and many countries will “retire” in 2024. It is still unclear what will happen next. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) advocates keeping the ISS operational for a few more years. Russia meanwhile announced it would withdraw from 2025. In the event that the ISS is completely shut down, China will be the only country that owns the space station. Accordingly, the Chinese space station named Thien Cung is expected to be able to host three astronauts operating at the same time. China has selected a team of 18 astronauts, including only one woman. The first three astronauts are expected to spend three months in space. Mars and more Model of China’s first space station. Photo: AP China announced that it plans to make one more Mars landing by 2028 and bring samples from the planet back to Earth for study. NASA and the European Space Agency are also embarking on this work in the hope that the US Perseverance probe, which landed on Mars in February, can bring soil and rock from Mars to Earth by 2031. This is said to be more likely to lead to a race between the parties. China also plans to take 10 years to collect samples from the comet. In addition, the country also intends to set up spacecraft to orbit around Venus and Jupiter. By 2024, China plans to launch a space telescope like the US Hubble, which has been in orbit since 1990. On China Space Day (April 24), President Xi Jinping wrote a letter to senior space scientists, encouraging them to “intensify and expand space exploration and rapidly quickly turn China into a space power.

The book “Forever Life and Life 2” by Professor John Vu – Nguyen Phong. The book was published in the midst of the storm of the 4th pandemic that is spreading to Vietnam’s provinces and cities and many strange events and natural disasters are happening around the world almost simultaneously. Is it a coincidence or the fateful karma of the universe to pay off because of what humans have done? The world is entering a period of many challenges and witnessing catastrophic and traumatic events that have never occurred in human history. The Covid-19 pandemic, climate change, natural disasters, storms and floods, forest fires, potential regional war risks cover people in anxiety and insecurity not understanding what is happening and will happen. With compassion, love and profound enlightenment, Professor John Vu – Nguyen Phong wrote this work to help readers better understand the law of energy, the close relationship between cause and effect, spreading the seeds of awakening and healing, and providing alarming analysis of humanity’s future in a very special planetary cycle. Following Thomas’s strange lives in the mighty civilizations of Atlantis and Egypt in volume 1, “Forever Lives 2” is Thomas’ next unprecedented journey on a train through time – no The period stretches from contemporary America, back to the Mesopotamian desert of Assyria to ancient Greece, Persia, and India through the conquests of Alexander the Great. The memory of the heroic warrior Achilles in the legendary siege of Troy, the sudden awakening of the undefeated great emperor when conquering the mysterious country or the mysteries of the tomb of tyrant Qin Shi Huang… The magnificent picture of the human condition has to rotate constantly in the Causal storm of ambition, war, hatred and love throughout the history of the world. Not only are Thomas’ profound lessons on Cause and Effect, “Forever Life 2” also lifts the veil of mystery and explores the endless journey of souls through the realms, the transit station in countless lifetimes. living… All are summed up, logically strung together with a harmonious perspective between spirituality, science, philosophy and the history of civilizations from East to West, from ancient to modern. Through wise conversations, the work also offers a way to transform karma, at the same time, warn of great dangers and changes in the future of humanity as well as sending healing messages. This will be the beginning of a new era with a revolution in mind transformation and also the wisest way to awaken, save each person, save life on the earth, which is on the verge of difficult crises and dangers. measure. The sages have pointed out that the process of awakening begins with each person. And it will not be a hopeless journey if we are both truly aware of the meaning of life and our mission. Whether our future will become better or not is due to the energy from our own thoughts and actions today. One of the profound messages from the book is expressed through the advice of businessman Thomas, encouraging people to discover new life values ​​as well as new knowledge: “In every person’s life, sometimes just need If we dare to ask questions and dare to seek answers, we will enter a journey that completely changes our perception and meaning of life. Because life is a never-ending, endless journey of experience and learning. Every hour that passes, the world produces millions of new things. Those who stop learning and discovering will come to ignorance, conservatism, outdated prejudices.” And he also warned that: “But people everywhere in the world are still very subjective. People live and run by inertia rather than contemplation and awakening. It’s not that they don’t have the time, it’s that they don’t have the grace and courage to wake up. Maybe it’s time for humans to learn their lesson! No other way. We all know that it’s easier to wake up a bankrupt, unemployed, poor person than waking up someone who is arrogant with many layers of thick outer shells – money, fame, position, title, degree, … – while their inner values ​​such as compassion, love and spiritual understanding are mostly empty or too poor.” Author Nguyen Phong shared in the book that everything, big or small, will contribute directly to the present or future life, even to the next life. It is the karma of the previous life that adds our karma to our actions in this life to form a huge complex karmic wheel that does not omit anyone, any country, and does not omit anything. any behavior or thought. When writing “Long live life”, author Nguyen Phong wishes to convey awakening messages and responsible warnings with a compassionate and loving heart for everyone to realize, transformation – like butterflies fluttering intensely to many people Because the end of those pervasive vibrations will create a transformation of consciousness to create a better future for each person and for humanity. Author: Prof. John Vu – Nguyen Phong. Compared to part 1, the richness and breadth of knowledge of “Forever Life 2″ is expanded in many fields to further clarify the universal law of cause and effect, the primordial energy that creates life. existence of all things in the universe, of which man is the most vivid reflection. Author Nguyen Phong asserts: “Human can be likened to a machine operating energy with thoughts, words, and actions. When we think, say, or do anything, we all release a stream of energy into space, it collides with other energies, disrupting the existing balance. So the universe must react in reverse to restore balance. In other words, our thoughts, words, or actions are all energies, or causes, that cause imbalance, so we will encounter the opposite reaction, which is also the result.” Mr. Nguyen Van Phuoc – Founder of First News – Tri Viet, the copyright holder, publisher and also the person directly with the editorial team of “Forever Life 2” for 68 days and nights shared: “I have met him. There were many strange and inexplicable things that had never happened in my previous experience, so Lifelong 2 made me rethink everything, step by step reassemble the connections logically. I believe that the life we ​​have is like a miracle of creation, human beings do not exist alone but there is a great machine of the universe observing and recording every thought, word and action. Even though everything happened a long time ago, although no one knows, it is fully understood by that realm. Similar to this world, there are no secrets, everything is witnessed by heaven and earth. I am sure that “Forever Life” by Professor John Vu – Nguyen Phong, the work of the times, will accompany readers to fully understand and fully explore the world around them, understand the causal energy to truly towards a better life – for the future – and beyond”.

Billionaire Dennis Tito on his return to Earth in May 2001. Photo: CNN CNN channel (USA) reported that billionaire Tito, then 60 years old, spent 20 million USD to realize his dream from a young age. In 1961, before the news that Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space, young Tito set a goal of life. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not in favor of sending ordinary people into space. In 1991, not long after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Mr. Tito started negotiations with Moscow about going to space by “paying for tickets”. Tito recalls: “In the late 1990s, the Russians wanted more funding for the space program. So I realized I could find them.” On April 28, 2001, the Soyuz spacecraft was launched into space in Kazakhstan with 3 crew members including billionaire Tito and two Russian cosmonauts. Billionaire Tito then spent 8 days living on the ISS. Two decades later, billionaire Tito still vividly remembers: “The pencils flew and I could observe both the darkness of the universe as well as the curve of the Earth. I feel so relieved. It was the best time of my life, achieving my life goals… I hope that others experience the same wonderful things I have.” Since billionaire Tito’s space trip every year, only a few other tourists have had a similar experience. However, some US companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are betting on space tourism with the goal of making this form not too far away. These people all chose the space tourism program of the company Space Adventures, which uses Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft to ferry passengers to the ISS. Since 2009, the space tourism program of Space Adventures has ceased to exist because the US Space Shuttle program is “retired” and only Russia’s Soyuz is the vehicle to carry astronauts to and from the ISS. However, a representative of Space Adventures said that once there is competition in the space tourism market, there will be price competition and in the future there will be many units participating in this field. Space Adventures maintains cooperation with the Russian space agency, and they are studying the possibility of a Soyuz launch to the ISS by 2023 with a program to create opportunities for tourists to walk in space. In addition, Space Adventures is planning a space tour in late 2021 via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. NASA contributed funds to develop Crew Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner space capsule. However, both of these companies are privately owned and therefore have the right to sell seats on their spacecraft to anyone who can afford it. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon ship. Photo: CNN NASA has also changed its stance on space tourism since billionaire Tito’s historic trip. In 2019, NASA announced plans to open the ISS to visitors. Former NASA astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman, who now works in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, considers Tito’s 2001 trip to mark the “beginning of a new era” of space tourism”. Mr. Jeffrey A. Hoffman expects that the cost of space tourism will decrease as demand increases. He says that the main obstacle to space tourism is safety concerns. In 2014, a pilot was killed during a test flight of Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo spacecraft. In addition, there have been records of rockets of SpaceX and Blue Origin – a company owned by Jeff Bezos, exploding during testing, fortunately no one was injured. According to the former astronaut, there is always an accident risk with air travel, but “a consistent safety record” will help this form of travel grow. May 2020 marks the first private spacecraft to launch NASA astronauts into space. It’s SpaceX’s Crew Dragon. The company expects by the end of 2021 to use Crew Dragon for a program exclusively for ordinary people with a price of 50 million USD per seat. SpaceX also hopes to plan a spacecraft called Starship to bring Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maeza and a group of artists to the Moon in 2023. In 2019, an American company called Gateway Foundation announced plans for a hotel project operating in the lower Earth’s atmosphere.

Model of China’s first space station at the 2010 exhibition in Zhuhai city. Photo: Kin Cheung / Associated Press China has now achieved what the US and the Soviet Union did before: a successful landing on Mars. After orbiting the planet since February, the Tianwen 1 rover sent a vehicle to land on the surface of Mars. The probe will join three NASA spacecraft that are surveying Mars. China’s Mars mission may seem less appealing than NASA’s latest mission, because it’s essentially repeating the feats Americans achieved decades ago. But it represents another milestone in China’s ambitions to transform itself into a “space power,” as President Xi Jinping announced in April. Many potential milestones lie ahead. Conquer the Moon In January 2019, China became the first country to land a probe on the dark side of the Moon. This is China’s second successful moon landing, after one in 2013. At that time, China sent a rover on the lunar surface and it is still operating to this day, far exceeding the initial 3 month expectation. In late April, it roamed nearly half a mile from its starting point in the Von Kármán crater near the moon’s south pole, according to Chinese television. In December 2020, China sent another spacecraft to the Moon. It shoveled nearly 2kg of rock back to Earth. This is the first lunar specimen since those collected by the Soviet Union during the Luna 24 mission in 1976. Some samples are on display in Beijing. China names its lunar probes Chang’e with serial numbers. Three more will hit the road in 2027, with more flying probes and even 3D printing trials in space. These missions aim to lay the groundwork for a Moon base and astronaut visits in the 2030s. To date, only the US Apollo program has sent people to the Moon. In March, Russia’s space agency Roscosmos said it would work with China to build a lunar research station, though it did not give details of any joint plans. Enemy space station China’s launch of the main module for its latest orbiting space station in April attracted more international attention than expected for unwarranted reasons. After reaching orbit, the main booster fell ominously back to Earth: “uncontrolled re-entry”. Debris landed in the Indian Ocean in May, nearly losing the Maldives and sparking criticism over how China carried out its heaviest rocket launch, the Long March 5B. More similar cases will continue. This is the first of 11 missions needed to build China’s third and most ambitious space station by the end of 2022. Two more Long March 5B rockets carry additional modules and new ones. Variations with smaller parts. Next June will have four missions to be carried out, sending Chinese astronauts back into space after more than four years. Watch the launch of the rocket carrying the Mars probe Tianwen 1 in Wenchang, China. Photo: AP China’s first two space stations are short-lived prototypes, but the station is intended to be operational for a decade or so. The International Space Station, jointly developed by the US, Russia and other countries, is nearing the end of its expected life cycle in 2024. What happens after that remains unclear. NASA has proposed keeping the station operational for several more years; Russia has announced it intends to withdraw its troops by 2025. If the station is shut down, China could be the only country with a space station for a while. This Thien Cung station will be able to accommodate 3 astronauts for long-term missions and 6 astronauts for shorter periods. China has chosen a team of 18 astronauts, some of them civilians (only one is a woman). The first three are expected to spend three months in space, surpassing the 33-day record set by Chinese astronauts in 2016. Hao Chun, director of China’s manned space agency, told the press that astronauts from other countries would be allowed to visit, under the docking mechanism “in line with China’s standards”. “. Some foreign astronauts are prepared to learn Mandarin. Conquer Mars The Mars mission is trying to achieve feats that NASA has achieved for many years. The Tianwen 1 spacecraft has reached orbit around the planet and has now safely brought one to the surface. The Soviet Union was the first country to send a spacecraft to Mars in 1971, but seconds after touching down, the lander stopped communicating, possibly due to a sandstorm. It transmits an incomplete or undecipherable image. Since then, several other countries’ attempts to reach the surface have failed. Only the US has succeeded in landing on Mars. China tried to send an orbiter to Mars in 2011, but the Russian rocket carrying it failed to get out of orbit and both crashed back to Earth. China’s Tianwen Orbiter has surveyed Mars and its landing site, Utopia Planitia, a large basin in the northern hemisphere where NASA’s Viking 2 landed in 1976. The Zhurong rover is named after a position. god of fire, will conduct a number of experiments studying the topography, geology and atmosphere of the planet. China says it plans to send a second lander to Mars in 2028 and eventually return samples from the planet to Earth. That’s a goal NASA and the European Space Agency are hoping to achieve by 2031. China’s mission could happen this decade, setting up a potential race. In addition to the Mars mission, China is planning a 10-year mission to collect samples from an asteroid that passed by the comet. Simultaneously in orbit for Venus and Jupiter. In 2024, they plan to launch a telescope with an orbit similar to Hubble, which was first launched in 1990. Hoang Thanh ( According to the New York Times)

According to Pentagon French speaker Mike Howard, fragments of the 5B Truong Chinh missile, with a length of more than 30 meters and a weight of 22 tons, is expected to fall back into the atmosphere “around May 9”, at the same time. added that the US Space Command is closely monitoring the missile’s trajectory. Using data from the US military, Space Track predicts fragments of the missile will fall between 1:44 a.m. and 4 a.m. on May 9 (international time). Space Track also noted that because it was impossible to determine the correct time of the fall, locating the falling point of the debris is very difficult, but confirmed that it will continuously update the missile wreck’s location through its website. Chinese Truong Chinh 5B missile. Photo: CNN “Risk is possible, there will be some damage but quite small, not insignificant, but the ability to affect people is extremely small” – astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell of the University Harvard (USA), stated. The European Space Monitoring and Monitoring Agency (EU SST) has predicted a “risk zone” includes “any part of the Earth’s surface, including almost all of the Americas, Africa and Australia. , parts in southern Asia (Japan) and Europe such as Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece “. The extent of the debris’s influence is such a result of the rocket debris’s dizzying rate, even small effects during the fall can dramatically change its trajectory. . “We expect the debris to reappear sometime between May 8 and May 10,” said McDowell. However, as explained by Harvard astrophysicist, the oceans are still the safest place to bet for debris to land, as seas occupy 70% of the Earth’s surface area. China successfully launched the space station’s core module into space with the Truong Chinh 5B rocket, on April 29. Photo: REUTERS Earlier, on May 7, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed that most of the debris from the missile would burn when it falls to Earth and is less likely to cause any harm, CNN said. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Uong Van Ban said Beijing is very focused on bringing the rocket’s upper deck back into the atmosphere: “As far as I know, this missile uses a special design. Much of the rocket will be burned and destroyed in the return to atmosphere “. The Beijing government also criticized that the news that the missile unit had fallen out of control and could cause harm was exaggeration by the West. Chinese experts say the situation is nothing to worry about. Fragment of China’s Truong Chinh 5B missile is expected to hit Earth on May 9. Photo: CNN Previously, on April 29, China successfully launched the space station’s core module called Thien Hoa into space with the Truong Chinh 5B boosters from the Van Xuong Spacecraft Launch Center in Hainan Province. This is one of the steps for the country to complete its mission of setting up its own space station, a key effort in China’s plan to master space, probe the Moon, and even Mars. But instead of falling to a predetermined place in the sea like the rockets before, the central stage of the Truong Chinh 5B boosters began to rotate around the globe in a state of out-of-control, according to CNN. Dropping debris from Chinese missile launches to Earth is not uncommon in China. In May 2020, the core of the first Truong Chinh 5B rocket crashed on Ivory Coast, damaging a number of buildings, luckily causing no injuries.

However, an incident later occurred when the core of a missile weighing up to 20 tons lost control and fell back to the ground at an extremely high speed. According to forecasts by both the US space agency (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) at that time, the missile is likely to fall on May 8-10 – and currently the latest forecasts show. It will fall on May 9. Missile Truong Chinh 5B. Description: Thanh Luan Its location is a densely populated place or falls into the sea or uninhabited area is still a big question mark, so this event attracts the attention of most of the world’s major powers. . But many experts advise people in the countries concerned that “should not be too worried”. Specifically, sharing his opinion with CGTN channel on May 8, according to expert Zhang Xiaotian working at the School of Astronaut, Beihang University, told CGTN: “ As for the missile’s return to the ground, we need it to fall into a predetermined safe zone and there are many measures to achieve this goal such as choosing the launch location, controlling the brake. degrees at different stages “. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Uong Van Ban also said that the ability of fragments or missile cores to fall to the ground is extremely low because the missile is designed with special technology. . The Hindustantimes Indian newspaper quoted the Paris-PSL Observatory astronomer Florent Delefie as saying: “ The chance of the debris falling in an inhabited area is very low, with the probability of 1 in 1 million “. Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard, in an interview on Space.com even said that the probability of a personal danger being hit by a piece of paper is just 1 in many billions of possibilities. “The chance of someone getting hurt is probably 1% and the chance of you getting hurt is 8 billion times smaller than that, so don’t worry about it.” Even so, McDowell also criticized China for its somewhat irresponsible actions: “Usually, after the missile completes its mission, the engine will be reactivated and dropped into the ocean or inhabited place, so the damage is very little. However, China did not do that,” he said. they put rockets in orbit and then set them free. “ Theverge quoted Dan Oltrogge – founder of Space Safety Coalition as well as leading expert at Commercial Space Operations Center expressed optimism about the missile core will fall into the sea. He said: “Most of the Earth’s surface is covered with water (70%), so there is almost no danger, the chance of it falling into a residential area is not zero but there would be little to worry about if it does. fell into the ocean “. “The chance of anyone getting hit by debris is very low, extremely low”, he stressed . Have there been instances of missile debris hit causing significant injury? In fact, in more than six decades since humans put their first satellite into the air, there have been no cases of debris hitting people causing significant injuries, according to Stijn Lemmens, an expert at Mechanical European Space Agency. The likelihood of falling into the residential area of ​​the Truong Chinh 5B missile core is very low. Photo: Bulletin The China Space Agency, the main unit responsible for this incident, still keeps information related to the missile secret, so it is still possible to estimate the specific drop position of the missile core. a big question. Most recently, they just made an official announcement. This is not the first case of a Chinese space object losing control, before in 2018, a space station named Thien Cung 1 weighing 8 tons also lost control and fell back to the ground. but no one was injured. Articles translated from sources: Space, CGTN, Hindustantimes, Theguardian

The scene of the launch of the Truong Chinh – 5B missile in Hainan on April 29 (Photo: Tan Hoa commune). According to the Hong Kong news site the East On May 9, China’s Office of Construction to put people into space on Sunday morning said that fragments of the end-propeller compartment of the Truong Chinh – 5B (CZ-5B) rocket launched by China from the Van Xuong launch site, Hainan will return to the atmosphere at 9:12 am on the same day (Hanoi time); the area in which it re-entered the atmosphere lies above 28.38 ° east longitude and 34.43 ° north latitude, in the Mediterranean sky. The European Union’s Center for Space Monitoring and Monitoring (EUSST) had previously predicted that the rest of the missile bay would return to the atmosphere at 2:32 a.m. GMT on Sunday (9:32 a.m. Internal on Sunday), with an error of adding or subtracting 139 minutes. According to EUSST, the probability of a missile fragment falling in densely populated areas is very low, but it can still happen uncertain due to the object’s uncontrolled. Thien Ha module of 100m3 capacity was launched by missile into space. American company Aerospace Corporation again stated that missile fragments will fall to the ground at 3:30 am UTC on Sunday (ie 10:30 am Hanoi time) with an error of plus or minus 4 o’clock. Actual drop times may vary. The Truong Chinh – 5B missile was launched into space by China on April 29 to bring the 100m3 Thien Hoa core module into orbit, this part will be the place for 3 astronauts to live and live on the Air Station. the Chinese Heavenly Palace. The launch of the core module is the first of the 11 missions required to complete the installation of a space station. The carrier was successfully put into orbit, but the rocket’s propulsion chamber lost control and fell back to Earth. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, the fragment of the missile will catch fire when it enters the atmosphere, so the potential for harm is extremely low. The missile falls down (all brown parts and 2 support chambers) with the trajectory of the debris moving around Trac Dat. Black dot is the falling point predicted by Aerospace on May 8 (Image: UDN). However, there has been controversy surrounding the rocket’s falling back to Earth. The US Army Space Command said on May 4 that they “are closely monitoring and reporting to the public the location of the missile debris. It is currently impossible to determine where it fell to Earth. Asked during a press conference on May 6 whether the US shot down fragments of Chinese missiles, US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin said: “We expect it to fall where it will not cause it. casualties; hope it will fall into the ocean or the like “and said the US” has no plans to shoot it down “. During a press conference at the White House on May 5, when asked: “If the Chinese missile fragments cause harm to the US, will the US claim compensation,” White House spokesman Jen Psaki said: “No. it’s time to discuss this. We are tracking its position through Space Command and hopefully not in the end. ” “The US pays attention to solving the problem of space junk caused by increased activities in space,” she emphasized. The US hopes to cooperate with the international community to promote responsible behavior in the space. Photo of debris caught fire while crossing Italy on the night of May 8 (Photo: virtualtelescope.eu). Meanwhile, the Chinese side accused the Western media of overstating the fact that their missiles “lost control” and could cause great damage. According to the Reuters , sheet Global Times China’s claim that reports of the missile “out of control” and can cause damage are just “Western hype”. The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs believes that the probability of harm caused by this process is extremely low. Mr. Uong Van Ban, spokesperson for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs on May 7, when answering questions from reporters during a regular press conference, said that international practice allows rockets to enter the atmosphere to throw and destroy. He said: “As far as I know, this missile applies a special engineering design, most of the parts will be worn out and destroyed during the return, potentially harmful to cargo operations,” he said. zero and above ground is extremely low; The relevant authorities will promptly notify the outside situation ”. The Chinese rocket propulsion chamber fell down before (Image: weibo). The Chinese side is very interested in monitoring the reintegration of the missile debris atmosphere, but declined to answer questions about where it was expected to fall, said Uong Van Ban; instead, he advised reporters to “consult the relevant agencies”. However, the National Aerospace Bureau of China did not respond to relevant questions from reporters Bloomberg . Since the US Skylab space station was out of orbit and crashed into Western Australia in 1979, most space programs have tried to avoid sending large missiles into orbit, because in this case Their return to Earth will be difficult to predict. According to the news of The Guardi This uncontrolled China Changzheng-2B missile compartment is 30 meters long, 5 meters wide and weighs 21 tons, it could become one of the largest space debris falling to the ground. Photo of Truong Chinh – 5B rocket propulsion compartment falling on May 6 (Photo: virtualtelescope.eu) This missile compartment is currently freely acrobatic around Earth, is about to enter the lower atmosphere, and is expected to fall uncontrollably down to Earth. Its orbital tilt is 41.5 degrees, meaning that areas of the Earth in the range from the north like Chicago, New York, Rome, Beijing, Hanoi and south to New Zealand, Chile are all on the Road moves and may fall. Although scientists expect that most of the debris will be burned and destroyed as it enters the atmosphere, there are still some that will fall to different places on earth, these parts include a metal and glass numbers have not been burned. Some scientists believe that it is irresponsible for China to let the missile debris return to Earth uncontrollably. “They (China) are responsible,” said Paulo Lozano, director of the Space Thrust Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). They either did not provide enough information or did enough work during the design process to prevent the space object from returning uncontrollably back to Earth. I think that’s very important …. Hope they won’t fall on land, especially in public places, the consequences will be very bad. ” Lozano said that almost all missile launches in the US require a second stage. During this phase, the engine will restart to bring the missile back to earth in an area that does not have any. designated person. However, the Truong Chinh – 5B missile does not have this design. According to Jonathan Black, director of the Maritime and Aviation Systems Laboratory at Virginia Tech, the technology has been in use for the past ten years. Although the Truong Chinh – 2B missile was just launched in late April, its technology is still decades ago. Scientists speculate that the high cost may be the reason China is not adopting new technologies. The propellant compartment of the Chinese missile fell to Guangxi province before (Image: weibo). Harvard astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell criticizes China for being negligent in this regard, not letting objects heavier than 10 tons fall to Earth from space. He said potentially dangerous debris may not be completely burned when returned to the atmosphere at supersonic speeds, but the probability of falling into the sea is higher because 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by Ocean. However, Mr. McDowell told Reuters that it was still possible that missile debris could fall on the ground; can even fall in densely populated areas, like fragments of another Truong Chinh-5B rocket that crashed on Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in May 2020, destroying many buildings, But luck did not cause any casualties. Follow the latest information from the page the East at 11:33 a.m.: The China Space Construction Office announced: fragments of the last compartment of the missile carrying Truong Chinh -5B returned to the atmosphere at 10:24 am. The fall zone was located at 72.47 ° east longitude and 2.65 ° north latitude over the Indian Ocean near the Maldives, most of the equipment was burned down during the reintegration of the atmosphere.

People in Brazil are examining the debris believed to have belonged to a European spacecraft in 2014. Photo: Getty. Sea of ​​Japan (also known as East Sea) The phenomenon of debris falling from space falling to the ground and causing damage was first recorded in 1969. That year, Japanese diplomats informed the United Nations of an unknown object from the falling space. Down and collide with Japanese cargo ships moving off Siberia (Russia). The collision caused serious injuries to 5 crew members. Shortly after, Soviet ships appeared at that time looking for debris. Japanese officials said the debris was identified by experts as part of the Soviet spacecraft. However, this information was initially kept private by Tokyo because it did not want to create conflicts with Moscow, according to the report AP . State of the Northwest Territories, Canada The danger of an object from space became apparent in 1978, when Cosmos 954, a satellite powered by the atomic energy of the Soviet Union, fell to Earth. The incident caused radioactive debris to spread throughout the Northwest Territories, Alberta, and Canada’s Saskatchewan province. After the incident, the Canadian government organized a large-scale “Morning Light Campaign” to search for tiny pieces of radioactive material falling on the arctic tundra. The cost for this campaign is nearly 14 million CAD (equivalent to 11.5 million USD). A fragment of satellite Cosmos 954. Photo: United States Department of Energy. Canada demanded that the Soviet Union compensate at the time for CAD 6 million ($ 5 million), but Moscow ended up paying only half of that amount. State of West Australia, Australia In 1979, Skylab – the first space station of the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) – crumbled while returning to Earth’s atmosphere. The incident caused many debris to fall throughout the farm town of Esperance in West Australia, Australia. The Skylab space station was photographed by the last crewman before falling apart on July 11, 1979. Photo: NASA. “It’s the best fireworks display you’ll ever see,” described Brendan Freeman, a retired farmer. ABC . The debris did not cause great damage, but for fun, the town authorities Esperance wrote a $ 400 fine letter to NASA for littering. NASA did not pay the fines, possibly out of fear of setting a negative precedent. By 2009, a DJ in the city of Barstow, California (USA) called to raise funds and bring fines to pay the town of Esperance. Lakeport, California, USA An early weekend in 1987, a retired aircraft mechanic living in a town near Mendocino National Forest, in northern California, heard gun-like noises outside the bedroom window. After searching, he discovered a scorched metal piece longer than 2 meters in the alley next to the house. Analysts at the US Air Force determined this object was most likely a piece of debris falling from a Soviet missile. This missile has previously been seen flying across the sky while being burned and dropped to Earth. “It’s interesting because things like that don’t happen around here very often,” said Maggie Pickle, the mechanic’s neighbor. AP . Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Lottie Williams held up a piece of debris that fell on her shoulder from a US Delta II rocket in 1997. Photo: Tulsa World. One morning in 1997, Lottie Williams was walking with friends in Tulsa city park when he saw something like a comet across the sky. The object fell on Mrs. Williams’ shoulder, but the force of the impact was very light, almost insensitive. The object identified by the scientists was most likely a piece of the US Delta II rocket. Fragments are kept by Mrs. Williams as a souvenir. “I must be very lucky for the debris to be so light. It was one of the strangest things that ever happened to me, ”Mrs. Williams told NPR in the interview many years later. Eastern region of Texas and Louisiana, USA In 2003, the American space shuttle Columbia collapsed while returning to the atmosphere, killing seven astronauts on board. Where the wreckage of the space shuttle hit the ground, temporary memorials were built for the crew. Rural residents along the Texas-Louisiana border reported seeing debris from the ship fell into a water storage tank or through the roof of a dental office. Someone even tried to sell a piece of fragment on an eBay e-commerce site for $ 10,000. Finally, 84,000 pieces of debris from the ship in distress were collected after extensive searches in swamps, forests, and grasslands. These debris were used to rebuild the ship and identify the cause of the disaster. Ivory Coast In May 2020, another Chinese 5B Truong Chinh missile also crashed on Earth. The missile was initially thought to have crashed into the Pacific Ocean, but some people reported hearing ultrasonic explosions and seeing metal debris falling from the sky. This shows that some parts of the Truong Chinh 5B missile fell in the village of Mahounou, on the Ivory Coast. China’s Truong Chinh 5B missile launch in late April in Hainan province. Photo: Getty. However, there were no reports of human casualties following the incident. The discovery of tube fragments longer than 12 m also seems to help this area get more attention. Grant County, Washington State, USA The most recent cosmic waste incident happened just over a month ago, when a private aerospace company SpaceX rocket exploded over the Pacific Northwest. The explosion created a “light show,” which caused some at first to mistake it for a meteor shower, according to the report The Verge . A piece of equipment from the missile crashed on a farm in Washington state, leaving a mark more than 12 cm deep on the ground, The Verge reporting. A similar object was also discovered by fishermen off the coast of Oregon a few days later, but authorities have not confirmed whether this is debris from the SpaceX missile or not.

4 astronauts returning aboard Space X’s Crew Dragon spacecraft from the International Space Station crashed safely in the Gulf of Mexico, near Panama City at 2:56 a.m. on May 2 (US time). ABCNews reported that the ship left the space station at 20:35 on May 1 after bad weather at the place fell, causing the crew to delay their return twice. But upon landing on target, the spacecraft marked the first night-time fall of an American crew flight in 53 years. The last time was the Moon mission aboard NASA’s Apollo 8 on December 27, 1968. “Dragon, on behalf of NASA and SpaceX, we welcome you back to Earth. For those of you who study in our regular pilot program, you’ve earned 68 million miles (about 109 million kilometers).” on this trip, “a SpaceX crew operations and resource engineer told the Crew-1 astronauts after the spacecraft crashed. “It’s good to be back on Earth,” replied NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins, Crew-1 mission commander. Crew Dragon ship was launched from November 2020. Photo: NASA. Crew-1 marks SpaceX’s second crew flight to the space station and the first to last in six months. The ship was launched into orbit on November 15, 2020. Before that, in May 2020, a test flight of Crew Dragon was also made and lasted for 2 months, bringing 2 astronauts to the international space station. Although SpaceX’s third crew mission has already kicked off, today’s return marks the second crew’s success for the show. That third flight, known as Crew-2, won’t land until later this year. According to information from ABCNews, the Crew Dragon spacecraft has been nicknamed Resilience by astronauts. In addition to captain Mike Hopkins, the ship also carries other NASA astronauts Victor Glover and Shannon Walker and astronaut Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aviation Exploration Agency (JAXA). Steve Stitch, NASA’s Commercial Crew Program Manager said in live commentary: “Certified vehicles land during the day or at night, so there is no problem with the vehicle itself. And we practiced with recovery groups to land during the day or at night. Steve Stitch added that the process went smoother compared to the recovery of the Demo-2 crew back in August 2020, when NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken met a small private fleet. . This time, SpaceX and the Coast Guard have tweaked safety procedures to ensure no civilians get too close to the compartment, in case it leaks fuel. “All four crew members are doing very well. You rarely wake up on the space station and go to bed in Houston … Orbital mechanics and weather don’t always work well, but today.” now they have done so, “NASA Flight Manager Holly Ridings said at a press conference after the Crew Dragon landed safely. NASA’s director of human exploration, Kathy Lueder, recounted the radio station’s moment of silence as the Crew Dragon plunged through Earth’s atmosphere: “Astronauts are only anxious when experiencing a blackout – And it’s nice to hear Mike’s voice “… Four astronauts escaped from the hold with the help of medical staff, before returning to shore to catch a NASA plane back to the agency’s headquarters in Houston, Texas. 4 astronauts (from left to right): Shannon Walker, Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins and Soichi Noguchib inside the Crew Dragon. Photo: NASA According to CNN’s information, since leaving Florida in November last year, four astronauts Mike Hopkins, Victor Glover, Shannon Walker and Soichi Noguchi have had 167 days on the International Space Station – laboratory. The scientific experiment orbits the Earth 250 miles above Earth, which has been home to international crews of astronauts for more than two decades. The return of the four astronauts was originally scheduled for April 28, but was delayed due to strong winds in the area. Crew Dragon, also known as Resilience, is SpaceX’s second spaceship. The ship’s resilience broke the record for the longest serving US spacecraft ever docked on the International Space Station and surpassed the 84-day record of the Skylab 4 crew in 1974. Crew Dragon’s first landing took place in August 2020 on a Demo-2 mission, bringing NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley back from space after a two-month test mission. Before the landing, the second crew of NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, astronaut JAXA Akihiko Hoshide and astronaut Thomas Pesquet of the European Space Agency were also launched to the Space Station. international post. That means crew 1 has a period of 1 week overlapping in orbit with crew 2. The second quartet of Shane Kimbrough, Megan McArthur, Akihiko Hoshide and Thomas Pesquet will remain in orbit until fall, when the 3rd crew enters space to take their place. Support crews were immediately present around the Crew Dragon vessel area that landed in the Gulf of Mexico early May 2 morning. Photo: NASA The first commercial spaceship SpaceX is one of two commercial companies contracted with NASA to fly astronauts in space. Space X’s Crew Dragon spacecraft can carry up to 7 astronauts and Cargo Dragon; was designed to be launched from the top of the Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket and returned to Earth via a crash into the sea. Unlike its predecessors, this spacecraft can be attached to the International Space Station instead of being anchored. Crew Dragon is equipped with an integrated launch escape system (LES) capable of accelerating a spacecraft from an emergency launch missile with an acceleration of 11.8 m / s2 (39 ft / s2), made using a set of four side-mounted thrusters with two SuperDraco engines on each side. The spacecraft has redesigned solar panels and revised outer mold lines compared to the original Dragon, and also has new aircraft computers and avionics systems. As of March 2020, four Crew Dragon spacecraft have been produced. Crew Dragon serves as one of two spacecraft slated to transport crews to and from the International Space Station under NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, the other being the Boeing CST-100 Starliner. . It is also expected to be used in US space travel company Space Adventures flights and transporting tourists to and from Axiom Space’s planned space station. Crew Dragon’s first drone test flight took place in March 2019, and the first crewed flight with astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley took place in May 2020. The two astronauts Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins in the Crew Dragon. Photo: NASA This test flight marks the first time that a private company has launched a crewed orbital spacecraft. Cargo Dragon is expected to deliver cargo to the International Space Station under a Commercial Supply-2 Service contract with NASA, along with Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems’ Cygnus spacecraft and Sierra Nevada Corporation’s Dream Chaser spacecraft. . Cargo Dragon’s first flight is launched in December 2020. On November 10, 2020, the Crew Dragon, comprising the Falcon 9 missile and related ground systems, was fully certified by NASA as the first commercial spacecraft system in history to be capable of maneuvering. transfer people to and from the International Space Station. Initially, the company intended to let Crew Dragon land on land using the LES engine, with parachutes and ocean falls as options available in case of the incident, a Space X representative told reporters. Launch is canceled. Precise landing on water with a parachute has been proposed to NASA as Crew Dragon’s “method of returning to the atmosphere and fundamentally restoring the first few flights”. The forced landing was subsequently canceled, making parachuting the only option. By 2011, Paragon Space Development Corporation had been supporting the development of the Crew Dragon life support system. In 2012, SpaceX was in talks with Orbital Outfitters about developing space suits to wear during launch and return to the atmosphere. Each crew member wears their own custom fitted space suit. The suit is primarily designed for use inside the Dragon, and in the case of the fast depressurization cabin, this suit may protect crew members. The suit can also cool astronauts during normal flight. At a NASA press conference on May 18, 2012, SpaceX confirmed their target launch price for the Crew flights to be $ 160 million, equivalent to about $ 23 million per seat capacity. Crew up to 7 people on board and NASA orders at least 4 Dragon Crew flights per year. This contrasts with the 2014 Soyuz launch price of $ 76 million per seat for NASA astronauts. The design of the Crew Dragon spacecraft was officially announced on May 29, 2014, during a press event at SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California. In October 2014, NASA selected the Crew Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to bring American astronauts to the International Space Station, according to NASA’s Commercial Crew program.

Astronaut in space. Illustration. Many plans have been proposed, such as “launch” ill-fated astronauts into space, burial on Mars, even used as food for the crew. If there is a problem on the flight itinerary We are entering an exciting space era, in which many hope human’s first step on the surface of Mars will not be far away. However, as SpaceX CEO Elon Musk once said, “If you want to go to Mars, prepare for death.” About 21 astronauts have been killed since humans first set foot on a spacecraft and flew into space 60 years ago. According to experts, the death toll will inevitably increase as space agencies prepare for missions to send humans to Mars. To get to the Red planet, astronauts spend at least seven months living inside a cramped spaceship, traveling long distances, deep. If they survive this journey, they will have to endure the harsh environment of the Martian world. When a crew member dies while on a mission, it will take months, even years, for their bodies to be brought back to Earth. This situation raises a question: What happens to the body of a dead person in space? NASA does not have procedures to handle corpses in space because the astronauts selected for the mission are guaranteed physical and mental health. However, researchers around the world have thought of this situation and proposed measures to handle when an astronaut accidentally dies. During the mission on the journey to Mars, can the astronaut’s body be placed in cold storage or freeze-dried until the spacecraft returns to Earth? The process of freezing drying in space is much different from that on Earth. On Earth, people would use liquid nitrogen to freeze bodies, but in space, a robotic arm would hang the body wrapped in a bag on the outside of a spacecraft. The body will freeze for an hour, become brittle, then the arm will shake, breaking into small pieces. This process will theoretically turn an astronaut weighing 90kg into a mass of only 22kg, which can be stored on a spaceship for many years. But if this freeze-drying isn’t an option, the crew can send off their deceased companion to stay forever in the vast universe. Catherine Conley of NASA’s Office for the Protection of the Planet told Popular Science: “At the moment, there are no specific guidelines in the plan to protect the planet, either at the NASA level or internationally, regarding” bury “a deceased astronaut by throwing the body into space”. The solution of releasing the dead into space seems to be the easiest option, the body will stay on the spacecraft’s journey and linger on the place where it was released. And if more missions choose this approach, future spacecraft heading towards Mars will likely collide with many corpses. The robotic arm holds the dead body in space waiting to freeze. Illustration. Bad situation going to Mars If you are lucky enough to survive on a journey that lasts approximately 7 months and reach Mars, astronauts will face new challenges that threaten their survival, radiation. Previous data showed that Mars is 700 times more contaminated with radiation than Earth. Radiation can alter the cardiovascular system, damage the heart, harden and narrow the arteries, or remove some of the cells in the lining of blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular disease and may end with the death of the astronaut. In this case, burial on Mars would be necessary, but NASA has strict laws about contaminating other planets from microorganisms on Earth. NASA scientist Conley told Popular Science: “Regarding the disposal of organic matter (including corpses) on Mars, we are not imposing any restrictions as long as all are eliminated. microorganisms on Earth. So it is necessary to cremate ”. However, not every dead astronaut can be buried, but in some emergency situation, such as when the remaining crew runs out of food and in order to survive, the corpse of the human. The team can help them sustain life on their way back to Earth. It sounds barbaric, but there has been such a case in the past, when a plane crashed into the Andes in 1972. The survivors had no food and no way to communicate with them. outside, so in order to sustain life, to find someone to come and save, they made the difficult decision to eat the dead as soon as the plane crashed. Biologist Paul Wolpe said: “Although we give our bodies a lot of respect, life is everything. If the only way a human could survive was to eat a body, then that would be acceptable, even if no one wanted it.

Works by GS. John Vu – Nguyen Phong wrote in 2017 and completed in early 2020, recording stories and experiences about strange past lives from many past lives of his longtime confidant, Mr. Thomas – a talented businessman. key in New York. These unrevealed stories will help people around the world to contemplate and explore the laws of the Law of Cause and Effect and Reincarnation of the universe in the midst of many crises in the world. daily … With the message throughout “Cause and Effect, don’t wait to see it to believe.” Cause and Effect is the signpost to bring people back to honesty, Lifetime of human life send a positive message: We ourselves will be the one to decide which seed should sprout and bear fruit. It is our thoughts and actions – not anyone else’s – that make up our destiny. Even the future of the world will sub collection Depending on the positive change of each person. “Lifetime of life” practice 2 568 color-printed pages with 40 sub-pages of the specially designed ‘Universal Cause and Effect’, the voice book version on Voiz FM via MC Dong Quan’s voice will be released 30 days later. Following the strange lives of Thomas in the mighty civilization of Atlantis and Egypt in the previous episode, Lifetime of life 2 is Thomas’s next unprecedented journey on a train through time – space stretches from contemporary America, back to the Mesopotamian desert of Assyria to Greece, Persia, and ancient India. the conquests of Alexander the Great. The memory of the heroic warrior Achilles in the legendary Trojan success, the sudden awakening of the undefeated emperor when conquering the mysterious country or the mysteries of the tomb of tyrant Qin Shihuang … painted The great picture of human condition has always been revolving ceaselessly in storms. Causes of ambition, war, hatred and love throughout the history of the world. Not only are Thomas’s profound lessons on cause and effect, Lifetime of life 2 also uncover the mysterious veil and uncover the endless journey of souls through the realms, the transit station for many lifetimes … All are logically summarized and strung together with a harmonious perspective. between spirituality, science, philosophy and history of civilizations from East to West, from ancient to modern. Through wise conversations, works Lifetime of human life Volume 2 also gives a way to transform karma, at the same time warns about the dangers and major upheavals of humanity as well as sends healing messages. This will be the beginning of a new era with the revolution of mind transformation and also the most wise way to awaken, save each person, save the life of the earth on the edge of difficult crises and dangers. measure. The sages have shown that the awakening process begins with each person. And it will not be a hopeless journey if we are truly conscious of our meaning of life and our mission. Whether our future becomes better or not is due to the energy of our own thoughts and actions today. One of the book’s profound messages is expressed through the advice of businessman Thomas, encouraging people to discover new life values ​​as well as new knowledge. : “In every human life, sometimes as long as we dare to ask questions and dare to find answers, we will embark on a journey to completely change the perception and meaning of life. Because life is an endless journey of experience and learning. Every hour that passes, the world produces millions of new things. Those who stop learning and discovering will lead to ignorance, conservativeism and outdated prejudices ”. And he warns: “But people all over the world are still very subjective. One lives and runs after inertia rather than contemplating and awakening. It’s not that they don’t have the time, but that they don’t have the conditions and the courage to wake up. Maybe it’s time people need to learn their lessons! No other way. We all know that it is easier to awaken a person who is bankrupt, unemployed, or poor than it is to awaken the arrogant with many layers of outer shell – money, fame, status, title, diploma, … – while their inner values ​​such as compassion, love and spiritual understanding are mostly empty or too poor ” . Author Nguyen Phong shared in the book that everything, big or small, will contribute directly to the present life or in the future, even to the next life. Those are the karmic karma of the previous life plus our actions in this life to form a huge complex karmic wheel that does not leave out anyone, any country and does not miss out. any behavior or thought. When devoted to writing Lifetime of human life , the author Nguyen Phong wishes to convey awakening messages and responsible warnings with a compassionate, loving heart for everyone to be aware and transform – like butterflies fluttering. paralysis spreads to many people. For the ends of those diffuse vibrations will create a transformation of consciousness for a better future for each person and for humanity. Compared with part 1, the richness and amplitude of knowledge Lifetime of life 2 is extended in many fields to further clarify the law of the cosmic Cause and Effect – the original energy that makes up the existence of all things cosmic that man is the most vivid reflection. Author Nguyen Phong affirms: “Man can be likened to a machine that operates energy by thought, word, and action. When we think, say, or do anything we release a blast of energy into space, it touches other energies, disrupts the existing balance. Therefore the universe must react in reverse to restore balance. In other words, our thoughts, words, or actions are also energies, or causes, that cause imbalance, so we will encounter the opposite reaction, which is also the effect. Mr. Nguyen Van Phuoc, founder of First News – Tri Viet, copyright holder, publisher and direct editor Lifetime of human life 2 throughout 68 days and nights shared: “I have encountered many strange and inexplicable things that have never been in my previous experience. Lifetime of life 2 made me reflect on things, step by step logically reassembled my relationships. I believe that the life we ​​have as a miracle of creation, man does not exist alone but has a great machine of the universe observing, recording every thought, word and action. of us, although everything happened a long time ago, although no one knows, but is fully understood by that realm. Like in this world there is no secret, all witnesses of heaven and earth. I am sure that Lifetime of human life by GS. Nguyen Phong, the work of the era will accompany readers to fully understand and explore the world around them, to understand about Cause and Effect energy to really lead a better life – for the future – and forever. after that”.

Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco. The photo was taken by NASA using the ASTER (a high resolution imaging tool, using technology to measure reflected radiation and heat emission) on NASA’s Terra satellite. The mountain range formed about 80 million years ago, when the African continent and Eurasian continent collided. The mountain range includes diverse components, such as limestone, sandstone, plaster and granite, according to CNN. Qinghai Lake, China’s largest lake, viewed from above through NASA’s EarthKAM lens. Qinghai Lake is located on the Tibetan Plateau, stretching over 4,300 square kilometers and about 25.6 meters deep, according to CNN. Paris, France looks strange when taken from NASA’s Terra satellite. The Empty Quarter Desert, Saudi Arabia. NASA’s EarthKAM captured a beautiful intersection between the suburbs of As Sulayyil Sulayel and the Rub ‘al Khali Desert in Saudi Arabia (Empty Quarter). It is considered the largest uninterrupted sand desert in the world. Grand Canyon is America’s most famous national park, stretching about 446 km. Seen from NASA’s Terra satellite, the red rock patterns in the mountain look like a work of art, according to CNN. Patagonia, Chile. NASA has been using ASTER to keep track of shrinking glaciers. This is a warning of global warming problem. China’s Great Wall, spanning more than 2,000 kilometers, is believed to have been built in the 3rd century BC. This ancient fortress is currently one of the most visited heritage sites in the world. Photo: NASA. The Rio Gurupi, Brazil is part of the Gurupi biological reserve. The river flows through a coastal plain, home to a vibrant ecosystem, including dozens of islets, mangroves, sand dunes, lagoons, lagoons and beaches. Photo: NASA. Danube Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine. As the longest river in Europe, the Danube River winds through 19 countries, including Germany, Austria, Hungary and Ukraine. NASA’s Earth Observatory captured the Danube delta, where the river pours into the Black Sea. This area is recognized by the United Nations as a world heritage site, and as a center of biodiversity, with more than 300 species of birds. Grand Bahama Coast. The image is a deep-water area of ​​Tongue of the Occean – an underwater gorge. Photo: NASA. Andes Mountains in South America through NASA EarthKAM lens. Off the Russian island of Sakhalin taken from NASA’s EarthKAM. St Anthony’s Monastery, Egypt, looks like a red spot between the desert and the Red Sea mountains. St Anthony’s Monastery is the oldest Christian monastery in the world. Photo: NASA. Persian Gulf with famous rivers such as Tigris, Euphrates, Shatt al-Arab and Karun. Photo: NASA. Outback region, Australia. Image taken by NASA EarthKam in the area adjacent to the rocky desert of the Outback region with the edge of a lake.

Space Station Skylab was launched by the US Aerospace Agency (NASA) in 1973. The agency had planned Skylab to operate for at least 10 years, but that did not happen. The sun radiates more energy than expected, increasing Skylab’s pull back to Earth. Image: NASA . On the night of July 11, 1979, Skylab returned to Earth and exploded over the Indian Ocean, west of Australia. Debris from the 85-ton space station is scattered across fields and small towns. Although no one was injured, the town of Esperance (Australia) fined $ 400 to NASA for littering. However, this agency does not pay. Until 2009, a new radio station in California (USA) paid this fine. Photo: State Library of Western Australia. Not only Skylab, there have been many instances where objects from space fell uncontrollably down to Earth. November 10, 2013, satellite GOCE The European Space Agency (ESA) caught fire and plunged into the Atlantic due to running out of fuel a month ago. According to the Space , GOCE is used to map the Earth’s gravity. Previously, scientists were concerned that the 1-ton satellite could fall to the mainland. Image: Space . Atmospheric Research Satellites (UARS) was launched by NASA in September 1991 with space shuttle Discovery to analyze the Earth’s ozone layer. In December 2005, a satellite weighing 6.5 tons, worth $ 750 million, was stopped by NASA before it fell to Earth in September 2011. While most of the satellites were burned, the remaining 532 kg of UARS fell to Canada, Africa, parts of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Image: NASA . NASA launches satellites Pegasus 2 weighed 11.6 tons in 1965 to study asteroids orbiting the Earth. The data was sent back to NASA by Pegasus 2 for about 3 years, then kept on orbit for 11 years. On November 3, 1979, the satellite returned to Earth and then exploded, debris plunging down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Image: NASA . Operated for 9 years from 1971 to 1982, Salyut 7 is the last space station in the Salyut program of the Soviet Union. On February 7, 1991, the 22-ton space station lost control, crashing to Earth after a period of time out of orbit while still connected to the Cosmos 1686 spacecraft. Both burned and exploded in the sky. Argentina, some fragments found in Capitan Bermudez region, no human casualties have been reported. Image: Space Age . On February 1, 2003, space shuttle Columbia exploded in the sky above Texas (USA) when returning to Earth, killing 7 astronauts. Investigations revealed that 82 seconds after the 100-ton ship took off, an insulating foam fell onto the carbon fiber board, puncturing the hull and damaging the body temperature protection while it was in service. speed 28,968 km / h. Although no one on the ground was injured, the Columbia event marked the second deadliest disaster in NASA’s space shuttle program. Image: NASA . Cosmos 954 , the secret satellite of the Soviet Navy used to spy on US nuclear submarines, launched on September 18, 1977 lost control. On January 24, 1978, a 3.8-ton satellite crashed northwestern Canada, causing radioactive debris to scatter over a large area. The Government of Canada asked the Soviet Union to pay $ 6 million for the search and cleanup campaign, but this country only accepted to pay $ 3 million. Image: NASA . On July 27, 2016, a boosters Long March 7 (Truong Chinh 7) China’s free fall, exploding in the American western skies. The image of a missile-generated light trail in the sky is widely shared on the Internet. The Long March missile chain is part of China’s plan to build an outer space station. Image: Matt Holt . Space Station Tiangong 1 (Heavenly Palace 1) China exploded over the southern Pacific on April 1, 2018. The 8-ton space station was launched in 2011, receiving 2 crew from 2012-2013 before completing the mission. In March 2016, China lost contact with Tiangong 1, allowing the space station to fall freely due to the gravity of the Earth. Image: CMSA . SpaceX’s test missile explodes again when it lands on the launch pad SpaceX’s Starship SN9 rocket landed and exploded on 2/2. This is the first phase prototype of a reusable rocket line that will help send people to Mars.