First, it is necessary to consider the operating principle of Shkval. When an object moves in the water, it will create bubbles around it due to its motion, which is the phenomenon of cavitation in nature. The super-cavity is a more special case, when a large air bubble appears and covers the entire object, then the object will almost fly in the air due to the maximum elimination of friction. This is the principle applied on the VA-111 Shkval super-fast torpedo. The VA-111 Shkval was researched in the 1960s as a specialized weapon for attack submarines to fight nuclear submarines and enemy surface ships. On November 29, 1977, the VA-111 Shkval super-cavity torpedo was officially accepted into service in the combat component of the Soviet Navy. Shkval torpedo uses a solid fuel engine, the head is fitted with a special cavity-forming device. It is a thick elliptical piece of metal that is sharpened with an angle of inclination to the longitudinal axis, with a circular cross-section to create an angle of elevation. In fact, a foam generator is not enough, so the torpedo head adds foaming air ducts, the bubbles are generated by a gas booster. This allows to increase the volume of air bubbles and create bubbles that cover the entire torpedo body. The Shkval super-cavity torpedo has a speed of 93 km/h out of the launch tube and up to over 360 km/h when the engine is at full capacity, twice as fast as conventional torpedoes. The warhead of the VA-111 has a weight of 210 kg, enough to break a 10,000-ton destroyer in two with a single shot. However, it should be added that besides the advantages, the VA-111 also has deadly disadvantages, making its use in combat must be carefully considered. Firstly, Shkval’s range is too short, reaching a maximum of only 6,858 m, forcing the submarine to be close to the enemy to be able to strike. This is extremely dangerous because modern warships all have advanced sonar navigation systems and extremely powerful anti-submarine weapons. Second, it is the super-cavity technology that creates superior speed that makes the torpedo unable to establish two-way communication, when the radio signal is blocked from the outside, unable to penetrate the air bubbles. The torpedo relies on estimating target coordinates prior to launch, and its maneuverability is also extremely poor, as a sharp turn would break the supercavity bubble. Third, the secrecy of the Shkval torpedo is completely absent, because it creates extremely loud noises and forms a line of bubbles floating on the water that is easy to observe. Finally, the unit price of the Shkval torpedo is said to be significantly higher than the older generation types, while the advantages are not yet outstanding. For the above reasons, guided torpedoes such as TEST-71 or Type 53-65 combined with Kalibr cruise missiles will give modern submarines a higher combat capability, especially without tethering. it faces dangerous situations like when carrying the VA-111 Shkval. Currently, Russia announced that it has initially successfully tested the Shkval 2.0 variant with a longer range and controllability. If the above weapon is soon completed, it will really be able to replace the products of the old generation.

According to experts, Kazan is a fully domestically built submarine and is superior to foreign nuclear-powered ships in terms of technical characteristics. In the future, submarines can receive the modern Zircon hypersonic missile complex. Technically completely new project In recent years, the Kazan nuclear submarine has passed tests in the White Sea, and achieved the published technical indicators. In particular, the crew conducted submarine warfare tests at positions on the water surface and underwater, measured technical parameters, in which the noise level when moving underwater and the attack weapon system. . The Kazan nuclear submarine officially entered service with the Russian Navy. The Kazan nuclear submarine was built in 2009, but the time of delivery to the Russian Navy has been delayed several times. In response to RT.ru, Editor-in-Chief of the Defense Journal Igor Korotchenko explained that the delay was due to the need to test a large number of new technical solutions integrated into the project 885M nuclear submarine. According to experts, the construction and testing of a lead submarine of an improved or new project is always a long process and goes through many complicated stages. In addition, for the domestic shipbuilding industry and the Russian Ministry of Defense, the improvement of nuclear-powered submarines is to a state that allows the performance of effective combat missions on a large scale of the oceans. Positive is an urgent priority today. Meanwhile, the founder of the Russian military information site Dmitry Kornev said that delaying the commissioning of the Kazan submarine is completely reasonable. He explained the difficulties caused by a large amount of research and development work, along with the establishment of a large-scale industrial co-production system. “The Yasen-class nuclear submarine is a completely new and technically challenging project for our industry. The real partnership mechanism was created from the very beginning, with hundreds of businesses from many different industries. It took a lot of time to find contractors and fine-tune the delivery mechanism. Russia has also abandoned the use of imported components,” said expert Kornev. 4th generation nuclear submarine Kazan is a lead nuclear submarine of the fourth generation of project 885M (Yasen class), developed by the Malakhit Marine Design Bureau (Saint Petersburg). The construction of this nuclear submarine is carried out at the facilities of JSC PO Sevmash (Severodvinsk). The Kazan Multi-Purpose Nuclear Submarine is designed to destroy enemy surface ships, submarines, transport vehicles and ground targets. The submarine is equipped with eight vertical launch tubes, salvo-type launchers for Kalibr and Onyx high-precision cruise missiles, with ranges of up to 1,500 and 300 km. The Kazan nuclear submarine was developed by the Malakhit Marine Design Bureau. According to the developer, these weapons can engage highly protected, grouped targets, including those equipped with anti-missile defense systems. In addition, the attack weapon of the project 885/885M nuclear submarine is also equipped with 30 533 mm caliber torpedoes. The main operational characteristics of the Kazan and Yasen-class ships have not yet been revealed. However, according to experts, this modernized nuclear submarine is similar to the Project 885 Severodvinsk submarine, which entered service with the Northern Fleet in June 2014 in weight, size, and weapons. work, construction characteristics and speed. Analysts say the difference is mainly related to onboard equipment, including electronics and sonar equipment. The length of the Yasen-class submarine is about 139 m, the width is about 13 m, the draft is 10 m, the displacement is about 8,600 tons, underwater up to 13,800 tons. The ship is capable of independent operation for 100 days. The multi-purpose submarine can dive to a depth of 600 m and reach a speed of 57.4 km / h underwater. According to a report by the Malakhit Maritime Design Bureau, this project 885 nuclear submarine has a mixed architecture and structure with a sturdy double-hull structure, made of high-strength steel. Expert Dmitry Kornev explained that the engineers of the Malakhit Marine Design Bureau considered a two-hull scheme for the production of nuclear submarines. The two-body scheme is resistant to mechanical damage, but is more expensive and has a relatively high noise level. Accordingly, a reasonable solution was found at Yasen when the two hulls together covered the bow of the submarine and the structural elements near the launch pad, i.e. the parts that bear the greatest load. The hull of project 885/885M is divided by strong bulkheads into 8 compartments, including: main bridge, torpedo compartment, living quarters, electromechanical, missile, reactor, turbine and auxiliary compartment. aid. “To create optimal conditions for the operation of the hydroacoustic complex, the torpedo tubes were removed from the bow and placed at an angle to the center plane. A large diameter GAK (hydroacoustic complex) spherical antenna is located at the end of the bow,” the Malakhit Maritime Design Bureau report states. The quality of the sonar equipment plays an extremely important role in the performance of the assigned tasks of nuclear submarines in the vast range of the ocean. Yesen submarine hydroacoustic complex system is used to detect enemies, classify targets, find interference direction, measure ice thickness, detect mines and torpedoes, search for ice holes to fly up and launch. safe rocket. Also according to the developer, the main power unit of the project 885/885M nuclear submarines belongs to the new generation. It consists of a pressurized water reactor and a modular single-shaft steam turbine unit, with various mechanisms and redundancies, capable of reducing the acoustic parameters of the submarine. Another technical innovation in Yasen-class submarines is a rescue chamber designed to evacuate the entire crew. This equipment is improved by domestic experts, taking into account the experience of domestic and foreign submarine accidents and incidents. The main nuclear submarine of the Russian Navy According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, the project 885M submarines “will become an important part of the offensive power” of the Russian Navy and will be able to effectively operate as part of a strike group at any distance. any way compared to the base points. The crew of the project 885M Kazan nuclear submarine. Photo: Russian Ministry of Defense. “In the Yasen-M class nuclear submarine project, a number of technical solutions were used that were not previously used in domestic submarine construction. The basic components of the electronic weapon complexes, modernized equipment and rescue systems are exclusively Russian products,” the Russian military agency said. In the immediate future, the nuclear-powered submarines of Project 885M will become the main multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the Russian Navy. Currently, seven such submarines are under construction, including Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Arkhangelsk, Perm, Ulyanovsk, Voronezh and Vladivostok. Experts expect that the construction and testing of these submarines will not take much time, as the verification of technical solutions and the building of cooperative relationships have been successfully completed during construction. Kazan nuclear submarine. “The official transfer of Kazan to the navy allows us to conclude that the main difficulties for the implementation of the plans for the Yasen-M project have been overcome. This is a modern, fully Russian nuclear submarine. It is superior to all existing nuclear submarines abroad in terms of overall capabilities”, emphasized expert Kornev. This expert believes that putting project 885M submarines into service will significantly improve the combat capabilities of the Russian Navy. Accordingly, in the future the Yasen-M nuclear submarine will receive Zircon hypersonic missiles in its arsenal. Currently, this weapon is still being tested. Expert Igor Korotchenko said that the appearance of nuclear-powered ships of project 885M will increase the offensive and defensive capabilities of the Russian Navy. Yasen-class submarines will significantly strengthen the position of the Russian Navy, allowing a more efficient and high-quality implementation of the assigned tasks. “With the introduction of new nuclear submarines, the Russian Navy will receive a significant increase in submarine nuclear deterrence,” concluded Korotchenko.

German Type -212A non-nuclear submarines can make a wide range of missions, from anti-submarine warfare to anti-ship combat; assists special forces in surveillance and reconnaissance operations. Until now, Type-212A nicknamed “F-22 under the ocean” is the most modern and most powerful non-nuclear submarine in the world, they outperform the submarines in the same segment manufactured by other countries. create. The power of Type-212A submarines comes from three factors, the first is the stable operation and does not emit noise that makes them almost “invisible” under the ocean, second they are equipped with electrical equipment. modern death and finally a powerful arsenal. In the early 1990s, the German Navy sought a new submarine based on the improved Type 209 design, using an air-dependent propulsion (AIP) engine. The program officially began in 1994, when the German and Italian navies jointly developed a new conventional submarine, operating in the shallow waters of the Baltic Sea and the deeper waters of the Mediterranean. The two rather different requirements of the two countries were finally reconciled in a new design, eventually the new submarine with the Type-212A designation was officially born. On April 22, 1996, a memorandum of understanding kicked off the cooperation of building four identical ships to facilitate logistics and operations. In 1998, the German Government placed an order for the construction of four Type-212As at Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) and Thyssen Nordseewerke GmbH (TNSW) of Emden. That same year, the Italian Government also ordered two submarines of this type. The German Navy ordered two additional refurbished submarines in 2006, delivered since 2012. These two are longer than 1.2 meters to allow more space for a new reconnaissance mast. In 2008, the Italian Navy ordered a second batch of submarines with similar configurations to the original ones. Some of the upgrades involve materials and software packages to reduce maintenance costs. In 2015, Italy announced plans to build two more. The Type-212A is a diesel-electric submarine that uses an AIP air-independent propulsion system, the first to be added to a Siemens proton-exchange membrane compression hydrogen fuel cell. It can travel at high speeds on diesel power or switch to the AIP system for slow and silent diving, and can stay underwater for up to three weeks, with little heat generation. When using AIP engines, they produce very low noise and diving times can be up to 3 consecutive weeks, far exceeding the maximum diving time of the Russian Kilo 636 or French Scorpene submarines. The drivetrain is also said to be vibrating, extremely quiet, and almost undetectable. Type 212A is approximately 57.2 m long and 6.4 m high; ships with diesel engine 1 MTU 16V 396; has a displacement of 1,524 tons when floating and 1,830 tons when diving; reaching speeds of 22 km / h when floating and 37 km / h when diving, a range of 15,000 km (at speed of 15 km / h); can dive for up to 12 weeks if using a snorkel; crew of 27 members. The tail is arranged with the letter “X” to help the ship rotate quite quickly under the ocean. Another notable design feature is the cross-section of the prismatic hull and a smooth transition from the hull to the sail, improving the stealth of the ship. The ship and its interior structures are made of non-magnetic materials, greatly reducing its chances of being detected by a navy’s magnetometer or magnetic mine. In addition, Type -212A is constructed from non-magnetic steel making it completely invisible to magnetic detectors (MAD) mounted on submarines, hunting aircraft and hunting helicopters. In other words, Type-212A submarines are completely immune to MAD equipment of the US, NATO or Russia. In tests, they can dive to a depth of 700 meters. With these features, the Type 212 outperforms the Russian Kilo 636 black hole or other Western ships of the same class. Weapons on the Type-212A submarine include 8 533 mm torpedo tubes. The catapult that can fire the optical fiber guided torpedo is DM2A4 together with the Blackshark torpedo. This torpedo has a range of 50 km, a top speed of 92.6 km / h. Future possibilities may be integrated cruise missiles The Type-212A is also equipped with an IDAS low-to-air missile system to combat low-range airborne threats. Short-range IDAS missiles (based on IRIS-T missiles) are primarily used to counter air threats as well as sea or land-based, or small, targets, developed by Diehl BGT Defense to fired from the Type 212A’s torpedo tubes. The IDAS is fiber-guided and has a range of about 20 km. A 30 mm automatic cannon called the Muräne to aid divers’ operations or to fire warning is also under consideration for an addition to the Type-212A submarine. The cannon, which could be a version of the RMK30 built by Rheinmetall, will be housed in a retractable mast that can be fired without the ship having to float. With a special design, it can operate in water depths only 17m and has 3 launchers for 3UAV reconnaissance. That allows it to get close to shore that no other submarine has been able to do yet. In the near future, Germany is planning to bring a longer range cruise missile to the Type 212A submarines.

A US Air Force B-52 bomber in 1957. Photo AP 1. 1956: The B-47 disappears with two nuclear “capsules” The first story on the list is also one of the most mysterious because nothing like the wreckage of a plane, a weapon or a crew has been found. A B-47 Stratojet bomber with two nuclear weapons took off from MacDill Air Force Base, Florida on March 10, 1956, towards Morocco. It was scheduled for two aerial refuels but did not show up at the second refuel point. An international search team was dispatched to search but found nothing. The US military had finally stopped searching. 2. 1958: Nuclear bomber damaged near Tybee Island, Georgia On February 5, 1958, the B-47 bomber left Florida with nuclear weapons on a training mission to simulate the bombing of a Russian city and evade the subsequent interceptor missiles. On the Georgia coast, bombers and interceptors (red troops) collided. The interceptor pilot parachutes, the bomber crew tries to lower the same bomb but fails. They dropped bombs into the sea before they landed safely. Because the plutonium pores were changed to lead holes during training, the missing bomb had only uranium-235 mass below the threshold and could not cause a nuclear explosion. 3. 1961: Two nuclear bombs nearly turn North Carolina into a bay On January 24, 1961, a B-52 carrying two Mark 39 bombs, each 253 times more powerful than the one Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima, shattered in a storm and released two bombs. A pilot who survived the accident warned the US Air Force of the incident. The first bomb was found hanging from a tree with a parachute, upright, nose plunged close to the ground. It went through six of the seven steps needed to explode. Fortunately, the safety switch, due to the malfunction, was in place and the bomb “landed safely”. “Now you can have a very large North Carolina Gulf if that goes away,” said Jack Revelle, who was in charge of locating and removing the two bombs. The bomb’s switch has changed to ‘weapon’ mode, but for whatever reason no one knows, it still cannot explode, saving tens of thousands of lives. 4. 1965: Loss of naval aircraft, pilot and B43 nuclear bomb A US Navy A-4 Skyhawk was being carried aboard the USS Ticonderoga during a December 5, 1965 exercise when it slipped off the lift floor while on board a pilot and a nuclear bomb B43. The plane quickly sank 5,300 meters deep. The status of this bomb is still unknown. The pressure at that depth would have been enough to detonate the weapon and the water was so deep that it would be difficult to detect. If the weapon was still intact, it would be nearly impossible to find because very few submarines were able to reach that depth. 5. 1966: Aircraft -52 crashes into KC-135, four thermonuclear bombs are dropped on Spain On January 17, 1966, a B-52 was approaching an KC-135 to refuel when a collision occurred, causing the KC-135 crew and 3 people on the B-52. network. B-52s and 4 B28 thermonuclear bombs fell near a small fishing village in Palomares, Spain. Three bombs were found in the first 24 hours after the crash. One landed safely while the other two exploded but with conventional explosives. The explosions burned and dispersed the plutonium in the bomb, contaminating an area of ​​two square kilometers. The fourth bomb fell into the sea. It took the US Navy almost 100 days to locate and recall it. 6. 1968: The B-52 crashes and a nuclear weapon is lost under the Arctic ice Like the Palomares crash, the January 21 crash of a B-52 resulted in four B28 bombs being released. This time they fell over Greenland and at least three of the bombs were broken. Investigators recovered most of these ingredients before realizing they could find nothing of the fourth bomb. The recovery team speculates that the bomb started burning after the crash and thawed. The remains of the bomb then fell to the bottom of the Arctic sea. The weapon is missing, said to be irrevocable. 7. 1968: The sinking of the USS Scorpion USS Scorpion, a nuclear-powered attack submarine, was declared missing on June 5, 1968. The loss was especially difficult for the US Navy, as the ship followed a Russian research group just before disappearing. At the time of his disappearance, the Scorpion was carrying two Mark 45 anti-submarine torpedoes (ASTOR). It was not until October 1968 that the debris was found. The USS Scorpion is located on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 3,000 meters and the cause of the sinking is unknown. The torpedo compartment appears to be intact with two nuclear torpedoes, but the US Navy cannot say for sure. Retrieving torpedoes will be extremely difficult, so the US Navy will monitor radiation levels in the area. So far, there has been no sign of leakage from a torpedo or reactor, according to the statement of the US Navy.

A US Air Force B-52 bomber in 1957. Photo AP 1. 1956: The B-47 disappears with two nuclear “capsules” The first story on the list is also one of the most mysterious because nothing like the wreckage of a plane, a weapon or a crew has been found. A B-47 Stratojet bomber with two nuclear weapons took off from MacDill Air Force Base, Florida on March 10, 1956, towards Morocco. It was scheduled for two aerial refuels but did not show up at the second refuel point. An international search team was dispatched to search but found nothing. The US military had finally stopped searching. 2. 1958: Nuclear bomber damaged near Tybee Island, Georgia On February 5, 1958, the B-47 bomber left Florida with nuclear weapons on a training mission to simulate the bombing of a Russian city and evade the subsequent interceptor missiles. On the Georgia coast, bombers and interceptors (red troops) collided. The interceptor pilot parachutes, the bomber crew tries to lower the same bomb but fails. They dropped bombs into the sea before they landed safely. Because the plutonium pores were changed to lead holes during training, the missing bomb had only uranium-235 mass below the threshold and could not cause a nuclear explosion. 3. 1961: Two nuclear bombs nearly turn North Carolina into a bay On January 24, 1961, a B-52 carrying two Mark 39 bombs, each 253 times more powerful than the one Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima, shattered in a storm and released two bombs. A pilot who survived the crash warned the US Air Force of the incident. The first bomb was found hanging from a tree with a parachute, upright, nose plunged close to the ground. It went through six of the seven steps needed to explode. Fortunately, the safety switch, due to the malfunction, was in place and the bomb “landed safely”. “Now you can have a very large North Carolina Gulf if that goes away,” said Jack Revelle, who was in charge of locating and removing the two bombs. The bomb’s switch has changed to ‘weapon’ mode, but for whatever reason no one knows, it still cannot explode, saving tens of thousands of lives. 4. 1965: Loss of naval aircraft, pilot and B43 nuclear bomb A US Navy A-4 Skyhawk was being carried aboard the USS Ticonderoga during a December 5, 1965 exercise when it slipped off the lift floor while on board a pilot and a nuclear bomb B43. The plane quickly sank 5,300 meters deep. The status of this bomb is still unknown. The pressure at that depth would have been enough to detonate the weapon and the water was so deep that it would be difficult to detect. If the weapon was still intact, it would be nearly impossible to find because very few submarines were able to reach that depth. 5. 1966: Aircraft -52 crashes into KC-135, four thermonuclear bombs are dropped on Spain On January 17, 1966, a B-52 was approaching an KC-135 to refuel when a collision occurred, causing the KC-135 crew and 3 people on the B-52. network. B-52s and 4 B28 thermonuclear bombs fell near a small fishing village in Palomares, Spain. Three bombs were found within the first 24 hours after the crash. One landed safely while the other two exploded but with conventional explosives. The explosions burned and dispersed the plutonium in the bomb, contaminating an area of ​​two square kilometers. The fourth bomb fell into the sea. It took the US Navy almost 100 days to locate and recall it. 6. 1968: The B-52 crashes and a nuclear weapon is lost under the Arctic ice Like the Palomares crash, the January 21 crash of a B-52 resulted in four B28 bombs being released. This time they fell over Greenland and at least three of the bombs were broken. Investigators recovered most of these ingredients before realizing they could find nothing of the fourth bomb. The recovery team speculates that the bomb started burning after the crash and thawed. The remains of the bomb then fell to the bottom of the Arctic sea. The weapon is missing, said to be irrevocable. 7. 1968: The sinking of the USS Scorpion USS Scorpion, a nuclear-powered attack submarine, was declared missing on June 5, 1968. The loss was especially difficult for the US Navy, as the ship followed a Russian research group just before disappearing. At the time of his disappearance, the Scorpion was carrying two Mark 45 anti-submarine torpedoes (ASTOR). It was not until October 1968 that the debris was found. The USS Scorpion is located on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 3,000 meters and the cause of the sinking is unknown. The torpedo compartment appears to be intact with two nuclear torpedoes, but the US Navy cannot say for sure. Retrieving torpedoes will be extremely difficult, so the US Navy will monitor radiation levels in the area. So far, there has been no sign of leakage from a torpedo or reactor, according to the statement of the US Navy.

Aircraft B-47. Photo: US Air Force According to Business Insider, the loss of the first nuclear weapon by the US military is also one of the most mysterious. On March 10, 1956, a B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber carrying two nuclear warheads took off from MacDill Air Base, Florida to Morocco. As planned, it was given aerial refueling twice. However, this strafe disappeared, no second refueling. The international team of experts was unable to find any trace of the B-47, whether it be debris, weapons or crew. In the end, the US military decided to stop searching. 2. In 1958: The plane was damaged, bombed into the sea On May 2, 1958, B-47 bombers with nuclear weapons left Florida to participate in drills for mocking a Soviet city and dealing with enemy interceptors. . In the sky off Georgia state, a B-47 accidentally collided with an interceptor and suffered certain damage. The interceptor pilot jumps out, while the B-47 pilot wants to land with the bomb but cannot. They bombed the ocean near Tyree Island and landed safely. Because engineers changed plutonium to lead for training purposes, the missing bomb had a subcritical uranium-235 mass and could not detonate the nucleus. 3. 1961: Two nuclear bombs almost turn North Carolina into a “gulf”. Aircraft B-52. Photo: AP On January 24, 1961, a B-2 aircraft carrying two Mark 39 bombs was attacked by a storm and both bombs dropped. Each of these is 253 times more powerful than the Little Boy that the US threw at Hiroshima, Japan. The pilot, a survivor of the accident, promptly warned the US Air Force about this dreadful incident. The first bomb was found in a parachute, suspended in a tree, nose pointed straight to the ground. It went through 6 out of 7 steps needed to explode. Fortunately, its safety was in place and the Mark 39 landed safely. “Now you will have a very large North Carolina Gulf area if that bomb goes off,” said Jack Revelle, who is in charge of locating and disarming. While the other bomb’s safety switch did not return to the correct position, no one could understand why it did not explode, saving tens of thousands of lives. 4. 1965: The unfortunate plane crashed into the sea On December 5, 1965, a US Navy A-4 Skyhawk bomber was moving aboard the USS Ticonderoga to prepare for the exercise when an incident occurred. It deviates from the tow ladder with a pre-loaded pilot and a B43 nuclear weapon. The plane quickly submerged 5km below sea level. The status of this weapon has yet to be determined. The pressure at that depth would have been strong enough to detonate the B43 bomb, when it was difficult to find its location. If the bomb was still intact, the likelihood of finding it was rare as very few ships could have dived to such depths. 5. In 1966: B-52 hit KC-135, 4 thermonuclear bombs exploded over Spain An American soldier inspects the materials after the plane crash. Photo: AP On January 17, 2016, a B-52 “flying fortress” was approaching an aircraft carrying KC-135 fuel to perform aerial refueling when a collision occurred. The incident sparked a fireball, killing the crew of KC-135 and three people on the B-52. The B-52 and four B28 thermonuclear bombs crashed into a small fishing house in Palomares, Spain. Three bombs were found in the first 24 hours after the accident. One ball landed safely while two had their conventional explosive parts detonated. The explosions ignited and dispersed the plutonium in the rockets, poisoning the air within two square kilometers. The fourth bomb seen by a fisherman fell into the sea. Despite the eyewitness accounts, it took the US Navy almost 100 days to locate and retrieve the weapon. 6. 1968: Falling the B-52, the weapon disappears under the ice Like the Palomares accident, on January 21, 1968, a crashed B-52 dropped four B28 bombs from the air. This time, it was bombed in Greenland. At least three were shattered. With most of the debris collected, investigators found they did not find any fragments of the fourth bomb. Then, they discovered a piece of ice with a black object identified the bomb’s parachute string. They speculate that in the early or secondary phase, the B28 started burning after the collision and thawed. The remnants of the bomb then plunged through the arctic waters and sank. This weapon is still missing, is said to be irrevocable. 7. 1968: The sinking of the USS Scorpion The USS Scorpion. Photo:; US Navy Nuclear attack submarine USS Scorpion was declared missing on 5/6/1968. The loss was especially difficult for the US Navy because the ship followed a Russian team just before it disappeared. At the time of her disappearance, Scorpion was carrying two Mark 45 anti-submarine torpedoes (ASTOR). The debris was not found until four months later. The Scorpion remains on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 3,000 meters. The cause of the ship sinking has not been determined. Its torpedo compartment appears to be intact with two nuclear torpedoes in place. Retrieving torpedoes will be extremely difficult. Therefore, the US Navy will need to monitor radiation levels in the area. So far, there has been no sign of leakage from the submarine’s torpedoes or reactors.

Submarine KRI Nanggala-402. Choking because of CO2 CNA quoted Mr. Clark – a naval expert – who used to be a submarine sailor – as CO2 accumulating in the KRI Nanggala-402 submarine can suffocate the crew even if they have not exhausted oxygen. “CO2 needs to be filtered out of the atmosphere with a chemical. But this chemical will soon run out. Oxygen can be produced by chemical candles. But CO2 will suffocate the crew before running out of oxygen. ” The power outage also affects the crew’s lifetime, Clark said. Electricity is needed to operate the CO2 absorber and the fan transfers air through the oxygen candle. The Indonesian lifeboat joins the search for the KRI Nanggala-402 submarine. Photo: AP Why the submarine lost power? Underwater submarines often depend on battery power, Clark said. And a breakdown in the battery compartment such as fire, explosion, flooding, etc. can cause a power failure. Meanwhile, Mr. Ben Ho – naval analyst said that a torpedo explosion could also cause the submarine to lose power. “Historically, major submarine accidents have often occurred due to technical problems or weapon explosions. Indonesian submarines went missing while torpedo shooting exercises. Maybe a torpedo exploded, ”said Mr. Ben Ho. Oil spills at the location where the submarine went down on the morning of April 21. Photo: AP Submarine locator If the submarine is intact, it can be “relatively easy” to be located using sensors, Clark said. Magnetic sensors, similar to mine detection systems, can detect the steel hull of a submarine. Sound sensors can show the sound from submarines. “But the area they need to look for is relatively large. The sensors can only be effective in a small area. Searching can take a long time. ” Mr. Ben Ho, meanwhile, said that even modern sonar equipment can hardly detect the wreck of a submarine if the seabed is rough. “The submarine’s nature is inherently difficult to detect. Submarine fleets are often referred to as silent soldiers, ”said Ho. If the submarine is truly trapped at a depth of 600 meters or less, the crew has a “near zero chance of survival,” said Ho. “The grim reality is that once the submarine exceeds its maximum depth, it will explode due to the enormous water pressure.” If this happens, the explosion will be picked up by a sensor in a nearby area, he added. Rescue process Once the submarine is found, Singapore’s MV Swift Rescue can begin its mission. MV Swift Rescue is the first ship in Southeast Asia capable of rescuing submarines. Singapore’s MV Swift Rescue train. Photo: Facebook The ship can operate at sea for four weeks before needing refueling. On board is a rescue cabin named Deep Search and Rescue Six (DSAR 6). Cabin is used to evacuate crew from submarines. However, Mr. Clark warned that the biggest challenge is the lying direction of the submarine in distress. “For example, if the submarine is on its side, the DSAR 6 will be difficult to reach.” Cabin DSAR 6. Photo: Facebook According to the naval news site Naval Technology DSAR 6 is 9.6m long and can reach a depth of 500m. It is operated by two crew members and can accommodate up to 17 people. When the DSAR 6 floats to the surface and is recovered by MV Swift Rescue, the submarine crew will be transferred to a recovery chamber for treatment. The cabin can accommodate up to 40 people. Singapore and Indonesia signed a cooperation agreement to assist with submarine rescue in 2012. The agreement allows the two countries to send resources and help each other if their submarines crash. The KRI Nanggala-402 submarine went missing on the morning of April 21 while participating in a torpedo drill near Bali. On board there are 53 people, including 49 sailors, a commander and three weapons specialists. The 1,395-ton KRI Nanggala-402 was built in Germany in 1977, and joined the Indonesian fleet in 1981. About 40 countries in the world have submarines, but only a few countries have the ability to rescue submarines.

“We are lifelong friends,” said Frans Wuwung. Wuwung is a retired sailor who trained soldiers on the KRI Nanggala-402 – one of the five submarines of the Indonesian Navy. Before dawn on April 21, Sergeant Guntur Ari Prasetyo and 52 comrades took turn to get off the Nanggala-402 to start torpedo shooting exercises in the waters of the South Pacific. On the ship was also Colonel Harry Setyawan, commander of the Indonesian submarine fleet. Captain Harry’s sailor career began primarily on the Nanggala-402, after he graduated first class from the naval academy. Around 3 o’clock, the Nanggala-402 was allowed to begin a torpedo drill in the waters north of Bali Island. As the dark hull had just descended into the dark water, silence filled the sea surface. Outgoing communication received no response. The Nanggala-402 has been lost. Immediately, ships and aircraft from many countries gathered in Bali sea in hopes of searching for the Nanggala-402. In everyone’s mind, there is a constant fear that the submarine will run out of oxygen at 3 a.m. on April 24, 72 hours after contact was lost. There was evidence that the submarine was sinking On the afternoon of April 24, Chief of Staff Yudo Margono of the Indonesian Navy announced that the debris had been found just a few miles from where the ship was missing three days ago. These fragments confirmed the submarine had sunk to the bottom of the sea and cracked. The ship was declared “sunk” instead of “missing”. Several floating objects identified at sea were dropped from the Nanggala-402, including several prayer mats, special foam used to wipe condensed water, and periscope grease bottles. The bodies of the sailors have not been found, the Chief of Staff said. Meanwhile, follow Jakarta Globe Admiral Yudo Margono also said that the search team is still waiting for a miracle and will continue to search. Indonesian military observer Susaningtyas NH Kertopati said the sailors could breathe slowly to prolong the amount of time they had left with oxygen. “They are trained to do it,” she said. Fragments and objects found were displayed in front of the reporter during the April 24 afternoon press conference. Photo: Reuters. According to Mr. Yudo, the multi-beam sonar technology shows that the Nanggala-402 has sunk to a depth of 850 m, which exceeds the safe depth. The safe over-water pressure is so great that a steel-hulled submarine can be crushed. Although the Nanggala-402 fell into an undersea valley and a compartment in the vessel was not submerged, the ability to survive at such a depth with finite oxygen was very low, according to Susaningtyas Nefo Handayani Kertopati, a love analyst. newspaper and the Indonesian army. “They will fall into a state of panic. Just being locked up in our room would panic. While this is a depth of 850 m. We’re just human after all, ”said Susaningtyas. What caused the ship to crash? The reason why the ship was powered by a deep-sinking electric diesel engine is unknown. But naval experts believe that the Nanggala-402 dive is more likely to happen quickly and suddenly because the ship does not send an emergency call. Norman Polmar, the American historian of submarines, said that the Nanggala-402 was likely to sink due to internal damage. It could be that the piping was damaged causing water overflow or the battery could explode. Shortly before her disappearance, the Nanggala-402 took part in another torpedo drill but had “imperfect” results because of the missed target, according to Rear Adm. Julius Widjojono, spokesman for the Navy. Indonesia. After that, the ship was asked to rehearse again. This is the operation that the ship was about to perform at the time of its disappearance, Rear Admiral Widjojono said. Susaningtyas expert questioned whether the continued short-term deployment of the Nanggala-402 would give the ship enough maintenance time. “The ship has been forced to do this activity in the Bali Sea, very forcefully. Chief of Staff must accept responsibility, “Susaningtyas said. The Nanggala-402 was built in 1977 and completely rebuilt in South Korea in 2012. The Indonesian navy said the ship’s papers were fine. But according to an unnamed defense expert, the submarine may not have been fully maintained since May 2018. The Indonesian naval expert hypothesizes that seawater overflows the ship as it sinks, be it through pipes or torpedoes. Under perfect conditions, the crew may have a way of plugging the gap, but emergencies rarely do so. When a torrent of water flooded in, the pressure could cause the ship to sink immediately. “The ship will sink very quickly, like a rock,” said Soleman Ponta, a military analyst. The Indonesian naval ship participated in the search for the KRI Nanggala-402 submarine. Photo: Reuters. “Pray for me” The day Sergeant Guntur Ari Prasetyo, a diesel technician on the Nanggala-402, left his home in Surabaya, he once told his wife to pray for him. This is what he does every time he is mobilized. Berda Asmara, the wife of sergeant Guntur, followed her husband’s words but this time something was wrong. “Perhaps he had a hunch before he left. He looks different from usual, ”Berda said on April 24. At the same time, in the city of Sidoarjo, an hour’s drive from Sergeant Guntur’s house, Colonel Harry’s family was also praying. Waiting for the good news here is Sheeva Naufal Zidane, the 18-year-old son of Colonel Harry. “From a young age, I wanted to be in the submarine because my dad was cool,” Sheeva said. When the TV reported that the submarine debris was found, everyone in the house got close together. Sheeva applied canola oil to her mother’s legs while the woman cried. The atmosphere rang out prayers. Winny Widayanti, wife of Colonel Harry, said her husband has never lost his temper at work, even in the worst traffic jams. She said she was haunted by debris in the Bali Sea but that would not make her lose faith. “There is still hope. I won’t stop hoping. They will survive. It’s not over yet, ”said Mrs. Winny.

The scene of the meeting of the Creative Youth Award Council in the Army with representatives from units of the Navy. Through the survey, the leaders, commanders, agencies, units and the Youth Union’s organization have been correctly aware of, clearly defined the purpose, meaning and role, and the creativity of youth. like TTST movement. In 2020, the Nguyen Phan Vinh Award and the TTST Award in the Army will continue to be widely propagated in units and groups in the Military Service. The institutions of the delegation organized, thoroughly grasped, studied and studied systematically the Regulation on operation of the Prize; at the same time build a serious implementation plan. As of December 2020, there were 90 works documents (topics, initiatives) of the units participating in the Nguyen Phan Vinh Prize. Prize Council Nguyen Phan Vinh has selected 34 quality projects to participate in the 21th Military TT Award. These works have been basically applied in practice, bringing efficiency in implementation. training duties, SSC of the unit. Before that, the youth of the Army had 34 works participating in the 20th Army’s TTST Award and won 1 First prize, 3 Second prizes, 4 Third prizes and 8 Consolation prizes. Most of the projects that won the first, second, and third awards in the 20th Army have been applied in practice, bringing efficiency in training and SSC of the unit. Typically, the project “The Torpedo Complex … shooting practice and the test machine system for general inspection training” has been effectively applied in the technical assurance practice at the Technical Assurance Center. Military Region 2. The project “Integrated controller … for the bomb launcher on a microcontroller-based embedded system …” is currently serving the task of teaching, learning and simulation training at the Naval Academy. The project “Simulation of structure, transceiver principle and operating modes of sonar …” has been deployed to all maritime departments of the naval regions serving ships on sea missions. effective. The project “Designing and manufacturing frequency gauges … on the Torpedo line …” has been and is being used practically in repairing and on ships on sea duty in Navy Zone 1 … The author’s representative of the Navy Military Service reports the results of the research work. At the meeting, the Delegation of the Army’s TTI Award Council heard the report on research results and practical application of a number of works of the youth of the Army participating in the 21st Army’s TTI Award. The mission recognized and received comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the TTST Award activities in the Army; at the same time, suggesting to open up a number of contents and solutions to promote eco-market activities in units in the entire Navy.

Russian nuclear submarine and President Putin – illustration.

Russia has every legitimate right to build military might in its northern territories, where thawing ice has opened up new shipping opportunities.

But, this also does not make other nations with access to the Arctic very nervous, especially when there Moscow will place its most terrible weapons.

This is the opinion of Mr. Jorgen Ullerup, a columnist editor of the Jyllands-Posten newspaper in Denmark.

The Danish press expressed particular concern about the arrival of the Poseidon nuclear torpedo at the Russian Armed Forces, which is capable of causing massive radioactive tsunamis and flooding major cities. , crowded coastal areas.

Poseidon nuclear torpedo.

If the weapon is activated, after the impact of the weapon on any “doomsday”, to the coastal settlements in the area, it will be inhabited for decades.

Author Jorgen Ullerup has closely followed information about this weapon known as the “sharp sword” of Russia over the past few years, and it reminds him of the Cold War era.

At that time, the great powers, the Soviet Union and the United States, were competing in an arms race. Today this happens again, with only the Soviet Union – now the Russian Federation, and a third country, China, joined these two adversaries.

Another feature of the modern Cold War, according to Ullerup, is the “hypersonic revolution”, which is the emergence of hypersonic weapons among superpowers, making enemy missile defenses. useless.

According to former US Navy Secretary Thomas Modley, when he told reporters on CNN that hypersonic missiles will soon change military strategy in the same way that nuclear weapons did in the last century.

According to the announcement, the test program for the Belgorod submarine and the Poseidon torpedo will be completed in September 2021. The ship is now fully equipped, and factory-grade testing has also been performed.

“The nuclear reactor has been started aboard the Belgorod. The mooring tests are underway. Then there will be factory and state tests. By September, the ship must be completed.” entire test cycle, “the Russian Navy said in a statement.

Super nuclear submarine Belgorod.

“Upon completion of testing and entry into service, the first Belgorod will be us on the Northern Fleet. Then the Pacific Ocean will be the next area for the Belgorod and the Poseidon nuclear torpedo to appear.” , the source added.

Under this plan, the Russian Navy will give priority to equipping a total of 32 nuclear torpedoes for the Northern Fleet and the Pacific Fleet. All of these weapons will be fired from the Khabarovsk-class Belgorod nuclear submarines.

The Belgorod submarines are capable of detecting sea and air targets at a distance of hundreds of kilometers, making them more likely than the Yasen and Borei-class ships.

Talking about the reasons for prioritizing Belgorod and Poseidon for the two regions above, especially the Arctic, the source said, stemming from the increased US operations in the Arctic, especially the move to bring the USS. Harry S. Truman at the end of 2018, dispatched planes to hunt underground and reinforce military bases in this area.

The US has decided to spend $ 1.3 billion to reopen Adak airport and deploy the P-8A. The small runway located on Adak Island in the Aleutian Islands chain is the westernmost airport that can accommodate passenger aircraft in the United States. This small airport currently welcomes 2 flights a week of Air Alaska.

Fully known as the Adak Naval Aviation Facility, this small airport has been commercially operated since the withdrawal of the US Navy in 1997. But due to the increasing activity of Russia and China in the Arctic, the US decided to increase the ability to patrol the North Pole.

“The airport has the fuel facilities that Air Alaska currently uses to fuel its aircraft. The airport also has defrosting facilities that we can use to wash P-8A aircraft with fresh water”, a representative of the US Navy said.

“Russian friends are starting five runways and 10,000 Spetsnaz soldiers (in the Arctic) for search and rescue operations. China has also increased its presence there,” he added. are there “.

In addition to airport renovation and P-8A, the US Department of Defense has also publicly sent the F-35 stealth fighter to Alaska. However, the US military admitted, to compete with Russia in the Arctic, such investment is not enough. To do that, the US needs to have a strong enough icebreaker fleet, but that is not possible for the US at the moment.

As the US currently has only two outdated icebreakers, the Pentagon still has to rely on them to carry out its missions. The US has ordered a new series of icebreakers, but this will take time and they will wait years to have these modern icebreakers.

Meanwhile, Russia has a powerful fleet of icebreakers. First of all, it must be remembered that Russia has a good tradition of arming icebreakers on its own. During the 30s of the last century, during the development of Project 51 Russia created icebreakers and equipped them with some 130 mm and 76 mm caliber cannons, as well as heavy machine guns. All of these warships participated in the military operations of the Great Patriotic War and survived.

These experiences were later used to design nuclear icebreakers. These new types of icebreakers can be equipped with a four-barrel 45 mm automatic gun, ammunition cellar and other equipment. All weapons and ammunition for Soviet nuclear-powered ships were carefully stored in ports.

The Arctic project’s icebreakers can carry two AK-726 twin-barreled 76 mm cannons and four AK-630 six-barrel 30 mm assault rifles. Along with that, the Russian Navy has also started the process of testing with the new generation nuclear-powered icebreaker Ivan Papanin equipped with cruise missiles.

Therefore, it can be said that the Russian icebreaker fleet is the most powerful in the world. So, competing with Russia in the Arctic is almost impossible for the US right now, especially when Russia retrofits Belgorod submarines and Poseidon nuclear torpedoes.

The starry sky illuminated the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan as it passed through the Luzon Strait. Photo: US Navy

Specifically, at noon, sailors will take a hexagonal glass – a positioning tool that has existed for centuries – to measure the angle of the Sun at its highest point in the day. The data will be fed into a computer program called the Astronomical Latitude and Longitude Estimation System, or STELLA. They also observed the angular distances between the horizon and the Moon, the planets and the stars to calculate latitude and longitude.

On the jetty, a crew consisting of the captain, subordinate officers and the pilot used the above data to control the ship night and day.

The return of astronomical navigation

The Nikkei Asia Financial Times reported that astronomical navigation, or space travel navigation, disappeared from the US Naval Academy curriculum in 2006 because it was deemed obsolete. But in 2015, the school reintroduced this technique as well as sent students to a planetarium to teach how to measure and apply mathematics.

An officer on board the guided missile cruiser USS Mobile Bay uses a positioning device to measure the ship’s position in the Pacific. Photo: US Navy

The return to this method of positioning was prompted by the realization that if the US armed forces increasingly relied on digital communications, a blow to the Global Positioning System. (GPS) – on which this communications system relies on – could make it difficult for the army considered to be the most powerful in the world. That concern is growing in the face of China’s increased electronic and cyber-warfare capabilities.

Peter Singer, strategist at consulting firm New America and author of “Ghost Fleet: A Novel of Next World War” (roughly translated: Ghost Fleet: Novel of the Next World War) commented: “Battle The opening battle of the next great war will take place in silence ”.

According to him, this battle will not be the same as the battle of Pearl Harbor that dragged the United States into the war with Japan in 1941, nor the horrifying battle that opened to the Iraq War in 2003. “It may even have been and is already happening.” Because, in cyberspace, enemy moves still happen weeks, months or years before the outbreak of war.

If digital communications were to be removed, the US Navy would return to the natural world, relying on eyes and ears to survive. Therefore, a return of the hexagonal glass is imperative. But the strategist Singer believes that there are still two other options than this 18th-century utensil.

One is to build a more flexible communications network and improve network security to help the military combat any GPS-related challenges. Second is the development of highly intelligent systems that do not require GPS.

“For example, there is research showing that rockets can fly by navigating against a magnetic field,” says Singer. He equates this with the ability of birds to migrate as they travel thousands of kilometers to reach almost exactly one destination every year.

Answering Nikkei Asia, he explained: “It is not because they remember the way. That’s how they perceive the Earth’s magnetic field. The same goes for insects. So there has been high-tech research on developing digital versions of the way birds and insects navigate.

“Learn” from birds

The Department of Defense Senior Research Projects Administration (DARPA) is pursuing the so-called Adaptive Navigation System. This GPS-equivalent method of positioning, navigation, and time will work even in poorly wave places such as inside buildings, in canyons, in dense woods, underwater and underground. .

In February, a group of scientists including Professor Richard Holland at Bangor University and professor Dmitry Kishkinev at Keele University published a report indicating that birds can possess a “global GPS system. “.

Scientists believe that birds possess a global “GPS system”. Photo: Reuters

“The amazingly precise navigation of these little birds – as they travel alone over stormy seas, across vast deserts, and through extreme weather and temperature extremes – has been one of the the enduring mysteries of biology, ”wrote British scientists for the World Economic Forum.

“An evidence-gathering agency has shown that the Earth’s magnetic field is one of the most likely theories for this mystery. It is thought that the different parameters of the Earth’s magnetic field could form a network of maps that birds will fly with, ”they said.

“If birds know that magnetic field strength increases as they go north, they will be able to detect their position on the North-South axis wherever they go,” the report said. said the report. This means that the birds are essentially navigating using a system similar to Cartesian coordinates – the basis of modern GPS navigation.

Nikkei Asia asked Holland if anything from bird navigation could be used in the military. “In theory, the Earth’s magnetic field could be used as a positioning system,” he said. However, he warned: “It is not clear whether this system can be used on a global scale as GPS could, since there are several locations on Earth that share the same characteristics. magnetism”.

However, this could be the answer the US military is looking for in its mission to protect against electronic warfare by China or other countries.

Billy Fabian, an expert at data and analysis firm Govini and a senior colleague at the Center for New American Security, says it’s important to prepare for the scenario where communications are disrupted. when considering the nature of a potential war with China.

“A future conflict between the US and China will be different from past conflicts in two respects,” he said. One, every sector will be highly competitive, and that’s different from what we’re used to. Second, we will be under enormous time pressure. Most of the places that you can imagine we will fight in the future are in the backyard of China, but one ocean away from the American continent.

The US military is also practicing the concept called “mission command”. Accordingly, the commanders at the front lines are empowered to plan, coordinate and execute decisions without having to ask for instructions from their superiors. In this way, small units can continue to operate even when communication is interrupted.