Mariana Mazzucato, a researcher on the economics of innovation and public value, says that the relationship between the state and private enterprise should ideally be a form of “symbiosis” of mutual benefit. Mariana analyzes many aspects of this type in her book “Creating State.” According to her, this relationship requires a smooth “synergy” between the state and the private sector, each promoting the benefits. intrinsic position to become a driving force, creating momentum to contribute to the common development. Interestingly, this scenario has in the past been most apparent in the US. Since the 1950s, the US economy has grown thanks to a combination of three core pillars: computers, microprocessors, and the Internet. The R&D that form each of these pillars stems from a tripartite alliance between government, academia, and private business. The first computers were created with funding from the military, designed and built at the Universities of Pennsylvania and Harvard, and then commercialized by companies like IBM. Likewise, transistors, the building blocks of microprocessors, were invented at Bell Laboratories, and then funded by federal funding for space and space research programs Strategic fire has paved the way for private companies like Intel to figure out how to integrate thousands of transistors onto tiny silica boards to form chips. Finally, everyone knows that the Internet is a product that came from the idea of ​​​​DARPA (the Directing Agency for Advanced Defense Research Projects) and realized through research at universities in conjunction with private contractors like BBN. What’s more, this triple alliance, over the period from the second world war onward, organically and purposefully fused together into a formidable creative machine. An example of this relationship is Vannevar Bust, both the dean of MIT’s School of Engineering and the founder of Raytheon, an important defense contractor, and once a leading figure in scientific management. American military during World War II. When the war ended, Vannevar Bust released a report, “Science, Endless Frontiers,” which called on the government to finance basic research in partnership with universities. and engineering industries. Bush’s report convinced Congress to create a National Science Foundation. From this very beginning, government funding was channeled to universities and private companies. The formation of a triangular relationship between government, industry, and academia in the United States is considered one of the most significant innovations that helped create the technological revolution of the late 20th century. In addition to the National Science Foundation, many federal government agencies become investors and funders of scientific research. In 1965, 23% of government funding for scientific research at universities was provided by the US Department of Defense. The results of these investments were pivotal to America’s postwar economic boom and creative boom. From government orders, research centers of private corporations were formed. A typical example is Xerox PARC of Xerox Corporation, the birthplace of the graphical user interface, an indispensable part of every personal computer today. In addition, there is the formation of “combined public-private” organizations with the support of both the US government, academia and industry such as Stanford Research Institute (SRI) or RAND Corporation, which was originally founded was established to specialize in conducting research and development activities for the US Air Force. The US government also has many programs to sponsor excellent students to train high-quality human resources. It is the Digital Libraries Initiative with funding from the National Science Foundation and collaboration with several other federal government agencies. Among the students who benefit from this program are Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two co-founders of Google. It is easy to understand when American technology corporations, with material support from the government and brains from universities, become giant blocks of magnets attracting future talent from the whole world to Vietnam. America since World War II. Typically the story of the iPhone launched by Apple in 2007. The smart phone that shocked the world, bringing an unprecedented user experience, with a multi-touch screen, Internet access, integrated GPS navigation or virtual personal assistant Siri. Since then, the iPhone has been a golden egg for Apple for 14 consecutive years, making it the first enterprise to reach the $1 trillion mark in 2019. Behind the iPhone is a public-private “triangle alliance” that was started by figures like Vannevar Bush after World War II. For example, Apple’s pioneering multi-touch display on the iPhone stemmed from research by Westerman and Elias at the University of Delaware with government funding, including funded Post-doc programs. from the National Science Foundation and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Multipoint technology was commercialized by Westerman and Elias through the company FingerWork they founded. In 2005, this company was acquired by Apple and then 2 years later the iPhone was born. The Internet is a product of DARPA and GPS has been researched by the US Department of Defense since the 1970s, and so far, although GPS is used for more civilian purposes than military, the US Air Force is still at the forefront. in the maintenance and development of GPS technical infrastructure system, with the average annual budget provided by the US government amounting to more than 700 million USD. Similarly, Siri in the iPhone is an artificial intelligence program that comes from SRI, a “combined public-private” organization. If you want to be great, you cannot help but stand on the shoulders of giants. The US government and its huge, long-term investments are the giants that stretch their shoulders for Apple to rise to the top. However, funding for research and development by the federal government in the United States has been reduced in recent decades, from 1.2 percent of GDP in 1976 to less than 0.8 percent in 2016. 2016. One of the reasons for arguing that the money that the government mobilizes from taxes to invest in R&D will correspondingly reduce the funding that private corporations can invest in these same activities. in a more efficient manner. That is, the government should reduce their direct involvement, but cut taxes, allowing private businesses to freely exercise their creativity. The government withdrew, many private corporations dissolved research units, partly under the pressure of short-term investors demanding a quick return of capital instead of having patience and long-term risk-taking. as long as the previous US federal government. As a result, the US is facing the risk of no longer maintaining the same technological lead gap with its competitors, especially China, where the government invests heavily in science. technology and research and development. America’s success story shows that the federal government plays an irreplaceable role in it, and when that role has been relaxed, the American economic machine has clearly not, or at least If not, find the motivation to recreate the golden age of this country, as the motto of Mr. Donald J. Trump when he ran for the 2016 election. A hot lesson that any government, planner policy cannot be ignored.

Butterfly effect is a term used to describe the chaos theory concept of the sensitivity of the system to the original conditions. Originally used as a purely scientific concept, the butterfly effect has been widely mentioned as a metaphor in contemporary culture, especially works dealing with human relations. fruit or time paradox. Photo: Tagetra Many people believe that everything happens for a reason and nothing by chance. That there are trivial little things, or seemingly insignificant sequence of events, that also affect our future, can make great changes in history and create new destiny. Source In 1961, while simulating a weather prediction on a computer, mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz accidentally entered .506 instead of 0.556127 as intended. This results in weather prediction obtained completely different from the original calculation. He was surprised when the computer gave a prediction that was very different from the original data even though the rounding value was negligible. From this mistake, Lorenz insisted on the tight binding of the physical system to the initial conditions in her speech. Mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz. (Photo: Denviant) According to him, a butterfly flap can cause a change in the original condition of the physical system, causing dramatic changes in weather, even creating a tornado in a remote location. where the butterfly flaps its wings tens of thousands of kilometers. The butterfly effect was published in 1969 by Edward Norton Lorenz with the famous quote “Just one butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil can cause a tornado in Texas.” Butterfly effect in reality Several events are considered by many to be examples of the Butterfly Effect. 1. Drivers on the wrong path leading to World War I On June 28, 1914, the Black hand terrorist group’s plan to assassinate the Crown Prince of Austria – Archduke Franz Ferdinand was unsuccessful. A grenade thrown into the Crown Prince’s car during the visit missed, fell and exploded, injuring two of his entourage. The Crown Prince should have gone back to the hotel, but he insisted on visiting the emergency entourage in the hospital. However, his driver, unfamiliar with the route, turned the wrong way and immediately met Gavrilo Princip, one of the people involved in the previous murder, was sitting at the café beside the road. Immediately, Princip pulled out a gun and shot Prince Franz Ferdinand straight. The assassination triggered World War I. Photo: Internet It is said that, in general, the driver was misbehaving the wrong way, leading to the assassination of the Crown Prince of Austria. As a result, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on the Serbian, leading to a declaration of war on Russia by Germany, drawing Belgium, France and Britain to declare war on Germany. 2. The young man was denied the artist’s dream, becoming a military dictator This is probably the most widely known butterfly effect on this list. In 1905, a young man applied to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, unfortunately for him and for us too, he was rejected twice. That ambitious art student was Adolf Hitler. After he was rejected, he was forced to live in the city’s slums and his anti-Semitism began to flourish. He joined the German army instead of fulfilling his dream of being an artist, which has resulted in historical sites as you know it. 3. The kind soldier spared his enemy’s life, leading to World War II On September 28, 1818, during a fighting between British and German forces in the village of Marcoing (France), Private Henry Tandey saw a German soldier fleeing. Henry Tandey was about to aim when he realized the soldier was injured, he lowered his gun and let the soldier escape. Adolf Hitler. (Photo: Internet) This decision caused the world a tragedy that no one could imagine. The man who escaped death was Adolf Hitler. When World War II broke out, this incident became a psychological burden on Private Henry Tandey. When asked about his act of pardoning Hitler, Henry Tandey expressed regret: “ I don’t know what kind of person that soldier would become. As I watched innocent civilians being killed for Hitler’s atrocities, I asked God to forgive me for letting him live. “. From the decision to spare one’s life on the battlefields of World War I, it resulted in 60 million people dying in World War II. 4. A fictional book costs 900 million dollars to the American economy Photo: Internet In 1907, a stockbroker by the name of Thomas Lawson wrote a book called Friday the 13th which used the superstition of the day to cause panic among the stockbrokers on the Street. Wall. The book was so impactful that at the time, the US economy lost about 900 million dollars on this day because instead of going to work, on vacation, to go shopping, people were at home.